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CHAPTER

2 Atomic Structure

Mass Number and Atomic Number


Mass number of an element = No. of protons (Z) + No. of neutrons (n) at nucleus.
Atomic Number (Z) = No. of protons at nucleus

Wave and its Characteristics (For emission/ absorption of energy)


1
ν = ( ν = Wave Number)
λ
E = hν (ν = Frequency of light)
hc
E= (c = speed of light)
λ
Photoelectric Effect
1
hν = hν0 + m ν2, (where, ν0 = Threshold frequency, V = Velocity of photoelectron, ν = Incident Frequency)
2 e

Bohr's Model of Atom

mv 2 Ke 2 Z nh
 =  mvr =
r r2 2π

n 2h 2 n2
 r=  rn = 0.529 × Å
4π2 mKZe 2 Z

2πZe 2 K For single


 v= Z
nh  vn = 2.18 × 106 × m/sec e– species
n

2π2 me 4 k 2  z 2  Z2 Z2
 T.E. = En = –  2   En = – 13.6 2 eV / atom = – 2.18 × 10–18 J/atom
h2 n  n n2

V1
 En = E1/n2  Vn =
n

2πr v
 T=  f=
v 2πr
1
 T.E. = P.E.  T.E. = – K.E.
2
Emission Spectrum of Hydrogen & H-like species. Heisenberg's Uncertainty
hC h h
∆E = hν = ; h = Planck's Constant(h = 6.62 × 10–34 Js)  ∆x . ∆p ≥
or ∆x . (m∆v) ≥
λ 4π 4π
1  1 1  h
= ν = RZ2  2 − 2   ∆E.∆t ≥ ; Dx = change in position
 4π Dp = change in Momentum
λ  n1 n 2 
R = Rydberg constant = 1.09678 × 107 m–1 P = y2dv, P = probability of finding electron
n = Lower energy level
1 where, y = wave function
n2 = Higher energy level
 Radial nodes = n –  – 1,
∆n (∆n + 1)
 Number of different line produced = , where  Angular nodes = ,
2  Total nodes = n – 1
∆n = n2 – n1.
Quantum Numbers
n2 = higher energy orbit, n1 = lower energy orbit. ™ Number of subshells present in nth shell = n.
 For single isolated atom, maximum number of spectral lines ™ Number of orbitals present in nth shell = n2.
observed = (n – 1). ™ The maximum number of electrons in nth shell = 2n2.
nh
de-Broglie's Hypothesis ™ Angular momentum of any orbit = .

l = de-Broglie wavelength
™ Number of orbitals in a subshell = 2 + 1
m = mass of particle ™ Maximum number of electrons in particular subshell
e = charge on particle = 2 × (2 + 1).
V = Accelerated Potential ™ Orbital angular momentum,
h  h 
h h =
L  ( +=
1)   ( +1)=   2π  .
 =
λ = , p = momentum 2π
mv p
=
™ µ n (n + 2) B.M. , n = No. of unpaired electrons.
h
 λ= h
2qmV =
™ Spin angular momentum s(s + 1) .

12.3 1
 λ= Å (for an e– accelerated from rest)
V ™ Maximum spin of atom = × No. of unpaired electrons.
2

4 JEE (XI) Module-1 PW


CHAPTER

1 Some Basic Concepts of Chemistry

Some Useful Conversion Factors 1g


1u = 1amu = (1/12)th of mass of 1 atom of C12 =
1Å = 10–10 m, 1nm = 10–9 m, 1 pm = 10–12 m NA
1 litre = 10–3 m3 =1 dm3 = 1.66 ×10–24 g

1 atm = 760 mm Hg or torr = 101325 Pa or Nm–2 For Elements


1 bar = 105 Nm–2 = 105 Pa ™ 1 g atom = 1 mole of atoms = NA atoms
1 calorie = 4.184 J ™ g atomic mass (GAM) = mass of NA atoms in g
1 electron volt (eV) = 1.6022 ×10–19 J
Mass ( g )
(1 J = 107 ergs) ™ Mole of atoms =
GAM or Molar mass
Atomic Mass or Molecular Mass
Mass of one atom or molecule in a.m.u. For Molecule
C → 12 amu ™ 1g molecule = 1 mole of molecule = NA molecule
NH3→ 17 amu ™ g molecular mass (GMM) = mass of NA molecule in g.
Actual Mass Mass ( g )
™ Mole of molecule =
Mass of one atom or molecule in grams: GMM or Molar mass
C → 12 ×1.66 × 10–24 g
CH4 → 16 ×1.66 × 10–24 g 1 Mole of Substance
™ Contains 6.022 × 1023 particles.
Relative Atomic Mass or Relative Molecular Mass
Mass of one atom or molecule w.r.t. 1/12th of one 12C atom: ™ Weighs as much as molecular mass/ atomic mass/ionic mass
C → 12 in grams.
CH4 → 16 ™ If it is a gas, one mole occupies a volume of 22.4 L at 1 atm
It is unitless. & at 273 K or 22.7 L at STP.

Gram Atomic Mass or For Ionic Compounds


Gram Molecular Mass ™ 1 g formula unit = 1 mole of formula unit = NA formula unit.
Mass of one mole of atom or molecule (in g):
™ g formula mass (GFM) = mass of NA formula unit in g.
C → 12 g
CO2 → 44 g Mass ( g )
™ Mole of formula unit =
GMM or Molar mass
It is also called as molar mass.
Vapour density
Definition of Mole
Ratio of density of vapour to the density of dihydrogen gas at
One mole is a collection of that many entities as there are number
similar pressure and temperature.
of atoms exactly in 12 gm of C-12 isotope.
The number of atoms present in exactly 12 gm of C-12 isotope Vapour density =
Molar mass
is called Avogadro’s number [NA = 6.022 × 1023] 2
their respective stoichiometric coefficient. The reactant having
minimum ratio will be L.R. then find the moles of product
formed or excess reagent left by comparing it with L.R. through
stoichiometric concept.
Percentage Purity
The percentage of a specified compound or element in an impure
sample may be given as:
Actual mass of compound
= %purity × 100
Total mass of sample
Stoichiometry Based Concept If impurity is unknown, it is always considered as inert (unreactive)
aA + bB → cC + dD material.

™ a,b,c,d, represents the ratios of moles, volumes [for gases] Empirical and Molecular Formula
or molecules in which the reactants react or products are ™ Empirical formula: Formula depicting constituent atoms in
formed. their simplest ratio.
™ a,b,c,d does not represent the ratio of masses. ™ Molecular formula: Formula depicting actual number of
atoms in one molecule of the compound.
™ The stoichiometric amount of components may be related as:
™ The molecular formula is generally an integral multiple of the
Moles of A reacted Moles of Breacted Moles of C reacted Moles of D reacted
= = = empirical formula.
a b c d
i.e. molecular formula = empirical formula × n
Concept of Limiting Reagent molecular formula mass
where n =
If data of more than one reactant is given then first convert empirical formula mass
all the data into moles then divide the moles of reactants with

Concentration Terms
Concentration Type Mathematical Formula Concept

 w  Mass of solute × 100


Percentage by mass %  = Mass of solute (in gm) present in 100 gm of solution.
 w Mass of solution

 v  Volumeof solute × 100


Volume percentage %  = Volume of solute (in cm3) present in 100 cm3 of solution.
 v Volumeof solution

Mass-volume  w  Mass of solute × 100


%  = Mass of solute (in gm) present in 100 cm3 of solution.
percentage  v  Volumeof solution

Mass of solute × 106


Parts per million ppm = Parts by mass of solute per million parts by mass of the solution.
Mass of solution

Moleof A
XA =
Moleof A + Moleof B + Moleof C + ...
Mole fraction Ratio of number of moles of one component to the total number of moles.
Moleof B
XB =
Moleof A + Moleof B + Moleof C + ...

Moleof solute
Molarity M= Moles of solute in one liter of solution.
Volumeof solution (in L)

Moleof solute
Molality m= Moles of solute in one kg of solvent.
Mass of solvent (Kg)

Mixing of Solutions M1V1


(ii) Dilution Effect: Final molarity, M 2 =
It is based on law of conservation of moles. V1 + V2
(i) Two solutions having same solute:
(Where V2 is volume of water added)
Total moles M V + M 2 V2
   Final molarity = = 1 1
Total volume V1 + V2

2 JEE (XI) Module-1 PW

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