Department of Physics

Amity Institute of Applied Sciences

AMITY UNIVERSITY
_____________________UTTAR PRADESH_______________________
Applied Physics – II

TUTORIAL SHEET: 1
(Module I: Wave Mechanics)

1. What do you understand by the wave nature of matter. Obtain an expression

of de Broglie wavelength for matter waves.
2. Calculate the de-Broglie wavelength of an electron and a photon each of
energy 2eV.
3. Discuss wave particle duality and describe briefly Davisson and Germer
experiment for qualitative verification of matter wave.
4. Show that the wavelength of a 150 g rubber ball moving with a velocity of
is short enough to be determined.
5. Energy of a particle at absolute temperature T is of the order of .
Calculate the wavelength of thermal neutrons at . Given:
, and .
6. Can a photon and an electron of the same momentum have the same
wavelengths? Calculate their wavelengths if the two have the same energy.
7. Two particles A and B are in motion. If the wavelength associated with
particle A is , calculate the wavelength of the particle B if its
momentum is half that of A.
8. Show that when electrons are accelerated through a potential difference V,
their wavelength taking relativistic correction into account is

where e and are charge and rest mass of electrons, respectively.

9. A particle of rest mass m0 has a kinetic energy K. Show that its de Broglie

wavelength is given by

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 Department of Physics
Amity Institute of Applied Sciences
AMITY UNIVERSITY
_____________________UTTAR PRADESH_______________________
Applied Physics – II
10. The kinetic energy of an electron is 4.55 × 10–25 J. Calculate the velocity,
momentum, and wavelength of the electron.

11. Find the de Broglie wavelength of a neutron of energy 12.8 MeV (given that, h
= 6.625 × 10–34 Js, mass of neutron (mn) = 1.675 × 10–27 kg, and 1 eV =
1.6 × 10–19 J).

12. A particle of charge q and mass m is accelerated from rest through a potential
difference V. Find its de Broglie wavelength. Calculate the wavelength (l), if
the particle is an electron and V = 50 V.

13. For an electron and a photon each having a wavelength of 1.0 Å, compare
their
(i) momentum,
(ii) total energy, and
(iii) ratio of kinetic energy.
(Given that h = 6.63 × 10–34 Js, rest mass of electron (m0) is 9.1 × 10–31 kg,
c = 3.0 × 108 m/s, and 1 eV = 1.6 × 10–19 J.

14. What will be the relation between the velocities of electron and proton for the
same de Broglie wavelength associated with them? (Given that me = 9.1 ×
10–31 kg and mp = 1.67 × 10–27 kg.)

15. Two particles A and B are in motion. If the wavelength associated with
particle A is 5 × 10–8 m, calculate the wavelength of the particle B if its
momentum is half that of A.

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 Department of Physics
Amity Institute of Applied Sciences
AMITY UNIVERSITY
_____________________UTTAR PRADESH_______________________
Applied Physics – II

TUTORIAL SHEET: 2
(Module I: Wave Mechanics)

1. Define group velocity. Show that group velocity of a wave packet equals the
particle velocity.
2. Distinguish between phase and group velocity. Prove that product of phase
and group velocity is square of velocity of light.
3. Derive an expression for phase velocity of wave in terms of angular
frequency and propagation constant. Show that the phase velocity of wave
associated with a material particle is not equal to particle velocity.

4. Show that the phase velocity of de-Broglie waves associated with a moving
particle having a rest mass is given by

where the symbols have their usual meanings.

5. An electron has de-Broglie wavelength of 1.0 pm. Calculate its kinetic energy
and the phase and group velocities of its de-Broglie waves. Given: Planck’s
constant, and rest energy of electron, .
6. Explain Heisenberg uncertainty principle. Describe gamma ray microscope
experiment to establish Heisenberg uncertainty principle.
7. How does the Heisenberg uncertainty principle hint about the absence of
electron in an atomic nucleus?
8. Calculate the uncertainty in momentum of an electron confined in a one-

dimensional box of length . Given: .

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 Department of Physics
Amity Institute of Applied Sciences
AMITY UNIVERSITY
_____________________UTTAR PRADESH_______________________
Applied Physics – II

9. An electron has de Broglie wavelength 2 × 10–12 m. Find its kinetic energy.

Also, find the phase and group velocities of its de Broglie waves.

10. Find out the group velocity and phase velocity for an electron, which has de
Broglie wavelength of 2 ¥ 10–13 m associated with it during its motion.

11. Show that the de Broglie wave velocity is a function of wavelength even in
free space.

12. The phase velocity of sea-water waves is given by (gλ/2π) 1/2. Calculate the
group velocity of these waves. The wavelength is 680 m. Take g = 9.8 m/s2.

TUTORIAL SHEET: 3
(Module I: Wave Mechanics)
1. Differentiate between Ψ and IΨI2. Discuss Born postulate regarding the
probabilistic interpretation of a wave function.

2. Write down the set of conditions which a solution of Schrödinger wave

equation satisfies to be called a wave function.

3. What do you mean by normalization and orthogonality of a wave function?

4. Show that if potential energy V(x) is changed everywhere by a constant, the

time independent wave equation is unchanged. What is the effect on the
energy Eigen values?

5. Show that is an acceptable eigen function, where k is some finite

constant. Also normalize it over the region .

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 Department of Physics
Amity Institute of Applied Sciences
AMITY UNIVERSITY
_____________________UTTAR PRADESH_______________________
Applied Physics – II
6. Explain the meaning of expectation value of x. write down the Eigen
operators for position, linear momentum and total energy.

7. Show that time independent Schrödinger equation is an example of Eigen

value equation.

8. Derive the time independent Schrödinger equation from time dependent

equation for free particle.
9. For a free particle, show that Schrödinger wave equation leads to the de-

Broglie relation .

10. Calculate the smallest possible uncertainty in the position of an electron

moving with a velocity of 3 × 107 m/s.

11. If the uncertainty in the location of a particle is equal to its de Broglie

wavelength, then find out the uncertainty in its velocity.

12. An electron has a speed of 1.05 × 104 m/s with an accuracy of 0.02%.
Calculate the uncertainty in the position of the electron.

13. A hydrogen atom, say, has a radius of 0.5 Å. Calculate the kinetic energy
needed by an electron to be confined in the atom.

14. The position and the momentum of 0.5 keV electrons are simultaneously
determined. If the position is located within 0.4 nm, what is the percentage
of uncertainty in its momentum?

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 Department of Physics
Amity Institute of Applied Sciences
AMITY UNIVERSITY
_____________________UTTAR PRADESH_______________________
Applied Physics – II
TUTORIAL SHEET: 4
(Module I: Wave Mechanics)
1. Write Schrödinger equation for a particle in a box and determine expression
for energy Eigen value and Eigen function. Does this predict that the particle
can possess zero energy.
2. Find the expectation values of the position <x> and that of momentum <p x>
of a particle trapped in a one dimensional rigid box of length L.
3. The potential function of a particle moving along positive x-axis is given by
V(x) = 0 for x < 0
V(x) = V0 for x 0
Calculate the reflectance R and transmittance T at the potential discontinuity
and show that R+T=1.
4. An electron is bounded by a potential which closely approaches an infinite
square well of width . Calculate the lowest three permissible
quantum energies the electron can have.
5. A particle is moving in one dimensional box and its wave function is given

by . Find the expression for the normalized wave function.

6. Calculate the value of lowest energy of an electron moving in a one-

dimensional force free region of length 4 .

7. A particle of mass kg is moving with a speed of in a box of

length . Assume this to be one dimensional square well problem,

calculate the value of n.

8. A beam of electron impinges on an infinitely wide energy barrier of height

0.03 eV, find the fraction of electrons reflected at the barrier if the energy of
the electrn is (a) 0.025 eV (b) 0.030 eV (c) 0.040 eV.

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 Department of Physics
Amity Institute of Applied Sciences
AMITY UNIVERSITY
_____________________UTTAR PRADESH_______________________
Applied Physics – II
9. A particle confined to move along the X-axis has the wave function y = ax
between x = 0 and x = 1.0, and y = 0 elsewhere. Find the probability that the
particle can be found between x = 0.35 to x = 0.45. Also, find the
expectation value <x> of particle’s position.

10. Find the probabilities of finding a particle trapped in a box of length L in the
region from 0.45L to0.55L for the ground state and the first excited state.

11. A particle is moving in a one-dimensional box of width 30 Å. Calculate the

probability of finding the particle within and at interval of 2 Å at the centre of
the box when it is in its state of least energy.

12. What is the lowest energy that a neutron of mass 1.67 × 10–27 kg can have
if it is confined to move along the edge of an impenetrable box of length 2 ×
10–14 m.

13. Calculate the expectation values of P and P2 for the normalized wave
function

Ψ(x) = (2/a)1/2sin(πx/a)
in the region 0 < x < a and y(x) = 0 for x > a and x < 0, where P is the
momentum of the particle.

TUTORIAL SHEET: 5
(Module II : Crystal Structure and X-ray Diffraction)

1. Define crystal lattice, basis and crystal structure.

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 Department of Physics
Amity Institute of Applied Sciences
AMITY UNIVERSITY
_____________________UTTAR PRADESH_______________________
Applied Physics – II
2. Define Single Crystalline, polycrystalline and amorphous materials.

3. What do you understand by primitive cell and unit cell?

4. Specify 3-Dimensional Bravais lattices pointing out their characteristic

features.

5. Explain the concept of miller indices? Draw (i) the (110), (120) and (211)

planes, in a cubic unit cell, and (b) draw [100], [110], [111], [211] directions in a

cubic unit cell

6. In a crystal, a lattice plane cuts intercepts along the three axes,

where a, b, c are primitive vectors of the unit cell. Determine the Miller indices of

the given plane.

7. A plane is parallel to y and z axes. Determine its Miller indices.

8. Find the Miller indices of a plane which makes intercept in the ratio of 3a:4b on

the x and y axes and are parallel to z axis, a, b, c being primitive vectors of the

lattice.

9. Derive the expression for spacing between two adjacent planes of a cubic

lattice.

10. In a Simple Cubic crystal: (a) find the ratio of intercepts of three axes by (123)

plane. (ii) Find the ratio of spacings of (110) and (111) planes.

11. For a cubic crystal, draw the planes with Miller indices (110) and (001).

12. Draw the following planes in a cubic unit cell: (112), (101), and (1,2,2).

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 Department of Physics
Amity Institute of Applied Sciences
AMITY UNIVERSITY
_____________________UTTAR PRADESH_______________________
Applied Physics – II
13. Sketch the following planes in a cubic unit cell: (121), (010).

14. In a general lattice, a = b = 2.5 Å and c = 1.8 Å. Deduce the lattice spacing
between (111) planes.

TUTORIAL SHEET: 6
(Module II : Crystal Structure and X-ray Diffraction)

1. Calculate the interplanar spacing for a (321) plane in a simple cubic lattice

whose lattice constant is 4.2 Å.

2. In a tetragonal lattice, a = b = 2.5 Å and c =1.8 Å. Calculate the lattice

spacing between (111) planes.

3. What do you understand by Reciprocal lattice? Derive the expression for

Reciprocal lattice of Simple cubic, Body Centered Cubic (BCC) and Face

Centered Cubic (FCC) lattice.

4. Derive Bragg’s law for X-ray diffraction.

5. Discuss Laue’s experiment for X-ray diffraction.

6. Explain Bragg’s spectrometer for experimental determination of crystal

structure.

7. The spacing between principal planes of NaCl crystal is 2.82 Å. It is found

that first order Bragg’s reflection occurs at an angle of 1 0o. What is the

wavelength of x-rays.

8. The distance between adjacent planes in calcite is 0.3nm. Find the

smallest angle of Bragg’s reflection for 0.03 nm X-ray.

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 Department of Physics
Amity Institute of Applied Sciences
AMITY UNIVERSITY
_____________________UTTAR PRADESH_______________________
Applied Physics – II
9. X-rays of wavelength 0.71 Å are reflected from (110) plane from NaCl

crystal (a = 2.82 Å). Calculate glancing angle for second order reflection.

10. With the help of his spectrometer, Bragg found that in KCl crystals, strong

reflections from the sets of planes (100), (110), and (111) are obtained for

angles 5° 23′, 7° 37′, and 9° 25′. Show that KCl crystal has a simple cubic

crystal structure.

11. A set of lattice planes reflects X-rays of wavelength 1.2 Å at a glancing

angle of 9° 30′. Deduce the possible spacing of this set of planes.

12. A beam of electrons is accelerated through a potential 340 V and is

reflected from a crystal. The first-order reflection maxima occur when glancing

angle is 60°. Determine the spacing of the crystal. (Given that h = 6.62 × 10–

34 Js, e = 1.6 × 10–19 C, and me = 9.1 × 10–31 kg.)

13. The lattice parameter of copper (fcc) is 3.61 Å. The first order (111) plane

appears at an angle of 21.7°. Find the wavelength of the X-ray used.

14. Determine the lattice parameter of nickel (fcc) if the Bragg’s angle for its

(220) reflection is 38.2° and the wavelength of the X-ray used is 1.54 Å.

TUTORIAL SHEET 7
Module III : Semiconductors & Superconductivity

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 Department of Physics
Amity Institute of Applied Sciences
AMITY UNIVERSITY
_____________________UTTAR PRADESH_______________________
Applied Physics – II

1. Distinguish between insulator, semiconductor and conductor on the basis

of energy band gap. Differentiate between intrinsic & extrinsic
semiconductors.

2. Deduce expressions for carrier concentration of free electrons and holes

in an intrinsic semiconductor.
3. Show that the Fermi level lies half way between valence and conduction
bands in an intrinsic semiconductor.
4. What do you mean by forward and revesse biasing of a p-n junction diode.
Describe the V-I characteristics of p-n junction diode.

5. Discuss the position of the Fermi level in extrinsic semiconductors.

6. Explain the working of a Zener diode. What is its use.

7. Find the concentration of Ge atoms in a pure Ge crystal from the following

data : atomic weight of Ge = 72.6, density = 5.32x10 3 kg/m3 and Avogadro
number, NA= 6.02x1023.

8. The mobilities of electrons and holes in a sample of intrinsic Ge at room

temperature are 0.36 and 0.17 m 2/V-s respectively. If the electron and
hole densities are each equal to 2.5x10 19 /m3, calculate the electrical
conductivity and resistivity of Ge.

9. For intrinsic semiconductor with gap width Eg=0.7eV, determine the

density of holes and electrons at 300 K.

10. Calculate the position of Fermi level Ef at 300 K for Ge crystal containing
5x1022 arsenic atoms/m3.

11. In a n-type semiconductor, the Fermi level lies 0.3eV below the conduction
band at 300 K. If the temperature is increased to 330 K, find the new
position of the Fermi level.

TUTORIAL SHEET 8
Module III : Semiconductors & Superconductivity

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 Department of Physics
Amity Institute of Applied Sciences
AMITY UNIVERSITY
_____________________UTTAR PRADESH_______________________
Applied Physics – II

1. What do you mean by superconductivity. Distinguish between Type I &

Type II superconductors.
2. Explain isotope effect in superconductors.

3. Describe Meissner effect. Explain it with a suitable diagram.

4. Give the basic idea of BCS theory of superconductivity and show that this
theory provides adequate explanation of the superconducting state. What
are cooper pairs.

5. The critical temperature, Tc for Hg with isotropic mass 199.5 is 4.185 K.

Calculate its critical temperature when its isotropic mass changes to
203.4.

6. The transition temperature for Pb is 7.2K. However, it loses the

superconducting property if subjected to a magnetic field of 3.3 X 10 4 A/m.
Find the value of H0 (0) which will allow the metal to retain its
superconductivity at 0K.

7. The transition temperature for lead is 7.26 K. The maximum critical field
for the material is 8 X 105 A/m. Lead has to be used as a superconductor
subjected to a magnetic field 4 X 10 4 A/m. What precaution will have to be
taken.

8. A superconducting material has a critical temperature of 3.7 K in zero

magnetic field of 0.0306 tesla at 0K. Find the critical field at 2K.

9. The critical field for niobium is 1 X 10 4 A/m at 8 K and 2 X 10 5 A/m at 0K.

Calculate the transition temperature of the element.

10. For a specimen of superconductor, the critical fields are 1.4 X 10 5 and 4.2
X 105 A/m respectively, for temperature 1.4 K and 13 K respectively.
Calculate the transition temperature and critical fields at 0 K and 4.2 K.

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 Department of Physics
Amity Institute of Applied Sciences
AMITY UNIVERSITY
_____________________UTTAR PRADESH_______________________
Applied Physics – II
11. At what temperature do we get Hc = 0.1 Hc(0) for lead (Pb) having Tc =
7.2 K.

12. Calculate the critical field in lead (Pb) at T = 4.2 K when Hc(0) = 0.0803
Wb/m2 for lead (Pb).

13. A long thin superconducting wire of a metal produces a magnetic field 105
× 103 A/m on its surface due to the current passing through it at a certain
temperature T kelvin. Calculate T. Given: Hc(0) = 150 × 103 A/m and Tc =
9.3 K.

14. Calculate the transition temperature of niobium for which the critical field is
1 × 105 A/m at 8 K and 2 × 105 A/m at 0 K.

15. For a specimen of V3Ga, the critical fields are, respectively, 0.176 T and
0.528 T for 14 K and 13 K. Calculate the transition temperature and the
critical fields at 0 K and 4.2 K.

TUTORIAL SHEET 9
Module IV : Dielectrics

1. What are polar and non-polar molecules. Give examples.

2. What are three electric vectors in dielectrics. Define them & establish a
relationship between them.

3. Explain the phenomenon of polarization of dielectric medium. Show that k

= 1 + χe.

4. Derive an expression for the energy density of electric field establish in a

dielectric medium.

5. State and prove Gauss’s law in dielectrics.

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 Department of Physics
Amity Institute of Applied Sciences
AMITY UNIVERSITY
_____________________UTTAR PRADESH_______________________
Applied Physics – II
6. Two parallel plates have equal and opposite charges and separated by a
dielectric 5 mm thick having dielectric constant 3. If the field intensity in the
dielectric is 106 V/m. Calculate (a) The polarization P in the dielectric (b)
The displacement D in the dielectric (c) The energy density in the
dielectric.

7. An isotropic material of relative permittivity r is placed normal to a uniform

external electric field with an electric displacement vector of magnitude 5
X 10-4 m2. If the volume of the slab is 0.5 m 3 and the magnitude of
polarizability is 4 X 10-4 m2, find the value of r and total dipole moment of
the slab.

8. For a gas the value of dielectric constant at 0 oC is 1.000038. Calculate the

electric suspectibility at this temperature.

9. The dielectric constant of medium is 4. Electric field in the dielectric is 106

V/m. Calculate the electric displacement and polarization.

10. The electric susceptibility of a material is 36 X 10 -12 C2/N-m2. Calculate the

value of dielectric constant and absolute permittivity of the material.

11. Establish the relation between electric susceptibility and dielectric

constant.

12. The dielectric constant of helium at 0 °C and 1 atmosphere pressure is

1.000074. Find the dipole moment induced in helium atom when the gas is
in an electric field of intensity 100 V/m. The number of atoms per unit
volume of helium gas is 2.68 × 1027.

13. If an ionic crystal is subjected to an electric field of 2000 V/m and the
resulting polarisation is 6.4 × 10–8 C/m2, then calculate the relative
permittivity or the dielectric constant of the crystal.

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 Department of Physics
Amity Institute of Applied Sciences
AMITY UNIVERSITY
_____________________UTTAR PRADESH_______________________
Applied Physics – II
14. A dielectric material with density 4 × 10–28 atoms/m 3 exhibits an
electronic polarisability of 2 × 10–40 Fm 2. Calculate the dielectric constant
of the material.

15. If the permittivity of a dielectric material is 2.40 × 10–10 C2/N/m2, then

calculate its dielecric constant and electrical susceptibility. (Given that ƹ0
= 8.85 × 10–12 C2/Nm2).

16. A medium of dielectric constant of 8 and thickness 0.5 cm is placed

between the plates of a capacitor of area 100 cm2. If the separation
between plates is 1 cm and applied potential between plates is 100 V,
then find the value of three vectors E, D and P, where they have their
usual meanings.

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