Chem
Chem
Chem
2 Atomic Structure
mv 2 Ke 2 Z nh
= mvr =
r r2 2π
n 2h 2 n2
r= rn = 0.529 × Å
4π2 mKZe 2 Z
2π2 me 4 k 2 z 2 Z2 Z2
T.E. = En = – 2 En = – 13.6 2 eV / atom = – 2.18 × 10–18 J/atom
h2 n n n2
V1
En = E1/n2 Vn =
n
2πr v
T= f=
v 2πr
1
T.E. = P.E. T.E. = – K.E.
2
Emission Spectrum of Hydrogen & H-like species. Heisenberg's Uncertainty
hC h h
∆E = hν = ; h = Planck's Constant(h = 6.62 × 10–34 Js) ∆x . ∆p ≥
or ∆x . (m∆v) ≥
λ 4π 4π
1 1 1 h
= ν = RZ2 2 − 2 ∆E.∆t ≥ ; Dx = change in position
4π Dp = change in Momentum
λ n1 n 2
R = Rydberg constant = 1.09678 × 107 m–1 P = y2dv, P = probability of finding electron
n = Lower energy level
1 where, y = wave function
n2 = Higher energy level
Radial nodes = n – – 1,
∆n (∆n + 1)
Number of different line produced = , where Angular nodes = ,
2 Total nodes = n – 1
∆n = n2 – n1.
Quantum Numbers
n2 = higher energy orbit, n1 = lower energy orbit. Number of subshells present in nth shell = n.
For single isolated atom, maximum number of spectral lines Number of orbitals present in nth shell = n2.
observed = (n – 1). The maximum number of electrons in nth shell = 2n2.
nh
de-Broglie's Hypothesis Angular momentum of any orbit = .
2π
l = de-Broglie wavelength
Number of orbitals in a subshell = 2 + 1
m = mass of particle Maximum number of electrons in particular subshell
e = charge on particle = 2 × (2 + 1).
V = Accelerated Potential Orbital angular momentum,
h h
h h =
L ( +=
1) ( +1)= 2π .
=
λ = , p = momentum 2π
mv p
=
µ n (n + 2) B.M. , n = No. of unpaired electrons.
h
λ= h
2qmV =
Spin angular momentum s(s + 1) .
2π
12.3 1
λ= Å (for an e– accelerated from rest)
V Maximum spin of atom = × No. of unpaired electrons.
2
a,b,c,d, represents the ratios of moles, volumes [for gases] Empirical and Molecular Formula
or molecules in which the reactants react or products are Empirical formula: Formula depicting constituent atoms in
formed. their simplest ratio.
a,b,c,d does not represent the ratio of masses. Molecular formula: Formula depicting actual number of
atoms in one molecule of the compound.
The stoichiometric amount of components may be related as:
The molecular formula is generally an integral multiple of the
Moles of A reacted Moles of Breacted Moles of C reacted Moles of D reacted
= = = empirical formula.
a b c d
i.e. molecular formula = empirical formula × n
Concept of Limiting Reagent molecular formula mass
where n =
If data of more than one reactant is given then first convert empirical formula mass
all the data into moles then divide the moles of reactants with
Concentration Terms
Concentration Type Mathematical Formula Concept
Moleof A
XA =
Moleof A + Moleof B + Moleof C + ...
Mole fraction Ratio of number of moles of one component to the total number of moles.
Moleof B
XB =
Moleof A + Moleof B + Moleof C + ...
Moleof solute
Molarity M= Moles of solute in one liter of solution.
Volumeof solution (in L)
Moleof solute
Molality m= Moles of solute in one kg of solvent.
Mass of solvent (Kg)