Circle

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Circle

4. CIRCLE 241-362
LEARNING PART Session 5
Session 1 — Tangents from a Point to the Circle
— Definition — Length of the Tangent from a Point to a Circle
— Equation of Circles in Different Forms — Power of a Point with Respect to a Circle
— Locus of the Mid-point of the Chords of the — Chord of Contact
Circle that Subtends an Angle of 2q at its Centre — Chord Bisected at a Given Point
Session 2 — Pair of Tangents
— Diametric Form of a Circle — Director Circle
— Equation of Circle Passing Through Three Non- Session 6
Collinear Points — Diameter of a Circle
Session 3 — Two Circles Touching Each Other
— Intercepts Made on the Axes by a Circle — Common Tangents to Two Circles
— Different Forms of the Equations of a Circle — Common Chord of Two Circles
— Position of a Point with Respect to Circle — Family of Circles
— Maximum and Minimum Distance of a Point Session 7
from the Circle
— Angle of Intersection of Two Circles
Session 4 — Radical Axis
— Intersection of a Line and a Circle — Radical Centre
— Product of the Algebraical Distances PA and — Co-axial System of Circles
PB is Constant when from P, A Secant be
— Limiting Point
Drawn to Cut the circle in the Point A and B
— Image of the Circle by the Line Mirror
— The Length of Intercept Cut-off from a Line by
a Circle PRACTICE PART
— Tangent to a Circle at a Given Point — JEE Type Examples
— Normal to a Circle at a Given Point — Chapter Exercises
CHAPTER

04
Circle
Learning Part
Session 1
● Definition ● Equation of Circle in Different Forms
● Locus of the Mid-point of the Chords of the Circle
that Subtends an Angle of 2q at its Centre
Session 2
● Diametric Form of a Circle ● Equation of Circle Passing Through Three
Non-Collinear Points
Session 3
● Intercepts Made on the Axes by a Circle ● Different Forms of the Equations of a Circle
● Position of a Point with Respect to Circle ● Maximum and Minimum Distance of a Point from
the Circle
Session 4
● Intersection of a Line and a Circle ● Product of the Algebraical Distances PA and PB is
● The Length of Intercept Cut-off from a Line by a Circle Constant when from P, A Secant be Drawn to Cut the
● Tangent to a Circle at a Given Point Circle in the Points A and B
● Normal to a Circle at a Given Point
Session 5
● Tangents from a Point to the Circle ● Length of the Tangent from a Point to a Circle
● Power of a Point with Respect to a Circle ● Chord of Contact
● Chord Bisected at a Given Point ● Pair of Tangents
● Director Circle
Session 6
● Diameter of a Circle ● Two Circles Touching Each Other
● Common Tangents to Two Circles ● Common Chord of Two Circles
● Family of Circles
Session 7
● Angle of Intersection of Two Circles ● Radical Axis
● Radical Centre ● Co-axial System of Circles
● Limiting Point ● Image of the Circle by the Line Mirror

Practice Part
● JEE Type Examples
● Chapter Exercises

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Session 1
Definition, Equation of Circle in Different Forms,
Locus of the Mid-point of the Chords of the Circle
that Subtends an Angle of 2q at its Centre
Definition Equation of Circle
A circle is the locus of a point which moves in a plane, so
that its distance from a fixed point in the plane is always
in Different Forms
constant. 1. Centre-radius form
The fixed point is called the centre of the circle and the Let a be the radius and C (h, k ) be the centre of any circle.
constant distance is called its radius. If P ( x , y ) be any point on the circumference.
Then, CP = a Þ (CP ) 2 = a 2
P Þ ( x - h ) 2 + (y - k ) 2 = a 2
fixed us
radi (moving point)
point This equation is known as the central form of the
C (centre) constant
equation of a circle.
distance
P (x, y)
a
i.e. CP = constant distance = Radius
C (h, k)
Equation of a Circle : The curve traced by the moving
point is called its circumference. i.e. the equation of any
circle is satisfied by co-ordinates of all points on its
circumference. Remark
OR When, C ( h, k ) = C ( 0, 0 ), then equation of circle becomes
The equation of the circle is meant the equation of the x 2 + y 2 = a2 which is known as standard form of the circle.
circumference.
OR 2. Parametric form
It is the set of all points lying on the circumference of the If the radius of a circle whose centre is at C (0, 0 ) makes an
circle. angle q with the positive direction of X-axis, then q is
called the parameter.
Chord and Diameter : The line joining any two points
on the circumference is called a chord. If any chord Let CP = a
passing through its centre is called its diameter. \ CM = x , PM = y Þ x = a cos q, y = a sinq
Y
Q

P(x,y)

C B a
θ
X′ X
C (0, 0) M
P
A

AB = Chord, PQ = Diameter
where, C is centre of the circle. Y′
Chap 04 Circle 243

Hence, (a cos q, a sinq ) or ‘q’ are the parametric (ii) If g 2 + f 2 - c = 0, then the radius of circle will be real.
coordinates of the circle x 2 + y 2 = a 2 and x = a cos q Hence in this case, circle is called a point circle.
(iii) If g 2 + f 2 - c < 0, then the radius of circle will be
and y = a sinq are called parametric equations of the
imaginary number. Hence in this case, circle is called a
circle x 2 + y 2 = a 2 with parameters a and q. virtual circle or imaginary circle.
(0 £ q < 2 p ). 4. Concentric circle Two circles having the same centre
C ( h, k ) but different radii r1 and r2 respectively are called
concentric circles. Thus, the circles ( x - h) 2 + ( y - k ) 2 = r12
Remarks and ( x - h) 2 + ( y - k ) 2 = r22, r1 ¹ r2 are concentric circles.
1. The parametric coordinates of any point on the circle
Therefore, the equations of concentric circles differ only in
( x - h) 2 + ( y - k ) 2 = a2 are given by ( h + a cos q, k + a sin q) constant terms.
( 0 £ q < 2p ) and parametric equations of the circle
( x - h) 2 + ( y - k ) 2 = a2 are x = h + a cos q, y = k + a sinq. y Example 1. Find the centre and radius of the circle
2. Equation of the chord of the circle x 2 + y 2 = a2 joining 2x 2 + 2y 2 = 3x - 5 y + 7
( a cos a, a sin a) and ( a cos b , a sinb ) is
Sol. The given equation of circle is
a+ bö æ a + b ö = a cos æ a - b ö .
x cos æç ÷ + y sin ç ÷ ç ÷ 2x 2 + 2y 2 = 3x - 5y + 7
è 2 ø è 2 ø è 2 ø
3 5 7
General form The equation of the circle with centre or x2 + y2 - x + y - = 0
2 2 2
(h, k ) and radius a is ( x - h ) 2 + (y - k ) 2 = a 2 If centre is (a , b ), then
or x 2 + y 2 - 2hx - 2ky + h 2 + k 2 - a 2 = 0 …(i) 1 æ 3ö 3
a = - ç- ÷ =
2 è 2ø 4
which is of the form
1 æ5ö 5
x 2 + y 2 + 2 gx + 2 fy + c = 0 ...(ii) and b = - ç ÷= -
2 è2ø 4
This is known as the general equation of a circle æ3 5ö
comparing Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get \ Centre of circle is (a , b ) i.e. ç , - ÷
è4 4ø
h = - g, k = - f and a = ( g 2 + f 2 - c ) and radius of the circle
= a 2 + b 2 - (constant term)
\ Coordinates of the centre are ( - g, - f ) and
9 25 7 9 + 25 + 56 3 10
= + + = =
Radius = ( g 2 + f 2 - c ) ( g 2 + f 2 ³ c ) 16 16 2 16 4
y Example 2. Prove that the radii of the circles
Remarks
1. Rule for finding the centre and radius of a circle
x 2 + y 2 = 1, x 2 + y 2 - 2 x - 6 y = 6 and
(i) Make the coefficients of x 2 and y 2 equal to 1 and right x 2 + y 2 - 4x - 12 y = 9 are in AP.
hand side equal to zero.
Sol. Given circles are x2 + y2 = 1 ...(i)
(ii) Then, coordinates of centre will be ( a, b ),
2 2
1 1 x + y - 2x - 6y - 6 = 0 ...(ii)
where, a = - (coefficient of x) and b = - (coefficient of y)
2 2 and 2 2
x + y - 4 x - 12y - 9 = 0 ...(iii)
(iii) Radius = a2 + b 2 - (constant term)
Let r1, r2 and r3 be the radii of the circles Eqs. (i), (ii) and (iii),
2. Conditions for a circle A general equation of second respectively.
degree Then, r1 = 1
ax 2 + 2hxy + by 2 + 2gx + 2fy + c = 0
r 2 = ( - 1) 2 + ( - 3) 2 + 6 = 4
in x, y represent a circle, if
(i) coefficient of x 2 = coefficient of y 2 and r 3 = ( - 2) 2 + ( - 6) 2 + 9 = 7
i.e. a= b
Clearly, r 2 - r1 = 4 - 1 = 3 = r 3 - r 2
(ii) coefficient of xy is zero
Hence, r1, r 2 , r 3 are in AP.
i.e. h=0
3. Nature of the circle Radius of the circle
y Example 3. Find the equation of the circle whose
x 2 + y 2 + 2gx + 2fy + c = 0 is ( g 2 + f 2 - c)
centre is the point of intersection of the lines
Now. the following cases are possible :
2x - 3y + 4 = 0 and 3x + 4 y - 5 = 0 and passes
(i) If g 2 + f 2 - c > 0, then the radius of circle will be real. Hence
in this case, real circle is possible. through the origin.
244 Textbook of Coordinate Geometry

Sol. The point of intersection of the lines 2x - 3y + 4 = 0 and 4 + 49 + 16 - 42 + l = 0


æ 1 22 ö \ l = -27
3x + 4y - 5 = 0 is ç - , ÷.
è 17 17 ø From Eq. (i), required circle is
æ 1 22 ö x 2 + y 2 - 8x + 6y - 27 = 0
Therefore, the centre of the circle is at ç - , ÷.
è 17 17 ø
y Example 5. A circle has radius 3 units and its centre
Since, the origin lies on the circle, its distance from the
centre of the circle is radius of the circle, therefore, lies on the line y = x - 1. Find the equation of the circle
2 2
if it passes through (7, 3).
æ 1 ö æ 22 ö 485
r = ç- - 0÷ + ç - 0÷ = Sol. Let the centre of the circle be (h, k). Since, the centre lies
è 17 ø è 17 ø 289 on y = x - 1, we get
\ The equation of the circle becomes k =h -1 ...(i)
2 2 Since, the circle passes through the point ( 7, 3), therefore
æ 1ö æ 22 ö 485
ç x + ÷ + çy - ÷ = the distance of the centre from this point is the radius r of
è 17 ø è 17 ø 289
the circle. We have,
or 17 ( x 2 + y 2 ) + 2x - 44y = 0 r = ( h - 7 ) 2 + ( k - 3) 2
Aliter : Q Point of intersection of the lines 2x - 3y + 4 = 0
æ 1 22 ö or 3 = ( h - 7 ) 2 + ( h - 1 - 3) 2 [from Eq. (i)]
and 3x + 4y - 5 = 0 is ç - , ÷. 2 2
è 17 17 ø Þ 9 = (h - 7 ) + (h - 4 )
æ 1 22 ö
Therefore, the centre of the circle is at ç - , ÷ Þ h 2 - 11h + 28 = 0
è 17 17 ø or (h - 7 ) (h - 4 ) = 0
Let required circle is or h = 7 and h = 4
x 2 + y 2 + 2gx + 2 fy + c = 0 …(i) For h = 7, we get k = 6 from Eq. (i)
1 22 and for h = 4, we get k = 3, from Eq. (i).
Here, - g = - , -f = ,c = 0
17 17 Hence, there are two circles which satisfy the given
[Q Circle passes through origin] conditions. They are
2 2 2x 44 ( x - 7 ) 2 + ( y - 6) 2 = 9
From Eq. (i), x +y + - y =0
17 17 or x 2 + y 2 - 14 x - 12y + 76 = 0
or 17( x 2 + y 2 ) + 2x - 44y = 0 and ( x - 4 ) 2 + ( y - 3) 2 = 9
or x 2 + y 2 - 8x - 6y + 16 = 0
y Example 4. Find the equation of the circle
concentric with the circle x 2 + y 2 - 8 x + 6 y - 5 = 0 y Example 6. Find the area of an equilateral triangle
and passing through the point ( -2, - 7 ) . inscribed in the circle
x 2 + y 2 + 2 gx + 2 fy + c = 0.
Sol. The given equation of circle is
x 2 + y 2 - 8x + 6y - 5 = 0 Sol. Given circle is
Therefore, the centre of the circle is at ( 4, - 3). Since, the x 2 + y 2 + 2gx + 2 fy + c = 0 ...(i)
required circle is concentric with this circle, therefore, the Let O be the centre and ABC be an equilateral triangle
centre of the required circle is also at ( 4, - 3). Since, the inscribed in the circle Eq. (i).
point ( -2, - 7 ) lies on the circle, the distance of the centre A
from this point is the radius of the circle. Therefore, we get
60°
r = ( 4 + 2)2 + ( -3 + 7 )2 = 52
Hence, the equation of the circle becomes
O
( x - 4 )2 + (y + 3)2 = 52
60°
or x 2 + y 2 - 8x + 6y - 27 = 0 B
M
C

Aliter : Equation of concentric circle is


x 2 + y 2 - 8x + 6y + l = 0 …(i) O º (-g, - f )
which pass through ( -2, - 7 ), then and OA = OB = OC = g 2 + f 2
-c ...(ii)
Chap 04 Circle 245

In DBOM, sin60° =
BM
OB Locus of the Mid-point of
Þ BM = OB sin60° = (OB )
3 the Chords of the Circle that
\ BC = 2BM = 3 (OB )
2
...(iii)
Subtends an Angle of 2q at
\ Area of D ABC =
3
( BC )2
its Centre
4 Let mid-point M ( x 1 ,y 1 ) and centre, radius of circle are
3 (h,k ), r respectively, then
= 3 (OB )2 [from Eq. (iii)]
4
CM ( x 1 - h ) 2 + (y 1 - k ) 2
3 3 2 2
cos q = =
= (g + f - c ) sq units. r r
4
A
y Example 7. Find the parametric form of the equation
M
of the circle (x
1, y1 )
x 2 + y 2 + px + py = 0.
q
Sol. Equation of the circle can be re-written in the form q r
C (h , k ) B
2 2 2
æ pö æ pö p
ç x + ÷ + çy + ÷ =
è 2ø è 2ø 2
Therefore, the parametric form of the equation of the given
circle is
p p p ( x - h ) 2 + (y - k ) 2 - r 2
x=- + cos q = ( -1 + 2 cos q ) \ Required locus is = -sin2 q
2 2 2 2
r
p p p
and y=- + sin q = ( -1 + 2 sin q ) Remembering Method :
2 2 2
where, 0 £ q < 2p. First make coefficient of x 2 = coefficient of y 2 = 1
LHS of circle
y Example 8. If the parametric of form of a circle is and RHS of circle is zero, then = -sin2 q
(radius) 2
given by
(a) x = - 4 + 5 cosq and y = - 3 + 5 sin q y Example 9. Find the locus of mid-points of the
(b) x = a cosa + b sina and y = a sin a - b cos a chords of the circle 4 x 2 + 4 y 2 - 12x + 4 y + 1 = 0 that
find its cartesian form. 2p
Sol. (a) The given equations are
subtend an angle of at its centre.
3
x = - 4 + 5 cosq 2p p
and y = - 3 + 5 sinq Sol. Here, 2q = Þ q=
3 3
or ( x + 4 ) = 5 cos q …(i) Equation of circle can be written as
and (y + 3) = 5 sin q ...(ii) 1
x 2 + y 2 - 3x + y + = 0
Squaring and adding Eqs. (i) and (ii), then 4
( x + 4 ) 2 + ( y + 3) 2 = 52 \Required locus is
or ( x + 4 )2 + (y + 3)2 = 25 1
x 2 + y 2 - 3x + y +
(b) The given equations are 4 = - sin 2 æç p ö÷ = - 3
2 è3ø
æ 9 1 1ö 4
x = a cos a + b sin a ...(iii) ç + - ÷
y = a sin a - b cos a ...(iv) è 4 4 4ø
Squaring and adding Eqs. (iii) and (iv), then 1 27
Þ x 2 + y 2 - 3x + y +=-
x 2 + y 2 = (a cos a + b sin a )2 + (a sin a - b cos a )2 4 16
2 2
Þ x 2 + y 2 = a2 + b2 or 16( x + y ) - 48x + 16y + 31 = 0
246 Textbook of Coordinate Geometry

Exercise for Session 1


1. If x 2 + y 2 - 2x + 2ay + a + 3 = 0 represents a real circle with non-zero radius, then most appropriate is
(a) a Î (- ¥, - 1) (b) a Î (-1, 2)
(c) a Î (2, ¥) (d) a Î (- ¥, - 1) È (2, ¥)

2. If the equation ax 2 + (2 - b )xy + 3y 2 - 6bx + 30y + 6b = 0 represents a circle, then a 2 + b 2 is


(a) 5 (b) 13
(c) 25 (d) 41

3. The equation of the circle passing through (4, 5) having the centre at (2, 2) is
(a) x 2 + y 2 + 4x + 4y - 5 = 0 (b) x 2 + y 2 - 4x - 4y - 5 = 0
(c) x 2 + y 2 - 4x - 13 = 0 (d) x 2 + y 2 - 4x - 4y + 5 = 0

4. Equation of the diameter of the circle is given by x 2 + y 2 - 12x + 4y + 6 = 0 is given by


(a) x + y = 0 (b) x + 3y = 0
(c) x = y (d) 3x + 2y = 0

5. If the lines 3x - 4y + 4 = 0 and 6x - 8y - 7 = 0 are tangents to a circle, then the diameter of the circle is
3
(a) (b) 3
2
5
(c) (d) 5
2
p
6. Area of a circle in which a chord of length 2 makes an angle at the centre is
2
p p
(a) (b)
4 2
(c) p (d) 2p

7. The lines 2x - 3y - 5 = 0 and 3x - 4y = 7 are diameters of a circle of area 154 sq units, then the equation of the
circle is :
(a) x 2 + y 2 + 2x - 2y - 62 = 0 (b) x 2 + y 2 + 2x - 2y - 47 = 0
(c) x 2 + y 2 - 2x + 2y - 62 = 0 (d) x 2 + y 2 - 2x + 2y - 47 = 0

8. If the lines 2x + 3y + 1 = 0 and 3x - y - 4 = 0 lie along diameters of a circle of circumference 10p, then the
equation of the circle is
(a) x 2 + y 2 - 2x + 2y - 23 = 0 (b) x 2 + y 2 - 2x - 2y - 23 = 0
(c) x 2 + y 2 + 2x + 2y - 23 = 0 (d) x 2 + y 2 + 2x - 2y - 23 = 0

9. The triangle PQR is inscribed in the circle x 2 + y 2 = 25. If Q and R have coordinates (3, 4) and ( -4,3)
respectively, then ÐQPR is equal to
p p
(a) (b)
2 3
p p
(c) (d)
4 6

10. If a circle is concentric with the circle x 2 + y 2 - 4x - 6y + 9 = 0 and passes through the point ( -4, - 5), then its
equation is
(a) x 2 + y 2 + 4x + 6y - 87 = 0 (b) x 2 + y 2 - 4x + 6y + 87 = 0
2 2
(c) x + y - 4x - 6y - 87 = 0 (d) x 2 + y 2 + 4x + 6y + 87 = 0
Chap 04 Circle 247

11. Let AB be a chord of the circle x 2 + y 2 = r 2 subtending a right angle at the centre. Then, the locus of the
centroid of the DPAB as P moves on the circle is
(a) a parabola (b) a circle
(c) an ellipse (d) a pair of straight lines

12. Let PQ and RS be tangents extremities of the diameter PR of a circle of radius r. If PS and RQ intersect at a
point X on the circumference of the circle, then 2r equals
PQ + RS
(a) PQ × RS (b)
2
2PQ.RS (PQ )2 + (RS )2
(c) (d)
PQ + RS 2

13. Find the centre and radius of the circle 5x 2 + 5y 2 + 4x - 8y = 16.

14. Prove that the centres of the circles x 2 + y 2 = 1, x 2 + y 2 + 6x - 2y - 1 = 0 and x 2 + y 2 - 12 x + 4y = 1 are


collinear.

15. Find the equation of the circle whose centre is (1, 2) and which passes through the point of intersection of
3x + y = 14 and 2x + 5y = 18.
16. Find the equation of the circle passing through the centre of the circle x 2 + y 2 - 4x - 6y = 8 and being
concentric with the circle x 2 + y 2 - 2x - 8y = 5 .
1 2
17. Prove that the locus of the centre of the circle ( x + y 2 ) + x cos q + y sin q - 4 = 0 is x 2 + y 2 = 1.
2

18. Find the equation of the following curves in cartesian form. If the curve is a circle, then find its centre and radius
x = - 1 + 2 cos a, y = 3 + 2 sin a (0 £ a < 2p )
Session 2
Diametric Form of a Circle, Equation of Circle
Passing Through Three Non-Collinear Points

Diametric Form of a Circle Sol. The centres of the given circles


Theorem : The equation of the circle on the line segment x 2 + y 2 + 6x - 14y - 1 = 0
joining ( x 1 , y 1 ) and ( x 2 , y 2 ) as diameter is and x 2 + y 2 - 4 x + 10y - 2 = 0 are ( - 3, 7 ) and (2, - 5),
( x - x 1 ) ( x - x 2 ) + (y - y 1 ) (y - y 2 ) = 0. respectively.
Proof : Let A ( x 1 , y 1 ) and B ( x 2 , y 2 ) be the end points of According to the question, the points ( -3, 7 ) and (2, - 5) are
the extremities of the diameter of required circle.
a diameter and let P ( x , y ) be any point on the circle
Hence, equation of circle is
Y
( x + 3) ( x - 2) + ( y - 7 ) ( y + 5) = 0
Þ x 2 + y 2 + x - 2y - 41 = 0
, y)
P (x y 2)
(x 2, y Example 11. The sides of a square are
90° B
x = 2, x = 3, y = 1 and y = 2 . Find the equation of the
,k )
C(h circle drawn on the diagonals of the square as its
diameter.
)A
, y1
(x 1 Sol. Let ABCD be a square and equation of its sides
X´ X
O
AB, BC , CD and DA are y = 1, x = 3, y = 2, and x = 2,
Y′ respectively.
y - y1 (2, 2) (3, 2)
Now, Slope of AP = D y=2 C
x - x1
y - y2
and Slope of BP =
x=2

x=3

x - x2
Since, Ð APB = 90°
\ Slope of AP ´ Slope of BP = -1 A y=1 B
(y - y 1 ) (y - y 2 ) (2, 1) (3, 1)
Þ ´ = -1
(x - x 1 ) (x - x 2 ) Then, A º (2, 1), B º (3, 1), C º (3, 2) and D º (2, 2)
Þ ( x - x 1 ) ( x - x 2 ) + (y - y 1 ) (y - y 2 ) = 0 Since, diagonals of squares are the diameters of the circle,
then equation of circle is
Remark ( x - 2) ( x - 3) + (y - 1)(y - 2) = 0
The diameteric form of a circle can also be written as Þ x 2 + y 2 - 5x - 3y + 8 = 0 (If AC as diameter).
x 2 + y 2 - x ( x1 + x 2 ) - y ( y1 + y2 ) + x1x 2 + y1 y2 = 0
y Example 12. The abscissae of two points A and B
or x 2 + y 2 - x (sum of abscissae) - y (sum of ordinates)
are the roots of the equation x 2 + 2ax - b 2 = 0 and
+ product of abscissae + product of ordinates = 0
their ordinates are the roots of the equation
y Example 10. Find the equation of the circle the end x 2 + 2px - q 2 = 0. Find the equation and the radius
points of whose diameter are the centres of the circles of the circle with AB as diameter.
x 2 + y 2 + 6 x - 14 y = 1 and x 2 + y 2 - 4 x + 10y = 2. Sol. Given equations are
x 2 + 2ax - b 2 = 0 ...(i)
Chap 04 Circle 249

and x 2 + 2px - q 2 = 0 ...(ii) x 2 + y 2 - x 23 - y 23 x -x3 y -y3


Let the roots of the Eq. (i) be a and b and those of Eq. (ii) be i.e. x 12 + y 12 - x 23 - y 23 x1 - x 3 y1 - y 3 = 0
g and d. Then,
x 22 + y 22 - x 23 - y 23 x2 - x 3 y2 - y 3
a + b = - 2a ü g + d = - 2p ü
ý and ý
a b = - b2þ gd = - q 2 þ
Remarks
Let A º (a , g ) and B º (b, d ) .
1. Cyclic quadrilateral If all four vertices of a quadrilateral lie
Now, equation of circle whose diameter is AB will be on a circle, then the quadrilateral is called a cyclic
( x - a ) ( x - b ) + (y - g ) (y - d ) = 0 quadrilateral. The four vertices are said to be concyclic.
Þ x 2 + y 2 - (a + b ) x - ( g + d ) y + ab + gd = 0 2. Concyclic points If A, B, C, D are concyclic, then
OA× OD = OB × OC
Þ x 2 + y 2 + 2ax + 2py - b 2 - q 2 = 0 where, O¢ be the centre of the circle.
and radius = (a 2 + p 2 + b 2 + q 2 ) A
B


Equation of Circle Passing D
O

Through Three Non-Collinear C

y Example 13. Find the equation of the circle which


Points passes through the points (4, 1),(6, 5) and has its centre
Let the equation of circle be on the line 4 x + y = 16 .
Sol. Let the equation of circle be
x 2 + y 2 + 2 gx + 2 fy + c = 0 ...(i)
x 2 + y 2 + 2gx + 2 fy + c = 0 ...(i)
If three points ( x 1 , y 1 ), ( x 2 , y 2 ), ( x 3 , y 3 ) lie on the circle
Since, the centre of Eq. (i) i.e. ( - g , - f ) lies on 4 x + y = 16
Eq. (i), their coordinates must satisfy its equation. Hence,
then, - 4 g - f = 16
solving equations
or 4 g + f + 16 = 0 ...(ii)
x 12 + y 12 + 2 gx 1 + 2 fy 1 + c = 0, ...(ii) Since, the points ( 4, 1) and (6, 5) lie on circle
x 22 + y 22 + 2 gx 2 + 2 fy 2 + c = 0, ...(iii) x 2 + y 2 + 2gx + 2 fy + c = 0, we get the equations
16 + 1 + 8g + 2 f + c = 0
and x 23 + y 23 +2 gx 3 + 2 fy 3 + c = 0, ...(iv)
or 17 + 8g + 2 f + c = 0 ...(iii)
g, f , c are obtained from Eqs. (ii), (iii) and (iv). Then, to and 36 + 25 + 12g + 10 f + c = 0
find the circle Eq. (i). or 61 + 12g + 10 f + c = 0 ...(iv)
Aliter : Eliminate g, f , c from Eqs. (i), (ii), (iii) and (iv) Subtracting Eq. (iii) from Eq. (iv), then
with the help of determinant 44 + 4 g + 8 f = 0 ...(v)
Solving Eqs. (ii) and (v), we get
x2 +y2 x y 1
f = - 4 and g = - 3
x 12 + y 12 x1 y1 1
=0 Now, from Eq. (iii), 17 - 24 - 8 + c = 0
x 22 + y 22 x2 y2 1 Þ c = 15
x 23 + y 23 x3 y3 1 Hence, the equation of circle becomes
which is the required equation of circle x 2 + y 2 - 6x - 8y + 15 = 0

Applying R 1 ® R 1 - R 4 , R 2 ® R 2 - R 4 and R 3 ® R 3 - R 4 y Example 14. Find the equation of the circle passing
then, we get through the three non-collinear points (1, 1),(2, - 1) and
( 3, 2 ) .
x 2 + y 2 - x 23 - y 23 x -x3 y -y3 0
Sol. Let the equation of circle be
x 12 + y 12 - x 23 - y 23 x1 - x 3 y1 - y 3 0
=0 x 2 + y 2 + 2gx + 2 fy + c = 0 ...(i)
x 22 + y 22 - x 23 - y 23 x2 - x 3 y2 - y 3 0
Since, the three given points lie on circle Eq. (i), we get
x 23 + y 23 x3 y3 1 1 + 1 + 2g + 2 f + c = 0
250 Textbook of Coordinate Geometry

or 2g + 2 f + c + 2 = 0 ...(ii) Y
Þ 4 + 1 + 4g - 2f + c = 0
or 4g - 2f + c + 5 = 0 ...(iii) C(3,2)
Þ 9 + 4 + 6g + 4 f + c = 0
E
or 6g + 4 f + c + 13 = 0 ...(iv) (1, 1)
A
Subtracting Eq. (ii) from Eq. (iii) and subtracting Eq. (iii)
from Eq. (iv), then O D
2g - 4 f + 3 = 0 ...(v) X´
O
X
and 2g + 6 f + 8 = 0 ...(vi) Y´
B(2,–1)
Solving Eq. (v) and Eq. (vi), we get
1 5 Let D and E are the mid-points of BC and CA, then
f =- and g = -
2 2 æ5 1ö æ 3ö
Now, from Eq. (ii), -5 - 1 + c + 2 = 0 D º ç , ÷ and E º ç2, ÷
è2 2ø è 2ø
\ c =4
2 - ( - 1)
Hence, from Eq. (i), equation of circle is Slope of BC = =3
3-2
x 2 + y 2 - 5x - y + 4 = 0
1
Aliter I Equation of circle passing through three points \ Slope of OD = -
3
(1, 1), (2, - 1) and (3, 2) is
1 1æ 5ö
x2 + y2 x y 1 \ Equation of OD, y - = - ç x - ÷
2 3 è 2ø
12 + 12 1 1 1
=0 Þ 6y - 3 = - 2x + 5
2 + ( - 1) 2
2
2 -1 1
\ 2x + 6y - 8 = 0 …(i)
32 + 22 3 2 1
or x + 3y - 4 = 0
x2 + y2 x y 1 1-2 1
and Slope of CA = =
Þ 2 1 1 1 =0 1-3 2
5 2 -1 1
\ Slope of OE = - 2
13 3 2 1
\ Equation of OE,
Applying R1 ® R1 - R 2 , R 3 ® R 3 - R 2 and R 4 ® R 4 - R 2 , 3
then y - = - 2 ( x - 2)
2
x2 +y2 -2 x -1 y -1 0
Þ 2y - 3 = - 4 x + 8
.
. Þ 4 x + 2y - 11 = 0 ...(ii)
.
2 ... 1 ... 1 ... 1 5 1
Solving Eq. (i) and Eq. (ii), we get x = and y =
. 2 2
Þ . =0
. æ5 1ö
3 1 -2 0 \ Circumcentre is ç , ÷ and radius
è2 2ø
.
. 2 2
. æ 5ö æ 1ö 5
11 2 1 0 OC = ç3 - ÷ + ç2 - ÷ =
è 2ø è 2ø 2
Expand with respect to fourth column, then \ Equation of circle is
x2 + y2 - 2 x - 1 y - 1 ( x - 5 / 2) 2 + ( y - 1 / 2) 2 = 5 / 2
3 1 -2 =0
11 2 1 Þ x 2 + y 2 - 5x - y + 4 = 0

Expand with respect to first now, then y Example 15. Show that the four points
( x 2 + y 2 - 2)(5) - ( x - 1)(25) + (y - 1)( -5) = 0 (1, 0), (2, - 7 ), (8, 1) and (9, - 6 ) are concyclic.
or x 2 + y 2 - 5x - y + 4 = 0 Sol. Since, the given four points are concyclic, we are to show
that they lie on a circle. Let the general equation of circle
Aliter II The centre of the circumcircle is the point of is
intersection of the right bisectors of the sides of the triangle
and the radius is the distance of the circumcentre from any x 2 + y 2 + 2gx + 2 fy + c = 0 …(i)
of the vertices of the triangle.
Chap 04 Circle 251

has three parameters, it is sufficient to obtain the equation Now, subtracting Eq. (ii) from Eq. (iii), we get
of the circle passing through any three of these points. For 52 + 2g - 14 f = 0
concyclic, the fourth point should lie on this circle.
or 26 + g - 7 f = 0 ...(v)
Let three points A (1, 0), B (2, - 7 ) and D (8, 1) lie on Eq. (i),
then and subtracting Eq. (iii) from Eq. (iv), we get
1 + 0 + 2g + 0 + c = 0 or 1 + 2g + c = 0 ...(ii) 12 + 12g + 16 f = 0
Y Þ 3 + 3g + 4 f = 0 ...(vi)
Solving Eq. (v) and Eq. (vi), we get
D (8, 1)
X´ X g = - 5 and f = 3
O A (1, 0)
From Eq. (ii), 1 - 10 + c = 0
\ c =9
Therefore, equation of circle passing through these points is
Y´ C (9, –6)
B (2, –7)
x 2 + y 2 - 10x + 6y + 9 = 0
Substituting the fourth point in the equation of this circle,
( 2) 2 + ( - 7 ) 2 + 2g ( 2) + 2 f ( - 7 ) + c = 0 we get
or 53 + 4 g - 14 f + c = 0 …(iii) (9 )2 + ( -6)2 - 10 (9 ) + 6 ( -6) + 9 = 0
2 2
and ( 8) + ( 1) + 2g ( 8) + 2 f ( 1) + c = 0 Hence, the point C (9, - 6) lies on the circle, that is, the four
Þ 65 + 16g + 2 f + c = 0 …(iv) points are concyclic.

Exercise for Session 2


1. If the line x + 2ly + 7 = 0 is a diameter of the circle x 2 + y 2 - 6x + 2y = 0, then the value of l is
(a) 1 (b) 3
(c) 5 (d) 7

2. If one end of a diameter of the circle 2x 2 + 2y 2 - 4x - 8y + 2 = 0 is (-1, 2), then the other end of the diameter is
(a) (2, 1) (b) (3, 2)
(c) (4, 3) (d) (5, 4)

3. If a circle passes through the points (0,0), (a, 0) and (0, b ), then centre of the circle is
a b
(a) (a,b ) (b) æç , ö÷
è 2 2ø
a b a b
(c) æç , ö÷ (d) æç , ö÷
è 2 4ø è 4 2ø

4. A circle passes through the points ( -1, 3) and (5, 11) and its radius is 5. Then, its centre is
(a) (-5, 0) (b) (-5, 7)
(c) (2, 7) (d) (5, 0)

5. The radius of the circle, having centre at (2, 1) whose one of the chord is a diameter of the circle
x 2 + y 2 - 2x - 6y + 6 = 0 is
(a) 3 (b) 2
(c) 1 (d) 3

6. The centre of the circle inscribed in the square formed by the lines x 2 - 8x + 12 = 0 and y 2 - 14y + 45 = 0 is
(a) (4, 7) (b) (7, 4)
(c) (9, 4) (d) (4, 9)
252 Textbook of Coordinate Geometry

7. ABCD is a square whose side is a. The equation of the circle circumscribing the square, taking AB and AD as
the axes of reference is
(a) x 2 + y 2 + ax + ay = 0 (b) x 2 + y 2 - ax + ay = 0
(c) x 2 + y 2 - ax - ay = 0 (d) x 2 + y 2 + ax - ay = 0

8. The locus of the centre of the circle for which one end of the diameter is (3, 3) while the other end lies on the
line x + y = 4 is
(a) x + y = 3 (b) x + y = 5
(c) x + y = 7 (d) x + y = 9

9. The equation of the circle which passes through (1, 0) and (0, 1) and has its radius as small as possible is
(a) x 2 + y 2 + x + y = 0 (b) x 2 + y 2 - x + y = 0
2 2
(c) x + y + x - y = 0 (d) x 2 + y 2 - x - y = 0

10. If the points (2, 0), (0, 1), (4,5) and (0, c ) are concyclic, then the value of c is
(a) 1 (b) -1
14 14
(c) (d) -
3 3

11. The point on a circle nearest to the point P(2,1) is at a distance of 4 units and farthest point is (6, 5), then the
centre of the circle is
(a) (3 + 2, 2 + 2) (b) (2 + 2, 3 + 2)
(c) (4 + 2, 3 + 2) (d) (3 + 2, 4 + 2)

12. The intercept on the line y = x by the circle x 2 + y 2 - 2x = 0 is AB. Equation of the circle on AB as a diameter is
(a) x 2 + y 2 - x - y = 0 (b) x 2 + y 2 - x + y = 0
(c) x 2 + y 2 + x + y = 0 (d) x 2 + y 2 + x - y = 0

13. Find the equation of the circle, the end points of whose diameter are (2, - 3) and ( -2, 4). Find the centre and
radius.

14. If (4, 1) be an extremity of a diameter of the circle x 2 + y 2 - 2x + 6y - 15 = 0, find the coordinates of the other
extremity of the diameter.

15. Find the equation of the circle drawn on the diagonal of the rectangle as its diameter whose sides are
x = 4, x = - 2, y = 5 and y = - 2.
16. Find the equation of the circle which passes through the points (1, 1), (2, 2) and whose radius is 1.

17. Find the equation of the circle which passes through the points (3, 4), (3, - 6) and (1, 2).
Session 3
Intercepts Made on the Axes by a Circle, Different
Forms of the Equations of a Circle, Position of a Point
with Respect to Circle, Maximum and Minimum
Distance of a Point from the Circle

Intercepts Made on the Axes Remarks


by a Circle 1. Intercepts are always positive.
2. If circle touches X-axis, then| AB| = 0
Let the circle x 2 + y 2 + 2 gx + 2 fy + c = 0 ...(i) \ c = g2
and if circle touches Y-axis, then| CD| = 0
Length of intercepts on X-axis and Y-axis are
\ c = f2
| AB | = | x 2 - x 1 | and | CD | = | y 2 - y 1 | respectively. 3. If circle touches both axes, then| AB| = 0 =| CD|
Y \ c = g2 = f 2

(0, y2)D
y Example 16. Find the equation of the circle whose
diameter is the line joining the points ( -4 , 3) and
(12, - 1) . Find also the intercept made by it on Y-axis.
(0, y1)C Sol. Equation of circle having ( -4, 3) and (12, - 1) as the ends
X´ X
O A B of a diameter is
(x1, 0) (x2, 0)
Y´ ( x + 4 ) ( x - 12) + (y - 3) (y + 1) = 0
Þ x 2 + y 2 - 8x - 2y - 51 = 0 ...(i)
The circle intersects the X-axis, when y = 0
Comparing Eq. (i) with standard equation of circle
then x 2 + 2 gx + c = 0 x 2 + y 2 + 2gx + 2 fy + c = 0
Since, the circle intersects the X-axis at A ( x 1 , 0 ) and then, g = - 4, f = - 1, c = - 51
B ( x 2 , 0) \ Intercept on Y-axis = 2 ( f 2
- c ) = 2 (1 + 51) = 4 13.
then, x 1 + x 2 = - 2 g, x 1 x 2 = c
\ | AB | = | x 2 - x 1 | = ( x 2 + x 1 ) 2 - 4 x 1 x 2

= 2 (g 2 - c )
Different Forms of the
and the circle intersects the Y-axis, when x = 0, then
Equations of a Circle
(i) When the circle passes through the origin
y 2 + 2 fy + c = 0
(0, 0) and has intercepts 2a and 2b on the
Since, the circle intersects the Y-axis at C (0, y 1 ) and
X-axis and Y -axis, respectively
D (0, y 2 )
Here, OA = 2a, OB = 2b
then, y 1 + y 2 = - 2 f , y 1y 2 = c
then, OM = a and ON = b
\ | CD | = | y 2 - y 1 | = (y 2 + y 1 ) 2 - 4y 2 y 1
Centre of the circle is C(a, b) and radius
= 2 (f 2 - c) OC = (a 2 + b2 )
254 Textbook of Coordinate Geometry

Y Remark
If the circle x 2 + y 2 + 2gx + 2fy + c = 0 touches the Y-axis, then
B
| - g| = g 2 + f 2 - c

C (α, β) or c = f2
N
β (iv) When the circle touches both axes
O α M X Here, | OM | = | ON |
A
Since, length of tangents are equal from any point on
then, equation of circle is circle.
( x - a ) 2 + (y - b) 2 = a 2 + b2 Y

or x 2 + y 2 - 2ax - 2by = 0
Remark α C (α, α)
If a circle is passing through origin, then constant term is absent N
i.e. x 2 + y 2 + 2gx + 2fy = 0 α

X
(ii) When the circle touches X-axis O M
Let (a, b) be the centre of the circle, then radius =| b |
\ Let centre is (a, a ) also radius = a
\ Equation of circle is
\ Equation of circle is ( x - a ) 2 + (y - a ) 2 = a 2
( x - a ) 2 + (y - b) 2 = b2
Y Þ x 2 + y 2 - 2ax - 2ay + a 2 = 0

Remarks
1. If the circle x 2 + y 2 + 2gx + 2fy + c = 0 touches both the axes,
C (α, β)
then |- g| =| - f| = g 2 + f 2 - c
β
\ c = g2 = f 2
X \ g=f =± c
O M
\ Equation of circle is
x 2 + y2 ± 2 c x ± 2 c y + c = 0
Þ x 2 + y 2 - 2ax - 2by + a 2 = 0
Þ (x ± c )2 + ( y ± c )2 = c 2
Remark 2. If a > 0, then centres for I, II, III and IV quadrants are
If the circle x 2 + y 2 + 2gx + 2fy + c = 0 touches the X-axis, then ( a, a),( - a, a),( - a, - a) and ( a, - a), respectively.
| - f| = g2 + f 2 - c or c = g2 Then, equation of circles in these quadrants are
( x - a) 2 + ( y - a) 2 = a2, ( x + a) 2 + ( y - a) 2 = a2,
(iii)When the circle touches Y-axis
( x + a) 2 + ( y + a) 2 = a2 and ( x - a) 2 + ( y + a) 2 = a2,
Let (a, b) be the centre of the circle, then
respectively.
radius = | a |
Y (v) When the circle touches X-axis and cut-off
intercepts on Y-axis of length 2l
Let centre be (a, b)
N α C (α, β) Y

P
X l
O α
C (α, β)
M
\ Equation of circle is l β
β
2 2 2
( x - a ) + (y - b) = a Q
α X
Þ x + y 2 - 2ax - 2by + b2 = 0
2 O N
Chap 04 Circle 255

\ radius = b Let centre be (a, b)


CQ = CN = b Y

In DCMQ, b2 = a 2 + l 2 , a = (b2 - l 2 ) (for I quadrant)


\ Equation of circle is k
α
N C (α, β)
[ x - (b2 - l 2 ) ]2 + (y - b) 2 = b2
k
β
Remark P
l l
Q Length of intercepts on Y-axis of the circle M X
O Q
2 2 2
x + y + 2gx + 2fy + c = 0 is 2l = 2 ( f - c )
i.e. l2 = f 2 - c \ radius = CP = CQ = l (say)
2 2 2
and also circle touches X-axis (CP ) = (CQ ) = l
then, c = g2
a + k 2 = b2 + l 2 = l2
2
\ l 2 = f 2 - g 2 or l 2 = ( - f ) 2 - ( - g ) 2
\ Locus of centre is y 2 - x 2 = l 2 (rectangular hyperbola) \ a = l2 - k 2 and b = l2 - l 2
(vi) When the circle touches Y-axis and cut-off \ Equation of circle is (for I quadrant)
intercept on X-axis of length 2k
( x - l - k ) + (y - l - l 2 ) 2 = l2
2 2 2 2
Let centre be (a, b)
Y
(viii) When the circle passes through the origin
and centre lies on X-axis
Let centre of circle be C (a, 0 )
Y
α
N C (α, β)
α β

X
O Q k M k
C
X
\ radius = a O (a, 0)

CN = CQ = a
In DCMQ, a 2 = b2 + k 2
\ radius = a
b = (a 2 - k 2 ) (for I quadrant)
\ Equation of circle is
\ Equation of circle is ( x - a ) 2 + (y - 0 ) 2 = a 2 or x 2 + y 2 - 2ax = 0
2 2 2 2 2
( x - a ) + (y - a - k ) = a (ix) When the circle passes through origin and
centre lies on Y-axis
Remarks
Q Length of intercept on X-axis of the circle
Let centre of circle be C (0, a )
2 2
x + y + 2gx + 2fy + c = 0 is 2k = 2 ( g - c ) 2 Y
2 2
i.e. k =g -c
and also circle touches Y-axis
then, c = f2
\ k 2 = g 2 - f 2 = ( - g )2 - ( - f )2 C (0, a)
2 2 2
\ Locus of centre is x - y = k (rectangular hyperbola)

(vii)When the circle cut-off intercepts on X-axis


X
and Y-axis of lengths 2l and 2k and not O
passing through origin
256 Textbook of Coordinate Geometry

\ radius = a From Eq. (i), the equation of circle can be written as


\ Equation of circle is x 2 + y 2 ± 2 (c + 9 ) x ± 2 cy + c = 0

( x - 0 ) 2 + (y - a ) 2 = a 2 The circle touches the Y-axis


\ x =0
or x 2 + y 2 - 2ay = 0 \ y 2 ± 2 cy + c = 0
y Example 17. Find the equation of the circle which or (y ± c )2 = 0
touches the axis of y at a distance of 4 units from the \ y ± c =0
origin and cuts the intercept of 6 units from the axis y=m c
of x.
Since, the circle touches the Y-axis at a distance of 4 units
Sol. Q CM = NO = 4 from the origin, we have
In DPCM, ( PC )2 = (3)2 + ( 4 )2 y=m c =4
\ PC = 5 or c = 16
radius of circle = 5 therefore, f =± c =±4
\ NC = 5 and g = ± c + 9 = ± 16 + 9 = ± 5
Centre of circle is (5, 4 ).
Hence, there are 4 circles which satisfy the given
Y
conditions. They are
x 2 + y 2 ± 10x ± 8y + 16 = 0

y Example 18. Find the equation of the circle which


N 5 C (5, 4) passes through the origin and makes intercepts of
4 4 length a and b on the X and Y axes, respectively.
5

3 M 3 X Sol. Let the equation of the circle be
O P Q
Y´ x 2 + y 2 + 2gx + 2 fy + c = 0 ...(i)

\ Equation of circle, if centre in I quadrant Since, the circle passes through the origin, we get c = 0 and
given the intercepts on X and Y axes are a and b
( x - 5)2 + (y - 4 )2 = 25
then, 2 ( g 2 - c ) = a
If centre in II, III and IV quadrant, then equations are
( x + 5)2 + (y - 4 )2 = 25, or 2 ( g 2 - 0) = a
2 2
( x + 5) + (y + 4 ) = 25 \ g = ± a /2
2 2
and ( x - 5) + (y + 4 ) = 25 and 2 (f 2
- c) = b
Hence, there are 4 circles which satisfy the given
2
conditions. They are or 2 (f - 0) = b
( x ± 5)2 + (y ± 4 )2 = 25 \ f = ± b /2
2 2
or x + y ± 10x ± 8y + 16 = 0 Hence, the equation of circle from Eq. (i) becomes
Aliter : Let the equation of the circle be x 2 + y 2 ± ax ± by = 0
x 2 + y 2 + 2gx + 2 fy + c = 0 ...(i)
Since, the circle touches the Y-axis
y Example 19. Find the equation of the circle which
touches the axes and whose centre lies on the line
\ c =f2
x - 2y = 3 .
or f =± c
Sol. Since, the circle touches both the axes, let the radius of
Also given the circle makes an intercept of 6 units along the circle by a, then
X-axis. Therefore,
Case I If centre (a, a ) but given centre lies on
2 g2 - c = 6 x - 2y = 3
or g2 - c = 9 \ a - 2a = 3
\ a= -3
or g = ± (c + 9 )
\ Centre = ( -3, - 3)
Chap 04 Circle 257

and radius = | - 3 | = 3 Case II If centre = (a , - a )


Y Since, centre lies on x - 2y = 3
\ a + 2a = 3
(– a, a) (a , a ) \ a=1
a a \ Centre of circle is (1, - 1) and radius = | 1 | = 1
a a Hence, equation of circle will be
X´ X
a
O
a ( x - 1) 2 + ( y + 1) 2 = 1
a a or x 2 + y 2 - 2x + 2y + 1 = 0
(– a, –a) ( a, –a)
Aliter II : Let the equation of circle is
x 2 + y 2 + 2gx + 2 fy + c = 0 ...(i)

centre = ( - g , - f )
\Equation of circle is
Since, centre ( - g , - f ) lies on x - 2y = 3
( x + 3) 2 + ( y + 3) 2 = 32
or -g + 2f = 3 ...(ii)
and x 2 + y 2 + 6x + 6y + 9 = 0 Since, circle touches both axes
Case II If centre ( -a, a ) but centre lies on x - 2y = 3 \ g2 = f 2
= c or g = ± f
\ -a - 2a = 3
if g = f , then from Eq. (ii), - f + 2 f = 3
\ a= -1
\ f = 3 and g = 3
then, centre = (1, - 1) and radius = | - 1 | = 1
2
\ Equation of circle is ( x - 1)2 + (y + 1)2 = 1
but c =f = g2 = 9
\ Equation of circle from Eq. (i) is
or x 2 + y 2 - 2x + 2y + 1 = 0
x 2 + y 2 + 6x + 6y + 9 = 0
Case III If the centre = ( -a , - a )
but centre lies on x - 2y = 3 and if g = - f , then from Eq. (ii)
\ - a + 2a = 3 f + 2f = 3
\ a=3 \ f = 1 and g = - 1
then centre ( -3, - 3) and radius = | 3 | = 3 but c = g2 = f 2
=1
\ Equation of circle is \ Equation of circle from Eq. (i) is
( x + 3) 2 + ( y + 3) 2 = 32 x 2 + y 2 - 2x + 2y + 1 = 0
or x 2 + y 2 + 6x + 6y + 9 = 0 Aliter III : Since, centre of circle lies on x - 2y = 3, also
Case IV If centre = (a , - a ) but centre lies on x - 2y = 3 since circle touches the axes, therefore, its centre will lie on
or a + 2a = 3 the line y = x or y = - x
\ a=1 Case I When the centre lies on the line y = x
then centre = (1, - 1) and radius = 1 but x - 2y = 3
\ Equation of circle is or x - 2x = 3
( x - 1) 2 + ( y + 1) 2 = 1 \ x = -3=y
or x 2 + y 2 - 2x + 2y + 1 = 0 Hence, the centre = ( -3, - 3) and radius = | - 3 | = 3
Aliter I : Since, the circle touches both the axes, therefore Therefore, the equation of circle in this case will be
its centre will be (a , ± a ) and radius will be | a |, where a is ( x + 3) 2 + ( y + 3) 2 = 32
positive or negative number. or x 2 + y 2 + 6x + 6y + 9 = 0
Case I If centre = (a , a )
Case II When the centre lies on the line y = - x
Since, centre lies on x - 2y = 3
but x - 2y = 3
\ a - 2a = 3
or x + 2x = 3
a= -3
\ x = 1 then y = - 1
\ Centre of circle is ( -3, - 3) and radius = | - 3 | = 3.
\Centre of circle (1, - 1) and radius is | 1 | = 1
Hence, equation of circle will be
Hence, equation of circle will be
( x + 3) 2 + ( y + 3) 2 = 32 ( x - 1) 2 + ( y + 1) 2 = 1
or x 2 + y 2 + 6x + 6y + 9 = 0 or x 2 + y 2 - 2x + 2y + 1 = 0
258 Textbook of Coordinate Geometry

y Example 20. A circle of radius 2 lies in the first


quadrant and touches both the axes of coordinates.
Position of a Point with
Find the equation of the circle with centre at (6, 5) and Respect to Circle
touching the above circle externally.
Theorem : A point ( x 1 , y 1 ) lies outside, on or inside a
Sol. Given, AC = 2 units circle
and A º (2, 2), B º (6, 5) S º x 2 + y 2 + 2 gx + 2 fy + c = 0
then AB = (2 - 6)2 + (2 - 5)2 according as S 1 > , =, or < 0
= 16 + 9 = 5 where, S 1 = x 12 + y 12 + 2 gx 1 + 2 fy 1 + c .
Y
Proof : Let P ( x 1 , y 1 ) be the given point and let C be the
centre of the circle
Then, C º ( -g, - f )
B (6, 5)
r
\ CP = ( x 1 + g ) 2 + (y 1 + f ) 2
2 C
A
(2, 2)
If r be the radius of the circle, then
X´ X
O r = (g 2 + f 2 - c )

The point P lies outside, on or inside the circle according
Since AC + CB = AB
as
\ 2 + CB = 5
\ CB = 3
CP >, = , or < r
Hence, equation of required circle with centre at (6, 5) and Þ (CP ) 2 >, =, or <r2
radius 3 is
Þ ( x 1 + g ) 2 + (y 1 + f ) 2 >, =, or < g2 + f 2 - c
( x - 6) 2 + ( y - 5) 2 = 32
or x 2 + y 2 - 12x - 10y + 52 = 0 Þ x 12 + y 12 + 2 gx 1 + 2 fy 1 + c >, =, or <0
Þ S 1 >, =, or <0
y Example 21. A circle of radius 5 units touches the
where, S 1 = x 12 + y 12 + 2 gx 1 + 2 fy 1 + c .
coordinate axes in first quadrant. If the circle makes
one complete roll on X-axis along the positive direction y Example 22. Discuss the position of the points (1, 2)
of X-axis, find its equation in the new position.
and (6, 0) with respect to the circle
Sol. Let C be the centre of the circle in its initial position and
x 2 + y 2 - 4x + 2 y - 11 = 0.
D be its centre in the new position.
Y Sol. Let S º x 2 + y 2 - 4 x + 2y - 11 = 0 for the point (1, 2)
S1 = 12 + 22 - 4 × 1 + 2 × 2 - 11 = - 6
5 C (5, 5) D (5+10 π, 5)
N \ S1 < 0
5 5
and for the point (6, 0)

O M L
X S 2 = 62 + 0 - 4 × 6 + 2 × 0 - 11
5 10 π = 36 - 24 - 11

= 36 - 35 = 1
Since, the circle touches the coordinates axes in first \ S2 > 0
quadrant and the radius of circle be 5 units. Hence, the point (1, 2) lies inside the circle and the point
\Centre of circle is (5, 5) (6, 0) lies outside the circle.
Moving length of circle = circumference of the circle
= 2pr = 2p (5) = 10p
y Example 23. The circle x 2 + y 2 - 6 x - 10y + l = 0
Now, centre of circle in new position is (5 + 10p, 5) and does not touch or intersect the coordinate axes and
radius is 5 units, therefore, its equation will be the point (1, 4) is inside the circle. Find the range of
( x - 5 - 10p )2 + (y - 5)2 = 52 values of l.
or x 2 + y 2 - 10 (1 + 2p ) x - 10y + 100p 2 + 100p + 25 = 0
Chap 04 Circle 259

Sol. Let S º x 2 + y 2 - 6x - 10y + l = 0 and the maximum distance of P from circle = PB


Q Point (1, 4) is inside the circle, then S1 < 0 = CB + CP = r + CP
Y Case II If P outside the circle
In this case S 1 > 0 the minimum distance of P from
circle
C (3, 5) = PA = CP - CA =CP - r
L r
r and the maximum distance of P from the circle
X′ X = PB = CP + CB = r + CP
O M
P
Y′
1 + 16 - 6 - 40 + l < 0 A
Þ l < 29 …(i)
Centre and radius of the circle are (3, 5) and (34 - l ), C
respectively.
B
Q Circle does not touch or intersect the coordinate axes.
\ 5 > r and 3 > r
or 5 > (34 - l ) and 3 > (34 - l ) Case III If P on the circle
Þ 25 > 34 - l and 9 > 34 - l In this case S 1 = 0
Þ l > 9 and l > 25 the minimum distance of P from the circle = 0
\ l > 25 …(ii) and the maximum distance of P from the circle
Also, 34 - l > 0
= PA = 2r
\ l < 34 …(iii)
From Eqs. (i), (ii) and (iii), we get 25 < l < 29
P

Maximum and Minimum C

Distance of a Point from A

the Circle
Let any point P ( x 1 , y 1 ) and circle Remark
If point P inside or outside or on the circle and centre of circle at
S º x 2 + y 2 + 2 gx + 2 fy + c = 0 ...(i) C and radius r, then minimum distance of P from the circle
=|CP - r| and maximum distance of P from the circle = CP + r
The centre and radius of the circle are
C ( -g, - f ) and ( g 2 + f 2 - c ) respectively y Example 24. Find the shortest and largest
distance from the point (2, - 7 ) to the circle
Case I If P inside the circle
In this case S 1 < 0 x 2 + y 2 - 14 x - 10y - 151 = 0
Sol. Let S º x 2 + y 2 - 14 x - 10y - 151 = 0
Q r = ( g 2 + f 2 - c ) = CA = CB
\ S1 = (2)2 + ( -7 )2 - 14 (2) - 10 ( -7 ) - 151 = - 56 < 0
Y
B
A

P
C

B C (7, 5)

X′ X
O
P
The minimum distance of P from circle = PA = CA - CP
A
= r - CP Y′
260 Textbook of Coordinate Geometry

\ P (2, - 7 ) inside the circle For the point P


2 2
radius of the circle, r = ( -7 ) + ( -5) + 151 = 15 S1 = 25 + 36 + 10 + 24 - 20
= 75 > 0
Q Centre of circle C º (7, 5)
\Point P( -5,6) lies outside the circle.
\ CP = (7 - 2)2 + (5 + 7 )2 = 13 The centre and radius of the circle are (1, - 2) and 5,
\ Shortest distance = PA = r - CP = 15 - 13 = 2 respectively.
and Largest distance = PB = r + CP = 15 + 13 = 28 Q CP = (1 + 5)2 + ( -2 - 6)2 = 10

y Example 25. Find the points on the circle Now, point A divides CP in the ratio
x 2 + y 2 - 2x + 4 y - 20 = 0 which are farthest and AP CP - r 10 - 5
= = =1
AC r 5
nearest to the point ( -5,6 ).
\A is mid-point of CP.
Sol. The given circle is S º x 2 + y 2 - 2x + 4y - 20 = 0
æ 1 - 5 -2 + 6 ö
Let P º ( -5,6) \ Aºç , ÷
è 2 2 ø

P
or A º ( -2,2)
and C is the mid-point of AB.
A
r \ B º (2 ´ 1 - ( -2),2 ´ -2 - 2)
C r or B º ( 4, - 6)
Hence, point A( -2,2) is nearest to P and B ( 4, - 6) is farthest
B
from P.

Exercise for Session 3


1. The length of intercept, the circle x 2 + y 2 + 10x - 6y + 9 = 0 makes on the X-axis is
(a) 2 (b) 4 (c) 6 (d) 8

2. 2 2
The circle x + y + 4x - 7y + 12 = 0 cuts an intercept on Y-axis is of length
(a) 1 (b) 3 (c) 5 (d) 7

3. The locus of the centre of a circle which passes through the origin and cuts-off a length 2b from the line x = c is
(a) y 2 + 2cx = b 2 + c 2 (b) x 2 + cx = b 2 + c 2 (c) y 2 + 2cy = b 2 + c 2 (d) x 2 + cy = b 2 + c 2

4. If a straight line through C( - 8, 8 ) making an angle of 135° with the X-axis cuts the circle x = 5cos q, y = 5sin q
at points A and B, then the length of AB is
(a) 3 (b) 5 (c) 8 (d) 10

5. If a circle of constant radius 3k passes through the origin and meets the axes at A and B, the locus of the
centroid of DOAB is
(a) x 2 + y 2 = k 2 (b) x 2 + y 2 = 2k 2 (c) x 2 + y 2 = 3k 2 (d) x 2 + y 2 = 4k 2

6. The centre of the circle touching Y-axis at (0, 3) and making an intercept of 2 units on positive X-axis is
(a) (10, 3 ) (b) ( 3, 10) (c) ( 10, 3) (d) (3, 10 )

7. A circle passes through the points A(1, 0) and B(5,0) and touches the Y-axis at C(0, l ). If ÐACB is maximum,
then
(a) |l |= 5 (b) |l |= 2 5 (c) |l |= 3 5 (d) |l |= 4 5
Chap 04 Circle 261

8. The equation of a circle whose centre is (3, - 1) and which intercept chord of 6 units length on straight line
2x - 5y + 18 = 0 is
(a) x 2 + y 2 - 6x + 2y - 28 = 0 (b) x 2 + y 2 + 6x - 2y - 28 = 0
(c) x 2 + y 2 + 4x - 2y + 24 = 0 (d) x 2 + y 2 + 2x - 2y - 12 = 0

9. The locus of the centre of a circle which touches externally the circle x 2 + y 2 - 6x - 6y + 14 = 0 and also
touches the Y-axis, is given by the equation
(a) x 2 - 6x - 10y + 14 = 0 (b) x 2 - 10x - 6y + 14 = 0
(c) y 2 - 6x - 10y + 14 = 0 (d) y 2 - 10x - 6y + 14 = 0

10. The locus of the centre of a circle of radius 2 which rolls on the outside of circle x 2 + y 2 + 3x - 6y - 9 = 0 is
(a) x 2 + y 2 + 3x - 6y + 5 = 0 (b) x 2 + y 2 + 3x - 6y - 31 = 0
(c) x 2 + y 2 + 3x - 6y + 11 = 0 (d) x 2 + y 2 + 3x - 6y - 36 = 0

11. The point ([ l + 1],[ l ]) is lying inside the circle x 2 + y 2 - 2x - 15 = 0. Then, the set of all values of l is (where [.]
represents the greatest integer function)
(a) [-2, 3] (b) (-2, 3) (c) [-2, 0) È (0, 3) (d) [0, 3)

12. The greatest distance of the point (10, 7) from the circle x 2 + y 2 - 4x - 2y - 20 = 0 is
(a) 5 (b) 10 (c) 15 (d) 20

13. Find equations to the circles touching Y-axis at (0, 3) and making intercept of 8 units on the X-axis.

14. Show that the circle x 2 + y 2 - 2ax - 2ay + a 2 = 0 touches both the coordinate axes.

15. If the point ( l, - l) lies inside the circle x 2 + y 2 - 4x + 2y - 8 = 0, then find range of l.

16. Find the equation of the circle which passes through the origin and cuts-off chords of lengths 4 and 6 on the
positive side of the X-axis and Y-axis, respectively.
Session 4
Intersection of a Line and a Circle, Product of the
Algebraical Distances PA and PB is Constant when X′

from P, A Secant be Drawn to Cut the Circle in the


Points A and B, The Length of Intercept Cut-off from
a Line by a Circle, Tangent to a Circle at a Given Point,
Normal to a Circle at a Given Point

Intersection of a from (0, 0 ) to y = mx + c


Line and a Circle Þ a > length of perpendicular from (0, 0 ) to y = mx + c
Thus, a line intersects a given circle at two distinct points
Let the equation of the circle be
if radius of circle is greater than the length of
x 2 + y 2 = a2 ...(i) perpendicular from centre of the circle to the line.
and the equation of the line be Case II When the points of intersection are coincident,
y = mx + c ...(ii) then Eq. (iii) has two equal roots
From Eq. (i) and Eq. (ii)
x 2 + (mx + c ) 2 = a 2
M
or (1 + m 2 ) x 2 + 2mcx + c 2 - a 2 = 0 ...(iii) y = mx + c

Case I When points of intersection are real and distinct, a


then Eq. (iii) has two distinct roots.
O
(0, 0)

y=
O
mx
+c \ B 2 - 4 AC = 0
(0, 0)
Þ 4m 2 c 2 - 4 (1 + m 2 ) (c 2 - a 2 ) = 0
c2
\ a2 =
2
(1 + m 2 )
\ B - 4 AC > 0
|c |
or a=
or 4m c - 4 (1 + m ) (c 2 - a 2 ) > 0
2 2 2
(1 + m 2 )
2
c
or a2 > a = length of the perpendicular from the point (0, 0 ) to
1 +m2 y = mx + c
|c | Thus, a line touches the circle if radius of circle is equal to
or a> = length of perpendicular
(1 + m 2 ) the length of perpendicular from centre of the circle to the
line.
Chap 04 Circle 263

Case III When the points of intersection are imaginary.


In this case (iii) has imaginary roots Product of the Algebraical
Distances PA and PB is
M
y = mx + c
Constant when from P, A
Secant be Drawn to Cut the
Circle in the Points A and B
O
(0, 0)
If a straight line through P (a, b) makes an angle q with
the positive direction of X-axis, then its equation is
x -a y -b
= =r
cos q sin q
\ B 2 - 4 AC < 0
B
4m 2 c 2 - 4 (1 + m 2 ) (c 2 - a 2 ) = 0
c2
\ a2 <
1 +m2 A

|c |
or a < = length of perpendicular from (0, 0 ) to
θ
1 +m2 P
(α, β)
y = mx + c
where, r is the algebraical distance of the point ( x , y ) from
or a < length of perpendicular from (0, 0 ) to y = mx + c
the point P (a, b) .
Thus, a line does not intersect a circle if the radius of
\ ( x , y ) = (a + r cos q, b + r sinq )
circle is less than the length of perpendicular from centre
of the circle to the line. If this point lies on the circle x 2 + y 2 + 2 gx + 2 fy + c = 0
or (a + r cos q ) 2 + (b + r sinq ) 2 + 2g (a + r cos q )
y Example 26. Find the points of intersection of the
+ 2 f (b + r sinq ) + c = 0
line 2x + 3y = 18 and the circle x 2 + y 2 = 25. 2
Þ r + 2r (a cos q + b sinq + g cos q + f sinq )
Sol. We have, 2x + 3y = 18 ....(i) + (a 2 + b2 + 2 ga + 2 f b + c ) = 0
2 2
and x + y = 25 ...(ii) This is quadratic equation in r, then PA and PB are the
18 - 2x roots of this equation.
From Eq. (i), y=
3 \ PA × PB = a 2 + b2 + 2 ga + 2 f b + c = constant
2
æ 18 - 2x ö
Substituting in Eq. (ii), then x 2 + ç ÷ = 25 Since, RHS is independent of q .
è 3 ø
Þ 9 x 2 + 4 (9 - x )2 = 225 Remark
Secants are drawn from a given point Ato cut a given circle at the
Þ 9 x 2 + 4 (81 - 18x + x 2 ) = 225 pairs of points P1, Q1 ; P2, Q2;...; Pn, Qn , then
Þ 13x 2 - 72x + 324 - 225 = 0 AP1 × AQ1 = AP2 × AQ2 = K = APn × AQn

Þ 13x 2 - 72x + 99 = 0
Þ ( x - 3) (13x - 33) = 0 The Length of Intercept
Þ x = 3 or x =
33
13
Cut-off from a Line by a Circle
56 Theorem : The length of the intercept cut-off from the
From Eq. (i), y = 4 or y =
13 line y = mx + c by the circle x 2 + y 2 = a 2 is
Hence, the points of intersection of the given line and the
æ 33 56 ö ìa 2 (1 + m 2 ) - c 2 ü
given circle are (3, 4 ) and ç , ÷. 2 í ý
è 13 13 ø î (1 + m 2 ) þ
264 Textbook of Coordinate Geometry

Proof : Draw OM perpendicular to PQ 4 x - 3y - 10 = 0


| 4 ´ 1 - 3 ´ ( -2) - 10 |
Now, OM = length of perpendicular from O (0, 0 ) to then OM = =0
|c | 4 2 + ( - 3) 2
(y = mx + c ) =
Hence, line 4 x - 3y - 10 = 0 passes through the centre of the
(1 + m 2 ) circle.
and OP = radius of the circle = a Hence, intercepted length = diameter of the circle
= 2 ´ 5 = 10
P
y=
m
M x+c y Example 28. Find the coordinates of the middle point
of the chord which the circle x 2 + y 2 + 4 x - 2y - 3 = 0
Q
cuts-off the line x - y + 2 = 0.
O
(0, 0) Sol. Centre and radius of the circle x 2 + y 2 + 4 x - 2y - 3 = 0
are ( -2, 1) and 4 + 1 + 3 = 2 2 respectively.
x–y+2=0
2 2
In DOPM, PM = (OP ) - (OM ) Q
2 2 2 2ü O (–2, 1)
c ìa (1 + m ) - c
= a2 - = í ý
2
(1 + m ) î 1 +m2 þ
M

ìa 2 (1 + m 2 ) - c 2 ü
\ PQ = 2 PM = 2 í ý P
î 1 +m2 þ
Draw perpendicular from O upon x - y + 2 = 0 is OM.
Remarks Equation of OM which is perpendicular to x - y + 2 = 0 is
1. If the line y = mx + c touches the circle x 2 + y 2 = a2, then x + y = l, it passes through ( -2, 1)
intercepted length is zero Then, -2 + 1 = l
2 2 2 \ l = -1
ïì a ( 1 + m ) - c ïü
i.e. PQ = 0 Þ2 í 2 ý=0
ïî 1+ m ïþ then equation of OM is x + y + 1 = 0
Since, M is the mid-point of PQ which is point of
\ c 2 = a2 ( 1 + m2 )
intersection of x - y + 2 = 0 and x + y + 1 = 0, coordinates of
which is the required condition for tangency. æ 3 1ö
M is ç - , ÷.
2. If a line touches the circle, then length of perpendicular è 2 2ø
from the centre upon the line is equal to the radius of the
circle. Aliter : Let M º (a , b ), then
a +2 b -1 ( - 2 - 1 + 2)
= =-
y Example 27. Find the length of the intercept on 1 -1 1+1
the straight line 4 x - 3y - 10 = 0 by the circle (Here, M is foot of perpendicular)
2 2 a +2 b -1 1
x + y - 2x + 4 y - 20 = 0. Þ = =
2 2
1 -1 2
Sol. Centre and radius of the circle x + y - 2x + 4y - 20 = 0 3 1
are (1, - 2) and 1 + 4 + 20 = 5 respectively. or a = - and b =
2 2
æ 3 1ö
\ M º ç- , ÷
è 2 2ø

O (1, – 2) y Example 29. For what value of l will the line


y = 2x + l be a tangent to the circle x 2 + y 2 = 5 ?
=0
10

Sol. Comparing the given line with y = mx + c , we get


y–
–3

m = 2 , c = l and given circle with x 2 + y 2 = a 2


4x

then a2 = 5
Let OM be the perpendicular from O on the line
Chap 04 Circle 265

Q Condition for tangency is Different forms of the equations of tangents


c 2 = a 2 (1 + m 2 )
Þ l 2 = 5 (1 + 4 )
1. Point form :
Theorem : The equation of tangent at the point P ( x 1 , y 1 )
l 2 = 25
to a circle
\ l = ±5
Aliter : Since, line y = 2x + l x 2 + y 2 + 2 gx + 2 fy + c = 0 is
or 2x - y + l = 0 xx 1 + yy 1 + g ( x + x 1 ) + f (y + y 1 ) + c = 0
is the tangent to the circle x 2 + y 2 = 5 then length of Proof : Since, P ( x 1 , y 1 ) be a point on the circle
perpendicular from centre upon the line is equal to the
x 2 + y 2 + 2 gx + 2 fy + c = 0 ...(i)
radius of the circle
Let Q ( x 2 , y 2 ) be any other point on the circle Eq. (i). Since,
points P ( x 1 , y 1 ) and Q ( x 2 , y 2 ) lie on the circle, therefore
P (x1 , y )
1
C (0, 0) T
5

C
y = 2x + λ (–g, –f )

Q (x2 , y
2)
\ | CM | = 5
|0 - 0 + l | x 12 + y 12 + 2 gx 1 + 2 fy 1 + c = 0 ...(ii)
or = 5
4 +1 and x 22 + y 22 + 2 gx 2 + 2 fy 2 + c = 0 ...(iii)
|l|
Þ = 5 On subtracting Eq. (ii) from Eq. (iii), we have
5
( x 22 - x 12 ) + (y 22 - y 12 ) + 2 g
Þ |l|=5
or l = ±5 ( x 2 - x 1 ) + 2 f (y 2 - y 1 ) = 0
Þ ( x 2 - x 1 ) ( x 2 + x 1 + 2 g ) + (y 2 - y 1 )

Tangent to a Circle at a (y 2 + y 1 + 2 f ) = 0

Given Point Þ
æ y2 - y1 ö
ç
æ x 1 + x 2 + 2g ö
÷ =-ç
è x2 - x1 ø è y1 + y2 + 2f ø
÷ ...(iv)
Let PQ be a chord and AB be a secant passing through P.
Let P be the fixed point and move along the circle towards Now, the equation of the chord PQ is
P, then the secant PQ turns about P. In the limit, when Q æ y - y1 ö
y - y1 = ç 2 ÷ (x - x 1 ) ...(v)
coincides with P, then the secant AB becomes a tangent to è x2 - x1 ø
the circle at the point P.
æ y - y1 ö
A Putting the value of ç 2 ÷ from Eq. (iv) in Eq. (v),
è x2 - x1 ø
P
then equation PQ becomes
A B
Q3 æ x + x 2 + 2g ö
y - y1 = - ç 1 ÷ (x - x 1 ) ...(vi)
Q2 è y1 + y2 + 2f ø
O Q1 Now, when Q ® P (along the circle), line PQ becomes
Q tangent at P, we have x 2 ® x 1 , y 2 ® y 1 . So, the equation
of tangent at P ( x 1 , y 1 ) is :
B
266 Textbook of Coordinate Geometry

æ x + x 1 + 2g ö Remarks
y - y1 = - ç 1 ÷ (x - x 1 ) 1. For equation of tangent of circle at ( x1, y1 ), substitute xx1 for
è y1 + y1 + 2f ø x + x1 y + y1 xy + x1 y
x 2, yy1 for y 2, for x, for y and 1 for xy and
æx + gö 2 2 2
Þ y - y1 = - ç 1 ÷ (x - x 1 ) keep the constant as such.
èy1 + f ø
2. This method of tangent at ( x1, y1 ) is applied only for any
Þ (y - y 1 ) (y 1 + f ) + ( x - x 1 ) ( x 1 + g ) = 0 conics of second degree. i.e. equation of tangent of
ax 2 + 2hxy + by 2 + 2gx + 2fy + c = 0 at ( x1, y1 )
Þ xx 1 + yy 1 + gx + fy = x 12 + y 12 + gx 1 + fy 1
is axx1 + h( xy1 + x1 y ) + byy1 + g ( x + x1 ) + f ( y + y1 ) + c = 0
On adding gx 1 + fy 1 + c to both sides, we get
xx 1 + yy 1 + g ( x + x 1 ) + f (y + y 1 ) + c Wrong process : Mostly students use wrong process
Suppose any curve
= x 12 + y 12 + 2 gx 1 + 2 fy 1 + c = 0 [from Eq. (ii)]
ax 3 + by 3 = c
Þ xx 1 + yy 1 + g ( x + x 1 ) + f (y + y 1 ) + c = 0
or a ( x ) ( x 2 ) + b (y ) (y 2 ) = c
This is the required equation of the tangent PT to the
circle at the point ( x 1 , y 1 ). Equation of tangent at ( x 1 , y 1 )
Aliter : Since, circle is x 2 + y 2 + 2 gx + 2 fy + c = 0 æ x + x1 ö æy + y1 ö 2
Þ aç ÷ xx 1 + b ç ÷ yy 1 = c
è 2 ø è 2 ø
P ( x 1 , y 1 ) lie on the circle
\ x 12 +y 12 + 2 gx 1 + 2 fy 1 + c = 0 ...(i) which is a second degree conic not the equation of
tangent.
P (x1 , y )
1
T
Reason : This method is applicable only for second degree
conic, its a third degree conic. (find its tangent only by
calculus)

C y Example 30. Prove that the tangents to the circle


(–g, –f )
x 2 + y 2 = 25 at ( 3, 4 ) and (4, - 3) are perpendicular
to each other.
Its centre is C ( -g, - f ) Sol. The equations of tangents to x 2 + y 2 = 25 at (3, 4 ) and
y - (- f ) y 1 + f ( 4, - 3) are
\ Slope of CP = 1 =
x 1 - ( -g ) x 1 + g 3x + 4y = 25 ...(i)
Since, tangent PT is perpendicular to CP. and 4 x - 3y = 25 ...(ii)
respectively.
æx + gö 3
\ Slope of tangent = - ç 1 ÷ Now, slope of Eq. (i) = - = m1 (say)
èy1 + f ø 4
4
\ Equation of tangent at P ( x 1 , y 1 ) is and slope of Eq. (ii) = = m 2 (say)
3
æx + gö Clearly, m1m 2 = - 1
y - y1 = - ç 1 ÷ (x - x 1 )
èy1 + f ø Hence, Eq. (i) and Eq. (ii) are perpendicular to each other.
Þ (y - y 1 ) (y 1 + f ) + ( x 1 + g ) ( x - x 1 ) = 0 y Example 31. Find the equation of tangent to the
Þ xx 1 + yy 1 + gx + fy = x 12 + y 12 + gx 1 + fy 1 circle x 2 + y 2 - 2ax = 0 at the point
On adding gx 1 + fy 1 + c to both sides, we get [a (1 + cos a ), a sin a ].
xx 1 + yy 1 + g( x + x 1 ) + f (y + y 1 ) + c Sol. The equation of tangent of x 2 + y 2 - 2ax = 0 at
[a (1 + cos a ), a sin a ] is
= x 12 + y 12 + 2 gx 1 + 2 fy 1 + c =0 [from Eq. (i)] x × a (1 + cos a ) + y . a sin a - a [ x + a (1 + cos a )] = 0
or xx 1 + yy 1 + g( x + x 1 ) + f (y + y 1 ) + c = 0 Þ ax cos a + ay sin a - a 2 (1 + cos a ) = 0
This is the required equation of the tangent PT to the or x cos a + y sin a = a (1 + cos a )
circle at the point P ( x 1 , y 1 ).
Chap 04 Circle 267

y Example 32. Show that the circles æ æ q + fö æ q + fö ö


ç a cos ç ÷ a sin ç ÷÷
x 2 + y 2 - 4 x + 6 y + 8 = 0 and x 2 + y 2 - 10x ç è 2 ø è 2 ø÷
We get ,
- 6 y + 14 = 0 touch at ( 3, - 1) . ç æ q - fö æ q - fö ÷
ç cos ç ÷ cos ç ÷
Sol. Equation of tangent at (3, - 1) of the circle è è 2 ø è 2 ø ÷ø
x 2 + y 2 - 4 x + 6y + 8 = 0 is
Corollary 3 : The angle between a pair of tangents from a
3x + ( - 1) y - 2 ( x + 3) + 3 ( y - 1) + 8 = 0
point P to the circle x 2 + y 2 = a 2 is a. Then, the locus of
or x + 2y - 1 = 0 ...(i)
the point P is
and equation of tangent at (3, - 1) of the circle
x 2 + y 2 - 10x - 6y + 14 = 0 is a2
x 2 +y 2 =
æa ö
3 × x + ( -1) × y - 5 ( x + 3) - 3 (y - 1) + 14 = 0 sin2 ç ÷
or - 2 x - 4y + 2 = 0 è2ø
or x + 2y - 1 = 0 ...(ii) Proof
which is the same as Eq (i).
Hence, the given circles touch at (3, - 1). Y
R
a
2. Parametric form :
Theorem : The equation of tangent to the circle (f)Q
x 2 + y 2 = a 2 at the point (a cos q, a sinq ) is f
P(q)

x cos q + y sinq = a q
X¢ X
Proof : The equation of tangent of x 2 + y 2 = a 2 at ( x 1 , y 1 ) O

is xx 1 + yy 1 = a 2 (using point form of the tangent)


Putting x 1 = a cosq, y 1 = a sinq
then, we get x cos q + y sinq = a Y¢
Corollary 1 : Equation of chord joining (a cos q, a sinq ) Q f - q + a = 180°
and (a cos f, a sin f) is
q-f æ aö
æ q + fö æ q + fö æ q - fö \ = -ç 90° - ÷
x cos ç ÷ + y sin ç ÷ = a cos ç ÷ 2 è 2ø
è 2 ø è 2 ø è 2 ø
æ q - fö æa ö
Corollary 2 : Point of intersection of tangents at or cos ç ÷ = sin ç ÷
è 2 ø è2ø
(a cos q, a sinq ) and (a cos f, a sin f) is
æ Now, point of intersection is
æ q + fö æ q + fö ö
ç a cos ç ÷ a sin ç ÷÷ æ æ q + fö æ q + fö ö
è 2 ø è 2 ø÷ ç a cos ç
ç , ÷ a sin ç ÷÷
ç æ q - fö æ q - fö ÷ ç è 2 ø è 2 ø÷
,
ç cos çè ÷ cos ç
è 2 ø ÷ø
÷ ç æa ö æa ö ÷
è 2 ø
ç sin çè ÷ø sin ç ÷ ÷
è2ø ø
è 2
Remembering method :
æ q + fö æ q + fö æ q - fö æ q + fö æ q + fö
x cos ç a cos ç ÷ a sin ç ÷
Q ÷ +y sin ç ÷ =a cos ç ÷ è 2 ø è 2 ø
è 2 ø è 2 ø è 2 ø Let x= and y =
æa ö æa ö
ì æ q + fö ü ì æ q + fö ü sin ç ÷ sin ç ÷
ïa cos çè 2 ÷ø ï ïa sin çè 2 ÷ø ï è2ø è2ø
ï ï ï ï 2
or xí ý +y í ý =a a2
ï cos æç q - f ö ï ï æ q - f öï \ x 2 +y 2 =
÷ cos ç ÷
ïî è 2 ø ïþ ïî è 2 ø ïþ æa ö
sin2 ç ÷
è2ø
268 Textbook of Coordinate Geometry

Remarks On substituting this value of c in y = mx + c , we get


1. The angle between a pair of tangents from a point P to the
circle x 2 + y 2 + 2gx + 2fy + c = 0 is 2q, then the locus of P is y = mx ± a (1 + m 2 ) ...(i)
x 2 + y 2 + 2gx + 2fy + c = ( g 2 + f 2 - c )cot 2 q
which are the required equations of tangents.
2. If angle between a pair of tangents from a point P to the
p Also, let ( x 1 , y 1 ) be the point of contact, then equation of
circle x 2 + y 2 = a2 is , then the locus of P is
2 tangent at ( x 1 , y 1 ) to the circle x 2 + y 2 = a 2 is
x 2 + y 2 = 2a2 æHere, a = p ö
ç ÷
2 2 2
è 2ø xx 1 + yy 1 = a 2 ...(ii)
which is director circle of x + y = a .
(Qlocus of point of intersection of perpendicular tangents is On comparing Eq. (i) and Eq. (ii), we get
director circle) x1 y1 a2
3. The equation of the tangent to the circle = =
( x - a) 2 + ( y - b) 2 = r 2 at the point( a + r cos q, b + r sin q) is
m -1 ± a (1 + m 2 )
( x - a) cos q + ( y - b) sin q = r . x1 y a
Þ =- 1 =±
m 1 (1 + m 2 )
y Example 33. The angle between a pair of tangents
p
from a point P to the circle x 2 + y 2 = 25 is . Find am a
3 Þ x1 = ± and y 1 = m
the equation of the locus of the point P. 1 +m2 (1 + m 2 )
p
Sol. Here, a = æ ö
3 am a
25 Hence, ( x 1 , y 1 ) = ç ± ,m ÷
\ Required locus is x 2 + y 2 = = 100 ç 2 2 ÷
æpö è (1 + m ) (1 + m ) ø
sin 2 ç ÷
è6ø
Corollary : It also follows that y = mx + c is a tangent to
x 2 + y 2 = a 2 , if c 2 = a 2 (1 + m 2 ) which is condition of
y Example 34. The angle between a pair of tangents
tangency.
from a point P to the circle x 2 + y 2 - 6 x - 8 y + 9 = 0
p Remarks
is . Find the equation of the locus of the point P.
3 p p 1. The reason why there are two equations y = mx ± a 1 + m2 ,
Sol. Here, 2q = or q =
3 6 there are two tangents, both are parallel and at the ends of
\Required locus is diameter.
p 2. The line ax + by + c = 0 is tangent to the circle x 2 + y 2 = r 2 if
x 2 + y 2 - 6x - 8y + 9 = (9 + 16 - 9 )cot 2 and only if c 2 = r 2 ( a2 + b2 ).
6
or x 2 + y 2 - 6x - 8y + 9 = 16 ´ 3 3. If the line y = mx + c is the tangent to the circle x 2 + y 2 = r 2,
æ mr 2 r 2 ö
or x 2 + y 2 - 6x - 8y - 39 = 0 then point of contact is given by çç - , ÷
è c c ÷ø

3. Slope form : 4. If the line ax + by + c = 0 is the tangent to the circle


æ ar 2 br 2 ö
Theorem : The equation of a tangent of slope m to the x 2 + y 2 = r 2, then point of contact is given by çç - ,- ÷.
è c c ÷ø
circle x 2 + y 2 = a 2 is y = mx ± a (1 + m 2 ) and the 5. The condition that the line lx + my + n = 0 touches the circle
coordinates of the point of contact are x 2 + y 2 + 2gx + 2fy + c = 0 is
( lg + mf - n) 2 = ( l 2 + m2 ) ( g 2 + f 2 - c ).
æ am a ö
ç± ,m ÷ 6. Equation of tangent of the circle x 2 + y 2 + 2gx + 2fy + c = 0 in
ç 2
(1 + m ) 2 ÷
(1 + m ) ø terms of slope is
è
y + f = m ( x + g ) ± ( g 2 + f 2 - c ) ( 1 + m2 )
Proof : Let y = mx + c is the tangent of the circle
7. The equation of tangents of slope m to the circle
x 2 + y 2 = a2.
( x - a) 2 + ( y - b) 2 = r 2 are given by
\ Length of perpendicular from centre of circle (0, 0 ) on
( y - b) = m ( x - a) ± r ( 1 + m2 )
(y = mx + c ) = radius of circle
and the coordinates of the points of contact are
|c | 2 æ ö
\ =a Þ c = ± a (1 + m ) ça ± mr
,bm
r ÷
(1 + m 2 ) ç
è ( 1 + m2 ) ( 1 + m2 ) ÷ø
Chap 04 Circle 269

y Example 35. Find the equations of the tangents to then, perpendicular distance from (0, 0) on Eq. (ii) = radius
the circle x 2 + y 2 = 9, which |l|
=3
(i) are parallel to the line 3 x + 4y - 5 = 0 3 + ( - 2) 2
2

(ii) are perpendicular to the line 2 x + 3 y + 7 = 0 or | l | = 3 13


(iii) make an angle of 60° with the X-axis or l = ± 3 13
3 From Eq. (ii), equations of tangents are
Sol. (i) Slope of 3x + 4y - 5 = 0 is -
4 3x - 2y ± 3 13 = 0
3 (iii) Let equation of tangent which makes an angle of 60°
Let m = -
4 with the X-axis is
and equation of circle is x 2 + y 2 = 9 y = 3x + c …(iii)
\ Equations of tangents or 3x - y + c = 0
æ 2ö
3 æ 3ö ÷ and circle x2 + y2 = 9
y = - x ± 3 çç1 + ç- ÷ ÷
4 è è 4ø ø then, perpendicular distance from (0, 0) to Eq. (iii) = radius
|c |
Þ 4y = - 3x ± 15 or 3x + 4y ± 15 = 0 =3
2 ( 3 ) + ( - 1) 2
2
(ii) Slope of 2x + 3y + 7 = 0 is -
3 or |c | =6
3 or c =± 6
\ Slope of perpendicular to 2x + 3y + 7 = 0 is = m (say)
2 From Eq. (iii), equations of tangents are
and given circle is x 2 + y 2 = 9 3x - y ± 6 = 0
\ Equations of tangents perpendicular to 2x + 3y + 7 = 0 is
2 y Example 36. Prove that the line lx + my + n = 0
3 æ3ö
y = x ±3 1+
2
ç ÷
è2ø touches the circle ( x - a ) 2 + ( y - b ) 2 = r 2 if
(al + bm + n ) 2 = r 2 (l 2 + m 2 ) .
Þ 2y = 3x ± 3 13
or 3x - 2y ± 3 13 = 0 Sol. If the line lx + my + n = 0 touches the circle
(iii) Since, tangent make an angle 60° with the X-axis ( x - a )2 + (y - b )2 = r 2 , then length of the perpendicular
\ m = tan60° = 3 from the centre = radius
and given circle x2 + y2 = 9 | la + mb + n |
=r
(l 2 + m 2 )
\ Equation of tangents y = 3x ± 3 1 + ( 3 )2
Þ (la + mb + n )2 = r 2 (l 2 + m 2 )
or 3 x -y ±6=0
Aliter :
Aliter :
Here, line is lx + my + n = 0 and circle is
(i) Let tangent parallel to 3x + 4y - 5 = 0 is
( x - a )2 + (y - b )2 = r 2 . Here, centre of circle (a, b ) shift at
3x + 4y + l = 0 …(i)
(0, 0), then replacing x by x + a and y by y + b in the
and circle x2 + y2 = 9 equation of straight line lx + my + n = 0 and circle
then perpendicular distance from (0, 0) on Eq. (i) = radius ( x - a )2 + (y - b )2 = r 2 , the new form of straight line and
|l| circle are
=3
(3 + 4 2 )
2 l ( x + a ) + m (y + b ) + n = 0
or lx + my + (al + mb + n ) = 0 …(i)
or | l | =15
\ l = ± 15 and x2 + y2 = r 2 …(ii)
From Eq. (i), equations of tangents are respectively.
3x + 4y ± 15 = 0 On comparing Eq. (i) with y = Mx + C
l
(ii) Let tangent perpendicular to 2x + 3y + 7 = 0 is then M=-
3x - 2y + l = 0 …(ii) m
(al + bm + n )
and circle x2 + y2 = 9 and C =-
m
270 Textbook of Coordinate Geometry

Since, Eq. (i) is the tangent of Eq. (ii), then y Example 38. If lx + my = 1 touches the circle
C 2 = r 2 (1 + M 2 ) x 2 + y 2 = a 2 , prove that the point (l , m ) lies on the
(al + bm + n )2 æ l2 ö circle x 2 + y 2 = a -2 .
or = r 2 ç1 + 2 ÷
m2 è m ø
Sol. Since, lx + my = 1 touches the circle x 2 + y 2 = a 2 .
or (al + bm + n )2 = r 2 (l 2 + m 2 )
Then, length of perpendicular from (0, 0) on lx + my = 1 is
y Example 37. Show that the line 3x - 4 y = 1 touches equal to radius
| -1|
the circle x 2 + y 2 - 2x + 4 y + 1 = 0. Find the then, = a or l 2 + m 2 = a -2
l 2 + m2
coordinates of the point of contact.
Hence, locus of (l , m ) is x 2 + y 2 = a -2
Sol. The centre and radius of the circle
Aliter : Let the point of contact of line lx + my = 1 and
x 2 + y 2 - 2x + 4y + 1 = 0 are (1, - 2)
circle x 2 + y 2 = a 2 is ( x 1, y1 ), then tangent of circle at
and ( -1) + (2)2 - 1 = 2 respectively. ( x 1, y1 ) is xx 1 + yy1 = a 2
Since, length of perpendicular from centre (1, - 2) on Since, xx 1 + yy1 = a 2 and lx + my = 1
3x - 4y = 1 is
x 1 y1 a 2
| 3 ´ 1 - 4 ´ ( -2) - 1 | 10 are identical, then = =
= l m 1
( 3) 2 + ( - 4 ) 2 5
\ x 1 = la 2 , y1 = ma 2
= 2 = radius of the circle
but ( x 1, y1 ) lie on x 2 + y 2 = a 2
Hence, 3x - 4y = 1 touches the circle
x 2 + y 2 - 2x + 4y + 1 = 0 then, l 2a 4 + m 2a 4 = a 2

Second part : Let point of contact is ( x 1, y1 ), then tangent \ l 2 + m 2 = a -2


at ( x 1, y1 ) on x 2 + y 2 - 2x + 4y + 1 = 0 is \Locus of (l , m ) is x 2 + y 2 = a -2
xx 1 + yy1 - ( x + x 1 ) + 2 (y + y1 ) + 1 = 0
y Example 39. Show that the line
Þ x ( x 1 - 1) + y (y1 + 2) - x 1 + 2y1 + 1 = 0 …(i)
( x - 2) cos q + ( y - 2) sin q = 1 touches a circle for all
and given line 3x - 4y - 1 = 0 …(ii)
values of q. Find the circle.
Since, Eq. (i) and Eq. (ii) are identical, then comparing Eq. (i)
and Eq. (ii), we get Sol. Given line is ( x - 2) cos q + (y - 2) sin q
x 1 - 1 y1 + 2 - x 1 + 2y1 + 1 1 = cos 2 q + sin 2 q
= =
3 -4 -1
On comparing
1 2
or x1 = - and y1 = - x - 2 = cosq ...(i)
5 5
and y - 2 = sinq ...(ii)
æ 1 2ö
\ Point of contact is ç - , - ÷. Squaring and adding Eq. (i) and Eq. (ii), then
è 5 5ø
( x - 2)2 + (y - 2)2 = cos 2 q + sin 2 q
Aliter for second part : Since, perpendicular line to
tangent always passes through the centre of the circle, Þ ( x - 2) 2 + ( y - 2) 2 = 1
perpendicular line to or x 2 + y 2 - 4 x - 4y + 7 = 0
3x - 4y = 1 ...(i) Aliter : Since, tangent at (cos q , sin q ) of
is 4 x + 3y = l ...(ii)
x2 + y2 = 1 ...(i)
which passes through (1, - 2), then
is x cos q + y sin q = 1 ...(ii)
4 -6= l
replacing x by x - 2 and y by y - 2 in Eqs. (i) and (ii), then
\ l = -2
From Eq. (ii), 4 x + 3y = - 2 ...(iii) ( x - 2) 2 + ( y - 2) 2 = 1 ...(iii)
Solving Eq. (i) and Eq. (iii), we get the point of contact i.e. ( x - 2) cos q + (y - 2) sin q = 1 …(iv)
1 2 Hence, Eq. (iv) touches the circle Eq. (iii).
x = - and y = -
5 5 \ Equation of circle is
æ 1 2ö
Hence, point of contact is ç - , - ÷. ( x - 2) 2 + ( y - 2) 2 = 1
è 5 5ø
or x 2 + y 2 - 4 x - 4y + 7 = 0
Chap 04 Circle 271

write first two rows as ax1 + hy1 + g and hx1 + by1 + f


Normal to a Circle at a Then, normal at ( x1, y1 ) of conic (i)

Given Point x - x1
=
y - y1
ax1 + hy1 + g hx1 + by1 + f
The normal of a circle at any point is a straight line which
is perpendicular to the tangent at the point and always Corollary 1 : Equation of normal of x 2 + y 2 = a 2 at
passes through the centre of the circle. ( x 1 , y 1 ) is
x - x1 y - y1
=
Different form of the Equation of Normals 1× x 1 + 0 + 0 0 + 1× y 1 + 0
1. Point form : (Here, g, f = 0 and a = b = 1)
Theorem : The equation of normal at the point P ( x 1 , y 1 ) x - x1 y - y1
Þ =
to the circle x 2 + y 2 + 2 gx + 2 fy + c = 0 is x1 y1
x - x1 y - y1 x y
= or =
x1 + g y1 + f x1 y1

Proof : Corollary 2 : Equation of normal of


Equation of the given circle is x 2 + y 2 + 2 gx + 2 fy + c = 0 at ( x 1 , y 1 ) is
x 2 + y 2 + 2gx + 2 fy + c = 0 ...(i) x - x1 y - y1
= (Here, a = b = 1 and h = 0)
Its centre C is ( -g, - f ) x1 + g y1 + f

P (x1, y1) Remarks


1. Normal always passes through the centre of the circle.
T Just write the equation of the line joining ( x1, y1 ) and the
centre of the circle.
2. The equations of the normals show that they pass through
C the centre i.e. the normals are the radii which we know from
(–g, –f ) Euclidean geometry.

y Example 40. Find the equation of the normal to


Let P ( x 1 , y 1 ) be the given point. the circle x 2 + y 2 = 2x , which is parallel to the line
Q Normal of the circle at P ( x 1 , y 1 ) passes through centre x + 2y = 3.
C ( -g, - f ) of the circle.
Sol. Given circle is x 2 + y 2 - 2x = 0
Then, equation of normal CP passes through the points
C ( -g, - f ) and P ( x 1 , y 1 ) is Centre of given circle is (1, 0)
(y + f ) Since, normal is parallel to x + 2y = 3
y - y1 = 1 (x - x 1 ) let the equation of normal is x + 2y = l
(x 1 + g )
Since, normal passes through the centre of the circle i.e.
x - x1 y - y1 (1, 0)
or =
x1 + g y1 + f then 1+0= l
This is the required equation of normal at P ( x 1 , y 1 ) of the \ l =1
given circle. then, equation of normal is x + 2y = 1
Remark or x + 2y - 1 = 0
Easy method to find normal at ( x1, y1 ) of second degree conics Aliter Equation of normal at ( x 1, y1 ) of x 2 + y 2 - 2x = 0 is
ax 2 + 2hxy + by 2 + 2gx + 2fy + c = 0 ...(i) x - x 1 y - y1
=
a h g x 1 - 1 y1 - 0
then, according to determinant h b f
y1
g f c or Slope = = m1 (say)
x1 - 1
272 Textbook of Coordinate Geometry

Since normal is parallel to x + 2y = 3 Aliter II : Equation of tangent at (5, 6) is


1 5
\ Slope = - = m 2 (say) 5 × x + 6 × y - ( x + 5) + (y + 6) - 48 = 0
2 2
but given m1 = m 2 Þ 10x + 12y - 5x - 25 + 2y + 12 - 96 = 0
y1 1 Þ 5x + 14y - 109 = 0
= - or x 1 + 2y1 - 1 = 0
x1 - 1 2 5
Slope of tangent = -
\ Locus of ( x 1, y1 ) is x + 2y - 1 = 0 14
14
\ Slope of normal =
y Example 41. Find the equation of the normal to the 5
circle x 2 + y 2 - 5x + 2y - 48 = 0 at the point ( 5, 6 ) . \Equation of normal at (5, 6) with slope
14
is
5
Sol. Equation of the normal at (5, 6) is 14
x -5 y -6 x -5 y -6 2x - 10 y - 6 y - 6= ( x - 5)
= Þ = Þ = 5
5 6+1 5 7 5 7 Þ 5y - 30 = 14 x - 70
5-
2 2 or 14 x - 5y - 40 = 0
Þ 14 x - 70 = 5y - 30
\ 14 x - 5y - 40 = 0 2. Parametric form
Aliter I : Since, centre of the circle Since, parametric coordinates of circle x 2 + y 2 = a 2 is
æ5 ö
x 2 + y 2 - 5x + 2y - 48 = 0 is ç , - 1÷, normal at (5,6) is the (a cos q, a sinq ).
è2 ø
æ5 ö \ Equation of normal at (a cos q, a sinq ) is
equation of a line, which passes through ç , - 1÷ and (5, 6) is
è2 ø x y
=
6+1 æ 5ö 14 æ 5ö a cos q a sinq
y +1= çx - ÷ Þ y +1= çx - ÷
5 è 2ø 5 è 2ø
5- x y
2 or = or y = x tanq
cos q sinq
7
Þ y + 1 = ( 2x - 5)
5 or y = mx , where m = tanq
Þ 5y + 5 = 14 x - 35 or 14 x - 5y - 40 = 0 which is slope form of normal.

Exercise for Session 4


1. The length of the chord cut-off by y = 2x + 1from the circle x 2 + y 2 = 2 is
5 6 6 5
(a) (b) (c) (d)
6 5 5 6

2. Circle x 2 + y 2 - 4x - 8y - 5 = 0 will intersect the line 3x - 4y = l in two distinct points, if


(a) -10 < l < 5 (b) 9 < l < 20 (c) -35 < l < 15 (d) -16 < l < 30

3. If the line 3x - 4y + l = 0, ( l > 0) touches the circle x 2 + y 2 - 4x - 8y - 5 = 0 at (a,b ), then l + a + b is equal to


(a) -22 (b) -20 (c) 20 (d) 22

4. Tangent which is parallel to the line x - 3y - 2 = 0 of the circle x 2 + y 2 - 4x + 2y - 5 = 0, has point/points of


contact
(a) (1, - 2) (b) (-1, 2) (c) (3, 4) (d) (3, - 4)

5. If a circle, whose centre is ( -11


, ) touches the straight line x + 2y = 12, then the co-ordinates of the point of
contact are
7 18 21
(a) æç - , - 4ö÷ (b) æç - , - ö÷ (c) (2, - 7) (d) (-2, - 5)
è 2 ø è 5 5ø
Chap 04 Circle 273

6. The area of the triangle formed by the tangent at the point (a, b ) to the circle x 2 + y 2 = r 2 and the coordinate
axes is
r4 r4 r4 r4
(a) (b) (c) (d)
2ab 2 | ab | ab | ab |

7. The equation of the tangent to the circle x 2 + y 2 + 4x - 4y + 4 = 0 which make equal intercepts on the positive
coordinate axes is
(a) x + y = 2 (b) x + y = 2 2 (c) x + y = 4 (d) x + y = 8

8. If a > 2b > 0, then the positive value of m for which y = mx - b (1+ m 2 ) is a common tangent to x 2 + y 2 = b 2
and ( x - a )2 + y 2 = b 2 is
2b (a 2 - 4b 2 ) 2b b
(a) (b) (c) (d)
2
(a - 4b ) 2 2b a - 2b a - 2b

p
9. The angle between a pair of tangents from a point P to the circle x 2 + y 2 = 16 is and locus of P is
3
x 2 + y 2 = r 2, then value of r is
(a) 5 (b) 6 (c) 7 (d) 8

10. The normal at the point (3, 4) on a circle cuts the circle at the point ( -1, - 2). Then, the equation of the circle is
(a) x 2 + y 2 + 2x - 2y - 13 = 0 (b) x 2 + y 2 - 2x - 2y - 11 = 0
(c) x 2 + y 2 - 2x + 2y + 12 = 0 (d) x 2 + y 2 - 2x - 2y + 14 = 0

11. The line ax + by + c = 0 is a normal to the circle x 2 + y 2 = r 2. The portion of the line ax + by + c = 0 intercepted
by this circle is of length
(a) r (b) r (c) r 2 (d) 2r
3
12. If the line ax + by + c = 0 touches the circle x 2 + y 2 - 2x = and is normal to the circle x 2 + y 2 + 2x - 4y + 1 = 0,
5
then (a,b ) are
(a) (1, 3) (b) (3, 1) (c) (1, 2) (d) (2, 1)

13. 2
Show that for all values of q, x sin q - y cos q = a touches the circle x + y = a .2 2

14. Find the equation of the tangents to the circle x 2 + y 2 - 2x - 4y - 4 = 0


which are (i) parallel (ii) perpendicular to the line 3x - 4y - 1 = 0.

15. Find the equation of the family of circle which touch the pair of straight lines x 2 - y 2 + 2y - 1 = 0.

16. Find the value of l so that the line 3x - 4y = l may touch the circle x 2 + y 2 - 4x - 8y - 5 = 0.

17. Show that the area of the triangle formed by the positive X-axis, the normal and tangent to the circle
x 2 + y 2 = 4 at (1, 3 ) is 2 3.
Session 5
Tangents from a Point to the Circle, Length of the
Tangent from a Point to a Circle, Power of a Point
with Respect to a Circle, Chord of Contact, Chord
Bisected at a Given Point, Pair of Tangents,
Director Circle

Tangent from a Point If P outside the circle, then substituting these values of m
in Eq. (ii), we get the equation of tangents.
to the Circle Aliter :
Theorem : From a given point two tangents can be drawn First write equation of line through ( x 1 , y 1 ) say
to a circle which are real, coincident or imaginary
y - y 1 = m (x - x 1 ) ...(i)
according as the given point lies outside,on or inside the
2 2 2
circle . which is tangent of the circle x + y = a , then
2 2 2
Proof : If circle is x +y =a ...(i) length of perpendicular from centre (0, 0 ) to Eq. (i) = radius
of the circle
any tangent to the circle Eq. (i) is
| mx 1 - y 1 |
y = mx + a (1 + m 2 ) …(ii) then, =a
(1 + m 2 )
If outside point is ( x 1 , y 1 )
or (mx 1 - y 1 ) 2 = a 2 (1 + m 2 )
then, y 1 = mx 1 + a 1 + m 2
2 2 2
or m 2 x 12 - 2m x 1 y 1 + y 12 = a 2 + a 2m 2
or (y 1 - mx 1 ) = a (1 + m )
Þ m 2 ( x 12 - a 2 ) - 2mx 1 y 1 + y 12 - a 2 = 0
or y 12 +m 2
x 12 2
- 2mx 1 y 1 = a + a m 2 2
which is quadratic in m which gives two values of m.
2
Þ m ( x 12 - a ) - 2mx 1 y 1 + y 12 - a 2 = 0
2
...(iii)
y Example 42. Find the equations of the tangents to
which is quadratic in m which gives two values of m.
the circle x 2 + y 2 = 16 drawn from the point (1, 4 ) .
(real coincident or imaginary) corresponding to any value
of x 1 and y 1 . Sol. Given circle is
The tangents are real, coincident or imaginary according x 2 + y 2 = 16 ...(i)
as the values of m obtained from Eq. (iii) are real, Any tangent of Eq. (i) in terms of slope is
coincident or imaginary. y = mx + 4 (1 + m 2 ) ...(ii)
or Discriminant >, =, or <0 which passes through (1, 4 )
Þ 4 x 12 y 12 - 4 ( x 12 - a 2 ) (y 12 - a 2 ) >, =, or < 0 then, 4 = m + 4 (1 + m 2 )
Þ ( x 12 + y 12 - a 2 ) >, = or < 0 Þ ( 4 - m )2 = 16 (1 + m 2 )
i.e. P ( x 1 , y 1 ) lies outside, on or inside the circle Þ 15m 2 + 8m = 0
x 2 + y 2 = a2. \ m = 0, -
8
15
Chap 04 Circle 275

From Eq. (ii), equations of tangents drawn from (1, 4) are


y=4 Length of the Tangent from a
and y=-
8
x+4
æ
ç1 +
è
64 ö
÷
Point to a Circle
15 225 ø
Theorem : The length of tangent from the point
or 8x + 15y = 68 respectively.
P ( x 1 , y 1 ) to the circle x 2 + y 2 + 2 gx + 2 fy + c = 0 is
Aliter : Equation of line through (1, 4 ) is y - 4 = m ( x - 1)
Þ mx - y + 4 - m = 0 ...(i) ( x 12 + y 12 + 2 gx 1 + 2 fy 1 + c ) = S 1
Then, perpendicular length from centre (0, 0) to
mx - y + 4 - m = 0 is equal to radius Proof : Let PT and PT ¢ be two tangents from the given
then,
|4 -m|
=4
point P ( x 1 , y 1 ) to the circle x 2 + y 2 + 2 gx + 2 fy + c = 0.
m 2 +`1 Then, the centre and radius are C ( -g, - f ) and
2 2
or ( 4 - m ) = 16 (m + 1) ( g 2 + f 2 - c ) ( = CT = CT ¢ ) respectively.
2
Þ 15m + 8m = 0
8
\ m = 0, - T
15
f)
From Eq. (i), equation of tangents from (1, 4 ) are y = 4 and C (– g, –
8x + 15y = 68, respectively.

y Example 43. The angle between a pair of tangents


from a point P to the circle x 2 + y 2 + 4 x - 6 y + 9 sin 2 a T´

+ 13 cos 2 a = 0 is 2a. Find the equation of the locus of P (x 1, y 1


)

the point P. In D PCT,


Sol. Let coordinates of P be ( x 1, y1 ) and given circle is
PT = ( PC ) 2 - (CT ) 2
x 2 + y 2 + 4 x - 6y + 9 sin 2 a + 13 cos 2 a = 0
or ( x + 2)2 + (y - 3)2 - 4 - 9 + 9 sin 2 a + 13 cos 2 a = 0 = ( x 1 + g ) 2 + (y 1 + f ) 2 - g 2 - f 2 + c
Þ ( x + 2)2 + (y - 3)2 + 9 sin 2 a - 13 (1 - cos 2 a ) = 0
= ( x 12 + y 12 + 2 gx 1 + 2 fy 1 + c ) = S 1 = PT ¢
2 2 2
Þ ( x + 2) + (y - 3) = 4 sin a
where, S 1 = x 12 + y 12 + 2 gx 1 + 2 fy 1 + c
\ Centre and radius are ( -2, 3) and 2 sina, respectively.

Remarks
T 2 sin α 1. To find length of tangent
C (– 2, 3) let S = x 2 + y 2 + 2gx + 2fy + c
2 sin α then, S1 = x12 + y12 + 2gx1 + 2fy1 + c
where, P ( x1, y1 )
R \ length of tangent = S1
α
α 2. For S1 first write the equation of circle in general form i.e.
P (x1, y1) coefficient of x 2 = coefficient of y 2 = 1 and making RHS of
circle is zero, then let LHS by S.
Distance between P ( x 1, y1 ) and centre of circle C ( -2, 3) is
CP = ( x 1 + 2)2 + (y1 - 3)2 y Example 44. Find the length of tangents drawn
CT 2 sin a from the point ( 3, - 4 ) to the circle
In D PCT , sin a = =
CP ( x 1 + 2) 2 + ( y 1 - 3) 2 2x 2 + 2y 2 - 7 x - 9 y - 13 = 0.
or ( x 1 + 2) 2 + ( y 1 - 3) 2 = 2 Sol. The equation of the given circle is
2x 2 + 2y 2 - 7 x - 9y - 13 = 0
or ( x 1 + 2) 2 + ( y 1 - 3) 2 = 4
Re-writing the given equation of the circle
The required locus of P ( x 1, y1 ) is 7 9 13
( x + 2) 2 + ( y - 3) 2 = 4 i.e. x2 + y2 - x - y - =0
2 2 2
276 Textbook of Coordinate Geometry

7 9 13 12
Let S = x2 + y2 - x- y- \ QM =
2 2 2 5
2 2 7 9 13 1
\ S1 = (3) + ( -4 ) - ´ 3 - ´ ( -4 ) - \ Area of D PQR = × QR × PM
2 2 2 2
21 13 1
= 25 - + 18 - = 43 - 17 = 26 = (2QM ) × PM = (QM ) ( PM )
2 2 2
\ Length of tangent = S1 = 26 æ 12 ö æ 16 ö 192
=ç ÷ç ÷=
è 5 ø è 5 ø 25
y Example 45. If the length of tangent from ( f , g ) to 17
=7 sq units
the circle x 2 + y 2 = 6 be twice the length of the 25
tangent from ( f , g ) to circle x 2 + y 2 + 3x + 3y = 0, then
y Example 47. Show that the length of the tangent
find the value of f 2 + g 2 + 4 f + 4 g .
from any point on the circle x 2 + y 2 + 2gx + 2 fy + c = 0
Sol. According to the question to the circle x 2 + y 2 + 2gx + 2 fy + c 1 = 0 is (c 1 - c ) .
(g 2 + f 2
- 6) = 2 ( f 2
+ g 2 + 3 f + 3g )
Sol. Let ( x 1, y1 ) be any point on
On squaring g 2 + f 2
- 6 = 4f 2
+ 4 g 2 + 12 f + 12g
x 2 + y 2 + 2gx + 2 fy + c = 0
2 2
or 3f + 3g + 12 f + 12g + 6 = 0
2
then x 12 + y12 + 2gx 1 + 2 fy1 + c = 0 ...(i)
or f + g 2 + 4 f + 4g + 2 = 0
2
\ Length of tangent from ( x 1, y1 ) to the circle
or f + g 2 + 4 f + 4g = - 2
x 2 + y 2 + 2gx + 2 fy + c 1 = 0 is
y Example 46. Show that the area of the triangle x 12 + y12 + 2gx 1 + 2 fy1 + c 1
formed by tangents from the point (4, 3) to the circle
= ( -c + c 1 ) = ( c 1 - c ) [From Eq. (i)]
x 2 + y 2 = 9 and the line segment joining their points of
17
contact is 7 square units in length.
25
Sol. Since, PQ = PR = 4 2 + 32 - 9 = 4 units
Power of a Point With
\ ÐCPQ = ÐCPR = a (let) Respect to a Circle
\ PC = ( 4 - 0) + (3 - 0) = 5 units 2 2 Theorem : The power of a point P ( x 1 , y 1 ) with respect to
the circle
Q 4 P (4, 3)
α x 2 + y 2 + 2 gx + 2 fy + c = 0 is S 1
α
3
M 4
where, S 1 = x 12 + y 12 + 2 gx 1 + 2 fy 1 + c
(0, 0) C
3
Proof : Let P ( x 1 , y 1 ) be a point outside the circle and PAB
R and PCD drawn two secants. The power of P ( x 1 , y 1 ) with
respect to
B
T
3
\In DPQC, tana = ,
4
A
3
\ sina =
5
4 D
C
and cosa = P (x 1, y 1)
5
In DPMQ, cosa =
PM 4
= S º x 2 + y 2 + 2 gx + 2 fy + c = 0
4 5
16
is equal to PA × PB which is
\ PM =
5 x 12 + y 12 +2 gx 1 + 2 fy 1 + c = S 1
QM 3
and sina = = \ Power remains constant for the circle
4 5
Chap 04 Circle 277

i.e. independent of A and B.


\ PA × PB = PC × PD = ( PT ) 2 = S 1 = ( S 1 ) 2 T
(x′, y′ )
2
\ PA × PB = ( S 1 ) = square of the length of tangent. Chord of
contact
Remark
If P outside, inside or on the circle, then PA× PB is + ve, - ve T ′(x ′′, y ′′)
or zero, respectively.
P (x1, y1)

y Example 48. Find the power of point (2, 4 ) with Then, equations of tangents PT and PT ¢ are
2 2
respect to the circle x + y - 6 x + 4 y - 8 = 0 xx ¢ + yy ¢ = a 2 and xx ¢ ¢ + yy ¢ ¢ = a 2 respectively.
Sol. The power of the point (2, 4 ) with respect to the circle Since, both tangents pass through P ( x 1 , y 1 ), then
2 2
x + y - 6 x + 4y - 8 = 0 is ( S 1 ) or S 1 2 x 1 x ¢ + y 1y ¢ = a 2
where, S = x 2 + y 2 - 6x + 4y - 8 and x 1 x ¢¢ + y 1 y ¢¢ = a 2
\ S1 = (2)2 + ( 4 )2 - 6 ´ 2 + 4 ´ 4 - 8 Q Points T ( x ¢ , y ¢ ) and T ¢ ( x ¢¢,y ¢¢ ) lie on
= 4 + 16 - 12 + 16 - 8 = 16 xx 1 + yy 1 = a 2
[Q(2, 4 ) is outside from the circle x 2 + y 2 - 6x + 4y - 8 = 0]
\ Equation of chord of contact TT ¢ is xx 1 + yy 1 = a 2
y Example 49. Show that the locus of the point, the
powers of which with respect to two given circles Remark
are equal, is a straight line. Equation of chord of contact like as equation of tangent at
that point but point different.
Sol. Let the given circles be
x 2 + y 2 + 2gx + 2 fy + c = 0 ...(i) Now, for chord of contact at ( x 1 , y 1 ), replacing x 2 by
x 2 + y 2 + 2g 1x + 2 f 1y + c 1 = 0 x + x1 y + y1
and ...(ii) xx 1 , y 2 by yy 1 , x by , y by
Let P ( x 1, y1 ) be a point, the powers of which with respect 2 2
to the circles Eqs. (i) and (ii) are equal. Then, xy 1 + x 1 y
and xy by .
\ [ ( x 12 + y12 + 2gx 1 + 2 fy1 + c ) ]2 2
Corollary 1 : If R is the radius of the circle and L is the
= [ ( x 12 + y12 + 2g 1x 1 + 2 f 1y1 + c 1 ) ]2
length of the tangent from P ( x 1 ,y 1 ) on S = 0.
or x 12 + y12 + 2gx 1 + 2 fy1 + c
Here, L = S 1 , then
= x 12 + y12 + 2g 1x 1 + 2 f 1y1 + c 1
2 LR
Þ 2 ( g - g 1 ) x 1 + 2 ( f - f 1 ) y1 + c - c 1 = 0 (a) Length of chord of contact TT ¢ =
then, locus of P ( x 1, y1 ) is ( R 2 + L2 )
2 ( g - g1 ) x + 2 ( f - f 1 ) y + c - c1 = 0 (b) Area of triangle formed by the pair of tangents and its
which is a straight line. RL3
chord of contact =
R 2 + L2
Chord of Contact (c) Angle between the pair of tangents from P ( x 1 ,y 1 )
æ 2RL ö
From any external point, two tangents can be drawn to a = tan -1 ç ÷
è L2 - R 2 ø
given circle. The chord joining the points of contact of the
two tangents is called the chord of contact of tangents. Corollary 2 : Equation of the circle circumscribing the
Theorem : The equation of the chord of contact of triangle PTT ¢ is
tangents drawn from a point ( x 1 , y 1 ) to the circle ( x - x 1 )( x + g ) + (y - y 1 )(y + f ) = 0,
x 2 + y 2 = a 2 is xx 1 + yy 1 = a 2 .
where, O ( -g, - f ) is the centre of the circle
Sol. Let T ( x ¢ , y ¢ ) and T ¢ ( x ¢¢, y ¢¢ ) be the points of contact of x 2 + y 2 + 2 gx + 2 fx + c = 0
2 2 2
tangents drawn from P ( x 1, y1 ) to x + y = a .
278 Textbook of Coordinate Geometry

Sol. Equation of chord of contact AB is hx + ky = a 2


T
For equation of pair of tangents of OA and OB, make
homogeneous x 2 + y 2 = a 2 with the help of hx + ky = a 2 or
O(–g, –f)
hx + ky
=1
a2
P T¢
(x1, y1)

A π O (0, 0)
i.e. Required circle always passes through the centre of
2
the given circle (Here, OP is the diameter of the required
circle).
P (h, k) B
y Example 50. If the pair of tangents are drawn from
the point (4, 5) to the circle x 2 + y 2 - 4 x - 2y - 11 = 0, æ hx + ky ö
2
then, x 2 + y 2 = a2 ç ÷
then, è a2 ø
(i) Find the length of chord of contact. or a 2 ( x 2 + y 2 ) = (hx + ky )2
(ii) Find the area of the triangle formed by a pair of or x 2 (a 2 - h 2 ) - 2hkxy + y 2 (a 2 - k 2 ) = 0
tangents and their chord of contact. p
but Ð AOB =
(iii) Find the angle between the pair of tangents. 2
Sol. Here, P º ( 4,5), \ Coefficient of x 2 + Coefficient of y 2 = 0
R = ((2)2 + (1)2 + 11) = 4 Þ a 2 - h 2 + a 2 - k 2 = 0 or h 2 + k 2 = 2a 2

and L = S1 = (( 4 )2 + (5)2 - 4 ´ 4 - 2 ´ 5 - 11) = 2 y Example 53. The chord of contact of tangents drawn
(i) Length of chord of contact from a point on the circle x 2 + y 2 = a 2 to the circle
2LR 2´2´ 4 8 x 2 + y 2 = b 2 touches the circle x 2 + y 2 = c 2 . Show
= = = unit
2 2 2 2 5
(R + L ) ( 4 ) + ( 2) that a, b , c are in GP.
RL3 4 ´8 8 Sol. Let P (a cos q , a sin q ) be a point on the circle
(ii) Area of triangle = = = sq units
R + L2 16 + 4 5
2
x 2 + y 2 = a2.
(iii) Angle between the pair of tangents
Then, equation of chord of contact of tangents drawn from
æ2 ´ 4 ´ 2ö P (a cos q , a sin q ) to the circle x 2 + y 2 = b 2 is
= p + tan -1 ç 2 ÷
è 2 - 42 ø
æ4ö P T
= p - tan -1 ç ÷ (Q L < R)
è3ø

y Example 51. Tangents PQ, PR are drawn to the circle R


x 2 + y 2 = 36 from the point P( -8,2) touching the circle x2 + y2 = c 2
at Q, R respectively. Find the equation of the x2 + y2 = b2
circumcircle of DPQR.
x2 + y 2= a2
Sol. Here, P º ( -8,2) and O º (0,0)
\Equation of the required circle is ax cos q + ay sin q = b 2 ...(i)
( x - ( -8))( x - 0) + (y - 2)(y - 0) = 0 This touches the circle x 2 + y 2 = c 2 ...(ii)
2 2
or x + y + 8 x - 2y = 0 (QOP is the diameter) \ Length of perpendicular from (0, 0) to Eq. (i) = radius of
Eq. (ii)
y Example 52. Find the condition that chord of | 0 + 0 - b2|
\ =c
contact of any external point (h, k ) to the circle (a 2 cos 2 q + a 2 sin 2 q )
x 2 + y 2 = a 2 should subtend right angle at the centre
or b 2 = ac
of the circle .
Þ a, b, c are in GP.
Chap 04 Circle 279

Chord Bisected at a y Example 55. Find the middle point of the chord
intercepted on line lx + my + n = 0 by the circle
Given Point x 2 + y 2 = a2.
Theorem : The equation of the chord of the circle Sol. Let ( x 1, y1 ) be the middle point of the chord intercepted
x 2 + y 2 = a 2 bisected at the point ( x 1 , y 1 ) is given by by the circle x 2 + y 2 = a 2 on the line lx + my + n = 0.
Then, equation of the chord of the circle x 2 + y 2 = a 2 ,
xx 1 + yy 1 - a 2 = x 12 + y 12 - a 2
whose middle points is ( x 1, y1 ), is
or T = S1 xx 1 + yy1 - a 2 = x 12 + y12 - a 2
Proof : Let any chord AB of the circle x 2 + y 2 = a 2 be or xx 1 + yy1 = x 12 + y12 ...(i)
bisected at D ( x 1 , y 1 ). Clearly, lx + my + n = 0 and Eq. (i) represented the same
If centre of circle is represented by C line,
x 1 y1 x 12 + y12
= = =l (say)
l m -n
x1 = l l ü
\ ...(ii)
A
y1 = mlýþ
C (0,0 )
D and x 12 + y12 = - nl
(x 1
,
y 1)

or l 2 l2 + m 2 l2 = - nl [from (ii)]
B
n
\ l=-
l 2 + m2
0 - y1 y1
then, slope of DC = = nl mn
0 - x1 x1 So, from Eq. (ii), x1 = - 2 2
, y1 = -
l +m l + m2
2

x1 æ nl nm ö
\ Slope of the chord AB is - Hence, the required point is ç - 2 ,- 2 ÷.
y1 è l +m 2
l + m2 ø
x1
then, equation of AB is y - y 1 = - (x - x 1 ) y Example 56. Through a fixed point (h, k ) , secants are
y1
drawn to the circle x 2 + y 2 = r 2 . Show that the locus
or yy 1 - y 12 = - xx 1 + x 12
of mid-point of the portions of secants intercepted by
or xx 1 + yy 1 = x 12 + y 12 the circle is x 2 + y 2 = hx + ky .
or xx 1 + yy 1 - a 2 = x 12 + y 12 - a 2 or T = S 1 Sol. Let P ( x 1, y1 ) be the middle point of any chord AB, which
passes through the point C (h , k ).
Remarks
1. The equation of chord of the circle x 2 + y 2 + 2gx + 2fy + c = 0,
which is bisected at ( x1, y1 ) ; is T = S1
where, T = xx1 + yy1 + g ( x + x1 ) + f ( y + y1 ) + c O
and S1 = x12 + y12 + 2gx1 + 2fy1 + c C (h, k)
B
2. The chord bisected at point ( x1, y1 ) is the farthest from the
y 1)
centre among all the chords passing through the point ( x1, y1 ). x 1,
P(
Also, for such chord, the length of the chord is minimum.
A

y Example 54. Find the equation of the chord of Equation of chord AB is T = S1


\ xx 1 + yy1 - r 2 = x 12 + y12 - r 2
x 2 + y 2 - 6 x + 10y - 9 = 0 which is bisected at ( -2, 4 ).
or x 12 + y12 = xx 1 + yy1
Sol. The equation of the required chord is
- 2x + 4y - 3 ( x - 2) + 5 ( y + 4 ) - 9 But since AB passes through C (h , k ), then
= 4 + 16 + 12 + 40 - 9 x 12 + y12 = hx 1 + ky1
Þ -5x + 9y - 46 = 0 \ Locus of P ( x 1, y1 ) is x 2 + y 2 = hx + ky
or 5x - 9y + 46 = 0
280 Textbook of Coordinate Geometry

y Example 57. Find the locus of middle points of


chords of the circle x 2 + y 2 = a 2 , which subtend right
Pair of Tangents
angle at the point (c , 0) . Theorem : The combined equation of the pair of tangents
Sol. Let N (h , k ) be the middle point of any chord AB, which drawn from a point P ( x 1 , y 1 ) to the circle x 2 + y 2 = a 2 is
subtend a right angle at P (c , 0). ( x 2 + y 2 - a 2 ) ( x 12 + y 12 - a 2 ) = ( xx 1 + yy 1 - a 2 ) 2
Since, ÐAPB = 90°
\ NA = NB = NP
or SS 1 = T 2

Y where, S = x 2 + y 2 - a 2 , S 1 = x 12 + y 12 - a 2
A and T = xx 1 + yy 1 - a 2
(h, k) Proof : The given circle is x 2 + y 2 = a 2
N
X′ X Its centre and radius are C (0, 0 ) and a respectively . Given
P (c, 0) external point be P ( x 1 , y 1 ).
B O
From point P ( x 1 ,y 1 ) two tangents PT and PR be drawn to
the circle, touching circle at T and R respectively.
Y′
T
(since distance of the vertices from middle a
point of the hypotenuse are equal) C (0, 0)

or ( NA ) = ( NB ) = (h - c )2 + (k - 0)2
2 2
...(i) (α, β) a

But also Ð BNO = 90° Q


R
\ (OB )2 = (ON )2 + ( NB )2
P (x1, y1)
Þ - ( NB )2 = (ON )2 - (OB )2
Þ - [(h - c )2 + (k - 0)2 ] = (h 2 + k 2 ) - a 2 Let Q (a, b) on PT, then equation of PQ is
or 2 (h 2 + k 2 ) - 2ch + c 2 - a 2 = 0 b - y1
y - y1 = (x - x 1 )
\ Locus of N (h , k ) is a - x1
2 ( x 2 + y 2 ) - 2cx + c 2 - a 2 = 0
or y (a - x 1 ) - x (b - y 1 ) - ay 1 + bx 1 = 0
y Example 58. Find the equation of the chord of the Length of perpendicular from C (0, 0 ) on PT = a (radius)
circle x 2 + y 2 = r 2 passing through the point (2, 3) | bx 1 - ay 1 |
farthest from the centre. Þ =a
2 2
(a - x 1 ) + (b - y 1 )
Sol. Let P º (2,3) be the given point and M be the middle point
of chord of circle x 2 + y 2 = r 2 through P. or (bx 1 - ay 1 ) 2 = a 2 {(a - x 1 ) 2 + (b - y 1 ) 2 }
\ Locus of Q (a, b) is
(yx 1 - xy 1 ) 2 = a 2 {( x - x 1 ) 2 + (y - y 1 ) 2 }
O
Þ y 2 x 12 + x 2 y 12 - 2 xy x 1 y 1 = a 2
P M { x 2 + x 12 - 2 xx 1 + y 2 + y 12 - 2yy 1 }

Then, (OM )2 = (OP )2 - ( PM )2 Þ y 2 ( x 12 - a 2 ) + x 2 (y 12 - a 2 ) - a 2 ( x 12 + y 12 )


If OM maximum, then PM is minimum. i.e. P coincides with = 2 xyx 1 y 1 - 2a 2 xx 1 - 2a 2 yy 1
M, which is middle point of the chord.
Hence, the equation of the chord is On adding both sides, ( x 2 x 12 + y 2 y 12 + a 4 ), then
T = S1 y 2 ( x 12 + y 12 - a 2 ) + x 2 ( x 12 + y 12 - a 2 ) -a 2 ( x 12 + y 12 - a 2 )
i.e. 2x + 3y - r 2 = 22 + 32 - r 2
= ( xx 1 + yy 1 - a 2 ) 2
or 2x + 3y = 13
Chap 04 Circle 281

Þ ( x 2 + y 2 - a 2 ) ( x 12 + y 12 - a 2 ) = ( xx 1 + yy 1 - a 2 ) 2 Remarks
1. Equation of pair of tangents in notation form is SS1 = T 2
This is the required equation of pair of tangents drawn
where, S º x 2 + y 2 - a2
from ( x 1 , y 1 ) to circle x 2 + y 2 = a 2 .
S1 º x12 + y12 - a2, T º xx1 + yy1 - a2
2 2 2
Aliter : Let circle be x + y = a with centre C (0, 0 ) and 2. When circle is x 2 + y 2 + 2gx + 2fy + c = 0 and tangents are
radius a. Length of tangents from P ( x 1 , y 1 ) and Q (a, b) drawn from ( x1, y1 ), then pair of tangents is
are ( x 2 + y 2 + 2gx + 2fy + c ) ( x12 + y12 + 2gx1 + 2fy1 + c)
= [ xx1 + yy1 + g ( x + x1 ) + f ( y + y1 ) + c ] 2
PT = x 12 + y 12 - a 2
where, S º x 2 + y 2 + 2gx + 2fy + c,
2 2 2
and QT = a + b - a S1 º x12 + y12 + 2gx1 + 2fy1 + c,
and T º xx1 + yy1 + g ( x + x1 ) + f ( y + y1 ) + c
T
a Advised for Students
M
β)

C (0,0) Students are advised that, if they do not want to use the
α,

N
Q(

a formula (SS 1 = T 2 ), then use the following method :

P Let y - y 1 = m( x - x 1 ) be any line through P ( x 1 ,y 1 ).


(x1, y1) R
Then, use condition of tangency p = r i.e.
Now, equation of TR (chord of contact is) Length of perpendicular from the centre of circle or this
xx 1 + yy 1 - a 2 = 0 line = radius of the circle.
| x 12 + y 12 - a 2 | |ax 1 + by 1 - a 2 | Gives the values of m. In such away, we can find the
\ PN = and QM = equations of tangents from P.
( x 12 + y 12 ) ( x 12 + y 12 )
y Example 59. Find the equations of the tangents
But from similar Ds PNT and QMT, from the point A ( 3, 2) to the circle
PN PT ( PN ) 2 ( PT ) 2 x 2 + y 2 + 4 x + 6 y + 8 = 0.
= Þ =
QM QT (QM ) 2 (QT ) 2 Sol. Combined equation of the pair of tangents drawn from
A (3, 2) to the given circle x 2 + y 2 + 4 x + 6y + 8 = 0 can be
( x 12 + y 12 - a 2 ) 2 written in the usual notation.
( x 12 + y 12 ) x 12 + y 12 - a 2 T 2 = SS1 namely
Þ =
(ax 1 + by 1 - a 2 ) 2 a 2 + b2 - a 2 Þ [3x + 2y + 2 ( x + 3) + 3 (y + 2) + 8]2
( x 12 + y 12 ) = [ x 2 + y 2 + 4 x + 6y + 8] [9 + 4 + 12 + 12 + 8]

Þ ( x 12 + y 12 - a 2 ) (a 2 + b2 - a 2 ) = (ax 1 + by 1 - a 2 ) 2 Þ (5x + 5y + 20)2 = 45 ( x 2 + y 2 + 4 x + 6y + 8)


Þ 5 ( x + y + 4 )2 = 9 ( x 2 + y 2 + 4 x + 6y + 8)
\ Locus of Q (a, b) is
Þ 5 ( x 2 + y 2 + 2xy + 8x + 8y + 16)
( x 2 + y 2 - a 2 ) ( x 12 + y 12 - a 2 )
= 9 ( x 2 + y 2 + 4 x + 6y + 8)
= ( xx 1 + yy 1 - a 2 ) 2
Þ 4 x 2 + 4y 2 - 10xy - 4 x + 14y - 8 = 0
This is the required equation of pair of tangents drawn
or 2x 2 + 2y 2 - 5xy - 2x + 7y - 4 = 0
from ( x 1 , y 1 ) to circle x 2 + y 2 = a 2 .
or (2x - y - 4 ) ( x - 2y + 1) = 0
Corollary : The angle between the two tangents from
Hence, the required tangents to the circle from A (3, 2) are
æ a ö
( x 1 ,y 1 ) to the circle x 2 + y 2 = a 2 is 2 tan -1 ç ÷ , where 2x - y - 4 = 0 and x - 2y + 1 = 0
ç S ÷ Aliter : Let S º x 2 + y 2 + 4 x + 6y + 8 = 0
è 1ø
S 1 = x 12 + y 12 - a 2 . Centre C ( -2, - 3) and radius = 5
282 Textbook of Coordinate Geometry

Let the slope of a tangent from A to ‘ S =0’ be m, then or m 2 (h 2 - a 2 ) - 2mkh + k 2 - a 2 = 0


equation of tangent is
y - 2 = m ( x - 3) This is quadratic equation in m, let two roots are m 1 and
or mx - y + 2 - 3m = 0 …(i) m2 .
Length of perpendicular from C ( -2, - 3) on Eq. (i) But tangents are perpendiculars, then
= radius of circle. P (h, k)
A (3, 2) 90°

T1
5
5
T2
C (– 2, –3 ) m 1m 2 = - 1
k - a2
2
S=0 Þ = - 1 or k 2 - a 2 = - h 2 + a 2
h2 - a 2
| - 2m + 3 + 2 - 3m |
Þ = 5 or h 2 + k 2 = 2a 2
2
( m + 1)
Hence, locus of P (h, k ) is x 2 + y 2 = 2a 2
or (5m - 5)2 = 5 (m 2 + 1)
Aliter : The combined equation of the pair of tangents
Þ 25m 2 - 50m + 25 = 5m 2 + 5
drawn from (h, k ) to x 2 + y 2 = a 2 is
Þ 20m 2 - 50m + 20 = 0
SS 1 = T 2
or 2m 2 - 5m + 2 = 0
or (2m - 1) (m - 2) = 0 where, S = x 2 + y 2 - a2
1 S 1 = h2 + k 2 - a 2
\ m = or m = 2
2
Substituting these values of m in Eq. (i), we get the and T = hx + ky - a 2
equations of two tangents are x - 2y + 1 = 0 and \ ( x 2 + y 2 - a 2 ) (h 2 + k 2 - a 2 ) = (hx + ky - a 2 ) 2
2x - y - 4 = 0.
This equation will represent a pair of perpendicular lines
if, coefficient of x 2 + coefficient of y 2 = 0
Director Circle Þ h 2 + k 2 - a 2 - h 2 + h 2 + k 2 -a 2 - k 2 = 0
Director circle : The locus of the point of intersection of Þ h 2 + k 2 - 2a 2 = 0 or h 2 + k 2 = 2a 2
two perpendicular tangents to a given circle is known as
its director circle. Hence, the locus of (h, k ) is x 2 + y 2 = 2a 2
Theorem : The equation of the director circle of the circle
Remarks
x 2 + y 2 = a 2 is
1. The equation of the director circle of the circle
x 2 + y 2 = 2a 2 ( x - h) 2 + ( y - k ) 2 = a2 is ( x - h) 2 + ( y - k ) 2 = 2a2
2. The equation of the director circle of the circle
Proof : The equation of any tangent to the circle x 2 + y 2 + 2gx + 2fy + c = 0 is x 2 + y 2 + 2gx + 2fy + c = g 2 + f 2 - c
x 2 + y 2 = a2 3. If two tangents are drawn from a point on the director circle to
2 the circle, then angle between tangents is 90°.
is y = mx + a (1 + m ) ...(i)
Let P (h, k ) be the point of intersection of tangents, then y Example 60. If two tangents are drawn from a point
P (h, k ) lies on Eq. (i) on the circle x 2 + y 2 = 50 to the circle x 2 + y 2 = 25,
then find the angle between the tangents.
\ k = mh + a (1 + m 2 )
Sol. Q x 2 + y 2 = 50 is the director circle of x 2 + y 2 = 25
or (k - mh ) 2 = a 2 (1 + m 2 ) q
Hence, angle between tangents = 90°
Chap 04 Circle 283

Exercise for Session 5


1. If the tangent at the point P on the circle x 2 + y 2 + 6x + 6y = 2 meets the straight line 5x - 2y + 6 = 0 at a point Q
on the Y-axis, then the length PQ is
(a) 4 (b) 2 5 (c) 5 (d) 3 5
2. 2 2
If the circle x + y + 2gx + 2fy + c = 0 is touched by y = x at P such that OP = 6 2, where O is origin, then the
value of c is
(a) 36 (b) 72 (c) 144 (d) 288
3. The chord of contact of tangents from a point P to a circle passes through Q. If l1 and l 2 are the lengths of
tangents from P and Q to the circle, then PQ is equal to
l1 + l 2 l1 - l 2
(a) (b) (c) (l 12 + l 22 ) (d) (l 12 - l 22 )
2 2
4. If the chord of contact of tangents from a point ( x1, y1) to the circle x 2 + y 2 = a 2 touches the circle
( x - a )2 + y 2 = a 2, then the locus of ( x1, y1) is
(a) a circle (b) a parabola (c) an ellipse (d) a hyperbola

5. 2 2
The locus of the mid-points of a chord of the circle x + y = 4, which subtends a right angle at the origin is
(a) x + y = 1 (b) x 2 + y 2 = 1 (c) x + y = 2 (d) x 2 + y 2 = 2
6. The length of tangents from P(1, - 1) and Q(3,3) to a circle are 2 and 6 respectively, then the length of tangent
from R( -2, - 7) to the same circle is
(a) 41 (b) 51 (c) 61 (d) 71
p
7. If the angle between the tangents drawn to x 2 + y 2 + 2gx + 2fy + c = 0 from (0,0) is , then
2
(a) g 2 + f 2 = 3c (b) g 2 + f 2 = 2c (c) g 2 + f 2 = 5c (d) g 2 + f 2 = 4c
8. The chords of contact of the pair of tangents drawn from each point on the line 2x + y = 4 to the circle
x 2 + y 2 = 1 pass through a fixed point
1 1 1 1
(a) (2, 4) (b) æç - , - ö÷ (c) æç , ö÷ (d) (-2, - 4)
è 2 4ø è 2 4ø
9. The length of tangent from (0, 0) to the circle 2( x 2 + y 2 ) + x - y + 5 = 0 is
5 5
(a) 5 (b) æç ö÷ (c) (d) 2
è 2ø 2
10. The perpendicular tangents to the circle x 2 + y 2 = a 2 meet at P. Then, the locus of P has the equation
(a) x 2 + y 2 = 2a 2 (b) x 2 + y 2 = 3a 2 (c) x 2 + y 2 = 4a 2 (d) x 2 + y 2 = 5a 2

11. The tangents to x 2 + y 2 = a 2 having inclinations a and b intersect at P. If cot a + cot b = 0, then the locus of P is
(a) x + y = 0 (b) x - y = 0 (c) xy = 0 (d) xy = 1
12. The exhaustive range of values of a such that the angle between the pair of tangents drawn from (a,a ) to the
æp ö
circle x 2 + y 2 - 2x - 2y - 6 = 0 lies in the range ç , p ÷ is
è3 ø
(a) (-1, 3) (b) (-5, - 3) È (3, 5) (c) (-3, 5) (d) (-3, - 1) È (3, 5)
13. 2 2 2
Distances from the origin to the centres of the three circles x + y - 2lx = c , where c is a constant and l is
available, are in GP. Prove that the lengths of tangents drawn from any point on the circle x 2 + y 2 = c 2 to the
three circles are also in GP.
14. Find the area of the quadrilateral formed by a pair of tangents from the point (4, 5) to the circle
x 2 + y 2 - 4x - 2y - 11 = 0 and a pair of its radii.
15. If the length of the tangent from a point (f , g ) to the circle x 2 + y 2 = 4 be four times the length of the tangent
from it to the circle x 2 + y 2 = 4x , show that 15f 2 + 15g 2 - 64f + 4 = 0 .
16. Find the equation of that chord of the circle x 2 + y 2 = 15 which is bisected at (3, 2).
17. The chords of contact of the pair of tangents to the circle x 2 + y 2 = 1 drawn from any point on the line
2x + y = 4 pass through the point ( a, b ), then find a 2 + b 2.
Session 6
Diameter of a Circle, Two Circles Touching
Each Other, Common Tangents to Two Circles,
Common Chord of Two Circles, Family of Circles

Diameter of a Circle Aliter : Let (h, k ) be the middle point of the chord
The locus of the middle points of a system of parallel y = mx + c of the circle x 2 + y 2 = a 2
chords of a circle is called a diameter of the circle. then, T = S 1 Þ xh + ky = h 2 + k 2
Let the circle be x 2 + y 2 = a 2 and equation of parallel h
slope = - = m Þ h + mk = 0
chord is k
y = mx + c
Hence, locus of mid-point is x +my = 0.
, y 2)
B (x 2
y= Remark
m
x+ The diameter of circle always passes through the centre of the
c circle and perpendicular to the parallel chords.
P
O Let circle is x 2 + y 2 = a2 and parallel chord be y = mx + c, then
equation of line ^ to y = mx + c is
er

A (x1, y1)
et
m

my + x + l = 0 …(i)
a
Di

which passes through origin (centre)


then, 0 + 0 + l =0 \ l =0
Then, equation of diameter from Eq. (i) is x + my = 0 .
Let P (h, k ) be the middle point of the chord y = mx + c .
Since, P is the mid-point of A ( x 1 y 1 ) and B( x 2 , y 2 ), then y Example 61. Find the equation of the diameter of
x1 + x2 y1 + y2 the circle x 2 + y 2 + 2gx + 2 fy + c = 0 which
= h and =k
2 2 corresponds to the chord ax + by + d = 0.
or x 1 + x 2 = 2h and y 1 + y 2 = 2k …(i) Sol. The diameter of circle passes through the centre of the
Q P (h, k ) lie on y = mx + c circle and perpendicular to the chord ax + by + d = 0 is
bx - ay + l = 0 …(i)
then, k = mh + c
which passes through centre of circle i.e. ( - g , - f )
or k - mh = c …(ii) Then, -bg + af + l = 0
Substituting y = mx + c in x 2 + y 2 = a 2 \ l = bg - af
From Eq. (i), the equation of the diameter is
then, x 2 + (mx + c ) 2 = a 2
bx - ay + bg - af = 0
or (1 + m 2 ) x 2 + 2mcx + c 2 - a 2 = 0 …(iii)
Let x 1 , x 2 are roots of Eq. (iii), then
x1 + x2 = -
2mc Two Circles Touching Each Other
1 +m2
Þ 2h = -
2m
(k - mh ) [from Eq. (i) and Eq. (ii)] 1. When two circles touch each other
(1 + m 2 ) externally
Þ h + m 2 h = -mk + m 2 h Þ h + mk = 0 Then, distance between their centres = sum of their radii
Hence, locus of (h, k ) is x + my = 0 i.e. |C 1 C 2 | = r1 + r2
Chap 04 Circle 285

In such cases, the point of contact P divides the line \ C 1 º (1, 2),r1 = (1 + 4 ) or r1 = 5
joining C 1 and C 2 internally in the ratio r1 : r2 and C 2 º (0, 4 ),r 2 = 0 + 16 + 4 or r 2 = 2 5

Now, C 1C 2 = (1 - 0)2 + (2 - 4 )2

r1 r2 C 1C 2 = 5 = r 2 - r1
C1 P C2 Hence, the two circles touch each other internally.

y Example 63. Prove that the circles


C 1 P r1 x 2 + y 2 + 2ax + c 2 = 0 and x 2 + y 2 + 2by + c 2 = 0
Þ =
C 2 P r2 1 1 1
touch each other, if 2
+ 2
= .
If C1 º (x 1 , y 1 ) and C 2 º ( x 2 , y 2 ) a b c2
ær x +r x r y +r y ö Sol. Given circles are
then, coordinate of P is ç 1 2 2 1 , 1 2 2 1 ÷ x 2 + y 2 + 2ax + c 2 = 0 …(i)
è r1 + r2 r1 + r2 ø
2 2 2
and x + y + 2by + c = 0 …(ii)
Let C 1 and C 2 be the centres of circles Eqs. (i) and (ii),
2. When two Circles Touch each other respectively and r1 and r 2 be their radii, then
Internally C 1 = ( -a, 0), C 2 = (0, - b ),

Then, distance between their centres =Difference of their r1 = (a 2 - c 2 ) , r 2 = (b 2 - c 2 )


radii
Here, we do not find the two circles touch each other
i.e. | C 1 C 2 | = | r1 - r2 | internally or externally.
In such cases, the point of contact P divides the line For touch, | C 1 C 2 | = | r1 ± r 2 |
joining C 1 and C 2 externally in the ratio r1 : r2
or (a 2 + b 2 ) = | (a 2 - c 2 ) ± (b 2 - c 2 )|
On squaring
a 2 + b 2 = a 2 - c 2 + b 2 - c 2 ± 2 (a 2 - c 2 ) (b 2 - c 2 )
r2 or c 2 = ± a 2b 2 - c 2 (a 2 + b 2 ) + c 4
C1 C2 P
Again, squaring,
r1 c 4 = a 2b 2 - c 2 (a 2 + b 2 ) + c 4
1 1 1
or c 2 (a 2 + b 2 ) = a 2b 2 or 2
+ 2
=
a b c2
C 1 P r1
Þ =
C 2 P r2
If C 1 º ( x 1 , y 1 ) and C 2 º ( x 2 , y 2 ) Common Tangents to Two
ær x -r x r y -r y ö
then, coordinates of P is ç 1 2 2 1 , 1 2 2 1 ÷
Circles
è r1 - r2 r1 - r2 ø
Different Cases of Intersection of Two
y Example 62. Examine if the two circles
Circles :
x 2 + y 2 - 2x - 4 y = 0 and x 2 + y 2 - 8 y - 4 = 0 touch
Let the two circles be
each other externally or internally. ( x - x 1 ) 2 + (y - y 1 ) 2 = r12 …(i)
Sol. Given circles are
2 2
x 2 + y 2 - 2x - 4y = 0 …(i) and ( x - x 2 ) + (y - y 2 ) = r22 …(ii)
and x 2 + y 2 - 8y - 4 = 0 …(ii) with centres C 1 ( x 1 , y 1 ) and C 2 ( x 2 , y 2 ) and radii r1 and r2
Let centres and radii of circles Eqs. (i) and (ii) are respectively. Then following cases may arise :
represented by C 1, r1 and C 2 , r 2 , respectively.
286 Textbook of Coordinate Geometry

Case I : When |C 1 C 2 | > r1 + r2 i.e. the distance between the How to find transverse common tangent
centres is greater than the sum of their radii.
Direct common
Direct common tangents
tangents D
D
Q
r2
P P´ C2 C2
r2
T
r1 r1 T Q
1
Transverse common
C1 tangent
C1
Transverse common
tangents

Q Equation of circles are


Q C 1 º ( x 1 , y 1 ) , C 2 º ( x 2 ,y 2 )
S 1 º ( x - x 1 ) 2 + (y - y 1 ) 2 - r12 = 0
ær x -r x r y -r y ö
\ D º ç 1 2 2 1 , 1 2 2 1 ÷ º (a, b) (say) and S 2 º ( x - x 2 ) 2 + (y - y 2 ) 2 - r22 = 0
è r1 - r2 r1 - r2 ø
then, equation of common tangent is
ær x +r x r y +r y ö
and T ºç 1 2 2 1, 1 2 2 1÷ S1 - S2 = 0
è r1 + r2 r1 + r2 ø
which is same as equation of common chord.
º ( g, d) (say)
How to find direct common tangents Let equation Remark
In this case circles touch at one point i.e. Number of solutions of
of common tangent through D (a, b) is two circles is one.
y - b = m( x - a ) …(i)
Now, length of ^ from C 1 or C 2 on Eq. (i) = r1 or r2 Case III : When |r1 - r2 | < |C 1 C 2 | < r1 + r2
i.e. the distance between the centres is less than sum of
Then, we get two values of m.
their radii and greater than difference of their radii.
Substituting the values of m in Eq. (i), we get two direct
In this case two direct common tangents are real and
common tangents.
distinct while the transverse tangents are imaginary.
How to find transverse common tangents Let Direct common
equation of common tangent through T ( g, d) is tangents
D
y - d = M(x - g ) …(ii)
Now, length of ^ from C 1 or C 2 on Eq. (i) = r1 or r2
then, we get two values of M. C2
Substituting the values of M in Eq. (i), we get two
transverse common tangents. C1

Remark
In this case circles neither cut nor touch i.e. Number of
solutions of two circles is zero.
Remark
Case II : When |C 1 C 2 | = r1 + r2 In this case circles cuts at two points i.e. Number of solutions of
two circles is two.
i.e. the distance between the centres is equal to the sum of
their radii. Case IV : When | C 1 C 2 | = |r1 - r2 |, i.e. the distance
In this case two direct common tangents are real and between the centres is equal to the difference of their
distinct while the transverse tangents are coincident. radii.
Chap 04 Circle 287

Tangent at the Common Tangents to two Circles


point of contact
If two circles with centres C 1 and C 2 and their radii are r1
and r2 , then
P
r2
Number of
Condition Figure
C2 common tangents
C1
(i) | C1C 2 | > r1 + r 2 4
r1

In this case two tangents are real and coincident while the
other two tangents are imaginary. (ii) | C1C 2 | = r1 + r 2 3

If circles are represented by S 1 = 0 and S 2 = 0, then


equation of common tangent is S 1 - S 2 = 0 .

Remark
If circles touch each other externally, i.e.| C1C2| = r1 + r2, then (iii) | r1 - r 2 | <| C1C 2 |< r1 + r 2 2
equation of tangent at the point of contact is
S1 - S2 = 0
Tangent at the
point of contact

(iv) | C1C 2 | = | r1 - r 2 | 1
r2 C2
P
r1

C1
(v) | C1C 2 | <| r1 - r 2 | 0

In this case circles touch at one point. Length of External Common Tangent and
i.e. Number of solutions of two circles is one.
Internal Common Tangent to Two Circles
Case V : When | C 1 C 2 | < | r1 - r2 | , i.e. the distance Length of external common tangent Lex = d 2 - (r1 - r2 ) 2
between the centres is less than the difference of their
and length of internal common tangent
radii.
A
r1–r2 Lex
d B
D
r2 r1 r2 r
2
C1 d
C2 C2
C1 r1 r1
r1+ r2 Lin
r2
A¢ Lin

A¢¢

In this case, all the four common tangents are imaginary. Lin = d 2 - (r1 + r2 ) 2 (Applicable only when d > r1 + r2 )
Remark where, d is the distance between the centres of two circles
In this case circles neither cut nor touch each other i.e. Number and r1 ,r2 are the radii of two circles, when |C 1 C 2 | = d .
of solution of two circles is zero.
288 Textbook of Coordinate Geometry

Hence, the circles do not intersect to each other.


Angle between Direct Common Tangents (DCT)
The direct common tangents meet AB produced at D, then
and Transverse Common Tangents (TCT) point D will divide C 2C 1 in the ratio 3 : 1 (externally).
Case I : If d > r1 + r2 , then æ 3(1) - 1( -3) 3(3) - 1(1) ö
Coordinates of D are ç , ÷ or (3, 4)
æ |r - r | ö è 3-1 3-1 ø
Angle between DCT = 2 sin -1 ç 1 2 ÷
è d ø and the point C divide C 2C 1 in the ratio 3 : 1 (internally)
æ r +r ö æ 3(1) + 1( -3) 3(3) + 1(1) ö
And angle between TCT = 2 sin -1 ç 1 2 ÷ then coordinates of C are ç , ÷ or
è d ø è 3+1 3+1 ø
(0, 5/2)
Case II : If d = r1 + r2 , then
Direct tangents : Any line through (3, 4) is
æ |r - r | ö
angle between DCT = 2 sin -1 ç 1 2 ÷ y - 4 = m( x - 3 )
è r1 + r2 ø Þ mx - y + 4 - 3m = 0 …(i)
and angle between TCT = p Apply the usual condition of tangency to any of the circle
Case III : If |r1 - r2 | < d < r1 + r2 , then m - 3 + 4 - 3m
= ±1
æ |r - r | ö m2 + 1
angle between DCT = 2 sin -1 ç 1 2 ÷
è d ø Þ ( -2m + 1)2 = m 2 + 1
Here, transverse common tangents are not possible . Þ 3m 2 - 4m = 0
Case IV : If d = |r1 - r2 | Þ m = 0, m = 4 / 3
Angle between DCT = p \ Equations of direct common tangents are
y = 4 and 4 x - 3y = 0
Here, transverse common tangents are not possible.
Transverse tangents : Any line through C (0, 5 / 2) is
Case V : If d <|r1 - r2 | y - 5 / 2 = mx
Here, tangents are not possible. or mx - y + 5 / 2 = 0 …(ii)
Apply the usual condition of tangency to any of the circle
y Example 64. Find all the common tangents to the m ×1 - 3 + 5 / 2
circles \ = ±1
m2 + 1
x 2 + y 2 - 2 x - 6 y + 9 = 0 and x 2 + y 2 + 6 x - 2 y + 1 = 0.
1
Sol. The given circles are Þ m2 + - m = m2 + 1
4
x 2 + y 2 - 2x - 6x + 9 = 0 3
Þ 0 ×m2 - m - = 0
Þ ( x - 1) 2 + ( y - 3) 2 = 1 …(i) 4
2 2 \ m = ¥ and m = - 3 / 4
and x + y + 6x - 2y + 1 = 0
Hence, equations of transverse tangents are
Þ ( x + 3) 2 + ( y - 1) 2 = 9 …(ii)
x = 0 and 3x + 4y - 10 = 0
Centres and radii of circles Eq. (i) and Eq. (ii) are
D y Example 65. Show that the common tangents to the
circles x 2 + y 2 - 6 x = 0 and x 2 + y 2 + 2x = 0 form an
1 equilateral triangle.
3 )
(1, Sol. The given circles are
C1
3 C x 2 + y 2 - 6x = 0

C2 (– 3, 1) or ( x - 3) 2 + ( y - 0) 2 = 9 …(i)
2 2
A and x + y + 2x = 0
or ( x + 1) 2 + ( y - 0) 2 = 1 …(ii)
C 1 (1, 3), r1 = 1 Centres and radii of circles Eqs. (i) and (ii) are C 1(3, 0), r1 = 3
and C 2 ( -1, 0), r 2 = 1, respectively.
and C 2 ( -3, 1),r 2 = 3 respectively.
\ C 1C 2 = (16 + 4 ) = 2 5 Q C 1C 2 = [3 - ( -1)]2 + 0 = 4
\ C 1C 2 > r1 + r 2 \ C 1C 2 = r1 + r 2
Chap 04 Circle 289

Hence, the two circles touch each other externally, y Example 66. Find the number of common tangents
therefore, there will be three common tangents. Equation of to the circles x 2 + y 2 - 8 x + 2y + 8 = 0 and
the common tangent at the point of contact is S1 - S 2 = 0
Þ ( x 2 + y 2 - 6x ) - ( x 2 + y 2 + 2x ) = 0 x 2 + y 2 - 2x - 6 y - 15 = 0.
Þ - 8x = 0 Sol. For x 2 + y 2 - 8x + 2y + 8 = 0
\ x =0 C 1 º ( 4, - 1), r1 = (16 + 1 - 8) = 3
L and for x + y 2 - 2x - 6y - 15 = 0
2

P C 2 º (1,3), r 2 = (1 + 9 + 15) = 5
M 3
1 Now, | C 1C 2 | = Distance between centres
1 3 (3, 0)
Q
C2 C1 = ( 4 - 1) 2 + ( - 1 - 3) 2 = 5
(–1, 0)
and r1 + r 2 = 3 + 5 = 8
R | r1 - r 2 | = |3 - 5| = 2
or | r1 - r 2 | <| C 1C 2 | < r1 + r 2
Hence, the two circles intersect at two distinct points.
Let the coordinates of Q be (h , k ), then Therefore, two tangents can be drawn.
QC 2 C 2 M 1
= =
QC 1 C 1L 3 y Example 67. Find the lengths of external and
\ QC 2 : QC 1 = 1 : 3
internal common tangents and also find the angle
between external common tangents and internal
1 × ( 3) - 3 × ( - 1)
\ h= = - 3 and k = 0 common tangents of the circles
1- 3
x 2 + y 2 + 2x - 8 y + 13 = 0 and x 2 + y 2 - 8 x - 2y + 8 = 0.
\ Q º ( - 3, 0)
Sol. The given circles are x 2 + y 2 + 2x - 8y + 13 = 0
Equation of line passing through Q( -3, 0) is
y - 0 = m( x + 3 ) Þ ( x + 1) 2 + ( y - 4 ) 2 = 22 …(i)
2 2
or mx - y + 3m = 0 …(iii) and x + y - 8x - 2y + 8 = 0
where, m is the slope of direct tangents since Eq. (iii) is the Þ ( x - 4 ) 2 + ( y - 1) 2 = 32 …(ii)
common tangent (direct) of the circles Eqs. (i) and (ii), then
Centres and radii of circles Eqs. (i) and (ii) are C 1( -1, 4 ),
Length of perpendicular from centre of Eq. (ii) i.e. (–1, 0) to
r1 = 2 and C 2 ( 4,1), r 2 = 3 respectively.
the Eq. (iii) = radius of circle Eq. (ii)
| -m - 0 + 3m | \ | C 1C 2 | = d = (25 + 9 ) = 34
Þ = 1 or 4m 2 = m 2 + 1
2
m +1 Þ d > r1 + r 2
Hence, the circles do not intersect to each other.
Þ 3m 2 = 1
\ Lex = d 2 - (r1 - r 2 )2 = 34 - 1 = 33
1
\ m=±
3 and Lin = d 2 - (r1 + r 2 )2 = (34 - 25) = 3
From Eq. (iii), common tangents are (direct) Angle between external common tangents
x x æ |r - r | ö æ 1 ö
y= + 3 and y = - - 3 = 2sin -1 ç 1 2 ÷ = 2sin -1 ç
3 3 ÷
è d ø è 33 ø
Hence, all common tangents are x =0 …(iv) and angle between internal common tangent
x
y= + 3 …(v) ær + r ö æ 5 ö
3 = 2sin -1 ç 1 2 ÷ = 2sin -1 ç ÷
è d ø è 33 ø
x
and y=- - 3 …(vi)
3
Let P,Q,R be the point of intersection of lines Eqs.(iv), (v);
(v), (vi) and (iv), (vi) respectively, then
Common Chord of Two Circles
P º (0, 3); Q º ( -3, 0) and R º (0, - 3) The chord joining the points of intersection of two given
circles is called their common chord.
Now, PQ = QR = RP = 2 3
Theorem : The equation of common chord of two circles
Hence, DPQR is an equilateral triangle thus common
tangents form an equilateral triangle. S º x 2 + y 2 + 2 gx + 2 fy + c = 0
290 Textbook of Coordinate Geometry

and S ¢ º x 2 + y 2 + 2g ¢ x + 2 f ¢y + c ¢ = 0 or (2x - a - b )( -a + b ) + (2y - b - a )( -b + a ) = 0


Þ 2x - a - b - 2y + b + a = 0
is 2 x ( g - g ¢ ) + 2y ( f - f ¢ ) + c - c ¢ = 0
Þ x -y =0
i.e. S - S¢ = 0
Proof : Q S = 0 and S ¢ = 0 P
be two intersecting circles.
C2 (a, b) P
Then, S - S ¢ = 0 or C1 M C1
2 x ( g - g ¢ ) + 2y ( f - f ¢ ) + c - c ¢ = 0
Q S´ = 0
is a first degree equation in M
S=0
x and y.
C2 ( b, a)
So, it represent a straight line. Also, this equation satisfied Q
by the intersecting points of two given circles S = 0 and
S ¢ = 0.
Hence, S - S ¢ = 0 represents the common chord of circles
S = 0 and S ¢ = 0 Now, C 1M = Length of perpendicular from C 1 (a, b ) on
Length of common chord : |a - b |
PQ ( x - y = 0) =
We have, PQ = 2( PM ) (QM is mid-point of PQ) 2
and C 1P = radius of the circle Eq. (i) = c
= 2 {(C 1 P ) 2 - (C 1 M ) 2 }
\ In DPC 1M , PM = ( PC 1 )2 - (C 1M )2
where, C 1 P = radius of the circle (S = 0)
(a - b )2
and C 1 M = length of perpendicular from C 1 on common = c2 -
chord PQ. 2

Corollary 1 : The common chord PQ of two circles (a - b )2


\ PQ = 2PM = 2 c 2 -
becomes of the maximum length when it is a diameter of 2
the smaller one between them. = 4c 2 - 2(a - b )2
Corollary 2 : Circle on the common chord a diameter, Also, when the circles touch, then chord PQ becomes the
then centre of the circle passing through P and Q lie on tangent and PQ = 0.
the common chord of two circles i.e. \ The condition of tangency is 4c 2 - 2(a - b )2 = 0.
S - S¢ = 0 i.e. 2c 2 = ( a - b ) 2
Corollary 3 : If the length of common chord is zero, then
the two circles touch each other and the common chord
becomes the common tangent to the two circles at the
common point of contact.
Family of Circles
1. The equation of the family of circles passing through the
y Example 68. Prove that the length of the common point of intersection of two given circles S = 0 and S¢ = 0
chord of the two circles : is given as
(x - a) 2 + (y - b) 2 = c 2 S + lS ¢ = 0 (where, l is a parameter, l ¹ -1)
2 2 2 2 2
and (x - b) + (y - a) = c is 4c - 2(a - b) .
Find also the condition when the given circles touch.
Sol. The equation of circles are
S1 º ( x - a )2 + (y - b )2 - c 2 = 0 …(i)
2 2 2
and S 2 º ( x - b ) + (y - a ) - c = 0 …(ii)
then equation of common chord is S1 - S 2 = 0 S=0 S′ = 0
S+λS′ = 0
Þ ( x - a )2 - ( x - b )2 + (y - b )2 - (y - a )2 = 0
Chap 04 Circle 291

2. The equation of the family of circles passing through the and if m is infinite, the family of circles is
point of intersection of circle S = 0 and a line L = 0 is ( x - x 1 ) 2 + (y - y 1 ) 2 + l( x - x 1 ) = 0
given as
(where, l is a parameter)
S + lL = 0 (where, l is a parameter)

S + λL = 0
(x1, y1)

S=0 y – y1 = m (x – x1)
L=0
6. Equation of the circles given in diagram are
3. The equation of the family of circles touching the circle
S = 0 and the line L = 0 at their point of contact P is ( x - x 1 )( x - x 2 ) + (y - y 1 ) (y - y 2 )
S + lL = 0 (where, l is a parameter) ± cot q {( x - x 1 )(y - y 2 ) - ( x - x 2 )(y - y 1 )} = 0

(x1, y1) (x2, y2)


P
= 0
λL
S+

S=0 L=0 θ

4. The equation of a family of circles passing through two y Example 69. Find the equation of the circle
given points P ( x 1 , y 1 ) and Q ( x 2 , y 2 ) can be written in
passing through (1, 1) and the points of intersection
the form
of the circles
x + y 2 + 13 x - 3 y = 0 and 2 x 2 + 2 y 2 + 4x - 7 y - 25 = 0.
2

P (x1, y1 ) Sol. The given circles are


x 2 + y 2 + 13x - 3y = 0 …(i)
and 2x + 2y 2 + 4 x - 7y - 25 = 0
2

Q (x2, y2 ) 7 25
or x 2 + y 2 + 2x - y - =0 …(ii)
2 2
Equation of any circle passing through the point of
intersection of the circles Eqs. (i) and (ii) is
( x - x 1 )( x - x 2 ) + (y - y 1 )(y - y 2 )
æ 7 25 ö
( x 2 + y 2 + 13x - 3y ) + l ç x 2 + y 2 + 2x - y - ÷ = 0 …(iii)
x y 1 è 2 2ø
+ l x1 y1 1 =0 Its passes through (1, 1), then
x2 y2 1 æ 7 25 ö
(1 + 1 + 13 - 3) + l ç1 + 1 + 2 - - ÷ = 0
è 2 2ø
(where, l is a parameter) Þ 12 + l ( -12) = 0 \ l = 1
5. The equation of family of circles which touch Substituting the value of l in Eq. (iii), the required
y - y 1 = m( x - x 1 ) at ( x 1 , y 1 ) for any finite m is equation is
7 25
( x - x 1 ) 2 + (y - y 1 ) 2 x 2 + y 2 + 13x - 3y + x 2 + y 2 + 2x - y - =0
2 2
+ l {(y - y 1 ) - m( x - x 1 )} = 0 13 25
Þ 2x 2 + 2y 2 + 15x - y - =0
2 2
Þ 4 x 2 + 4y 2 + 30x - 13y - 25 = 0
292 Textbook of Coordinate Geometry

y Example 70. Find the equation of the circle passing y Example 72. Find the equation of the circle passing
through the point of intersection of the circles through points of intersection of the circle
x 2 + y 2 - 6 x + 2y + 4 = 0, x 2 + y 2 + 2x - 4 y - 6 = 0 x 2 + y 2 - 2x - 4 y + 4 = 0 and the line x + 2y = 4 which
and with its centre on the line y = x . touches the line x + 2y = 0.
Sol. Equation of any circle through the points of intersection Sol. Equation of any circle through points of intersection of
of given circles is the given circle and the line is
( x 2 + y 2 - 6x + 2y + 4 ) + l ( x 2 + y 2 + 2x - 4y - 6) = 0 ( x 2 + y 2 - 2x - 4y + 4 ) + l( x + 2y - 4 ) = 0
Þ x 2 (1 + l ) + y 2 (1 + l ) - 2x (3 - l ) + 2y (1 - 2l ) or x 2 + y 2 + ( l - 2)x + (2l - 4 )y + 4(1 - l ) = 0 …(i)
+ ( 4 - 6l ) = 0 It will touch the line x + 2y = 0, then solution of Eq. (i) and
2 x ( 3 - l ) 2y ( 1 - 2 l ) ( 4 - 6 l ) x = - 2y be unique.
or x 2 + y 2 - + + =0 …(i)
(1 + l ) (1 + l ) (1 + l) Hence, the roots of the equation
ì 3 - l 2l - 1ü ( -2y )2 + y 2 + ( l - 2)( -2y ) + (2l - 4 ) y + 4 (1 - l ) = 0
Its centre í , ý lies on the line y = x
î1 + l 1 + l þ or 5y 2 + 4(1 - l ) = 0
2l - 1 3 - l must be equal.
then = Þ l ¹ -1
1+ l 1+ l Then, 0 - 4 × 5 × 4(1 - l ) = 0 or 1 - l = 0 or l = 1
\ 2l - 1 = 3 - l or 3l = 4 From Eq. (i), the required circle is x 2 + y 2 - x - 2y = 0
\ l = 4 /3
y Example 73. Find the circle whose diameter is the
\Substituting the value of l = 4 / 3 in Eq. (i), we get the
required equation is common chord of the circles x 2 + y 2 + 2x + 3y + 1 = 0
7 x 2 + 7y 2 - 10x - 10y - 12 = 0 and x 2 + y 2 + 4 x + 3y + 2 = 0.
y Example 71. Find the equation of the circle Sol. Given circles are
passing through the points of intersection of the S º x 2 + y 2 + 2x + 3y + 1 = 0
circles x 2 + y 2 - 2x - 4 y - 4 = 0 and and S ¢ º x 2 + y 2 + 4 x + 3y + 2 = 0
x 2 + y 2 - 10x - 12y + 40 = 0 and whose radius is 4. Hence, their common chord is S - S ¢ = 0
Sol. Equation of the any circle through the points of Þ - 2x - 1 = 0 or 2x + 1 = 0 …(i)
intersection of given circles is Now, the required circle must pass through the point of
( x 2 + y 2 - 2x - 4y - 4 ) intersection of S and S¢ .
Hence, its equation is S + lS ¢ = 0
+ l( x 2 + y 2 - 10x - 12y + 40) = 0 2 2
Þ ( x + y + 2x + 3y + 1)
Þ x 2 ( 1 + l ) + y 2 ( 1 + l ) - 2x ( 1 + 5l )
+ l ( x 2 + y 2 + 4 x + 3y + 2) = 0
- 2y(2 + 6l ) - 4 + 40l = 0
Þ x 2 ( 1 + l ) + y 2 ( 1 + l ) + 2x ( 1 + 2l )
2 2 ( 1 + 5l ) (2 + 6l ) ( 40l - 4 )
or x + y - 2x - 2y + =0 + 3y (1 + l ) + (1 + 2l ) = 0
(1 + l ) (1 + l ) (1 + l )
( 1 + 2l ) ( 1 + 2l )
…(i) or x 2 + y 2 + 2x + 3y + = 0 …(ii)
Its radius (1 + l ) (1 + l )
2 2 æ 1 + 2l 3ö
æ 1 + 5l ö æ 2 + 6l ö æ 40l - 4 ö Its centre is ç - ,- ÷
ç ÷ +ç ÷ -ç ÷ =4 (given) è 1+ l 2ø
è1+ l ø è1+ l ø è 1+ l ø
But from Eq. (i), 2x + 1 = 0 is a diameter of this circle.
(1 + 5l )2 + (2 + 6l )2 - ( 40l - 4 )(1 + l ) Hence, its centre must lie on this line
Þ = 16
(1 + l )2 æ 1 + 2l ö
\ -2 ç ÷ +1=0
Þ 5l2 - 34 l - 7 = 0 è1+ l ø
or ( l - 7 ) ( 5l + 1) = 0 Þ -2 - 4 l + 1 + l = 0
1 Þ - 1 - 3l = 0
\ l = 7 or l = -
5 1
\ l=-
Substituting the values of l in Eq. (i), the required circles are 3
2x 2 + 2y 2 - 18x - 22y + 69 = 0 Hence, from Eq. (ii), the required circle is
and x 2 + y 2 - 2y - 15 = 0 2x 2 + 2y 2 + 2x + 6y + 1 = 0
Chap 04 Circle 293

y Example 74. If two curves, whose equations are Four concyclic points lie on a circle, then Eq. (i) represents
ax 2 + 2hxy + by 2 + 2gx + 2 fy + c = 0 and a circle. Then,
coefficient of x 2 = coefficient of y 2 and coefficient of
a ¢ x 2 + 2h ¢ xy + b ¢ y 2 + 2g ¢ x + 2 f ¢ y + c ¢ = 0 intersect in xy = 0
a - b a¢ - b ¢ Þ a + la ¢ = b + lb ¢
four concyclic points, prove that =
h h¢ or ( a - b ) = - l( a ¢ - b ¢ ) …(ii)
Sol. The equation of family of curves passing through the and 2( h + h ¢ l ) = 0
points of intersection of two curves is h
or l=- …(iii)
(ax 2 + 2hxy + by 2 + 2gx + 2 fy + c ) h¢
+ l (a ¢ x 2 + 2h ¢ xy + b ¢ y 2 + 2g ¢ x + 2 f ¢ y + c ¢ ) = 0 Substituting the value of l from Eq. (iii) in Eq. (ii), then
a - b a¢ - b¢
or (a + la ¢ ) x 2 + 2xy (h + h ¢ l ) + (b + lb ¢ )y 2 =
h h¢
+ 2x ( g + l g ¢ ) + 2y ( f + lf ¢ ) + (c + l c ¢ ) = 0 …(i)

Exercise for Session 6


1. Circles x 2 + y 2 - 2x - 4y = 0 and x 2 + y 2 - 8y - 4 = 0
(a) touch each other internally (b) touch each other externally
(c) cuts each other at two points (d) None of these

2. The number of common tangents that can be drawn to the circles x 2 + y 2 - 4x - 6y - 3 = 0 and
x 2 + y 2 + 2x + 2y + 1 = 0 is
(a) 1 (b) 2 (c) 3 (d) 4

3. 2 2 2 2
If one of the circles x + y + 2ax + c = 0 and x + y + 2bx + c = 0 lies within the other, then
(a) ab > 0, c > 0 (b) ab > 0, c < 0
(c) ab < 0, c > 0 (d) ab < 0, c < 0

4. The condition that the circle ( x - 3)2 + ( y - 4)2 = r 2 lies entirely within the circle x 2 + y 2 = R 2 is
(a) R + r £ 7 (b) R 2 + r 2 < 49
(c) R 2 - r 2 < 25 (d) R - r > 5

5. The circles whose equations are x 2 + y 2 + c 2 = 2ax and x 2 + y 2 + c 2 - 2by = 0 will touch one another
externally, if
1 1 1 1 1 1
(a) + = (b) + =
b2 c2 a2 c2 a2 b2
1 1 1 1 1 2
(c) + = (d) + =
a2 b2 c2 b2 c2 a2

6. Two circles with radii r1 and r2, r1 > r2 ³ 2, touch each other externally. If q be the angle between the direct
common tangents, then
ær + r ö ær - r ö
(a) q = sin-1 ç 1 2 ÷ (b) q = 2 sin-1 ç 1 2 ÷
è r1 - r2 ø è r1 + r2 ø
ær - r ö
(c) q = sin-1 ç 1 2 ÷ (d) None of these
è r1 + r2 ø

7. The circles x 2 + y 2 - 10x + 16 = 0 and x 2 + y 2 = r 2 intersect each other in two distinct points if
(a) r < 2 (b) r > 8 (c) 2 < r < 8 (d) 2 £ r £ 8

8. If the circle x 2 + y 2 + 4x + 22y + c = 0 bisects the circumference of the circle x 2 + y 2 - 2x + 8y - d = 0 , then


c + d is equal to
(a) 40 (b) 50 (c) 60 (d) 70
294 Textbook of Coordinate Geometry

9. Two circles x 2 + y 2 = 6 and x 2 + y 2 - 6x + 8 = 0 are given. Then, the equation of the circle through their points
of intersection and the point (1, 1) is
(a) x 2 + y 2 - 6x + 4 = 0 (b) x 2 + y 2 - 3x + 1 = 0
2 2
(c) x + y - 4x + 2 = 0 (d) x 2 + y 2 - 2x + 1 = 0

10. The equation of the circle described on the common chord of the circles x 2 + y 2 + 2x = 0 and x 2 + y 2 + 2y = 0
as diameter is
(a) x 2 + y 2 + x - y = 0 (b) x 2 + y 2 - x + y = 0
(c) x 2 + y 2 - x - y = 0 (d) x 2 + y 2 + x + y = 0

11. The equation of the diameter of the circle 3( x 2 + y 2 ) - 2x + 6y - 9 = 0 which is perpendicular to the line
2x + 3y = 12 is
(a) 3x - 2y + 3 = 0 (b) 3x - 2y - 3 = 0
(c) 3x - 2y + 1 = 0 (d) 3x - 2y - 1 = 0

12. If the curves ax 2 + 4xy + 2y 2 + x + y + 5 = 0 and ax 2 + 6xy + 5y 2 + 2x + 3y + 8 = 0 intersect at four concyclic


points, then the value of a is
(a) -6 (b) -4 (c) 4 (d) 6

13. Find the equation of the circle passing through the points of intersection of x 2 + y 2 + 13x - 3y = 0 and
2x 2 + 2y 2 + 4x - 7y - 25 = 0 and the point (1, 1).

14. Show that the common chord of the circles x 2 + y 2 - 6x - 4y + 9 = 0 and x 2 + y 2 - 8x - 6y + 23 = 0


pass through the centre of the second circle and find its length.

15. Prove that the circles x 2 + y 2 + 2ax + 2by = 0 and x 2 + y 2 + 2a1x + 2b1y = 0 touch each other, if ab1 = a1 b .

16. Find the equations of common tangents to the circles x 2 + y 2 - 24x + 2y + 120 = 0 and
x 2 + y 2 + 20x - 6y - 116 = 0.
.

Session 7
Angle of Intersection of Two Circles, Radical Axis, X¢

Radical Centre, Co-axial System of Circles,


Limiting Point, Image of the Circle by the Line
Mirror

Angle of Intersection of or
æ r 2 + r22 - d 2 ö
cos (180° - q ) = çç 1 ÷÷ (\ a = 180° - q )
Two Circles è 2r1 r2 ø
Let the two circles r12 + r22 - d 2
\ cosq = …(i)
S º x 2 + y 2 + 2 gx + 2 fy + c = 0 2r1 r2
and S ¢ º x 2 + y 2 + 2g 1 x + 2 f 1y + c 1 = 0 Orthogonal Intersection of Circles
intersect each other at the points P and Q.The angle q If the angle between the circles is 90°, i.e. q = 90°, then the
between two circles S = 0 and S ¢ = 0 is defined as the angle circles are said to be orthogonal circles or we say that
between the tangents to the two circles at the point of the circles cut each other orthogonally.
intersection. r12 + r22 - d 2

Then, from Eq. (i), 0 =
B´ 2r1 r2
θ
0
S= P or r12 + r22 - d 2 = 0 or r12 + r22 = d 2
S´ = 0
r2
r1 α Þ g 2 + f 2 - c + g 12 + f 12 - c 1 = g 2 + f 2 + g 12
θ C2
d + f 12 - 2 gg 1 - 2 ff 1
C1
A
Q
or 2 gg 1 + 2 ff 1 = c + c 1
B
Remark
Equation of a circle cutting the three circles
C 1 and C 2 are the centres of circles x 2 + y 2 + 2gi x + 2fi y + ci = 0 ( i = 1, 2, 3) orthogonally is
S = 0 and S ¢ = 0, then x 2 + y2 x y 1
- c1 g1 f1 -1
C 1 º ( -g, - f ) and C 2 º ( -g 1 , - f 1 )
- c2 g 2 f2 -1
and radii of circles S = 0 and S ¢ = 0 are - c3 g 3 f3 -1

r1 = ( g 2 + f 2 - c ) and r2 = ( g 12 + f 12 - c 1 )
y Example 75. Find the angle between the circles
Let d = |C 1 C 2 | = Distance between their centres S : x 2 + y 2 - 4x + 6 y + 11 = 0
= ( -g + g 1 ) 2 + ( - f + f 1 ) 2 and S ¢ : x 2 + y 2 - 2 x + 8y + 13 = 0
Sol. Centres and radii of circles S and S¢ are
= ( g 2 + f 2 + g 12 + f 12 - 2 gg 1 - 2 ff 1 )
C 1(2, - 3), r1 = 2, C 2 (1, - 4 ), r 2 = 2.
æ r 2 +r 2 -d 2 ö æQa + q + 90° + 90° ö Distance between centres, d = | C 1C 2 |
Now, in DC1 PC 2 , cosa = çç 1 2 ÷÷ ç ÷
è 2r1 r2 ø è = 360° ø = ( 2 - 1) 2 + ( - 3 + 4 ) 2 = 2
296 Textbook of Coordinate Geometry

If angle between the circles is q, then y Example 78. Find the equations of the two circles
r 2 + r 22 - d 2 which intersect the circles
cos q = 1
2r1r 2 x 2 + y 2 - 6 y + 1 = 0 and x 2 + y 2 - 4y + 1 = 0
2+ 4 -2 1 orthogonally and touch the line 3 x + 4y + 5 = 0.
cos q = =
2 × 2 ×2 2 Sol. Let the required circle be
\ q = 45°
x 2 + y 2 + 2gx + 2 fy + c = 0 …(i)
y Example 76. Show that the circles and given circles are x 2 + y 2 - 6y + 1 = 0 …(ii)
x 2 + y 2 - 6 x + 4 y + 4 = 0 and and 2 2
x + y - 4y + 1 = 0 …(iii)
x 2 + y 2 + x + 4 y + 1 = 0 cut orthogonally. Since, Eq. (i) cuts Eq. (ii) and Eq. (iii) orthogonally
Sol. Comparing the given circles by general equation of circles \ 2g ´ 0 + 2 f ´ ( - 3) = c + 1
x 2 + y 2 + 2gx + 2 fy + c = 0 or -6 f = c + 1 …(iv)
2 2 and 2g ´ 0 + 2 f ´ ( -2) = c + 1
and x + y + 2g 1x + 2 f 1y + c 1 = 0
then, g = - 3, f = 2, c = 4 or -4 f = c + 1 …(v)
1 Solving, Eqs. (iv) and (v), we get
and g 1 = , f 1 = 2, c 1 = 1 f = 0 and c = - 1
2
Then, given circles cut orthogonally, if From Eq. (i), x 2 + y 2 + 2gx - 1 = 0 …(vi)
2gg 1 + 2 ff 1 = c + c 1 2
centre and radius of Eq. (vi) are ( -g , 0) and ( g + 1),
1 respectively.
We have, 2 ´ ( - 3) ´ + 2 ´ 2 ´ 2 = 4 + 1
2 Since, 3x + 4y + 5 = 0 is tangent of Eq. (vi), then length of
Þ -3 + 8 = 5 or 5 = 5. perpendicular from ( -g , 0) to this line = radius of circle
| - 3g + 0 + 5|
Hence, the given circles cut each other orthogonally. or = ( g 2 + 1)
(9 + 16)
y Example 77. Find the equation of the circle which
cuts the circle x 2 + y 2 + 5x + 7 y - 4 = 0 orthogonally, | - 3g + 5| = 5 ( g 2 + 1)

has its centre on the line x = 2 and passes through the or ( -3g + 5)2 = 25( g 2 + 1)
point (4, - 1) . or 9 g 2 + 25 - 30g = 25g 2 + 25
Sol. Let the required circle be
or 16g 2 + 30g = 0
x 2 + y 2 + 2gx + 2 fy + c = 0 …(i)
15
Since, ( 4, - 1) lie on Eq. (i), then \ g = 0 and g = -
8
17 + 8g - 2 f + c = 0 …(ii)
Equations of circles are from Eq. (vi),
Centre of Eq. (i) is (- g , - f )
15
Since, centre lie on x = 2 then - g = 2 x 2 + y 2 - 1 = 0 and x 2 + y 2 - x -1=0
\ g = -2 …(iii) 4
From Eq. (ii), 1 - 2 f + c = 0 …(iv) or x 2 + y 2 - 1 = 0 and 4 x 2 + 4y 2 - 15x - 4 = 0.
and given circle is
y Example 79. Prove that the two circles, which
x 2 + y 2 + 5x + 7y - 4 = 0 …(v)
Given the circles Eqs. (i) and (v) cut each other
pass through (0, a) and (0, - a ) and touch the line
orthogonally, y = mx + c , will cut orthogonally, if c 2 = a 2 (2 + m 2 )
5 7
\ 2g ´ + 2 f ´ = c - 4 Sol. Let the equation of the circles be
2 2
or 5g + 7 f = c - 4 x 2 + y 2 + 2gx + 2 fy + d = 0 …(i)
-10 + 7 f = c - 4 [from Eq. (iii)] Since, these circles pass through (0, a ) and (0, - a ), then
or -6 + 7 f - c = 0 …(vi) a 2 + 2 fa + d = 0 …(ii)
Solving Eqs. (iv) and (vi), we get and a 2 - 2 fa + d = 0 …(iii)
f = 1 and c = 1 2
Solving, Eq. (ii) and Eq. (iii), we get f = 0 and d = - a .
Substituting the values of g, f, c in Eq. (i), we get
Substituting these values of f and d in Eq. (i), we obtain
x 2 + y 2 - 4 x + 2y + 1 = 0 x 2 + y 2 + 2gx - a 2 = 0 …(iv)
Chap 04 Circle 297

Now, y = mx + c touch this circle, therefore, length of the or c = -4


perpendicular from the centre = radius Substituting the values of g , f , c in Eq. (i), then required
| -mg - 0 + c | circle is
= ( g 2 + a2 )
1+m 2 x 2 + y 2 - 16x - 18y - 4 = 0
(c - mg )2 = (1 + m 2 )( g 2 + a 2 )
or g 2 + 2mcg + a 2 (1 + m 2 ) - c 2 = 0
Let g 1, g 2 are the roots of this equation
Radical Axis
\ g 1g 2 = a 2 (1 + m 2 ) - c 2 …(v) The radical axis of two circles is the locus of a point which
moves such that the lengths of the tangents drawn from it
Now, the equations of the two circles represented by
Eq. (iv) are
to the two circles are equal.
x 2 + y 2 + 2g 1x - a 2 = 0 Consider, S º x 2 + y 2 + 2 gx + 2 fy + c = 0 …(i)
2 2 2 2 2
and x + y + 2g 2 x - a = 0. and S ¢ º x + y + 2g 1 x + 2 f 1y + c 1 = 0 …(ii)
These two circles will be cuts orthogonal, if Let P ( x 1 , y 1 ) be a point such that
2g 1g 2 + 0 = - a 2 - a 2 | PA| = | PB|
or g 1g 2 = - a 2 …(vi)
Þ ( x 12 + y 12 + 2 gx 1 + 2 fy 1 + c )
From Eqs. (v) and (vi),
-a 2 = a 2 ( 1 + m 2 ) - c 2 = ( x 12 + y 12 + 2 g 1 x 1 + 2 f 1 y 1 + c 1 )
or c 2 = a 2 (2 + m 2 ) On squaring, x 12 + y 12 + 2 gx 1 + 2 fy 1 + c
which is the required condition.
= x 12 + y 12 + 2 g 1 x 1 + 2 f 1 y 1 + c 1
y Example 80. Find the equation of the circle which Þ 2 ( g - g 1 ) x 1 + 2( f - f 1 ) y 1 + c - c 1 = 0
cuts orthogonally each of the three circles given below
\ Locus of P ( x 1 , y 1 ) is
:
x 2 + y 2 - 2 x + 3 y - 7 = 0, x 2 + y 2 + 5 x - 5 y + 9 = 0 2 ( g - g 1 ) x + 2( f - f 1 )y + c - c 1 = 0
P (x1, y1)
and x 2 + y 2 + 7 x - 9x + 29 = 0.
Sol. Let the required circle be
x 2 + y 2 + 2gx + 2 fy + c = 0 …(i)
B
Since, it is orthogonal to three given circles respectively,
A
therefore
3
2g ´ ( - 1) + 2 f ´ = c - 7 C1 C2
2
or - 2g + 3 f = c - 7 …(ii) S=0
5 5
æ ö S´ = 0
2g ´ + 2 f ´ ç - ÷ = c + 9
2 è 2ø
P (x1, y1)
or 5g - 5 f = c + 9 …(iii)
7 æ 9ö
and 2g ´ + 2 f ´ ç - ÷ = c + 29
2 è 2ø
or 7 g - 9 f = c + 29 …(iv)
B
Subtracting, Eq. (ii) from Eq. (iii),
A
7 g - 8 f = 16 …(v)
and subtracting Eq. (iii) from Eq. (iv),
C1 C2
2g - 4 f = 20 …(vi)
Solving Eq. (v) and Eq. (vi), we get
g = - 8 and f = - 9
Putting the values of g and f in Eq. (iii)
which is the required equation of radical axis of the given
-40 + 45 = c + 9
circles. Clearly this is a straight line.
Þ 5=c +9
298 Textbook of Coordinate Geometry

Some Properties of the Radical Axis \ m 1m 2 = - 1


(i) The radical axis and common chord are Hence, C 1 C 2 and radical axis are perpendicular to
identical : Since, the radical axis and common chord each other.
of two circles S = 0 and S ¢ = 0 are the same straight (iii) The radical axis bisects common tangents of two
line S - S ¢ = 0, they are identical. The only difference circles : Let AB be the common tangent. If it meets
is that the common chord exists only if the circles the radical axis LM in M, then MA and MB are two
intersect in two real points, while the radical axis tangents to the circles. Hence, MA = MB since lengths
exists for all pair of circles irrespective of their of tangents are equal from any point on radical axis.
position. Hence, radical axis bisects the common tangent AB.
Radical axis Common tangent M B
A

C1 C2 C1 C2
C1 L C2

Non-intersecting circles Touching circles


Common chord
T T

C1 C2 A B A
C1 C
C1 C2 2

Intersecting circles

The position of the radical axis of the two circles If the two circles touch each other externally or
geometrically is shown below: internally, then A and B coincide. In this case the
P (x1, y1) common tangent itself becomes the radical axis.
(iv) The radical axis of three circles taken in pairs
B are concurrent : Let the equations of three circles be
A
R
S 1 º x 2 + y 2 + 2g 1 x + 2 f 1y + c 1 = 0 …(i)
2 2
S 2 º x + y + 2g 2 x + 2 f 2y + c 2 = 0 …(ii)
C1 C2
Q
S= 0
S 3 º x 2 + y 2 + 2g 3 x + 2 f 3y + c 3 = 0 …(iii)
S´ = 0 The radical axis of the above three circles taken in
From Euclidian geometry pairs are given by
( PA ) 2 = PR × PQ = ( PB ) 2 S 1 - S 2 º 2 x ( g 1 - g 2 ) + 2y ( f 1 - f 2 )
+ c 1 - c 2 = 0 …(iv)
(ii) The radical axis is perpendicular to the straight
S 2 - S 3 º 2 x ( g 2 - g 3 ) + 2y ( f 2 - f 3 )
line which joins the centres of the circles :
+ c 2 - c 3 = 0 …(v)
Consider, S º x 2 + y 2 + 2 gx + 2 fy + c = 0 …(i) S 3 - S 1 º 2 x ( g 3 - g 1 ) + 2y ( f 3 - f 1 )
and S 1 º x 2 + y 2 + 2g 1 x + 2 f 1y + c 1 = 0 …(ii) + c 3 - c 1 = 0 …(vi)
Since, C 1 º ( -g, - f ) and C 2 º ( -g 1 , - f 1 ) are the Adding Eqs. (iv), (v) and (vi), we find LHS vanished
centres of the circles Eqs. (i) and (ii), then slope of identically. Thus, the three lines are concurrent.
-f + f f - f1 (v) If two circles cut a third circle orthogonally, the
C 1C 2 = 1 = = m1 (say) radical axis of the two circles will pass through
-g 1 + g g - g 1
the centre of the third circle.
Equation of the radical axis is OR
2( g - g 1 ) x + 2 ( f - f 1 )y + c - c 1 = 0 The locus of the centre of a circle cutting two
(g - g1 ) given circles orthogonally is the radical axis of
Slope of radical axis is - = m2 (say)
f - f1 the two circles.
Chap 04 Circle 299

Let S 1 º x 2 + y 2 + 2g 1 x + 2 f 1y + c 1 = 0 …(i) Aliter : If two circles touch each other, then


distance between their centres = sum or difference of their
S 2 º x 2 + y 2 + 2g 2 x + 2 f 2y + c 2 = 0 …(ii) radii
S 3 º x 2 + y 2 + 2g 3 x + 2 f 3y + c 3 = 0 …(iii) ( g - g ¢ )2 + ( f - f ¢ )2 = ( g 2 + f 2 ) ± ( g ¢ 2 + f ¢ 2 )

Since, Eqs. (i) and (ii) both cut Eq. (iii) orthogonally or (g 2 + f 2
+ g ¢ 2 + f ¢ 2 - 2gg ¢ - 2 ff ¢ )
\ 2g 1 g 3 + 2 f 1 f 3 = c 1 + c 3 = ( g 2 + f 2 ) ± ( g ¢2 + f ¢2 )
and 2g 2 g 3 + 2 f 2 f 3 = c 2 + c 3 On squaring, we have
Subtracting, we get g2 + f 2
+ g ¢ 2 + f ¢ 2 - 2gg ¢ - 2 ff ¢
2g 3 ( g 1 - g 2 ) + 2 f 3 ( f 1 - f 2 ) = c 1 - c 2 …(iv)
= g2 + f 2
+ g ¢2 + f ¢2± 2 ( g 2 + f 2 ) ( g ¢2 + f ¢2 )
Now, radical axis of Eqs. (i) and (ii) is
or ( gg ¢ + ff ¢ ) = ± ( g 2 + f 2 )( g ¢ 2 + f ¢ 2 )
S1 - S2 = 0
or 2 x ( g 1 - g 2 ) + 2y ( f 1 - f 2 ) + c 1 - c 2 = 0 Again, on squaring both sides, we get
g 2 g ¢ 2 + f 2 f ¢ 2 + 2gg ¢ ff ¢ = g 2 g ¢ 2
Since, it will pass through the centre of Eq. (iii) circle
+ g 2 f ¢2 + f 2g ¢2 + f 2 f ¢2
\ -2 g 3 ( g 1 - g 2 ) - 2 f 3 ( f 1 - f 2 ) + c 1 - c 2 = 0
or 2 g 3 ( g 1 - g 2 ) + 2 f 3 ( f 1 - f 2 ) = c 1 - c 2 …(v) or g 2 f ¢ 2 + f 2 g ¢ 2 - 2gg ¢ ff ¢ = 0

which is true by Eq. (iv), or ( gf ¢ - g ¢ f )2 = 0


or gf ¢ - g ¢ f = 0
Remark or gf ¢ = g ¢ f
Radical axis need not always pass through the mid-point of the
line joining the centres of the two circles. y Example 82. A and B are two fixed points and P
moves so that PA = nPB. Show that locus of P is a
y Example 81. If two circles x 2 + y 2 + 2gx + 2 fy = 0 circle and for different values of n all the circles have a
and x 2 + y 2 + 2g ¢ x + 2 f ¢ y = 0 touch each other, then common radical axis.
f ¢ g = fg ¢. Sol. Let A º (a , 0), B º ( -a , 0) and P º (h , k )
Sol. If two circles touch each other, then their radical axis is \ PA = (h - a )2 + k 2
their common tangent.
\ Radical axis of two circles is PB = (h + a )2 + k 2
( x 2 + y 2 + 2gx + 2 fy ) - ( x 2 + y 2 + 2g ¢ x + 2 f ¢ y ) = 0 Since, PA = nPB
or 2x ( g - g ¢ ) + 2y ( f - f ¢ ) = 0 or ( PA )2 = n 2 ( PB )2
or x ( g - g ¢ ) + y( f - f ¢ ) = 0 …(i) Þ {(h - a )2 + k 2 } = n 2 {(h + a )2 + k 2 }
2 2
If this touches the circle x + y + 2gx + 2 fy = 0, then the Þ (h 2 + k 2 - 2ah + a 2 ) = n 2 (h 2 + k 2 + 2ah + a 2 )
length of perpendicular from its centre ( - g , - f ) to (i)
Þ (1 - n 2 )h 2 + (1 - n 2 )k 2 - 2ah (1 + n 2 )
=radius ( g 2 + f 2 ) of the circle
+ (1 - n 2 )a 2 = 0
| - g(g - g ¢ ) - f ( f - f ¢ ) |
i.e. = g2 + f 2
(1 + n 2 )
( g - g ¢ )2 + ( f - f ¢ )2 or h 2 + k 2 - 2ah + a2 = 0
(1 - n 2 )
or {( -( g 2 + f 2 ) + gg ¢ + ff ¢ )} 2 æ1 + n2 ö
2 2 2 2 \ Locus of P is x 2 + y 2 - çç 2÷
÷ 2ax + a 2 = 0
= (g + f ) { (g - g ¢ ) + ( f + f ¢ ) } è1 - n ø
or ( g + f ) + ( gg ¢ + ff ¢ )2 - 2( g 2 + f 2 )( gg ¢ + ff ¢ )
2 2 2
which is a circle. For different values of n.
2 2 2 2 2 2 If two different values of n are n1 and n 2 , then circles are
= ( g + f ){( g + f ) + ( g ¢ + f ¢ ) - 2 ( gg ¢ + ff ¢ )}
or ( gg ¢ + ff ¢ )2 = ( g 2 + f 2 )( g ¢ 2 + f ¢ 2 ) æ 1 + n12 ö
x2 + y2 - ç 2
÷ 2ax + a = 0 …(i)
è 1 - n12 ø
On simplifying, 2gg ¢ ff ¢ = g 2 f ¢ 2 + f 2 g ¢ 2
æ 1 + n 22 ö
or ( gf ¢ - g ¢ f )2 = 0 and x2 + y2 - ç 2
÷ 2ax + a = 0 …(ii)
è 1 - n 22 ø
or gf ¢ = g ¢ f
300 Textbook of Coordinate Geometry

\ Radical axis of Eqs. (i) and (ii) is S1 = 0 …(i)


ìï 1 + n 22 1 + n12 ü S2 = 0 …(ii)
2ax í 2
- ý=0
ïî 1 - n 2 1 - n12 þ S3 =0 …(iii)
or x = 0 or Y-axis. L
S1 = 0 S2 = 0
Hence, for different values of n the circles have a common
radical axis.

y Example 83. Show that the difference of the O


squares of the tangents to two coplanar circles from
any point P in the plane of the circles varies as the
perpendicular from P on their radical axis. Also,
prove that the locus of a point such that the M N
difference of the squares of the tangents from it to S3 = 0
two given circles is constant is a line parallel to their
Let OL, OM and ON be radical axes of the pair sets of
radical axis.
circles
Sol. Let the two circles be {S 1 = 0, S 2 = 0 }, {S 3 = 0, S 1 = 0}
S1 º x 2 + y 2 + 2g 1x + 2 f 1y + c 1 = 0 …(i)
and {S 2 = 0, S 3 = 0 } respectively.
2 2
and S 2 º x + y + 2g 2 x + 2 f 2y + c 2 = 0 …(ii) Equations of OL, OM and ON are respectively
and let P = (h , k )
S1 - S2 = 0 …(iv)
\ Radical axis of Eqs. (i) and (ii) is
S 3 - S1 = 0 …(v)
2( g 1 - g 2 )x + 2( f 1 - f 2 )y + c 1 - c 2 = 0 …(iii)
Let length of tangents from P (h , k ) on Eqs. (i) and (ii) are l1 S2 - S 3 = 0 …(vi)
and l 2 , then Let the straight lines Eqs. (iv) and (v) i.e. OL and OM meet
l1 = S1 = (h 2 + k 2 + 2g 1h + 2 f 1k + c 1 ) in O. The equation of any straight line passing through O is
(S 1 - S 2 ) + l (S 3 - S 1 ) = 0
and l 2 = S 2 = (h 2 + k 2 + 2g 2h + 2 f 2k + c 2 )
where l is any constant.
According to the question,
l12 - l 22 = 2( g 1 - g 2 )h + 2( f 1 - f 2 ) k + c 1 - c 2 …(iv)
For l = 1 this equation becomes
Let p be the perpendicular distance from P (h , k ) on Eq. (iii),
S2 - S 3 = 0
| 2( g 1 - g 2 )h + 2( f 1 - f 2 )k + c 1 - c 2 | which is, by Eq. (vi), equation of ON.
\ p= …(v)
4( g 1 - g 2 ) 2 + 4( f 1 - f 2 ) 2 Thus, the third radical axis also passes through the point
where the Eqs. (iv) and (v) meet. In the above figure O is
From Eqs. (iv) and (v), we get
the radical centre.
| l12 - l 22 |
p=
2 ( g 1 - g 2 )2 + ( f 1 - f 2 )2 Properties of Radical Centre
| l12 - l 22 | 1. Coordinates of radical centre can be found by solving
or = 2 ( g 1 - g 2 )2 + ( f 1 - f 2 )2 = constant the equations
p
\ | l12 - l 22 | µ p S1 = S2 = S 3 = 0
Locus of P (h , k ) in Eq. (iv) is 2. The radical centre of three circles described on
2( g 1 - g 2 )x + 2( f 1 - f 2 )y + c 1 - c 2 = (l 12 - l 22 )
the sides of a triangle as diameters is the
orthocentre of the triangle :
a line which is parallel to Eq. (iii).
A
F E

Radical Centre I

The radical axes of three circles, taken in pairs, meet in a


point, which is called their radical centre. Let the three
B
circles be D C
Chap 04 Circle 301

Draw perpendicular from A on BC. æ 1ö


2g ç - ÷ + 2 f ( 3) = c + 5
\ ÐADB = ÐADC = p / 2 è 2ø

Therefore, the circles whose diameters are AB and or -g + 6f = c + 5 …(ii)


AC passes through D and A. Hence, AD is their æ5ö
and 2g ç ÷ + 2 f ( -4 ) = c + 15
radical axis. Similarly, the radical axis of the circles è2ø
on AB and BC as diameters is the perpendicular line or 5g - 8 f = c + 15 …(iii)
from B on CA and radical axis of the circles on BC Solving, Eqs. (i), (ii) and (iii), we get
and CA as diameters is the perpendicular line from C g = - 3, f = - 2 and c = - 14
on AB. Hence, the radial axis of three circles meet in \ Equation of required circle is
a point. This point I is radical centre but here radical x 2 + y 2 - 6x - 4y - 14 = 0
centre is the point of intersection of altitudes i.e.
AD, BE and CF. Hence, radical centre = orthocentre. y Example 85. Find the radical centre of three
3. The radical centre of three given circles will be the circles described on the three sides 4 x - 7 y + 10 = 0,
centre of a fourth circle which cuts all the three x + y - 5 = 0 and 7 x + 4 y - 15 = 0 of a triangle as
circles orthogonally and the radius of the fourth circle diameters.
is the length of tangent drawn from radical centre of
Sol. Since, the radical centre of three circles described on the
the three given circles to any of these circles. sides of a triangle as diameters is the orthocentre of the
Let the fourth circle be ( x - h ) 2 + (y - k ) 2 = r 2 , where triangle.
(h, k ) is centre of this circle and r be the radius. The \ Radical centre = orthocentre
centre of circle is the radical centre of the given Given sides are 4 x - 7y + 10 = 0 …(i)
circles and r is the length of tangent from (h, k) to any x +y -5=0 …(ii)
of the given three circles. 7 x + 4y - 15 = 0 …(iii)
Since, lines Eqs. (i) and (iii) are perpendiculars the point of
y Example 84. Find the radical centre of circles intersection of Eqs. (i) and (iii) is (1, 2), the orthocentre of
x 2 + y 2 + 3x + 2y + 1 = 0 , x 2 + y 2 - x + 6 y + 5 = 0 and the triangle. Hence, radical centre is (1, 2).
x 2 + y 2 + 5x - 8 y + 15 = 0. Also, find the equation of y Example 86. Prove that if the four points of
the circle cutting them orthogonally. intersection of the circles x 2 + y 2 + ax + by + c = 0 and
Sol. : Given circles are x 2 + y 2 + a ¢ x + b ¢ y + c ¢ = 0 by the lines Ax + By + C = 0
S1 º x 2 + y 2 + 3x + 2y + 1 = 0
and A ¢ x + B ¢ y + C ¢ = 0 respectively are concyclic, then
S 2 º x 2 + y 2 - x + 6y + 5 = 0
a - a¢ b - b ¢ c - c ¢
S 3 º x 2 + y 2 + 5x - 8y + 15 = 0 A B C =0
Equations of two radical axes are A¢ B¢ C¢
S1 - S 2 º 4 x - 4y - 4 = 0 or x - y - 1 = 0
and S 2 - S 3 º - 6x + 14y - 10 = 0 or 3x - 7 x + 5 = 0 Sol. The given circles and given lines are
Solving them the radical centre is (3, 2) also, if r is the S1 º x 2 + y 2 + ax + by + c = 0
length of the tangent drawn from the radical centre (3, 2) to
S2 º x 2 + y 2 + a¢ x + b¢y + c ¢ = 0
any one of the given circles, say S1, we have
r = S1 = 32 + 22 + 3 × 3 + 2 × 2 + 1 = 27 L1 º Ax + By + C = 0
L2 º A ¢ x + B¢y + C ¢ = 0
Hence, (3, 2) is the centre and 27 is the radius of the circle
intersecting them orthogonally. S1 = 0 S2 = 0
N
\ Its equation is P R
( x - 3)2 + (y - 2)2 = r 2 = 27 or x 2 + y 2 - 6x - 4y - 14 = 0
Aliter : Let x 2 + y 2 + 2gx + 2 fy + c = 0 be the
equation of the circle cutting the given circles orthogonally. L1 = 0 Q S
L2 = 0
S=0
æ3ö
\ 2g ç ÷ + 2 f ( 1) = c + 1
è2ø
or 3g + 2 f = c + 1 …(i) S1 – S2 = 0
302 Textbook of Coordinate Geometry

Let S1 = 0 meet L1 = 0 at two points P and Q and S 2 = 0 meet )=0

S1 +λ (S1–S2) = 0
L 2 = 0 at two points R and S. λ( S 1–S 2
S 1+
Further P,Q, R and S are given to be concyclic. Let the circle
through them is S2 = 0
x 2 + y 2 + 2gx + 2 fy + l = 0 …(i)
Radical axis of S1 = 0 and S 2 = 0 is
S1 - S 2 = 0 S1 = 0 S1 − S2 = 0

Þ (a - a ¢ )x + (b - b ¢ )y + c - c ¢ = 0 …(ii) S 1 º x 2 + y 2 + 2g 1 x + 2 f 1y + c 1 = 0
The radical axis of S1 = 0 and S = 0 is L1 = 0 and S 2 º x 2 + y 2 + 2g 2 x + 2 f 2y + c 2 = 0
or Ax + By + C = 0 …(iii)
respectively is
and radical axis of S 2 = 0 and S = 0 is L 2 = 0 S 1 + l(S 1 - S 2 ) = 0 ( l ¹ -1)
or A ¢ x + B¢y + C ¢ = 0 …(iv) or S 2 + l1 (S 1 - S 2 ) = 0 ( l1 ¹ - 1)
Since, the radical axes of any three circles taken in pairs are Other formS 1 + lS 2 = 0 ( l ¹ -1)
concurrent. (i.e. lines Eqs. (ii), (iii) and (iv) are concurrent). (3) The equation of a system of co-axial circles in the
a - a¢ b - b¢ c - c ¢ simplest form is
we have A B C =0
A¢ B¢ C¢ x 2 + y 2 + 2 gx + c = 0
where, g is variable and c, a constant.
The common radical axis is the Y-axis
Co-axial System of Circles (since centre on X-axis) and the equation of a system
of other co-axial circles in the simplest form is
A system (or a family) of circles, every pair of which have
the same radical axis, are called co-axial circles. x 2 + y 2 + 2 fy + c = 0
(1) The equation of a system of co-axial circles, when the where, f is variable and c, a constant
equation of the radical axis and of one circle of the (since centre on Y-axis). The common radical axis is
system are the X-axis.

y Example 87. Find the equation of the system of


circles co-axial with the circles
S +λP = 0

S +λP = 0 x 2 + y 2 + 4x + 2 y + 1 = 0
and x 2 + y 2 - 2 x + 6 y - 6 = 0
S +λP = 0
S=0 Also, find the equation of that particular circle
P=0 whose centre lies on the radical axis.
P º lx + my + n = 0 Sol. Given circles are
and 2 2
S º x + y + 2 gx + 2 fy + c = 0 S1 º x 2 + y 2 + 4 x + 2y + 1 = 0
and S 2 º x 2 + y 2 - 2x + 6y - 6 = 0
respectively, is
\ Radical axis is S1 - S 2 = 0
S + lP = 0 (l is an arbitrary constant)
i.e. 6x - 4y + 7 = 0 …(i)
(2) The equation of a co-axial system of circles, where Now, system of co-axial circle is
the equation of any two circles of the system are
S1 + l (S1 - S 2 ) = 0
S1 + λS2 = 0 Þ ( x 2 + y 2 + 4 x + 2y + 1) + l(6x - 4y + 7 ) = 0
Þ x 2 + y 2 + 2x (2 + 3l ) + 2y (1 - 2l ) + 1 + 7 l = 0 …(ii)
Its centre [ -(2 + 3l ), - (1 - 2l )] lies on Eq. (i)
\ 6 ´ - ( 2 + 3l ) - 4 ´ - ( 1 - 2l ) + 7 = 0
S1 = 0 S2 = 0 or -12 - 18l + 4 - 8l + 7 = 0
or -26 l - 1 = 0
Chap 04 Circle 303

1 ¾¾ ¾¾ ¾¾
\ l=- Now, BC × t 12 + CA × t 22 + AB t 32
26
Substituting the value of l in Eq. (ii), the equation of circle = S ( g 2 - g 3 ) (h 2 + k 2 + 2g 1h + c )
is = (h 2 + k 2 + c ) S ( g 2 - g 3 ) + 2h S g 1( g 2 - g 3 )
æ 3ö æ 2ö 7
x 2 + y 2 + 2x ç2 - ÷ + 2y ç1 + ÷ + 1 - =0 = (h 2 + k 2 + c )( g 2 - g 3 + g 3 - g 1 + g 1 - g 2 )
è 26 ø è 26 ø 26
+ 2h { g 1( g 2 - g 3 ) + g 2 ( g 3 - g 1 ) + g 3 ( g 1 - g 2 )}
Þ 26( x 2 + y 2 ) + 98x + 56y + 9 = 0
= (h 2 + k 2 + c )(0) + 2h (0) = 0
y Example 88. Prove that the tangents from any point which proves the result.
of a fixed circle of co-axial system to two other fixed
circles of the system are in a constant ratio.
Sol. Let the equations of the circles be x 2 + y 2 + 2g i x + c = 0,
Limiting Point
i = 1,2, 3. Since, all the three circles are fixed Limiting points of system of co-axial circles are the
g 1, g 2 and g 3 are constants. centres of the point circles belonging to the family (Circles
Let P (h , k ) be any point on the first circle, so that whose radii are zero are called point circles).
h 2 + k 2 + 2g 1h + c = 0 …(i) 1. Limiting points of the co-axial system
Let PQ and PR be the tangents from P on the other two Let the circle is
circles
x 2 + y 2 + 2 gx + c = 0 …(i)
2 2
\ PQ = (h + k + 2g 2h + c )
where, g is variable and c is constant.
and PR = (h 2 + k 2 + 2g 3h + c ) \ Centre and the radius of Eq. (i) are ( -g, 0 ) and
( PQ )2 h 2 + k 2 + 2g 2h + c ( g 2 - c ) , respectively. Let
\ =
( PR )2 h 2 + k 2 + 2g 3h + c
g2 - c = 0
-2g 1h + 2g 2h
= [from Eq. (i)]
-2g 1h + 2g 3h \ g =± c
g 2 - g1 Thus, we get the two limiting points of the given
= = constant
g 3 - g1 co-axial system as
because g 1, g 2 , g 3 are constants. ( c , 0 ) and ( - c , 0 )
y Example 89. If A, B, C be the centres of three Clearly the above limiting points are real and
co-axial circles and t 1 , t 2 , t 3 be the lengths of the distinct, real and coincident or imaginary according
tangents to them from any point, prove that as c > , = , < 0
¾¾ ¾¾ ¾¾
BC × t 12 + CA × t 22 + AB t 32 = 0
2. System of co-axial circles whose two
limiting point are given :
Sol. Let the equations of three circles are
x 2 + y 2 + 2g i x + c = 0, i = 1, 2, 3, . Let (a, b) and (g , d) be the two given limiting points.
Then, the corresponding point circles with zero radii
According to the question
are
A º ( - g 1, 0) , B º ( - g 2 , 0), C º ( - g 3 , 0)
Let any point be P (h , k ) ( x - a ) 2 + (y - b) 2 = 0
\ t 1 = h 2 + k 2 + 2g 1h + c and ( x - g ) 2 + (y - d)2 = 0
t 2 = h 2 + k 2 + 2g 2h + c or x 2 + y 2 - 2ax - 2by + a 2 + b2 = 0
t 3 = h 2 + k 2 + 2g 3h + c and x 2 + y 2 - 2 gx - 2 dy + g 2 + d2 = 0
¾¾ The equation of co-axial system is
and AB = ( g 1 - g 2 )
¾¾ ( x 2 + y 2 - 2ax - 2by + a 2 + b2 )
BC = ( g 2 - g 3 )
+l( x 2 + y 2 - 2 gx - 2 dy + g 2 + d2 ) = 0
¾¾
and CA = ( g 3 - g 1 ) where, l ¹ -1 is a variable parameter.
304 Textbook of Coordinate Geometry

Þ x 2 (1 + l) + y 2 (1 + l) - 2 x (a + gl) y Example 91. If the origin be one limiting point of a


system of co-axial circles of which
- 2y(b + dl) + (a 2 + b2 ) + l( g 2 + d2 ) =0
x 2 + y 2 + 3x + 4 y + 25 = 0 is a member, find the
2( a + gl) (b + dl)
or x2 +y2 - x -2 y other limiting point.
(1 + l) (1 + l)
Sol. Equation of circle with origin as limiting point is
( a 2 + b2 ) + l( g 2 + d2 ) ( x - 0)2 + (y - 0)2 = 0 or x 2 + y 2 = 0
+ =0
(1 + l) belongs to the system of co-axial circles of which one
æ ( a + gl) (b + dl) ö member is
Centre of this circle is ç , ÷ …(i) x 2 + y 2 + 3x + 4y + 25 = 0
è (1 + l) (1 + l) ø
Hence, the equation of the whole system is
For limiting point, ( x 2 + y 2 + 3x + 4y + 25) + l( x 2 + y 2 ) = 0
Radius
or x 2 (1 + l ) + y 2 (1 + l ) + 3x + 4y + 25 = 0
( a + gl) 2 ( b + dl ) 2 ( a 2 + b2 ) + l( g 2 + d2 ) 3 4 25
= + - =0 or x2 + y2 + x+ y+ =0 …(i)
(1 + l) 2 (1 + l) 2 (1 + l) (1 + l ) (1 + l ) (1 + l )
After solving, find l . Substituting value of l in Eq. (i), æ 3 2 ö
\ Its centre = ç - ,- ÷ …(ii)
we get the limiting point of co-axial system. è 2(1 + l ) (1 + l ) ø
Radius of Eq. (i) can be zero for limiting point, then
y Example 90. Find the coordinates of the limiting 9 4 25
+ - =0
points of the system of circles determined by the two 4( 1 + l ) 2
(1 + l ) 2
(1 + l )
circles 9 + 16 - 100(1 + l ) = 0
x 2 + y 2 + 5 x + y + 4 = 0 and x 2 + y 2 + 10x - 4y - 1 = 0 1 3
Þ 1 +l = or l = -
4 4
Sol. The given circles are
æ -3 -2 ö
S1 º x 2 + y 2 + 5x + y + 4 = 0 From Eq. (ii), ç , ÷
è 2(1 - 3 / 4 ) (1 - 3 / 4 ) ø
and S 2 º x 2 + y 2 + 10x - 4y - 1 = 0
or ( -6, - 8) is the other limiting point of the system.
\ Equation of the co-axial system of circles is S1 + lS 2 = 0
or ( x 2 + y 2 + 5x + y + 4 ) y Example 92. Prove that the limiting points of the
2 2
+ l( x + y + 10x - 4y - 1) = 0 system
2 2 x 2 + y 2 + 2 gx + c + l(x 2 + y 2 + 2 fx + k ) = 0
or x ( 1 + l ) + y ( 1 + l ) + 5x ( 1 + 2l )
c k
+ y (1 - 4 l ) + ( 4 - l ) = 0 subtend a right angle at the origin, if 2 + 2 = 2 .
5 ( 1 + 2l ) (1 - 4 l ) (4 - l) g f
2 2
or x +y + x+ y+ =0
(1 + l ) (1 + l ) (1 + l ) Sol. The given circle is
The centre of this circles is x 2 + y 2 + 2gx + c + l( x 2 + y 2 + 2 fy + k ) = 0
æ - 5( 1 + 2l ) ( 1 - 4 l ) ö
ç ,- ÷ …(i) or (1 + l )x 2 + (1 + l )y 2 + 2gx + 2 fyl + c + kl = 0
è 2 (1 + l ) 2 (1 + l ) ø
2g 2 fl c + kl
2 2
or x 2 + y 2 + x+ y+ =0 …(i)
25 (1 + 2l ) (1 - 4 l ) (4 - l) (1 + l ) (1 + l ) (1 + l )
Radius = + - =0
4 (1 + l )2 4 (1 + l )2 (1 + l ) æ -g - f l ö
Its centre is ç , ÷ …(ii)
2 2 è1 + l 1 + l ø
or 25 (1 + 2l ) + (1 - 4 l ) - 4 ( 4 - l ) (1 + l ) = 0
or 25 ( 4 l2 + 4 l + 1) + (16l2 - 8l + 1) - 4 ( - l2 + 3l + 4 ) = 0 B

or 120l2 + 80l + 10 = 0 or 12l2 + 8l + 1 = 0


or ( 6l + 1) ( 2l + 1) = 0
1 1
i.e. and - l=-
6 2 90°
Substituting these values of l in Eq. (i), we get the points O (0, 0) A
(–2, –1) and (0, – 3) which are the required limiting points.
Chap 04 Circle 305

Radius of circle Eq. (i) is =0 ( x - 1) 2 + ( y - 2) 2 = 0


g2 f 2 l2 (c + kl ) or x 2 + y 2 - 2x - 4y + 5 = 0 ¼(i)
Þ 2
+ 2
- =0
(1 + l ) (1 + l ) (1 + l ) and 2
( x - 4 ) + ( y - 3) = 0 2

2 2 2
or l (f - k ) - l( k + c ) + g - c = 0 or x + y 2 - 8x - 6y + 25 = 0
2
¼(ii)
which is a quadratic in l. Let roots be l1 and l 2 . Therefore, the corresponding system of co-axial circles is
k +c g2 - c ( x 2 + y 2 - 2x - 4y + 5)
\ l1 + l 2 = 2 and l1l 2 = 2
f -k f -k + l( x 2 + y 2 - 8x - 6y + 25) = 0 ¼(iii)
then limiting points are [from Eq. (ii)] It passes through origin, then
æ - g - f l1 ö æ -g - f l2 ö 5 + 25l = 0
Aç , ÷ and B ç , ÷
è 1 + l1 1 + l1 ø è1 + l2 1 + l2 ø 1
\ l=-
But given that AB subtend a right angle at the origin. 5
\ Slope of OA ´ Slope of OB = - 1 Substituting the value of l in Eq. (iii), the required circle is
æ - f l1 ö æ - f l 2 ö 5( x 2 + y 2 - 2x - 4y + 5)
ç ÷ ç ÷ 2 2
Þ ç 1 + l1 ÷ ´ ç 1 + l 2 ÷ = -1 - ( x + y - 8x - 6y + 25) = 0
ç -g ÷ ç -g ÷ or 4 x 2 + 4y 2 - 2x - 14y = 0
ç ÷ ç ÷
è 1 + l1 ø è 1 + l 2 ø
or 2x 2 + 2y 2 - x - 7y = 0
f l1 f l 2
or ´ = -1
g g
or f 2 l1l 2 + g 2 = 0
(g 2 - c )
Image of the Circle by
or f 2
(f 2 -k)
+g =0 2
the Line Mirror
or 2g 2 f 2 - cf 2 - kg 2 = 0 Let the circle be x 2 + y 2 + 2 gx + 2 f y +c = 0 and line mirror
c k is lx + my +n = 0 in this condition, radius of circle remains
or 2= 2
+ 2
g f unchanged but centres changes. Let the centre of imaged
circle be ( x 1 , y 1 ) .
y Example 93. Find the radical axis of co-axial system x 1 - ( - g ) y 1 - ( - f ) - 2 ( -lg -mf +c )
of circles whose limiting points are (–1,2) and (2, 3). Then, = =
l m (l 2 +m 2 )
Sol. Equations of circles with limiting points are (–1, 2) and
(2,3) are (l 2 g -m 2 g + 2ml f - 2 nl )
we get, x 1 =
( x + 1) 2 + ( y - 2) 2 = 0 (l 2 +m 2 )
or x 2 + y 2 + 2x - 4y + 5 = 0 ¼(i) (m 2 f - l 2 f + 2ml g - 2mn )
and y1 =
and ( x - 2) 2 + ( y - 3) 2 = 0 (l 2 +m 2 )
or x 2 + y 2 - 4 x - 6y + 13 = 0 ¼(ii)
respectively.
\ Radical axis of circles Eqs. (i) and (ii) is C2
r
( x 2 + y 2 + 2x - 4y + 5)
- ( x 2 + y 2 - 4 x - 6y + 13) = 0 (– g, – f)
r
lx +

imaged circle
or 6x + 2y - 8 = 0
my

C1
+

or 3x + y - 4 = 0
n=
0

y Example 94. Find the equation of the circle which given circle
passes through the origin and belongs to the co-axial
of circles whose limiting points are (1,2) and (4,3). \ Required imaged circle is ( x - x 1 ) 2 +(y - y 1 ) 2 = r 2
Sol. Equations of circles whose limiting points are (1,2) and where, r = ( g 2 + f 2 - c )
(4,3) are
306 Textbook of Coordinate Geometry

y Example 95. Find the equation of the image of x 1 - ( -8) y1 - 12


=
the circle x 2 + y 2 + 16 x - 24 y + 183 = 0 by the line 4 7
-2 ( 4( -8) + 7(12) + 13)
mirror 4 x + 7 y + 13 = 0. =
(42 + 72 )
Sol. The given circle and line are x 1 + 8 y1 - 12
x 2 + y 2 + 16x - 24y + 183 = 0 ¼(i) Þ = = -2
4 7
and 4 x + 7y + 13 = 0 ¼(ii) \ x 1 = - 16 , y1 = - 2
Centre and radius of circle Eq. (i) are (-8,12) and 5, \ Equation of the imaged circle is ( x + 16)2 + (y + 2)2 = 52
respectively. Let the centre of the imaged circle be ( x 1,y1 ).
or x 2 + y 2 + 32 x + 4y + 235 = 0
Hence, ( x 1,y1 ) be the image of the point ( -8, 12) with respect
to the line 4 x + 7y + 13 = 0, then

Exercise for Session 7


1. The circles x 2 + y 2 + x + y = 0 and x 2 + y 2 + x - y = 0 intersect at an angle of
(a) p / 6 (b) p / 4 (c) p / 3 (d) p / 2

2. If the circles of same radius a and centres at (2, 3) and (5, 6) cut orthogonally, then a equals to
(a) 1 (b) 2 (c) 3 (d) 4

3. 2 2 2 2
If the circles x + y + 2x + 2ky + 6 = 0 and x + y + 2ky + k = 0 intersect orthogonally, k is
3 3 3 3
(a) 2 or - (b) -2 or - (c) 2 or (d) -2 or
2 2 2 2

4. If a circle passes through the point (a,b ) and cuts the circle x 2 + y 2 = 4 orthogonally, then the locus of its centre
is
(a) 2ax + 2by + (a 2 + b 2 + 4) = 0 (b) 2ax + 2by - (a 2 + b 2 + 4) = 0
2 2
(c) 2ax - 2by + (a + b + 4) = 0 (d) 2ax - 2by - (a 2 + b 2 + 4) = 0

5. The locus of the centre of the circle which cuts orthogonally the circle x 2 + y 2 - 20x + 4 = 0 and which touches
x = 2 is
(a) x 2 = 16y (b) x 2 = 16y + 4
(c) y 2 = 16x (d) y 2 = 16x + 4

6. The equation of a circle which cuts the three circles x 2 + y 2 - 3x - 6y + 14 = 0, x 2 + y 2 - x - 4y + 8 = 0


and x 2 + y 2 + 2x - 6y + 9 = 0 orthogonally is
(a) x 2 + y 2 - 2x - 4y + 1 = 0 (b) x 2 + y 2 + 2x + 4y + 1 = 0
2 2
(c) x + y - 2x + 4y + 1 = 0 (d) x 2 + y 2 - 2x - 4y - 1 = 0

7. The equation of radical axis of the circles x 2 + y 2 + x - y + 2 = 0 and 3x 2 + 3y 2 - 4x - 12 = 0 is


(a) 2x 2 + 2y 2 - 5x + y - 14 = 0 (b) 7x - 3y + 18 = 0
(c) 5x - y + 14 = 0 (d) None of these

8. The radical centre of the circles x + y = 1, x + y + 10y + 24 = 0 and x 2 + y 2 - 8x + 15 = 0 is


2 2 2 2

(a) (2, 5 / 2) (b) (-2, 5 / 2)


(c) (-2, - 5 / 2) (d) (2, - 5 / 2)

9. If (1,2) is a limiting point of the co-axial system of circles containing the circle x 2 + y 2 + x - 5y + 9 = 0, then the
equation of the radical axis is
(a) x - 9y + 4 = 0 (b) 3x - y + 4 = 0
(c) x + 3y - 4 = 0 (d) 9x + y - 4 = 0
Chap 04 Circle 307

9
10. The limiting points of the system of circles represented by the equation 2( x 2 + y 2 ) + lx + = 0 are
2
3 9
(a) æç ± , 0ö÷ (b) (0, 0) and æç , 0ö÷
è 2 ø è2 ø
9
(c) æç ± , 0ö÷ (d) (±3, 0)
è 2 ø

11. One of the limiting points of the co-axial system of circles containing the circles x 2 + y 2 - 4 = 0 and
x 2 + y 2 - x - y = 0 is
(a) ( 2, 2 ) (b) (- 2, 2 )
(c) (- 2 , – 2 ) (d) None of these

12. The point (2, 3) is a limiting point of a co-axial system of circles of which x 2 + y 2 = 9 is a member. The
coordinates of the other limiting point is given by
18 27 9 6
(a) æç , ö÷ (b) æç , ö÷
è 13 13 ø è 13 13 ø
18 27 18 9
(c) æç ,- ö÷ (d) æç - , - ö÷
è 13 13 ø è 13 13 ø

13. Two circles are drawn through the points (a, 5a ) and (4a, a ) to touch the Y-axis. Prove that they intersect at
æ 40 ö
angle tan-1ç ÷ .
è9ø

14. Find the equation of the circle which cuts orthogonally the circle x 2 + y 2 - 6x + 4y - 3 = 0, passes through (3,0)
and touches the axis of y.

15. Tangents are drawn to the circles x 2 + y 2 + 4x + 6y - 19 = 0, x 2 + y 2 = 9 from any point on the line 2x + 3y = 5.
Prove that their lengths are equal.
16. Find the coordinates of the point from which the lengths of the tangents to the following three circles be equal
3x 2 + 3y 2 + 4x - 6y - 1 = 0, 2x 2 + 2y 2 - 3x - 2y - 4 = 0 and 2x 2 + 2y 2 - x + y - 1 = 0

17. Find the equation of a circle which is co-axial with the circles x 2 + y 2 + 4x + 2y + 1 = 0 and
3
x 2 + y 2 - x + 3y - = 0 and having its centre on the radical axis of these circles.
2

18. Find the radical axis of a co-axial system of circles whose limiting points are (1, 2) and (3 , 4).
Shortcuts and Important Results to Remember
1 If the lines a1 x + b1 y + c1 = 0 and a2 x + b2 y + c 2 = 0 cut Remark
the X-axis and Y-axis in four concyclic points, then Equation of the circle circumscribing the triangle formed
a1 a2 = b1 b2 . by the lines ar x + br y + c r = 0, where r = 1, 2 , 3, is :
2 If two conic sections a12 + b12
a1 b1
a1 x 2 + 2 h1 xy + b1 y 2 + 2 g1 x + 2 f1 y + c1 = 0 and a1 x + b1 y + c1
a2 x 2 + 2 h2 xy + b2 y 2 + 2 g 2 x + 2 f2 y + c 2 = 0 will intersect a22 + b22
a -b h a2 b2 = 0
each other in four concyclic points, if 1 1 = 1 . a2 x + b2 y + c 2
a2 - b2 h2 a32 + b32
a3 b3
3 If the circle S1 = 0, bisects the circumference of the circle a3 x + b3 y + c 3
S 2 = 0, then their common chord will be the diameter of
10 Equation of circle circumscribing a quadrilateral whose
the circle S 2 = 0.
sides in order are represented by the lines
4 The radius of the director circle of a given circle is 2
L1 = 0, L2 = 0, L3 = 0 and L4 = 0 is given by
times the radius of the given circle.
L1 L3 + lL2 L4 = 0
5 The point of intersection of the tangents at the points
A
P (acos a , asin a ) and Q (acos b, asin b ) on the circle
x 2 + y 2 = a2 is
L3 = 0 D
æ æ a + bö æ a + bö ö
ç acos çè ÷ asin ç
ø è 2 ø÷
÷ L4 = 0
ç 2 ÷
, B
ç æ a - bö æ a - bö ÷
ç cos çè ÷ cos ç ÷
è 2 ø ÷ø L2 = 0
è 2 ø
6 If the tangent to the circle x 2 + y 2 = r 2 at the point (a, b) L1 = 0
C
meets the coordinates axes at the points A and B and O is
r4
the origin, then the area of the DOAB is . provided coefficient of x 2 = coefficient of y 2 and
2 ab
coefficient of xy = 0.
7 The length of the common chord of the circles
x 2 + y 2 + ax + by + c = 0 and x 2 + y 2 + bx + ay + c = 0 is 11 The locus of the middle point of a chord of a circle
subtending a right angle at a given point will be a circle.
1
(a + b)2 - 4c . 12 The length of an equilateral triangle inscribed in the circle
2
x 2 + y 2 = a2 is a 3.
8 The length of the common chord of the circles
2 ab 13 The distance between the chord of contact of tangents to
( x - a)2 + y 2 = a2 and x 2 + ( y - b)2 = b2 is . x 2 + y 2 + 2 gx + 2 fy + c = 0 from the origin and the point
a2 + b2
|g 2 + f 2 - c|
9 Family of circles circumscribing A (g, f ) is .
a triangle whose sides are 2 (g 2 + f 2 )
given by L1 = 0, L2 = 0 and 14 The shortest chord of a circle passing through a point P
L3 = 0 is given by inside the circle is the chord whose middle point is P.
L1L2 + lL2 L3 + mL3 L1 = 0 L3 = 0 L2 = 0
15 The length of transverse common tangent < the length of
provided coefficient of xy = 0
direct common tangent.
and coefficient of x 2 =
B
coefficient of y 2 .
L1 = 0 C
JEE Type Solved Examples :
Single Option Correct Type Questions
n This section contains 10 multiple choice examples. ⇒ (3 − 4 λ )2 − (5 + 7 λ )(1 + λ ) = 0
Each example has four choices (a), (b), (c) and (d) out of
which ONLY ONE is correct. ⇒ 9 − 16λ 2 − 24 λ − 5 − 5λ − 7 λ − 7 λ 2 = 0
⇒ 9 λ 2 − 36λ + 4 = 0
l Ex. 1 Two distinct chords drawn from the point ( p, q ) on 36 ± (36)2 − 4.9.4
λ=
the circle x 2 + y 2 = px + qy , where pq ≠ 0, are bisected by 29
.
the X-axis. Then, 4 2
∴ λ =2±
(a) | p | =|q | (b) p 2 = 8q 2 (c) p 2 < 8q 2 (d) p 2 > 8q 2 3

Sol. (d)
P (p, q) l Ex. 3 If f ( x + y ) = f ( x ) ⋅ f (y ) for all x and y, f (1) = 2
and α n = f (n ), n ∈N , then the equation of the circle having
X′
M
X (α 1 , α 2 ) and (α 3 , α 4 ) as the ends of its one diameter is
(l, 0)
(a) ( x − 2)( x − 8 ) + (y − 4 )(y − 16 ) = 0
(b) ( x − 4 )( x − 8 ) + (y − 2)(y − 16 ) = 0
Q (h
, –q
) (c) ( x − 2)( x − 16 ) + (y − 4 )(y − 8 ) = 0
(d) ( x − 6 )( x − 8 ) + (y − 5)(y − 6 ) = 0
Suppose chord bisect at M( λ , 0 ), then other end point of chord
is (h, − q ) Sol. (a) Q f ( x + y ) = f ( x ). f (y ) …(i)
p +h
where, λ= Q f ( 1) = 2
2
In Eq. (i), Put x = y = 1,
which lie on x 2 + y 2 = px + qy
then f (2) = f (1). f (1) = 22
or h + q = ph − q
2 2 2
Now, in Eq. (i), x = 1,y = 2,then
⇒ h 2 − ph + 2q 2 = 0 f (3) = f (1) f (2) = 22
. 2 = 23
for two distinct chords, B 2 − 4 AC > 0 Hence, f (n ) = 2n
or p 2 − 4 ⋅ 1 ⋅ 2q 2 > 0 ∴ αn = f (n ) = 2n ∀n ∈ N
or p 2 > 8q 2 (α1,α 2 ) ≡ (2, 4 )
and (α 3 ,α 4 ) ≡ (8,16)
l Ex. 2 The values of λ for which the circle Equation of circle in diametric form is
x 2 + y 2 + 6 x + 5 + λ( x 2 + y 2 − 8 x + 7 ) = 0 dwindles into a ( x − 2)( x − 8) + (y − 4 )(y − 16) = 0
point are
2 2 2 4 2 4 2 l Ex. 4 Two circles of radii a and b touching each other
(a) 1 ± (b) 2 ± (c) 2 ± (d) 1 ±
3 3 3 3 externally, are inscribed in the area bounded by
1
Sol. (c) The given circle is y = (1 − x 2 ) and the X-axis. If b = , then a is equal to
2
x 2 + y 2 + 6x + 5 + λ( x 2 + y 2 − 8x + 7 ) = 0
1 1
or x 2 ( 1 + λ ) + y 2 ( 1 − λ ) + ( 6 − 8 λ ) x +( 5 + 7 λ ) = 0 (a) (b)
4 8
 6 − 8λ  5 + 7λ  1 1
⇒ x2 +y2 +  x +   =0 (c) (d)
 1+ λ   1+ λ  2 2
This will dwindle into a point circle, then radius of the Sol. (a) Let the centres of circles be C 1 and C 2 , then
circle = 0
C 1 ≡ ( (1 − 2a ),a )
2
3 − 4λ  5 + 7λ  C 2 ≡ ( (1 − 2b ),b )
  +0−   =0 and
 1+ λ   1+ λ 
310 Textbook of Coordinate Geometry

Y Sol. (d) Let f ( x ,y ) = x 2 + y 2 + 2gx + 2 fy + c


⇒ f ( x ,1) = x 2 + 1 + 2gx + 2 f + c ≡ ( x − 2)2 (given)
b
C2 then, g = −2, 2 f + c = 3 …(i)
1– b C1
b a Also, f (1, x ) = 1 + x + 2g + 2 fx + c ≡ ( x − 0)
2 2
(given)
X¢ 1– a a X
(–1, 0) O (1, 0) then, f = 0, 2g + c = −1 …(ii)
Y¢ b
From Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get
Now, C 1C 2 = a + b g = −2, f = 0,c = 3
 1 
2 2 Thus, equation of circle is
( (1 − 2a ))2 + a −   = a +  
1 1
⇒  Qb = 2
  2   2 x 2 + y 2 − 4x + 3 = 0
2 2
 1  1
or 1 − 2a + a −  = a +  l Ex. 7 A variable circle C has the equation
 2   2
x + y 2 − 2(t 2 − 3t + 1) x − 2(t 2 + 2t )y + t = 0, where t is a
2
1 1
or 1 − 2a + a 2 + − a = a2 + + a parameter. If the power of point (a , b ) w.r.t. the circle C is
4 4
constant, then the ordered pair (a , b ) is
1
or a= 1 1  1 1
4 (a)  ,−  (b)  , 
 10 10  10 10
l Ex. 5 There are two circles whose equations are  1 1  1 1
(c)  − ,  (d)  − , − 
x 2 + y 2 = 9 and x 2 + y 2 − 8 x − 6y + n 2 = 0, n ∈I . If the two  10 10  10 10
circles having exactly two common tangents, then the number
Sol. (c) QC : x 2 + y 2 − 2(t 2 − 3t + 1)x − 2(t 2 + 2t )y + t = 0
of possible values of n is
given power of circle = constant
(a) 2 (b) 7 (c) 8 (d) 9
∴ a 2 + b 2 − 2(t 2 − 3t + 1 )a − 2 (t 2 + 2t )b + t = constant
Sol. (d) Given circles are S1: x 2 + y 2 − 9 = 0
⇒ −2(a + b )t 2 + (6a − 4b + 1)t + (a 2 + b 2 − 2a ) = constant
Its centre C 1:(0,0) and radius r1 = 3
and S 2 : x 2 + y 2 − 8x − 6y + n 2 = 0 Q Power of circle is constant, then
a + b = 0 and 6a − 4b + 1 = 0
Its centre C 2 :( 4,3) and radius r 2 = (25 − n 2 ) or b = −a, then 6a + 4a + 1 = 0
Here, 25 − n 2 > 0 ⇒ −5 < n < 5 …(i) 1 1
∴ a = − ,b =
For exactly two common tangents, 10 10
r1 + r 2 > C 1C 2  1 1
Hence, required ordered pair is  − , 
⇒ 3 + (25 − n ) > ( 4 + 3 )
2 2 2  10 10

⇒ (25 − n 2 ) > 2 l Ex. 8 If the radii of the circles ( x − 1) 2 + (y − 2 ) 2 = 1 and


⇒ 25 − n 2 > 4 ( x − 7 ) 2 + (y − 10 ) 2 = 4 are increasing uniformly w.r.t. time
or n 2 < 21 as 0.3 unit/s and 0.4 unit/s respectively, then they will touch
or − 21 < n < 21 …(ii) each other at t equals to
From Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get (a) 45 s (b) 90 s
− 21 < n < 21 (c) 11 s (d) 135 s
Sol. (b) Given circles are S1 :( x − 1)2 + (y − 2)2 = 1
But n ∈ I . So, n = −4, − 3, − 2, − 1,0, 1, 2, 3, 4
Hence, number of possible values of n is 9. Its centre C 1 :(1,2) and radius r1 = 1
and S 2 :( x − 7 )2 + (y − 10)2 = 4
l Ex. 6 Suppose f ( x , y ) = 0 is the equation of a circle such
Its centre C 2 :(7,10) and radius r 2 = 2
that f ( x ,1) = 0 has equal roots (each equal to 2) and
Q C 1C 2 = 10 > r1 + r 2
f (1, x ) = 0 also has equal roots (each equal to zero). The
Hence, the two circles are separated.
equation of circle is
The radii of the two circles at time t are (1 + 03
. t ) and
(a) x 2 + y 2 + 4 x + 3 = 0 (b) x 2 + y 2 + 4y + 3 = 0
(2 + 0.4 t )
(c) x 2 + y 2 + 4 x − 3 = 0 (d) x 2 + y 2 − 4 x + 3 = 0
Chap 4 Circle 311

For the two circles touch each other, then or ( m − 2) 2 = 1 + m 2


C 1C 2 = |(1 + 03. t ) ± (2 + 0.4 t )| or m = ∞, m = 3 / 4
⇒ 10 = |3 + 07. t | or 10 = | −1 − 01 . t| Hence, the slope of the reflected ray is 3/4.
⇒ . t + 3 = ±10 or −1 − 01
07 . t = ±10 Thus, the equation of the incident ray is
⇒ t = 10 or t = 90 [Qt > 0] 3
y + 4 = − ( x + 2)
4
l Ex. 9 A light ray gets reflected from x = −2. If the
i.e. 4y + 3x + 22 = 0
reflected ray touches the circle x 2 + y 2 = 4 and the point of
incident is ( −2, − 4 ), then the equation of the incident ray is l Ex. 10 If a circle having centre at (α, β) radius r
(a) 4y + 3 x + 22 = 0 (b) 3y + 4 x + 20 = 0
completely lies with in two lines x + y = 2 and x + y = −2,
(c) 4y + 2x + 20 = 0 (d) y + x + 6 = 0
then, min.(| α + β + 2|,| α + β − 2| ) is
Sol. (a) Any tangent of x 2 + y 2 = 4 is y = mx ± 2 (1 + m 2 ). (a) greater than 2 r
If it passes through ( −2, − 4 ), then −4 = −2m ± 2 (1 + m 2 ) (b) less than 2 r
Y
(c) greater than 2r
(d) less than 2r

X¢ X
Sol. (a) Minimum distance of the centre from line > radius of
O  | α + β + 2| | α + β − 2| 
x=–2

circle i.e. min.  , >r


 2 2 
Y¢ or min.{| α + β + 2|,| α + β − 2| } > 2r
(–2, –4)

JEE Type Solved Examples :


More than One Correct Option Type Questions
n
This section contains 5 multiple choice examples. Each lEx. 12 Let x , y be real variable satisfying
example has four choices (a), (b), (c) and (d) out of which
MORE THAN ONE may be correct.
x + y 2 + 8 x − 10y − 40 = 0. Let
2

a = max. { ( x + 2 ) 2 + (y − 3 ) 2 } and
l Ex. 11 If point P ( x , y ) is called a lattice point, if x , y ∈I .
b = min. { ( x + 2 ) 2 + (y − 3 ) 2 }, then
Then, the total number of lattice points in the interior of the
(a) a + b = 18 (b) a − b = 4 2
circle x 2 + y 2 = a 2 , a ≠ 0 cannot be
(c) a + b = 4 2 (d) a ⋅ b = 73
(a) 202 (b) 203 (c) 204 (d) 205
Sol. (a, b, d) Given circle is
Sol. (a, b, c) Given circle is x 2 + y 2 = a 2 …(i)
x 2 + y 2 + 8x − 10y − 40 = 0
Clearly (0, 0) will belong the interior of circle Eq. (i). Also,
other points interior to circle Eq. (i) will have the coordinates The centre and radius of the circle are ( −4,5 ) and 9,
of the form respectively.
( ± λ , 0 ),( 0, ± λ ), where λ2 < a 2 Distance of the centre ( −4,5 ) from ( −2, 3 ) is
(4 + 4) = 2 2.
and ( ± λ , ± µ ) and ( ± µ, ± λ ), where λ2 + µ 2 < a 2 and λ ,µ ∈ I
Therefore, a =2 2 +9
∴Number of lattice points in the interior of the circle will be of
the form 1 + 4r + 8t, where r , t = 0, 1,2, … and b = −2 2 + 9
∴Number of such points must be of the form 4n + 1, where ∴ a + b = 18, a − b = 4 2, ab = 73
n = 0, 1, 2, …
312 Textbook of Coordinate Geometry

l Ex. 13 The equation of the tangents drawn from the Sol. (b, c) Given circle is
origin to the circle x 2 + y 2 − 2rx − 2hy + h 2 = 0, are ( x − 4 )2 + (y − 8)2 = 20
(a) x = 0 or x 2 + y 2 − 8 x − 16y + 60 = 0 …(i)
(b) y = 0 Equation of chord of contact from ( −2, 0 ) is
(c) (h 2 − r 2 )x − 2rhy = 0 −2 ⋅ x + 0 ⋅ y − 4( x − 2 ) − 8(y + 0 ) + 60 = 0
(d) (h 2 − r 2 )x + 2rhy = 0 or 3 x + 4y − 34 = 0 …(ii)
Sol. (a, c) The given equation is ( x − r ) + (y − h ) = r 2 2 2 Solving Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get
2
tangents are x = 0  34 − 3 x   34 − 3 x 
x2 +   − 8 x − 16   + 60 = 0
 4   4 
Y
or 5 x 2 − 28 x − 12 = 0
or ( x − 6 )(5 x + 2 ) = 0
r 2
D C ( r, h ) or x = 6, −
r 5
 2 44
Therefore, the points are (6, 4 ) and  − ,  .
a E  5 5
a
p/2–2a
X
O l Ex. 15 The equations of four circles are
( x ± a ) 2 + (y ± a ) 2 = a 2 . The radius of a circle touching all
π 
and y = x tan  − 2α  = x cot 2α the four circles is
2 
(a) ( 2 − 1)a (b) 2 2 a
x(1 − tan 2 α )
= (c) ( 2 + 1)a (d) ( 2 + 2 )a
2 tan α
 r 2
Sol. (a, c) Radius of inner circle = OR − a
x 1 − 2 
 h   r = (a 2 + a 2 ) − a
y = Qin ∆ODC , tanα = 
r  h
2  = a( 2 − 1 )
 h
Radius of outer circle = OR + RQ
or (h 2 − r 2 ) x − 2rhy = 0
= a 2 + a = a( 2 + 1 )
l Ex. 14 Point M moved on the circle Y

( x − 4 ) 2 + (y − 8 ) 2 = 20. Then it broke away from it and


Q
moving along a tangent to the circle cut the X-axis at point
(a, a)
( −2, 0 ). The coordinates of the point on the circle at which the R
Pa
moving point broke away is X′ X
O
 42 36   2 44 
(a)  ,  (b)  − , 
5 5  5 5
(c) (6, 4 ) (d) (2, 4)

Y′
JEE Type Solved Examples :
Paragraph Based Questions
n This section contains 2 solved paragraphs based upon for fixed point −3 x + y + 4 = 0, x − y − 3 = 0
each of the paragraph 3 multiple choice questions have 1 5
to be answered. Each of these questions has four choices ∴ x = ,y = −
2 2
(a), (b), (c) and (d) out of which ONLY ONE is correct.
 1 −5 
∴ Fixed point is  , 
Paragraph I 2 2 
(Q. Nos. 16 to 18) 18. (c) Let S ≡ x 2 + y 2 − 6x + 4 = 0.
Consider the relation 4l 2 − 5m 2 + 6l + 1 = 0, where l , m ∈R. ∴ S1 = (2 ) 2 + ( −3 ) 2 − 6(2 ) + 4
16. The line lx + my + 1 = 0 touches a fixed circle whose = 4 + 9 − 12 − 4
equation is =5 > 0
(a) x 2 + y 2 − 4 x − 5 = 0 (b) x 2 + y 2 + 6 x + 6 = 0 Therefore, point (2, − 3 ) lies outside the circle from which two
tangents can be drawn.
(c) x 2 + y 2 − 6 x + 4 = 0 (d) x 2 + y 2 + 4 x − 4 = 0
Paragraph II
17. Tangents PA and PB are drawn to the above fixed circle (Q. Nos. 19 to 21)
from the point P on the line x + y − 1 = 0. Then, the
chord of contact AB passes through the fixed point If α- chord of a circle be that chord which subtends an angle
α at the centre of the circle.
 1 5  1 4  1 3  1 5
(a)  ,−  (b)  ,  (c)  − ,  (d)  , 
 2 2 3 3   2 2  2 2 19. If x + y =1 is α-chord of x 2 + y 2 = 1, then α is equal to
π π π 3π
18. The number of tangents which can be drawn from (a) (b) (c) (d)
the point ( 2, − 3 ) are 6 4 2 4
(a) 0 (b) 1 (c) 2 (d) 1 or 2 π
20. If slope of a -chord of x 2 + y 2 = 4 is 1, then its
Sol. 3
equation is
16. (c) Let the equation of the circle be
(a) x − y + 6 = 0 (b) x − y + 3 = 0
x 2 + y 2 + 2 gx + 2 fy + c = 0 …(i)
(c) x − y − 3 = 0 (d) x − y − 2 3 = 0
The line lx + my + 1 = 0 touch circle Eq. (i), then
| −lg − mf + 1| 2π
= (g 2 + f 2 − c ) 21. Distance of — chord of x 2 + y 2 + 2 x + 4y + 1 = 0
(l 2 + m 2 ) 3
⇒ (lg + mf − 1 ) 2 = (l 2 + m 2 )( g 2 + f 2 − c ) from the centre is
1
or ( f 2 − c )l 2 + ( g 2 − c )m 2 − 2 gflm + 2 gl +2 fm − 1 = 0 …(ii) (a) (b) 1 (c) 2 (d) 2
2
But the given condition is
Sol.
4l 2 − 5m 2 + 6l + 1 = 0 …(iii)
19. (c) From figure
Comparing Eqs. (ii) and (iii), we get Y
f 2 − c g 2 − c −2 gf g 2f −1
= = = = = (0, 1)
4 −5 0 3 0 1
x+

Then, we get g = −3, f = 0, c = 4


y=
1

Substituting these values in Eq. (i), the equation of the circle is a


X¢ X
x + y − 6x + 4 = 0
2 2 O (1, 0)

17. (a) Let any point on the line x + y − 1 = 0 is


P ( λ ,1 − λ ), λ ∈ R.
Then, equation of AB is
λx + (1 − λ )y − 3( x + λ ) + 4 = 0 Y¢

⇒ ( −3 x + y + 4 ) + λ ( x − y − 3 ) = 0 π
α=
2
314 Textbook of Coordinate Geometry

20. (a) Q Slope of chord is 1. ⇒ λ=± 6


Let the equation of chord be x − y + λ = 0. Hence, equation of chords are
 π x − y ± 6 = 0.
Q OM = 2 cos  = 3
 6
21. (b) From figure,
B B
M

A 2 M
2
p/6

p/6 p/3
2
p/3
O (0, 0) O A
2
(–1, –2)

| 0 − 0 + λ|  π
∴ = 3 OM = 2 cos  = 1
2  3

JEE Type Solved Examples :


Single Integer Answer Type Questions
n This section contains 2 examples. The answer to each From Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get
example is a single digit integer, ranging from 0 to 9 p = 4 2 and q = 4 2 + 2
(both inclusive).
Now, p+q =2+8 2 =a +b 2 (given)
l Ex. 22 A circle with centre in the first quadrant is tangent ∴ a = 2, b = 8
to y = x +10, y = x − 6 and the Y-axis. Let ( p, q ) be the centre Hence, | a − b| = |2 − 8| = 6
of the circle. If the value of ( p + q ) = a + b a , when a , b ∈Q ,
then the value of | a − b| is l Ex. 23 If the circles x 2 + y 2 + (3 + sin θ ) x + 2 cos φy = 0
Sol. (6) Q CP = CR and x 2 + y 2 + ( 2 cos φ ) x + 2 λy = 0 touch each other, then
| p − q + 10| the maximum value of λ is
⇒ =p
2
Sol. (1) Since, both the circles are passing through the origin
or p − q + 10 = p 2 …(i) (0, 0), the equation of tangent at (0,0) of first circle will be
and CP = CQ same as that of the tangent at (0, 0) of second circle.
p − q + 10  p − q − 6 Equation of tangent at (0, 0) of first circle is
= −  or p − q = −2 …(ii)
2  2  (3 + sin θ ) x + (2 cos φ )y = 0 …(i)
Y Equaton of tangent at (0, 0) of second circle is
10
y=x+ (2 cos φ ) x + 2 λy = 0 …(ii)
P
Therefore, Eqs. (i) and (ii) must be identical, then
3 + sin θ 2 cos φ
p =
R C (p, q) 2 cos φ 2λ
2 cos2 φ

O
X or λ=
6 (3 + sin θ )
y=x–
Q
or λ max = 1 (when sinθ = −1 and cos φ = 1)


Chap 4 Circle 315

JEE Type Solved Examples :


Matching Type Questions
n This section contains 2 examples. Examples 24 and 25 (C)QC1 and C 2 intersect, the common chord is
have four statements (A, B, C and D) given in Column I 2(b − a )( x + y ) = b 2 − a 2
and four statements (p, q, r and s) in Column II. Any
given statement in Column I can have correct matching given common chord is longest, then passes through (a, a )
with one or more statement(s) given in Column II. ⇒ 2(b − a )(2a ) = b 2 − a 2
or (b − 3a )(b − a ) = 0
l Ex. 24. Consider the circles C 1 of radius a and C 2 of Q b −a ≠ 0 [b > a ]
radius b, b > a both lying the first quadrant and touching the ∴ b − 3a = 0
coordinate axes. b
or = 3 ⇒ λ = 3, µ = 0
Column I Column II a
(D)QC 2 passes through (a, a ), then a 2 + a 2 − 2ab − 2ab + b 2 = 0
(A) C 1 and C 2 touch each other and (p) λ + µ is a prime
b
= λ + µ, λ ∈ prime number and number or b 2 − 4ab + 2a 2 = 0
a 2
b b
µ ∈whole number, then or   − 4  + 2 = 0
a a
(B) C 1 and C 2 cut orthogonally and (q) λ + µ is a composite
b 4 ± (16 − 8 )
b
= λ + µ, λ ∈prime number and number or = =2+ 2
a a 2
µ ∈whole number, then ⇒ λ = 2, µ = 2
(C) C 1 and C 2 intersect so that the (r) 2λ + µ is a perfect
common chord is longest and number
l Ex. 25. Match the following
b
= λ + µ, λ ∈prime number and Column I Column II
a
µ ∈whole number, then (A) The circles x + y + 2x + c = 0
2 2
(p) 1
(c > 0) and x 2 + y2 + 2 y + c = 0 touch
(D) C 2 passes through the centre of C 1 (s) | λ − µ | is a prime
b number each other, then the value of 2c is
and = λ + µ, λ ∈prime number
a (B) The circles x 2 + y2 + 2x + 3 y + c = 0 (q) 2
and µ ∈whole number, then (c > 0) and x 2 + y2 − x + 2 y + c = 0
intersect orthogonally, then the
Sol. (A)→ (p, s); (B) → (p); (C) → (p, r, s); (D) → (q, r) value of 2c is
Q C1 : x 2 + y 2 − 2ax − 2ay + a 2 = 0 (C) The circle x 2 + y2 = 9 is contains the (r) 3
Centre : (a, a ) and radius : a circle x 2 + y2 − 2x + 1 − c2 = 0 (c > 0),
and C 2 : x 2 + y 2 − 2bx − 2by + b 2 = 0 then 2c can be
(D) The circle x + y = 9 is contains in (s)
2 2
Centre : (b, b ) and radius : b 4
c2
(A)QC1 and C 2 touch each other, then the circle x 2 + y2 − 2x + 1 − = 0
b 4
2(b − a ) = b + a ⇒ = ( 2 + 1 ) 2 = 3 + 8 (c > 0), then (c − 6) can be
a
⇒ λ = 3, µ = 8 Sol. (A) → (p); (B) → (q); (C) → (p, q, r); (D) → (r, s)
(B)QC1 and C 2 intersect orthogonally, then (A) The circles
2(b − a ) 2 = b 2 + a 2 S1 :( x + 1 ) 2 + y 2 = ( (1 − c ) ) 2
⇒ a 2 + b 2 − 4ab = 0 Centre C1 :( −1, 0 ), radius r1 : (1 − c )
2
b b and S 2 : x 2 + (y + 1 ) 2 = ( (1 − c ) ) 2
or   − 4  + 1 = 0
a a
Centre C 2 :( 0, − 1 ), radius : r2 = (1 − c )
b 4 ± (16 − 4 )
∴ = =2+ 3 Now, C1C 2 = 2 and r1 = r2
a 2
∴The circles will touch externally only and C1C 2 = r1 + r2
⇒ λ = 2, µ = 3]
⇒ 2 = 2 (1 − c ) or 2c = 1
316 Textbook of Coordinate Geometry

 3
2
  13  
2
and S 2 :( x − 1 ) 2 + y 2 = c 2
(B) The circles S1:( x + 1 ) 2 + y +  =   − c 
 2   4  Centre C 2 :(1, 0 ), radius r2 :c
Now, S 2 will be contained in S1, then
 3  13 
Centre C1 :  −1, −  , radius r1 :  − c C1C 2 < r1 − r2
 2  4 
2
or 1 < 3 − c or c < 2 ⇒2c < 4
 1
2
 5 
and S 2 :  x −  + (y + 1 ) 2 =   − c  (D) The circles
 2   4  S1 : x 2 + y 2 = 9
1  5  Centre C1 :( 0, 0 ), radius r1 :3 and
Centre C 2 :  , − 1 , radius r2 :  − c
2  4  2
c
S 2 :( x − 1 ) 2 + y 2 =  
For intersect orthogonally  2
(C1C 2 ) 2 = r12 + r22 c
Centre C 2 :(1, 0 ), radius r2 :
2 2 2
 3  1 13 5
⇒   +   = −c + −c
 2  2 4 4 Now, S1 will be contained in S 2,
or 2c = 2 then, r2 − r1 > C1C 2
c
(C) The circles ⇒ − 3 > 1 or c > 8
2
S1 : x 2 + y 2 = 3 2
∴ (c − 6 ) > 2
Centre C1 :( 0, 0 ), radius r1 :3

JEE Type Solved Examples :


Statement I and II Type Questions
Y
n
Directions (Ex. Nos. 26 and 27) are Assertion-Reason r 2 − 12r + 4 = 0
Type examples. Each of these examples contains two
12 ± (144 − 16 )
statements : r=
2
Statement I (Assertion) and Statement II (Reason) C2
Each of these examples also has four alternative choices only =6± 4 2 (r, r)
one of which is the correct answer. You have to select the ∴ r =6+ 4 2 [Qr > 2 ]
(2, 2) r
correct choice as given below : 2

(a) Statement I is true, Statement II is true; Statement II is a = 2( 2 + 1 ) 2



O C1 X
correct explanation for Statement I = 2( 2 + 1 )(2 + 2 ) Y¢
(b) Statement I is true, Statement II is true; Statement II is ∴Statement I is true and Statement II is always not true
not a correct explanation for Statement I (where circles in II or IV quadrants)
(c) Statement I is true, Statement II is false
(d) Statement I is false, Statement II is true l Ex. 27 From the point P( 2 , 6 ) tangents PA and PB are
drawn to the circle x 2 + y 2 = 4
l Ex. 26 C 1 is a circle of radius 2 touching X-axis and
Y -axis. C 2 is another circle of radius greater than 2 and Statement I Area of the quadrilateral OAPB (O being
touching the axes as well as the circle C 1 . origin) is 4.
Statement I Radius of Circle C 2 = 2 ( 2 + 1)( 2 + 2) Statement II Tangents PA and PB are perpendicular to each
other and therefore quadrilateral OAPB is a square.
Statement II Centres of both circles always lie on the line
Sol. (a) Clearly, P( 2, 6 ) lies on x 2 + y 2 = 8, which is the
y = x.
director circle of x 2 + y 2 = 4.
Sol. (c) C 1 :( x − 2) + (y − 2) = 2
2 2 2
Therefore, tangents PA and PB are perpendicular to each other.
C 2 :( x − r ) 2 + (y − r ) 2 = r 2 (r > 2 ) So, OAPB is a square.
According to question, Hence, area of OAPB = ( S1 ) 2 = S1

(r − 2 ) 2 + (r − 2 ) 2 = r + 2 = ( 2 )2 + ( 6 )2 − 4 = 4
∴Both statements are true and statement II is correct
(r − 2 ) 2 + (r − 2 ) 2 = (r + 2 ) 2
explanation of statement I.
Chap 04 Circle 317

Subjective Type Examples


n In this section, there are 16 subjective solved examples. and let S ≡ x 2 + y 2 − ax − by / 2 = 0
∴ Equation of chord AB is T = S1
l Ex. 28 Find the equation of a circle having the lines a b
hx + 0 − ( x + h ) − (y + 0) = h 2 + 0 − ah − 0
x + 2 xy + 3 x + 6y = 0 as its normals and having size just
2
2 4
sufficient to contain the circle Since, its passes through (a, b / 2) we have
x ( x − 4 ) + y (y − 3 ) = 0. a b2
ah − (a + h ) − = h 2 − ah
Sol. Given pair of normals is x + 2xy + 3x + 6y = 0
2
2 8
or ( x + 2y ) ( x + 3) = 0 3 ah a 2 b 2
⇒ h2 − + + =0
∴ Normals are x + 2y = 0 and x + 3 = 0 the point of 2 2 8
intersection of normals x + 2y = 0 and x + 3 = 0 is the Now, there are two chords bisected by the X-axis, so there
centre of required circle, we get centre C 1 ≡ ( − 3, 3 /2) and must be two distinct real roots of h.
other circle is
∴ B 2 − 4 AC > 0

 − 3a 
2
 a2 b2 
⇒   − 4 ⋅1 ⋅  +  > 0
 2  2 8
C1 ⇒ a 2 > 2b 2 .
Aliter : Given circle is
C2
2x ( x − a ) + y (2y − b ) = 0
by
or x 2 + y 2 − ax − =0 …(i)
x ( x − 4 ) + y ( y − 3) = 0 2
Let chords bisected at M (h , 0) but given chords can be
or x 2 + y 2 − 4 x − 3y = 0 …(i)
 b
drawn A a ,  then chord cut the circle at B ( λ , − b / 2)
its centre C 2 ≡ (2, 3 / 2) and radius r = 4 +
9
=
5  2
4 2 Q Mid-point of ordinates of A and B is origin.
Since, the required circle just contains the given circle(i), ∴ B ( λ , b / 2) lies on Eq. (i)
the given circle should touch the required circle internally
from inside. b2 b2
∴ λ2 + −aλ + =0
⇒ radius of the required circle = | C 1 − C 2 | + r 4 4
b2
 3 3 5
2
or λ2 − a λ + =0
= ( − 3 − 2) 2 +  −  + 2
 2 2 2
Q λ is real
5 15
=5+ = b2
2 2 ∴ B 2 − 4 AC > 0 or a 2 − 4 ⋅ > 0 or a 2 > 2b 2
2
Hence, equation of required circle is
2
 15 l Ex. 30 Let C 1 and C 2 be two circles with C 2 lying inside
( x + 3) 2 + ( y − 3 / 2) 2 =  
 2
C 1 . A circle C lying inside C 1 touches C 1 internally and C 2
or x 2 + y 2 + 6x − 3y − 54 = 0 externally. Identify the locus of the centre of C.
Sol. Let the given circles C 1and C 2 have centres O1 and O 2
l Ex. 29 Let a circle be given by with radii r1 and r 2 , respectively. Let centre of circle C is
2 x ( x − a ) + y (2y − b ) = 0 ( a ≠ 0, b ≠ 0) at O radius is r.
Find the condition on a and b if two chords, each bisected by Q OO 2 = r + r 2
the X-axis, can be drawn to the circle from (a, b/2). OO1 = r1 − r
Sol. The given circle is 2x ( x − a ) + y (2y − b ) = 0 ⇒ OO1 + OO 2 = r1 + r 2
or x + y − ax − by / 2 = 0
2 2
which is greater than O1 O 2 as O1O 2 < r1 + r 2 .
Let AB be the chord which is bisected by X -axis at a point ∴ Locus of O is an ellipse with foci O1 and O 2 .
M. Let its coordinates be M (h , 0)
318 Textbook of Coordinate Geometry

∴ a 2 + b 2 = 4r 2 …(ii)
O2 Equation of OM which is ⊥ to AB is
r2 ax − by = λ
r2
r
A It passes through (0, 0)
O1 r O r
∴ 0= λ
∴ Equation of OM is
ax − by = 0 …(iii)
On solving Eq. (i) and Eq. (iii), we get
Aliter : x2 + y2 x2 + y2
Let O1 ≡ (0, 0), O 2 ≡ (a, b ) and O ≡ (h , k ) a= and b =
x y
∴ C 1 : x 2 + y 2 = r12
Substituting the values of a and b in Eq. (ii), we get
C 2 : ( x − a )2 + (y − b )2 = r 22
 1 1
C : ( x − h )2 + (y − k )2 = r 2 ( x 2 + y 2 ) 2  2 + 2  = 4r 2
x y 
⇒ OO 2 = r + r 2
or ( x 2 + y 2 ) 2 ( x −2 + y −2 ) = 4r 2
⇒ (h − a ) + (k − b )2 = r + r 2
2
…(i)
which is the required locus.
and OO1 = r1 − r
Aliter :
⇒ (h 2 + k 2 ) = r1 − r …(ii) Q AB is the diameter of circle. If ∠OAB = α, then
On adding Eqs. (i) and (ii) we get OA = 2r cos α, OB = 2r sin α
(h − a )2 + (k − b )2 + (h 2 + k 2 ) = r1 + r 2
B
∴ Locus of O is ( x − a ) + (y − b ) + ( x + y ) = r1 + r 2
2 2 2 2
(x 2
+y2
which represents an ellipse with foci are at (a,b ) and (0, 0). )
x
l Ex. 31 A circle of constant radius r passes through the
α
origin O, and cuts the axes at A and B. Show that the locus
O y A
of the foot of the perpendicular from O to AB is
( x 2 + y 2 ) 2 ( x −2 + y −2 ) = 4r 2 Equation of AB is
Sol. Let the coordinates of A and B are (a, 0) and (0, b). x y
+ =1
Y 2r cos α 2r sin α
x y
(0, b) B ⇒ + = 2r …(i)
M cos α sin α
C a, b
( ) and equation of OM is y = x tan (90°− α)
2 2
y
X´ X ⇒ cot α =
O A (a, 0) x
Y´ Y
x y
∴ Equation of AB is + =1 …(i)
a b (0, b) B
M
Centre of circle lie on line AB, since AB is diameter of the
circle (Q ∠ AOB = π / 2)
90°– α α
a b X´ X
∴ Coordinate of centre C is C ≡  ,  O A (a, 0)
 2 2

Since, the radius of circle = r
x
∴ r = AC = CB = OC ∴ sin α =
2 2
(x + y 2 )
2

 a  b a2 + b2
= 0 −  + 0 −  = y
 2  2 4 and cos α =
(x + y 2 )
2
Chap 04 Circle 319

Then, from Eq. (i), a b


Let centre be (h , k ) ≡  ,  then a = 2h and b = 2k .
x y  2 2
(x 2 + y 2 ) + ( x + y ) = 2r
2 2
y x Substituting the values of a and b in Eq. (i), then
(x + y ) (x + y )
2 2 2 2
2 2  1 1 
⇒ = 2r + − 1 = −2  2 + 
xy 2h 2k  4h 4k 2 
(x 2 + y 2 ) 1 1  1 1
On squaring, we have ( x 2 + y 2 )2 = 4r 2 ⇒ + − 1 = −  2 + 2
x y 2 2 h k h k 

⇒ ( x 2 + y 2 ) 2 ( x −2 + y −2 ) = 4r 2 or h + k − hk + (h 2 + k 2 ) = 0
∴ Locus of M (h , k ) is
l Ex. 32 The circle x 2 + y 2 − 4 x − 4y + 4 = 0 is inscribed
x + y − xy + ( x 2 + y 2 ) = 0
in a triangle which has two of its sides along the coordinate
axes. The locus of the circumcentre of the triangle is Hence, the required value of k is 1.
x + y − xy + k ( x 2 + y 2 ) 1/ 2 = 0. Find k.
l Ex. 33 P is a variable on the line y = 4. Tangents are
Sol. The given circle is x 2 + y 2 − 4 x − 4y + 4 = 0. This can
drawn to the circle x 2 + y 2 = 4 from P to touch it at A and
be re-written as ( x − 2)2 + (y − 2)2 = 4 which has centre
C (2, 2) and radius 2. B. The parallelogram PAQB is completed . Find the equation
Let the equation of third side is
of the locus of Q.
x y Sol. Let P (h , 4 ) be a variable point. Given circle is
+ =1 (equation of AB)
a b x2 + y2 = 4 …(i)
Draw tangents from P (h , 4 ) and complete parallelogram
B (0, b) PAQB.
Equation of the diagonal AB which is chord of contact of
M x 2 + y 2 = 4 is hx + 4y = 4 …(ii)
2
2 Y
C (2, 2)
2 (0, 4)
P (h, 4)
O A
(a, 0)
(x1, y1) A
Length of perpendicular from (2, 2) on AB = radius = CM
2 + 2 − 1 X¢
O
X
B (x2, y2)
a b 
∴ =2
1 1
 2 + 2
a b 

Since, origin and (2, 2) lie on the same side of AB Q (a, b)

2 2 
 + − 1 Let coordinates of A and B are ( x 1, y1 ) and ( x 2 , y 2 ),
a b 
∴ − =2 respectively.
1 1
 2 + 2 Since, A ( x 1, y1 ) and B ( x 2 , y 2 ) lies on Eq. (ii)
a b  ∴ hx 1 + 4y1 = 4 and hx 2 + 4y 2 = 4
2 2 1 1 ∴ h ( x 1 + x 2 ) + 4 (y 1 + y 2 ) = 8 …(iii)
or + − 1 = −2  2 + 2 …( i )
a b a b  Since, PAQB is parallelogram
π ∴ Mid-point of AB = Mid-point of PQ
Since, ∠ AOB =
2 x1 + x 2 α + h
⇒ =
Hence, AB is the diameter of the circle passing through 2 2
a b y1 + y 2 β + 4
∆OAB, mid-point of AB is the centre of the circle i.e.  ,  . and = …(iv)
 2 2 2 2
320 Textbook of Coordinate Geometry

Eliminating x from Eqs. (i) and (ii), then µ


=
 4 − 4y 
2 (b 2 − ac ) (c 2 + a 2 )
 +y = 4
2

 h  (a 2 − bc ) (b 2 + c 2 )
∴ λ=
⇒ 16 + 16y 2 − 32y + h 2y 2 = 4h 2 (c 2 − ab ) (a 2 + b 2 )

⇒ (16 + h 2 ) y 2 − 32y + 16 − 4h 2 = 0 (b 2 − ac ) (c 2 + a 2 )
and µ= …(iv)
32 (c 2 − ab ) (a 2 + b 2 )
∴ y1 + y 2 = …(v)
16 + h 2 and given, Eq. (i) passes through the origin then
From Eqs. (iii) and (v), we get ab + bcλ + ca µ = 0 …(v)
8h From Eqs. (iv) and (v), we get
x1 + x 2 = …(vi)
16 + h 2 bc (a 2 − bc ) (b 2 + c 2 ) ca (b 2 − ac ) (c 2 + a 2 )
ab + + =0
From Eqs. (iv) and (vi) (c − ab ) (a + b )
2 2 2
(c 2 − ab ) (a 2 + b 2 )
32 ⇒ (c 2 − ab ) (a 2 + b 2 ) ab + (a 2 − bc )(b 2 + c 2 )bc
β+4=
16 + h 2 + (b 2 − ca ) (c 2 + a 2 ) ca = 0
or (16 + h ) (β + 4 ) = 32
2
…(vii) ⇒ abc 2 (a 2 + b 2 ) + a 2bc (b 2 + c 2 ) + b 2ca (c 2 + a 2 )
From Eqs. (iv) and (vi) = a 2b 2 (a 2 + b 2 ) + b 2c 2 (b 2 + c 2 )
8h
α +h = + c 2a 2 (c 2 + a 2 )
16 + h 2
⇒ abc {c (a 2 + b 2 ) + a (b 2 + c 2 ) + b (c 2 + a 2 )}
or (16 + h 2 ) (α + h ) = 8h …(viii)
Dividing Eq. (viii) by Eq. (vii), then = a 2b 2 (a 2 + b 2 ) + b 2c 2 (b 2 + c 2 )
α +h h 4α + c 2a 2 (c 2 + a 2 )
= or h =
β+4 4 β ⇒ abc {(a + b ) (b + c ) (c + a ) − 2abc }
Substituting the value of h in Eq. (vii) then = a 2b 2 (a 2 + b 2 ) + b 2c 2 (b 2 + c 2 )
 16α 2
+ c 2a 2 (c 2 + a 2 )
16 + 2  (β + 4 ) = 32
 β 
⇒ abc (a + b ) (b + c ) (c + a )
⇒ ( α 2 + β 2 ) ( β + 4 ) = 2β 2 = 2a 2b 2c 2 + a 2b 2 (a 2 + b 2 ) + b 2c 2 (b 2 + c 2 )
Hence, locus of Q (α, β ) is ( x 2 + y 2 ) (y + 4 ) = 2y 2 + c 2a 2 (c 2 + a 2 )
⇒ abc (a + b ) (b + c ) (c + a )
l Ex. 34 Show that the circumcircle of the triangle formed
= (a 2 + b 2 ) (b 2 + c 2 ) (c 2 + a 2 )
by the lines ax + by + c = 0; bx + cy + a = 0 and
cx + ay + b = 0 passes through the origin if Hence, (a 2 + b 2 ) (b 2 + c 2 ) (c 2 + a 2 )
(b 2 + c 2 ) (c 2 + a 2 ) (a 2 + b 2 ) = abc (b + c ) (c + a ) (a + b ) . = abc (a + b ) (b + c ) (c + a )
Sol. Equation of conic is
(bx + cy + a ) (cx + ay + b ) + λ (cx + ay + b )(ax + by + c )
l Ex. 35 If four points P , Q , R, S in the plane be taken and
+ µ (ax + by + c ) (bx + cy + a ) = 0 …(i) the square of the length of the tangents from P to the circle
where, λ and µ are constants. on QR as diameter be denoted by {P , QR }, show that
{ P , RS } − { P , QS } + {Q, PR } − {Q, RS } = 0
Eq. (i) represents a circle if the coefficient of x 2 and y 2 are
Sol. Let P ≡ ( x 1, y1 ), Q ≡ ( x 2 , y 2 ), R ≡ ( x 3 , y 3 ) and S ≡ ( x 4 , y 4 ).
equal and the coefficient of xy is zero such that
Equation of circle with RS as diameter is
bc + λca + µab = ca + λab + µbc
( x − x 3 ) ( x − x 4 ) + (y − y 3 ) (y − y 4 ) = 0
or (a − b ) c + λ (b − c ) a + µ (c − a ) b = 0 …(ii)
∴ { P , RS } = ( x 1 − x 3 )( x 1 − x 4 ) + (y1 − y 3 )(y1 − y 4 )
and (c 2 + ab ) + λ (a 2 + bc ) + µ (b 2 + ac ) = 0 …(iii)
Now, equation of circle with QS as diameter is
on solving Eq. (ii) and Eq. (iii) by cross multiplication rule,
( x − x 2 ) ( x − x 4 ) + (y − y 2 ) (y − y 4 ) = 0
we get
1 λ ∴ { P , QS } = ( x 1 − x 2 )( x 1 − x 4 ) + (y1 − y 2 )(y1 − y 4 )
= 2
(c − ab ) (a + b ) (a − bc ) (b 2 + c 2 )
2 2 2
Chap 04 Circle 321

Equation of circle with PR as diameter is Equations of common tangents to circle (i) and circle C are
( x − x 1 ) ( x − x 3 ) + (y − y 1 ) (y − y 3 ) = 0 1
x = − 1, y = ± ( x + 2), {T1 and T 2 }
∴ {Q , PR } = ( x 2 − x 1 )( x 2 − x 3 ) + (y 2 − y1 )(y 2 − y 3 ) 3
Equation of circle with RS as diameter is and equations of common tangents to circle (ii) and circle C
( x − x 3 ) ( x − x 4 ) + (y − y 3 ) (y − y 4 ) = 0 are
1
∴ {Q , RS } = ( x 2 − x 3 )( x 2 − x 4 ) + (y 2 − y 3 )(y 2 − y 4 ) x = 1, y = ± ( x + 2) ({T1 and T 2 }
3
Hence, { P , RS } − { P , QS } + {Q , PR } − {Q , RS } = 0 To find the remaining two transverse common tangents to
Eqs. (i) and (ii). If I divides C 1 and C 2 in the ratio
l Ex. 36 Let T1 , T 2 be two tangents drawn from ( −2 , 0 ) on r1 :`r 2 = 1 / 3 : 3 = 1 : 9.
the circle C : x 2 + y 2 = 1. Determine the circles touching C Therefore coordinates of I are ( −4 / 5, 0).
and having T1 , T 2 as their pair of tangents. Further, find the Equation of any line through I is y − 0 = m ( x + 4 / 5). If it
equations of all possible common tangents to these circles will touch Eq. (ii)
when taken two at a time. | m ( 4 + 4 / 5) − 0 |
Sol. In figure OS = 1, OP = 2 then =3
(1 + m 2 )
1
∴ sin ∠SPO = = sin 30° 2
2  24 
⇒   m = 9 (1 + m )
2 2
Y T1 5
B1
A1 S ⇒ 64m 2 = 25 + 25m 2
I1 5
30° X ⇒ 39m 2 = 25 ⇒ m = ±
30° C1 Q O R C2 39
P (– 2, 0)
A2 Therefore, equations of transverse common tangents are
B2
5
T2 y=± ( x + 4 / 5)
39
∴ ∠SPO = 30°
Q PA1 = PA 2 ⇒ ∠PA1A 2 = ∠PA 2 A1 lEx. 37 Find the equation of the circle of minimum radius
⇒ ∆ PA1A 2 is an equilateral triangle. which contains the three circles
Therefore, centre C 1 is centroid of ∆ PA1A 2 ,C 1 divides PQ in x 2 − y 2 − 4y − 5 = 0
the ratio 2 : 1.
x 2 + y 2 + 12 x + 4y + 31 = 0
 4  1
∴ C 1 ≡  − , 0 and its radius = C 1Q =
 3  3 and x 2 + y 2 + 6 x + 12y + 36 = 0
2 Sol. The coordinates of the centres and radii of three given
 1
⇒ C 1 : ( x + 4 / 3) 2 + y 2 =   …(i) circles are as given below :
 3
C 1 ≡ (0, 2) ; r1 = 3
The other circle C 2 touches the equilateral triangle PB1B 2 C 2 ≡ ( −6, − 2) ; r 2 = 3
externally.
and C 3 ≡ ( −3, − 6) ; r 3 = 3

its radius is given by = , where B1B 2 = a
s −a
C1
3 2
a
3 )
= 4 = a h, k
3a 2 C(
−a
2
C3 C2
a /2 6
but tan 30° = ⇒ a= P
3 3
3 6
∴ Radius = . =3
2 3 Let C ≡ (h , k ) be the centre of the circle passing through the
centres C 1 (0, 2), C 2 ( −6, − 2) and C 3 ( −3, − 6).
⇒ coordinates of C 2 are (4, 0)
Then, CC 1 = CC 2 = CC 3
∴ Equation of C 2 : ( x − 4 )2 + y 2 = 32 …(ii)
⇒ (CC 1 )2 = (CC 2 )2 = (CC 3 )2
322 Textbook of Coordinate Geometry

⇒ ( h − 0) 2 + ( k − 2) 2 = ( h + 6) 2 + ( k + 2) 2 ⇒ 3 cos θ = 2 + 2 sin θ
= ( h + 3) 2 + ( k + 6) 2 ⇒ 9 (1 − sin 2 θ ) = 4 (1 + sin θ )2
⇒ − 4k + 4 = 12h + 4k + 40 = 6h + 12k + 45
⇒ 9 (1 − sin θ ) = 4 (1 + sin θ ) (Q sin θ ≠ − 1)
⇒ 12h + 8k + 36 = 0
5 12
or 3h + 2k + 9 = 0 ...(i) ∴ sinθ = and cosθ =
13 13
and 6h − 8k − 5 = 0 ...(ii)
 12 5  36 15
31 23 From Eq. (ii), P ≡ 3 × , 3 ×  i.e. P ≡  , 
On solving Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get h = − , k = −  13 13   13 13
18 12
Eq. (ii) OP will be maximum, if P becomes the point
Now, CP = CC 3 + C 3 P = CC 3 + 3 extended part of OC cuts the circle. Let this point be Q
2 2
 31  23 5  then maximum value of OP = OQ = OC + CQ = ( 13 + 2)
= − 3 +  + − 6 +  +3 =  (949 ) + 3
 18   12   36  Let ∠ COX = α
Hence, equation of required circle is then, Q ≡ (OQ cos α, OQ sin α )
2 2 2
 31  23  5  ≡ ((2 + 13 ) cos α, (2 + 13 ) sin α ) ... (iii)
 x +  + y +  = 3 + 949 
 18  12  36  OL NC 2
Now, in ∆COL, cosα = = =
Remark OC OC 13
If radii of three given circles are distinct say r1 < r2 < r3 then the 3
∴ sinα =
radius of the required circle will be equal to (CC1 or CC2 or CC3) 13
+ r3 (QCC1 = CC2 = CC3)
 4 6 
Now, from Eq. (iii), Q ≡ 2 + ,3 + 
l Ex. 38 Find the point P on the circle  13 13 
x 2 + y 2 − 4 x − 6y + 9 = 0 such that
l Ex. 39 The circle x 2 + y 2 − 4 x − 8y + 16 = 0 rolls up the
(i) ∠ POX is minimum,
tangent to it at ( 2 + 3 , 3 ) by 2 units, assuming the X-axis as
(ii) OP is maximum, when O is the origin and OX is the
horizontal, find the equation of the circle in the new
X-axis.
position.
Sol. Given circle is
Sol. Given circle is
x 2 + y 2 − 4 x − 6y + 9 = 0
x 2 + y 2 − 4 x − 8y + 16 = 0 …(i)
or ( x − 2) 2 + ( y − 3) 2 = 22 .... (i)
Let P ≡ ( 2 + 3, 3)
Its centre is C ≡ (2, 3) and radius r = 2
Eq. (i) Let OP and ON be the two tangents from O to the
circle Eq. (i), then OP = ON = 3 B
2
Y Q

C A 2
N
(2,4) P (2 + 3, 3)
θ
60°
H θ
α P
X´ θ X
O L MK Equation of tangent to the circle Eq. (i) at P (2 + 3, 3) is

(2 + 3 ) x + 3y − 2 ( x + 2 + 3 ) − 4 (y + 3) + 16 = 0
then ∠ POX is minimum when OP is tangent to the circle
Eq. (i) at P or 3 x −y −2 3 =0 …(ii)
Let ∠ POX = θ Let A and B be the centres of the circles in old and new
positions, then
∴ P ≡ (OP cos θ, OP sin θ )
B ≡ (2 + 2 cos 60° , 4 + 2 sin 60° )
i.e. P ≡ (3 cos θ, 3 sin θ ) ...(ii)
(Q AB makes an angle 60° with X-axis)
From figure, OM = OL + LM = NC + HP = NC + CP sinθ
or B ≡ ( 3, 4 + 3 )
⇒ OP cos θ = NC + CP sin θ
Chap 04 Circle 323

and radius = 22 + 4 2 − 16 = 2 ⇒ 16h 2 − 4h (1 + 2a ) + 4h (1 − 2a )


∴ Equation of the required circle is (1 + 2a )2 (1 − 2a )2
+ + − 2h (1 + 2a )
( x − 3) 2 + ( y − 4 − 3 ) 2 = 22 2 2
(1 + 2a )2 (1 − 2a )2
or x 2 + y 2 − 6x − 2 ( 4 + 3 ) y + 24 + 8 3 = 0 + + 2h (1 − 2a ) + =0
2 2
l Ex. 40 Find the intervals of the values of ‘a’ for which the ⇒ 16h 2 − 12 2 ah + (1 + 2a )2 + (1 − 2a )2 = 0
line y + x = 0 bisects two chords drawn from a point ⇒ 16h 2 − 12 2 ah + 2 + 4a 2 = 0
 1 + 2a 1 − 2a  or 8h 2 − 6 2 ah + 1 + 2a 2 = 0
 ,  to the circle
 2 2  Hence, for two real and different values of h, we must have
2 x 2 + 2y 2 − (1 + 2 a ) x − (1 − 2a )y = 0.
+ +
 1 + 2a 1 − 2a  –2 – 2
Sol. The point A  ,  lies on the given circle as
 2 2  ( −6 2a )2 − 4 ⋅ 8 (1 + 2a 2 ) > 0
its coordinate satisfy the equation of the circle. Let AB
and AC are two chords drawn from A. Let M and N are or 72a 2 − 32 (1 + 2a 2 ) > 0
the mid-points of AB and AC. ⇒ 8a 2 − 32 > 0
Let coordinate of M be (h , − h ) and coordinate of B is (α, β ),
then ⇒ a2 − 4 > 0
C ( a + 2) ( a − 2) > 0
Hence, the required value of a (from wavy curve)
a ∈ ( −∞, − 2) ∪ (2, ∞ )
Aliter : Equation of chord AB whose mid-point is (h , − h ) is
N T = S1
 x + h y − h
2xh − 2yh − (1 + 2a )   − (1 − 2a )  
(h, – h)  2   2 
A M B
= 2h 2 + 2h 2 − (1 + 2a ) h + (1 − 2a ) h
y+ x =0 ⇒ 4 xh − 4yh − (1 + 2a ) ( x + h ) − (1 − 2a ) (y − h )
1 + 2a = 8h 2 − 2 (1 + 2a ) h + 2 (1 − 2a ) h
α+
h= 2 ⇒ x [ 4h − (1 + 2a )] − y [ 4h + (1 − 2a )] − h (1 + 2a )
2
1 − 2a + h (1 − 2a ) = 8h 2 − 2 (1 + 2a ) h + 2 (1 − 2a ) h
β+
and −h = 2 or 8h 2 − (1 + 2a ) h + (1 − 2a ) h − x [ 4h − (1 + 2a )]
2
+ y [ 4h + (1 − 2a )] = 0
1 − 2a
∴ α = 2h −  1 + 2a 1 − 2a 
2 It passes through A  ,  , then
1 − 2a  2 2 
and β = − 2h −
2  1 + 2a 
8h 2 − 2 2ah −   [ 4h − (1 + 2a )]
Since, B (α, β ) lies on the given circle, we have  2 
2 2
 1 + 2a   1 − 2a   1 − 2a 
⇒ 2 2h −  + 2 −2h −
 2   2  +
 2 
 [ 4h + (1 − 2a )] = 0

 1 + 2a 
− (1 + 2a ) 2h − (1 + 2a )2
 2  or 8h 2 − 2 2ah − 2h (1 + 2a ) +
2
 1 − 2a  (1 − 2a )2
− (1 − 2a ) −2h − =0 + 2h (1 − 2a ) + =0
 2  2
or 8h 2 − 6 2ah + 1 + 2a 2 = 0
324 Textbook of Coordinate Geometry

Hence, for two real and different values of h, we must have 2 cos 2α
⇒ .cos α = 1
+ + sin 2α
–2 – 2 2(1 − 2sin 2 α) cos α
⇒ =1
( −6 2a )2 − 4 ⋅ 8 ⋅ (1 + 2a 2 ) > 0 2sin α cos α
⇒ 1 − 2sin 2 α = sin α
or a2 − 4 > 0
⇒ 2sin α + sin α −1 = 0
2
∴ ( a + 2) ( a − 2) > 0
⇒ (2sin α −1) (sin α +1) = 0
∴ a ∈ ( −∞ , − 2) ∪ (2, ∞ )
⇒ sinα ≠ −1
1
l Ex. 41 A ball moving around the circle ∴ sinα =
x 2 + y 2 − 2 x − 4y − 20 = 0 in anti-clockwise direction leaves 2
it tangentially at the point P ( − 2 , − 2 ). After getting reflected ∴ α = 30°
from a straight line, it passes through the centre of the circle. Tangent at P( −2, − 2) is
Find the equation of the straight line if its perpendicular −2x − 2y − ( x − 2) − 2(y − 2) − 20 = 0
distance from P is 5/2. You can assume that the angle of ⇒ 3x + 4y + 14 = 0
incidence is equal to the angle of reflection. Slope of PM = −3 / 4
Sol. Radius of the circle = CP = 9 + 16 = 5 Q ∠PMQ = 90°− α = 90°−30° = 60°
Let the equation is of surface is y = mx + c m +3/ 4 4m + 3
∴ tan 60° = , 3=
5 1 − 3m / 4 4 − 3m
given PQ =
2 4 3 −3
−2m + 2 + c 5 ∴ m=
∴ =± …(i) 4 +3 3
(1 + m )2 2 5 2(1 − m ) + c
From Eq. (i) ± =
C (1, 2)
2 1 + m2
al 11 + 2 3 −39 + 2 3
rm we get c = or
No 4 +3 3 4 +3 3
P N
c being intercept on Y-axis made by surface is clearly–ve.
(–2, –2) Hence, the required line is
5/2  4 3 − 3  −39 + 2 3 
90° α y= x + 
–α α  4 + 3 3  4 +3 3 
Q M Surface ⇒ ( 4 3 − 3) x − ( 4 + 3 3 )y − (39 − 2 3 ) = 0.
Tangent at P strikes it at the point M and after reflection
passes through the centre C (1, 2). l Ex. 42 Find the limiting points of the circles
Let MN be the normal at M. ( x 2 + y 2 + 2 gx + c ) + λ ( x 2 + y 2 + 2 fy + d ) = 0 and show
∠ PMN = ∠NMC = α that the square of the distance between them is
PC (c − d ) 2 − 4 f 2 g 2 + 4cf 2 + 4dg 2
In ∆ PCM, tan2α =
PM
f 2 +g2
5
⇒ tan2α =
PM Sol. The given circles are
⇒ PM = 5 cot 2α …(ii) ( x 2 + y 2 + 2gx + c ) + λ ( x 2 + y 2 + 2 fy + d ) = 0
and in ∆ PQM 2g 2 fλ ( c + λd )
⇒ x2 + y2 + x+ y+ =0
5/2 1+ λ 1+ λ 1+ λ
sin(90°−α ) =
PM  −g − f λ 
5 Centre of the circle  , 
∴ PM = …(iii) 1 + λ 1 + λ 
2 cosα
Equating the radius of this circle to zero, we get
5
From Eqs. (ii) and (iii), 5 cot 2α = g2 f 2 λ2 ( c + λd )
2 cos α + − =0
(1 + λ ) 2
(1 + λ )2 (1 + λ )
⇒ 2 cot 2α cos α = 1
Chap 04 Circle 325

⇒ g 2 + f 2 λ 2 − ( c + λd ) ( 1 + λ ) = 0 l Ex. 43 One vertex of a triangle of given species is fixed


⇒ ( f − d ) λ − (c + d )λ + g − c = 0
2 2 2 and another moves along circumference of a fixed circle.
Prove that the locus of the remaining vertex is a circle and
Let the roots be λ 1 and λ 2
find its radius.
(c + d ) g2 − c
then λ1 + λ 2 = , λ 1λ 2 = Sol. Let OPQ be a triangle of given species. Then the angles
(f 2
− d) f 2
−d α,β, γ will be fixed.

∴ ( λ 1 − λ 2 ) = ( λ 1 + λ 2 )2 − 4 λ 1λ 2 Y
P (r, θ)
(c + d ) 2
4(g − c ) 2
γ
= −
(f 2
− d )2 (f 2
− d) r β Q (r1, θ1)
r1
α
(c + d ) − 4 f g + 4cf
2 2 2 2
+ 4dg 2
θ1
= …(i) X´
a
X
(f −d)
2
O b G(b, 0)

(c + d ) + (c − d )2 − 4 f 2 g 2 + 4cf 2
+ 4dg 2
∴ λ1 = …(ii)
2( f 2 − d ) Let the polar coordinates of Q be (r1,θ1 ), we have to find the
(c + d ) − {(c − d ) − 4 f g + 4cf + 4dg }
2 2 2 2 2 locus of P (r ,θ ). In ∠OCQ
and λ 2 = …(iii) r12 + b 2 − a 2
2( f 2 − d ) cos θ1 = …(i)
2r1b
Hence, limiting points are
Q θ = α + θ1 , ∴ θ1 = θ − α …(ii)
 −g − f λ1   −g −f λ2
 ,  and  ,  using sine rule in ∆OPQ
1 + λ1 1 + λ1 1 + λ 2 1 + λ 2 
r r
= 1
Substituting the values of λ 1 and λ 2 from Eqs. (ii) and (iii) sin β sin γ
square of the distance between limiting points r sin γ
2 2 ∴ r1 = …(iii)
 −g g   − f λ1 f λ2  sin β
= +  + + 
1 + λ1 1 + λ 2  1 + λ1 1 + λ 2  Substituting the values of θ1 and r1 from Eqs. (ii )and (iii)
in Eq. (i)
(g + f ) (λ1 − λ 2 )
2 2 2
= r sin γ r 2 sin 2 γ
[1 + ( λ 1 + λ 2 ) + λ 1λ 2 ]2 2b cos(θ − α ) = + b2 − a2
sin β sin 2 β
{(c − d )2 − 4 f 2 g 2 + 4cf 2
+ 4dg 2 }
(g 2 + f 2 ) a 2 sin 2 β b 2 sin 2 β r sin β
(f 2
− d )2 ⇒ =r2 + − 2b cos(θ − α)
= 2 sin 2 γ sin 2 γ sin γ
g2 + f 2
 2  sin β
 f −d  This is an equation of circle in polar form with radius .
sin γ
[(c − d )2 − 4 f 2 g 2 + 4cf 2
+ 4dg 2 ]

(g 2 + f 2 )
#L Circle Exercise 1 :
Single Option Correct Type Questions
n This section contains 30 multiple choice questions. 8. The number of rational point(s) (a point (a, b) is rational,
Each question has four choices (a), (b), (c) and (d) out of if a and b both are rational numbers) on the
which ONLY ONE is correct
circumference of a circle having centre (π, e) is
1. The sum of the square of the length of the chord (a) atmost one (b) atleast two
intercepted by the line x + y = n, n ∈ N on the circle (c) exactly two (d) infinite
x 2 + y 2 = 4 is 9. Three sides of a triangle have the equations
(a) 11 (b) 22 L r ≡ y − mr x − c r = 0; r = 1, 2, 3. Then
(c) 33 (d) None of these λL 2 L 3 + µL 3 L 1 + vL 1 L 2 = 0, where λ ≠ 0, µ ≠ 0,v ≠ 0 is
2. Tangents are drawn to the circle x 2 + y 2 = 50 from a the equation of circumcircle of triangle, if
point ‘P’ lying on the X -axis. These tangents meet the (a) λ (m2 + m3 ) + µ(m3 + m1 ) + v(m1 + m2 ) = 0
Y -axis at points ‘P1 ’ and ‘P2 ’. Possible coordinates of ‘P’ (b) λ (m2m3 − 1 ) + µ(m3m1 − 1 ) + v(m1m2 − 1 ) = 0
so that area of triangle PP1 P2 is minimum, is (c) Both (a) and (b)
(d) None of the above
(a) (10, 0 ) (b) (10 2, 0) (c) ( −10 2, 0 ) (d) (10 3, 0 )
10. f ( x , y ) ≡ x 2 + y 2 + 2ax + 2by + c = 0 represent a circle. If
3. Equation of chord AB of circle x 2 + y 2 = 2 passing
f ( x , 0) = 0 has equal roots, each being 2 and f (0, y ) = 0
PB
through P(2, 2) such that = 3, is given by has 2 and 3 as its roots, then the centre of the circle is
PA
 5
(a) x = 3y (b) x = y (a) 2,  (b) Data are not consistent
 2
(c) y − 2 = 3( x − 2 ) (d) y − 3 = 3( x − 1 )
 5
(c)  −2, −  (d) Data are inconsistent
4. If r1 and r 2 are the radii of smallest and largest circles  2
which passes through (5, 6) and touches the circle 11. If (1 + αx )n = 1 + 8x + 24 x 2 + ... and a line through P(α, n )
( x − 2) 2 + y 2 = 4, then r1r 2 is
cuts the circle x 2 + y 2 = 4 in A and B, then PA. PB is
4 41 5 41
(a) (b) (c) (d) equal to
41 4 41 5
(a) 4 (b) 8 (c) 16 (d) 32
5. Equation of circle S ( x , y ) = 0, (S (2, 3) = 16) which touches 12. A region in the xy-plane is bounded by the curve
the line 3x + 4y − 7 = 0 at (1, 1) is given by
(a) x 2 + y 2 + x + 2y − 5 = 0 y = (25 − x 2 ) and the line y = 0. If the point (a, a + 1) lies
(b) x 2 + y 2 + 2 x + 2y − 7 = 0 in the interior of the region, then
(a) a ∈ ( −4,3 ) (b) a ∈ ( − ∞, − 1 ) ∪ (3, ∞ )
(c) x + y + 4 x − 6y + 13 = 0
2 2
(c) a ∈ ( −1, 3 ) (d) None of these
(d) x 2 + y 2 − 4 x + 6y − 7 = 0
13. S( x , y ) = 0 represents a circle. The equation S( x , 2) = 0
6. If P(2, 8) is an interior point of a circle gives two identical solutions x = 1 and the equation
x 2 + y 2 − 2x + 4y − λ = 0 which neither touches nor S(1, y ) = 0 gives two distinct solutions y = 0, 2, then the
intersects the axes, then set for λ is equation of the circle is
(a) ( − ∞, − 1 ) (b) ( − ∞, − 4 ) (a) x 2 + y 2 + 2 x − 2y + 1 = 0 (b) x 2 + y 2 − 2 x + 2y + 1 = 0
(c) (96, ∞ ) (d) φ
(c) x 2 + y 2 − 2 x − 2y − 1 = 0 (d) x 2 + y 2 − 2 x − 2y + 1 = 0
7. The difference between the radii of the largest and π
smallest circles which have their centre on the 14. Let 0 < α < be a fixed angle. If P = (cos θ,sin θ) and
2
circumference of the circle x 2 + y 2 + 2x + 4y − 4 = 0 and Q = (cos(α − θ), sin (α − θ)), then Q is obtained from P by
pass through the point (a, b ) lying outside the given (a) clockwise rotation around origin through an angle α
circle is (b) anti-clockwise rotation around origin through an angle α
(a) 6 (b) (a + 1 ) 2 + (b + 2 ) 2 (c) reflection in the line through origin with slope tanα
(c) 3 (d) (a + 1 ) 2 + (b + 2 ) 2 − 3 α
(d) reflection in the line through origin with slope tan  
 2
Chap 04 Circle 327

15. The number of points ( x , y ) having integral coordinates 24. One of the diameter of the circle circumscribing the
satisfying the condition x + y < 25 is
2 2 rectangle ABCD is 4y = x + 7. If A and B are the points
( −3, 4 ) and (5, 4) respectively, then the area of the
(a) 69 (b) 80 (c) 81 (d) 77
rectangle is
16. The point ([P + 1],[P ]), (where [. ] denotes the greatest (a) 16 sq units (b) 24 sq units
integer function) lying inside the region bounded by the (c) 32 sq units (d) None of these
circle x 2 + y 2 − 2x − 15 = 0 and x 2 + y 2 − 2x − 7 = 0, then 25. A, B, C and D are the points of intersection with the
(a) P ∈ [ −1, 0 ) ∪ [ 0,1 ) ∪ [1, 2 ) (b) P ∈ [ −1,2 ) − { 0,1 } coordinate axes of the lines ax + by = ab and
(c) P ∈ ( −1, 2 ) (d) None of these bx + ay = ab, then
17. A point P lies inside the circles x 2 + y 2 − 4 = 0 and (a) A, B, C, D are concyclic
(b) A, B, C, D form a parallelogram
x 2 + y 2 − 8x + 7 = 0. The point P starts moving under the (c) A, B, C, D form a rhombus
conditions that its path encloses greatest possible area (d) None of the above
and it is at a fixed distance from any arbitrarily chosen
26. α, β and γ are parametric angles of three points P, Q and
fixed point in its region. The locus of P is
(a) 4 x 2 + 4y 2 − 12 x + 1 = 0 (b) 4 x 2 + 4y 2 + 12 x − 1 = 0
R respectively, on the circle x 2 + y 2 = 1 and A is the
(c) x 2 + y 2 − 3 x − 2 = 0 (d) x 2 + y 2 − 3 x + 2 = 0
point ( −1, 0). If the lengths of the chords AP, AQ and AR
 α β γ
are in GP, then cos   , cos   and cos   are in
18. The set of values of ‘c’ so that the equations y = | x | + c  2  2  2
and x 2 + y 2 − 8 | x |−9 = 0 have no solution is (a) AP (b) GP
(a) ( − ∞, − 3 ) ∪ (3, ∞ ) (b) ( −3, 3 ) (c) HP (d) None of these
(c) ( − ∞, − 5 2 ) ∪ (5 2, ∞ ) (d) (5 2 − 4, ∞ ) 27. The equation of the circle passing through (2, 0) and
19. If a line segment AM = a moves in the plane XOY (0, 4) and having the minimum radius is
remaining parallel to OX so that the left end point A (a) x 2 + y 2 = 20
slides along the circle x 2 + y 2 = a 2 , the locus of M is (b) x 2 + y 2 − 2 x − 4y = 0
(a) x 2 + y 2 = 4a 2 (b) x 2 + y 2 = 2ax (c) ( x 2 + y 2 − 4 ) + λ ( x 2 + y 2 − 16 ) = 0
(c) x 2 + y 2 = 2ay (d) x 2 + y 2 − 2ax − 2ay = 0 (d) None of the above

20. The four points of intersection of the lines 28. A circle of radius unity is centred at the origin. Two
(2x − y + 1)( x − 2y + 3) = 0 with the axes lie on a circle particles start moving at the same time from the point
whose centre is at the point (1, 0) and move around the circle in opposite direction.
One of the particle moves anticlockwise with constant
 7 5  3 5  9 5  5
(a)  − ,  (b)  ,  (c)  ,  (d)  0,  speed v and the other moves clockwise with constant
 4 4  4 4  4 4  4
speed 3v. After leaving (1, 0), the two particles meet first
21. The number of integral values of λ for which at a point P and continue until they meet next at point
x 2 + y 2 + λx + (1 − λ )y + 5 = 0 is the equation of a circle Q. The coordinates of the point Q are
whose radius cannot exceed 5, is (a) (1, 0) (b) (0, 1) (c) (−1, 0) (d) (0, −1)
(a) 14 (b) 18 (c) 16 (d) None of these 29. The circle x + y = 4 cuts the line joining the points
2 2

22. Let φ( x , y ) = 0 be the equation of a circle. If φ (0, λ ) = 0 A(1, 0) and B(3, 4 ) in two points P and Q. Let
BP
= α and
4 PA
has equal roots λ = 2, 2 and φ ( λ , 0) = 0 has roots λ = , 5, BQ
5 = β, then α and β are roots of the quadratic equation
then the centre of the circle is QA
 29  29   29 (a) x 2 + 2 x + 7 = 0 (b) 3 x 2 + 2 x − 21 = 0
(a) 2,  (b)  , 2 (c)  −2,  (d) None of these
 10  10   10 (c) 2 x 2 + 3 x − 27 = 0 (d) None of these

23. The locus of the point of intersection of the tangents to 30. The locus of the mid-points of the chords of the circle
the circle x = r cos θ, y = r sin θ at points whose π
x 2 + y 2 + 4 x − 6y − 12 = 0 which subtend an angle of
π 3
parametric angles differ by is
3 radians at its circumference is
(a) x + y = 4(2 − 3 )r
2 2 2
(b) 3( x + y ) = 1
2 2 (a) ( x + 2 ) 2 + (y − 3 ) 2 = 6.25 (b) ( x − 2 ) 2 + (y + 3 ) 2 = 6.25
(c) x 2 + y 2 = (2 − 3 )r 2 (d) 3( x 2 + y 2 ) = 4r 2 (c) ( x + 2 ) 2 + (y − 3 ) 2 = 18.75 (d) ( x + 2 ) 2 + (y + 3 ) 2 = 18.75
328 Textbook of Coordinate Geometry

#L Circle Exercise 2 :
More than One Correct Option Type Questions
This section contains 15 multiple choice questions. Each 37. An equation of a circle touching the axes of coordinates
question has four choices (a), (b), (c) and (d) out of which and the line x cos α + y sin α = 2 can be
MORE THAN ONE may be correct. 2
(a) x 2 + y 2 − 2 gx − 2 gy + g 2 = 0, where g =
(cosα + sin α + 1 )
31. If OA and OB are two perpendicular chords of the circle
2
r = a cos θ + b sin θ passing through origin, then the locus (b) x + y − 2 gx − 2 gy + g = 0, where g =
2 2 2

of the mid-point of AB is (cosα + sin α − 1 )


a 2
(a) x 2 + y 2 = a + b (b) x = (c) x 2 + y 2 − 2 gx + 2 gy + g 2 = 0, where g =
2 (cosα − sin α + 1 )
b 2
(c) x 2 − y 2 = a 2 − b 2 (d) y = (d) x 2 + y 2 − 2 gx + 2 gy + g 2 = 0, where g =
2 (cosα − sin α − 1 )
32. If A and B are two points on the circle 38. If α is the angle subtended at P( x 1 , y 1 ) by the circle
x 2 + y 2 − 4 x + 6y − 3 = 0 which are farthest and nearest S ≡ x 2 + y 2 + 2gx + 2 fy + c = 0, then
respectively, from the point (7, 2), then S1 α S1
(a) A ≡ (2 − 2 2, − 3 − 2 2 ) (a) cot α = (b) cot =
(g + f − c )
2 2 2 (g + f 2 − c )
2
(b) A ≡ (2 + 2 2, − 3 + 2 2 )
2 (g 2 + f 2 − c )  (g 2 + f 2 − c ) 
(c) B ≡ (2 + 2 2, − 3 + 2 2 ) (c) tan α = (d) α = 2 tan −1  
 
(d) B ≡ (2 − 2 2, − 3 − 2 2 )
S1  S1 

33. If the circle x 2 + y 2 + 2gx + 2 fy + c = 0 cuts each of the 39. The equation of the circle which touches the axis of
x y
circles x + y − 4 = 0, x + y − 6x − 8y + 10 = 0 and
2 2 2 2
coordinates and the line + = 1 and whose centre lies
3 4
x 2 + y 2 + 2x − 4y − 2 = 0 at the extremities of a diameter,
in the first quadrant is x 2 + y 2 − 2λx − 2λy + λ 2 = 0, then
then
λ is equal to
(a) c = −4 (b) g + f = c − 1
(a) 1 (b) 2
(c) g 2 + f 2 − c = 17 (d) gf = 6
(c) 3 (d) 6
34. The possible value of λ ( λ > 0) such that the angle 40. If P is a point on the circle x 2 + y 2 = 9, Q is a point on
between the pair of tangents from point ( λ , 0) to the the line 7 x + y + 3 = 0, and the line x − y + 1 = 0, is the
 π 2π 
circle x 2 + y 2 = 4 lies in interval  ,  is perpendicular bisector of PQ, then the coordinates of P
2 3  are
 4   72 21
(a)  , 2 2 (b) ( 0, 2 ) (a) (3, 0) (b)  , − 
 3   25 25
 4 4  72 21
(c) (1, 2 ) (d)  ,  (c) (0, 3) (d)  − , 
 3 3  25 25

35. If a chord of the circle x 2 + y 2 − 4 x − 2y − c = 0 is  7


41. If a circle passes through the point 3,  and touches
 1 1  8 8  2
trisected at the points  ,  and  ,  , then
 3 3  3 3 x + y = 1 and x − y = 1, then the centre of the circle is
(a) c = 10 (b) c = 20 (a) ( 4, 0 ) (b) (4, 2) (c) (6, 0) (d) (7, 9)
(c) c = 15 (d) c 2 − 40c + 400 = 0 42. The equation of a circle C 1 is x 2 + y 2 = 4. The locus of
36. From the point A(0, 3) on x + 4 x + (y − 3) = 0, a chord
2 2
the intersection of orthogonal tangents to the circle is
AB is drawn and extended to a point M, such that the curve C 2 and the locus of the intersection of
AM = 2AB. An equation of the locus of M is perpendicular tangents to the curve C 2 is the curve C 3 .
(a) x 2 + 6 x + (y − 2 ) 2 = 0 Then,
(b) x 2 + 8 x + (y − 3 ) 2 = 0 (a) C 3 is a circle
(b) the area enclosed by the curve C 3 is 8π
(c) x 2 + y 2 + 8 x − 6y + 9 = 0 (c) C 2 and C 3 are circles with the same centre
(d) x 2 + y 2 + 6 x − 4y + 4 = 0 (d) None of the above
Chap 04 Circle 329

43. The equation of a tangent to the circle x 2 + y 2 = 25 (a) L is the radical axis of C1 and C 2
(b) L is the common tangent of C1 and C 2
passing through ( −2, 11) is
(c) L is the common chord of C1 and C 2
(a) 4 x + 3y = 25 (b) 3 x + 4y = 38
(d) L is perpendicular to the line joining centres of C1 and C 2
(c) 24 x − 7y + 125 = 0 (d) 7 x + 24y = 230
45. A square is inscribed in the circle
44. Consider the circles
C1 ≡ x 2 + y 2 − 2 x − 4y − 4 = 0 and
x 2 + y 2 − 10x − 6y + 30 = 0. One side of the square is
parallel to y = x + 3, then one vertex of the square is
C 2 ≡ x 2 + y 2 + 2 x + 4y + 4 = 0
(a) (3, 3) (b) (7, 3 )
and the line L ≡ x + 2y + 2 = 0, then (c) (6, 3 − 3 ) (d) (6, 3 + 3 )

#L Circle Exercise 3 :
Paragraph Based Questions
This section contains 7 paragraphs based upon each of the 51. If P ≡ (3, 4 ), then the coordinates of S are
paragraph 3 multiple choice questions have to be answered.  46 63  51 68
(a)  − ,  (b)  − , − 
Each of these questions has four choices (a), (b), (c) and (d)  25 25  25 25
out of which ONLY ONE is correct.  46 68   68 51
(c)  − ,  (d)  − , 
Paragraph I  25 25  25 25
(Q. Nos. 46 to 48) Paragraph III
Consider the circle S : x 2 + y 2 − 4x − 1 = 0 and the line (Q. Nos. 52 to 54)
L : y = 3x − 1. If the line L cuts the circle at A and B. Equation of the circumcircle of a triangle formed by the lines
46. Length of the chord AB is L1 = 0, L2 = 0 and L3 = 0 can be written as
(a) 5 (b) 10 (c) 2 5 (d) 5 2 L1 L2 + λL2 L3 + µL3 L1 = 0, where λ and µ are such that
coefficient of x 2 = coefficient of y 2 and coefficient of xy = 0.
47. The angle subtended by the chord AB is the minor arc of
S is 52. L 1 L 2 2 + λL 2 L23 + µL 3 L21 = 0 represents
π 2π 3π 5π
(a) (b) (c) (d) (a) a curve passing through point of intersection of L1 = 0,
4 3 4 6 L2 = 0 and L3 = 0
48. Acute angle between the line L and the circle S is (b) a circle is coefficient of x 2 = coefficient of y 2 and
π π π π coefficient of xy = 0
(a) (b) (c) (d)
6 4 3 2 (c) a parabola
Paragraph II (d) pair of straight lines
(Q. Nos. 49 to 51) 53. L 1 = 0, L 2 = 0 be the distinct parallel lines, L 3 = 0, L 4 = 0
P is a variable point on the line L = 0. Tangents are drawn to be two other distinct parallel lines which are not parallel
the circle x 2 + y 2 = 4 from P to touch it at Q and R. The to L 1 = 0. The equation of a circle passing through the
vertices of the parallelogram formed must be of the form
parallelogram PQSR is completed.
(a) λL1L4 + µL2L3 = 0 (b) λL1L3 + µL2L4 = 0
49. If L ≡ 2x + y − 6 = 0, then the locus of the circumcenter of (c) λL1L2 + µL3L4 = 0 (d) λL12L3 + µL22L4 = 0
∆PQR is
(a) 2 x − y = 4 (b) 2 x + y = 3 54. If L 1 L 2 + λL 2 L 3 + µL 3 L 1 = 0 is such that µ = 0 and λ is
(c) x − 2y = 4 (d) x + 2y = 3 non-zero, then it represents
192 (a) a parabola
50. If P ≡ (6, 8), then area of ∆QRS is λ sq units. The
25 (b) a pair of straight lines
value of λ is (c) a circle
(a) 2 (b) 3 (c) 5 (d) 6 (d) an ellipse
330 Textbook of Coordinate Geometry

Paragraph IV Paragraph VI
(Q. Nos. 55 to 57) (Q. Nos. 61 to 63)
Given two circles intersecting orthogonally having the length of Two variable chords AB and BC of a circle x 2 + y 2 = a 2 are
common chord
24
unit. The radius of one of the circles is 3 units. such that AB = BC = a, M and N are the mid-points of AB
5 and BC respectively such that line joining MN intersect the
55. If radius of other circle is λ units, then λ is circle at P and Q, where P is closer to AB and O is the centre
(a) 2 (b) 4 (c) 5 (d) 6 of the circle.

56. If angle between direct common tangents is 2θ, then 61. ∠OAB is
sin 2θ is (a) 15° (b) 30°
(c) 45° (d) 60°
4 4 6 12 24 62. Angle between tangents at A and C is
(a) (b) (c) (d)
5 25 25 25 (a) 60° (b) 90°
(c) 120° (d) 150°
57. If length of direct common tangent is λ units, then λ is 2

(a) 12 (b) 24 (c) 36 (d) 48 63. Locus of point of intersection of tangents at A and C is
(a) x 2 + y 2 = a 2 (b) x 2 + y 2 = 2a 2
Paragraph V (c) x 2 + y 2 = 4a 2 (d) x 2 + y 2 = 8a 2
(Q. Nos. 58 to 60)
Consider the two circles C1 : x 2 + y 2 = a 2 and Paragraph VII
C 2 : x 2 + y 2 = b 2 ( a > b ). Let A be a fixed point on the circle (Q. Nos. 64 to 66)
C1 , say A ( a, 0) and B be a variable point on the circle C 2 . The t 1 , t 2 , t 3 are lengths of tangents drawn from a point ( h, k ) to
line BA meets the circle C 2 again at C. ‘O’ being the origin. the circles x 2 + y 2 = 4, x 2 + y 2 − 4x = 0 and x 2 + y 2 − 4 y = 0
58. If (OA ) 2 + (OB ) 2 + ( BC ) 2 = λ, then λ ∈ respectively further, t 14 = t 22 t 32 + 16. Locus of the point ( h, k )
(a) [5b 2 − 3a 2, 5b 2 + a 2 ] (b) [ 4b 2, 4b 2 + a 2 ]
consist of a straight line L1 and a circle C1 passing through
origin. A circle C 2 , which is equal to circle C1 is drawn
(c) [ 4a 2, 4b 2 ] (d) [5b 2 − 3a 2, 5b 2 + 3a 2 ]
touching the line L1 and the circle C1 externally.
59. The locus of the mid-point of AB is 64. Equation of L 1 is
2 2
 a b2  a a2 (a) x + y = 0 (b) x − y = 0
(a)  x −  + y 2 = (b)  x −  + y 2 =
 2 4  2 4 (c) 2 x + y = 0 (d) x + 2y = 0
2 2
 b a2  b b2 65. Equation of C 1 is
(c)  x −  + y 2 = (d)  x −  + y 2 =
 2 4  2 4 (a) x 2 + y 2 − x − y = 0 (b) x 2 + y 2 − 2 x + y = 0
60. If ( BC ) 2 is maximum, then the locus of the mid-point of (c) x 2 + y 2 − x + 2y = 0 (d) x 2 + y 2 − 2 x − 2y = 0
AB is 66. The distance between the centres of C 1 and C 2 is
(a) x 2 + y 2 = b 2 (b) x 2 + y 2 = (a + b ) 2
(a) 2 (b) 2
(c) x 2 + y 2 = (a − b ) 2 (d) None of these (c) 2 2 (d) 4

#L Circle Exercise 4 :
Single Integer Answer Type Questions
n
This section contains 10 questions. The answer to each question is a single digit integer, ranging from 0 to 9 (both
inclusive).
67. The point (1, 4) lies inside the circle x 2 + y 2 − 6x − 10y + λ = 0. If the circle neither touches nor cuts the axes, then the
difference between the maximum and the minimum possible values of λ is
68. Consider the family of circles x 2 + y 2 − 2x − 2λy − 8 = 0 passing through two fixed points A and B. Then the distance
between the points A and B is
Chap 04 Circle 331

69. If C 1 : x 2 + y 2 = (3 + 2 2 ) 2 be a circle and PA and PB are 73. A circle x 2 + y 2 + 4 x − 2 2y + c = 0 is the director circle
pair of tangents on C 1 , where P is any point on the of the circle C 1 and C 1 is the director circle of circle C 2
director circle of C 1 , then the radius of the smallest circle and so on. If the sum of radii of all these circles is 2 and
which touches C 1 externally and also the two tangents if c = λ 2, then the value of λ is
PA and PB, is
74. If the area bounded by the circles x 2 + y 2 = r 2 , r = 1, 2
70. If a circle S( x , y ) = 0 touches the point (2, 3) of the line λπ
1 and the rays given by 2x 2 − 3xy − 2y 2 = 0 , y > 0 is sq
x + y = 5 and S(1, 2) = 0, then radius of such circle is 4
λ units, then the value of λ is
units, then the value of λ 2 is.
75. The length of a common internal tangent of two circles
71. If real numbers x and y satisfy ( x + 5) 2 + (y − 12) 2 = 196, is 5 and that of a common external tangent is 13. If the
1
product of the radii of two circles is λ, then the value of
then the maximum value of ( x + y )
2 2 3
is λ is
72. If the equation of circle circumscribing the quadrilateral 4
formed by the lines in order are 76. Consider a circles S with centre at the origin and radius 4.
2x + 3y = 2, 3x − 2y = 3, x + 2y = 3 and 2x − y = 1 is given Four circles A, B, C and D each with radius unity and
by x 2 + y 2 + λx + µy + v = 0. Then the value of centres ( −3, 0), ( −1, 0), (1, 0) and (3, 0) respectively are drawn.
A chord PQ of the circle S touches the circle B and passes
| λ + 2 µ + ν| is
through the centre of the circle C. If the length of this
λ
chord can be expressed as λ , then the value of is
9

#L Circle Exercise 5 :
Matching Type Questions
n
This section contains 4 questions. Questions 77 and 78 78. Match the following
have four statements (A, B, C and D) given in Column I
and four statements (p, q, r and s) in Column II, and Column I Column II
questions 79 and 80 have three statements (A, B and C) (A) If ax + by − 5 = 0 is the equation of the chord (p) a + b =1
given in Column I and five statements (p, q, r, s and t) in of the circle ( x − 3 ) 2 + (y − 4 ) 2 = 4, which
Column II. Any given statement in Column I can have passes through (2 , 3 ) and at the greatest
correct matching with one or more statement(s) given in distance from the centre of the circle, then
Column II.
(B) Let O be the origin and P be a variable point (q) a + b =2
77. Consider the circles S 1 : x 2 + y 2 − 4 x − 6y + 12 = 0 and on the circle x 2 + y 2 + 2 x + 2y = 0. If the
locus of mid-point of OP is x 2 + y 2 + 2ax
S 2 :( x − 5) 2 + (y − 6) 2 = r 2 > 1
+ 2 by = 0, then
Column I Column II (C) If (a, b) be coordinates of the centre of the (r) a2 + b2 = 2
(A) S1 and S 2 touch internally, then (r − 1) is
2
(p) 3 smallest circle which cuts the circle
x 2 + y 2 − 2 x −4y − 4 = 0 and
divisible by
x 2 + y 2 − 10 x +12y + 52 = 0 orthogonally,
(B) S1 and S 2 touch externally, then r 2 + 2r + 3 (q) 4 then
is divisible by
(D) If a and b are the slope of tangents which are (s) a2 + b2 = 3
(C) S1 and S 2 intersect orthogonally, then r 2 − 1 (r) 5 drawn to the circle x 2 + y 2 − 6 3 x −
is divisible by 6y + 27 = 0 from the origin, then
(D) S1 and S 2 intersect so that the common chord (s) 6
is longest, then r 2 + 5 is divisible by
332 Textbook of Coordinate Geometry

79. Match the following 80. Match the following


Column I Column I Column I Column II
(A) If the shortest and largest distance from the (p) M + L = 10 (A) If the straight lines y = a1 x + b and (p) a12 + a 22 = 4
point (10 , 7 ) to the circle x 2 + y 2 − 4 x − 2y y = a 2 x + b (a1 ≠ a 2 ) and b ∈ R meet the
coordinate axes in concyclic points, then
−20 = 0 are L and M respectively, then
(B) If the chord of contact of the tangents drawn (q) a1 + a 2 = 3
(B) If the shortest and largest distance from the (q) M + L = 20
to x 2 + y 2 = b 2 and b ∈ R from any point on
point (3, −6) to the circle x 2 + y 2 − 16 x
x 2 + y 2 = a12 , touches the circle x 2 + y 2 = a 22
−12y − 125 = 0 are L and M respectively,
then (a1 ≠ a 2 ) , then

(C) If the shortest and largest distance from the (r) M + L = 30 (C) If the circle x 2 + y 2 + 2a1 x + b = 0 and (r) a1a 2 = b
point (6, −6) to the circle x 2 + y 2 − 4 x + 6y x 2 + y 2 + 2a 2 x + b = 0 (a1 ≠ a 2 ) and b ∈ R
−12 = 0 are L and M respectively, then cuts orthogonally, then
(s) M − L = 10 (s) a1a 2 = 1

(t) M − L = 26 (t) a1a 2 = b 2

#L Circle Exercise 6 :
Statement I and II Type Questions
n Directions (Q. Nos. 81 to 88) are Assertion-Reason type 84. Statement I Two tangents are drawn from a point on
questions. Each of these questions contains two the circle x 2 + y 2 = 50 to the circle x 2 + y 2 = 25, then
statements:
π
Statement I (Assertion) and Statement II (Reason) Each angle between tangents is
of these questions also has four alternative choices, only 3
one of which is the correct answer. You have to select the Statement II x 2 + y 2 = 50 is the director circle of
correct choice as given below :
x 2 + y 2 = 25.
(a) Statement I is true, Statement II is true; Statement II
is a correct explanation for Statement I 85. Statement I Circles x 2 + y 2 = 4 and x 2 + y 2 − 6x + 5 = 0
(b) Statement I is true, Statement II is true; Statement II intersect each other at two distinct points
is not a correct explanation for Statement I Statement II Circles with centres C 1 , C 2 and radii r1 , r 2
(c) Statement I is true, Statement II is false intersect at two distinct points if | C 1C 2 | < r1 + r 2
(d) Statement I is false, Statement II is true
86. Statement I The line 3x − 4y = 7 is a diameter of the
81. Statement I Only one tangent can be drawn from the circle x 2 + y 2 − 2x + 2y − 47 = 0
point (1, 3) to the circle x + y = 1
2 2
Statement II Normal of a circle always pass through
|3 − m| centre of circle
Statement II Solving = 1, we get only one
(1 + m 2 ) 87. Statement I A ray of light incident at the point (−3, −1)
real value of m gets reflected from the tangent at (0, − 1) to the circle
x 2 + y 2 = 1. If the reflected ray touches the circle, then
82. Statement I Tangents cannot be drawn from the point
equation of the reflected ray is 4y − 3x = 5
(1, λ ) to the circle x 2 + y 2 + 2x − 4y = 0
Statement I The angle of incidence = angle of reflection
Statement II (1 + 1) 2 + ( λ + 2) 2 < 1 2 + 2 2 i.e. ∠i = ∠r
83. Statement I Number of circles passing through (1, 4), 88. Statement I The chord of contact of the circle
(2, 3), (−1, 6) is one x 2 + y 2 = 1 w.r.t. the points (2, 3), (3, 5) and (1, 1) are
Statement II Every triangle has one circumcircle concurrent.
Statement II Points (1, 1), (2, 3) and (3, 5) are collinear.
Chap 04 Circle 333

Circle Exercise 7 :
Subjective Type Questions
n In this section, there are 16 subjective questions. 98. The circle x 2 + y 2 = 1 cuts the X -axis at P and Q.
89. Find the equation of the circle passing through (1, 0) and another circle with centre at Q and variable radius
(0, 1) and having the smallest possible radius. intersects the first circle at R above the X -axis and the
line segment PQ at S. Find the maximum area of the
90. Find the equation of the circle which touches the circle ∆QSR .
x 2 + y 2 − 6x + 6y + 17 = 0 externally and to which the
99. If the two lines a1 x + b1y + c 1 = 0 and a 2 x + b 2 y + c 2 = 0
lines x 2 − 3xy − 3x + 9y = 0 are normals.
cut the coordinate axes in concyclic points, prove that
91. A line meets the coordinate axes at A and B. A circle is a1a 2 = b1b 2 and find the equation of the circle.
circumscribed about the triangle OAB. If the distance of 100. The centre of the circle S = 0 lie on the line
the points A and B from the tangent at O, the origin, to
2x − 2y + 9 = 0 and S = 0 cuts orthogonally the circle
the circle are m and n respectively, find the equation of
the circle. x 2 + y 2 = 4. Show that circle S = 0 passes through two
fixed points and find their coordinates.
92. Find the equation of a circle which passes through the
point (2 , 0) and whose centre is the limit of the point of 101. Find the condition on a , b , c such that two chords of
intersection of the lines 3x + 5y = 1 and the circle
(2 + c ) x + 5c 2 y = 1 as c → 1. x 2 + y 2 − 2ax − 2by + a 2 + b 2 − c 2 = 0
passing through the point (a , b + c ) are bisected by the
93. Tangents are drawn from P (6, 8) to the circle x 2 + y 2 = r 2 .
line y = x .
Find the radius of the circle such that the area of the ∆
formed by tangents and chord of contact is maximum. 102. Two straight lines rotate about two fixed points. If
they start from their position of coincidence such that
94. 2x − y + 4 = 0 is a diameter of the circle which one rotates at the rate double that of the other. Prove
circumscribed a rectangle ABCD. If the coordinates of A that the locus of their point of intersection is a circle.
and B are A ( 4, 6) and B (1, 9 ) , find the area of rectangle
ABCD. 103. The base AB of a triangle is fixed and its vertex C moves
such that sin A = k sin B (k ≠ 1) . Show that the locus of
95. Find the radius of smaller circle which touches the straight C is a circle whose centre lies on the line AB and whose
line 3x − y = 6 at (1, − 3) and also touches the line y = x . ak
radius is equal to , a being the length of the base
96. If the circle C 1 , x 2 + y 2 = 16 intersects another circle C 2 (1 − k 2 )
of radius 5 in such a manner that the common chord is of AB.
maximum length and has a slope equal to (3/4), find the 104. Consider a curve ax 2 + 2hxy + by 2 = 1 and a point P
coordinates of centre C 2 .
not on the curve. A line drawn from the point P
97. Let 2x 2 + y 2 − 3xy = 0 be the equation of a pair of intersects the curve at points Q and R. If the product
tangents drawn from the origin O to a circle of radius 3 PQ ⋅ PR is independent of the slope of the line, then
with centre in the first quadrant. If A is one of the points show that the curve is a circle.
of contact, find the length of OA.
334 Textbook of Coordinate Geometry

#L Circle Exercise 8 :
Questions Asked in Previous 13 Year’s Exams
n This section contains questions asked in IIT-JEE, AIEEE, 111. A line L′ through A is drawn parallel to BD. Point S
JEE Main & JEE Advanced from year 2005 to 2017. moves such that its distances from the line BD and the
105. A circle is given by x + (y − 1) = 1, another circle C
2 2 vertex A are equal. If locus of S cuts L ′ at T 2 and T 3 and
AC at T 1 , then area of ∆T 1T 2 T 3 is
touches it externally and also the X -axis, then the locus
[IIT-JEE 2006, 5+5+5 M]
of its centre is [IIT-JEE 2005, 3M]
1 2
(a) {( x, y ): x = 4y } ∪ {( x, y ):y ≤ 0 }
2 (a) sq units (b) sq units
2 3
(b) {( x, y ): x 2 + (y − 1 ) 2 = 4 } ∪ {( x, y ):y ≤ 0 } (c) 1 sq units (d) 2 sq units
(c) {( x,y ): x 2 = y } ∪ {( 0,y ):y ≤ 0 }
112. If the lines 3x − 4y − 7 = 0 and 2x − 3y − 5 = 0 are two
(d) {( x,y ): x 2 = 4y } ∪ {( 0, y ):y ≤ 0 }
diameters of a circle of area 49π square units, the
106. If the circles x 2 + y 2 + 2ax + cy + a = 0 and equation of the circle is [AIEEE 2006, 6M]
x 2 + y 2 − 3ax + dy − 1 = 0 intersect in two distinct points P (a) x 2 + y 2 + 2 x − 2y − 47 = 0
and Q, then the line 5x + by − a = 0 passes through P and (b) x 2 + y 2 + 2 x − 2y − 62 = 0
Q for [AIEEE 2005, 6M]
(c) x 2 + y 2 − 2 x + 2y − 62 = 0
(a) exactly one value of a (b) no value of a
(d) x 2 + y 2 − 2 x + 2y − 47 = 0
(c) infinitely many values of a (d) exactly two values of a
107. A circle touches the X -axis and also touches the circle 113. Let C be the circle with centre (0, 0) and radius 3 units.
with centre at (0, 3) and radius 2. The locus of the centre The equation of the locus of the mid-points of the
of the circle is [AIEEE 2005, 3M] 2π
chords of the circle C that subtend an angle of at its
(a) an ellipse (b) a circle 3
(c) a hyperbola (d) a parabola centre is [AIEEE 2006, 6M]
3
108. If a circle passes through the point (a, b ) and cuts the (a) x 2 + y 2 = (b) x 2 + y 2 = 1
2
circle x 2 + y 2 = p 2 orthogonally, then the equation of 27 9
(c) x + y =
2 2
(d) x 2 + y 2 =
the locus of its centre is [AIEEE 2005, 3M] 4 4
(a) x 2 + y 2 − 3ax − 4by + (a 2 + b 2 − p 2 ) = 0
(b) 2ax + 2by − (a 2 − b 2 + p 2 ) = 0
114. Tangents are drawn from the point (17, 7) to the circle
(c) x 2 + y 2 − 2ax − 3by +(a 2 − b 2 − p 2 ) = 0 x 2 + y 2 = 169.
(d) 2ax + 2by − (a 2 + b 2 + p 2 ) = 0 Statement I The tangents are mutually perpendicular.
because
Paragraph
Statement II The locus of the points from which
(Q. Nos. 109 to 111)
mutually perpendicular tangents can be drawn to the
ABCD is a square of side length 2 units. C1 is the circle given circle is x 2 + y 2 = 338. [IIT-JEE 2007, 3M]
touching all the sides of the square ABCD and C 2 is the
circumcircle of square ABCD. L is a fixed line in the same (a) Statement I is True, statement II is True; statement II is a
correct explanation for statement I
plane and R is a fixed point.
(b) Statement I is True, statement II is True; statement II is
109. If P is any point of C 1 and Q is another point on C 2 , then not a correct explanation for statement I
PA 2 + PB 2 + PC 2 + PD 2 (c) Statement I is True, statement II is False
is equal to
QA 2 + QB 2 + QC 2 + QD 2 (d) Statement I is False, statement II is True
(a) 0.75 (b) 1.25 (c) 1 (d) 0.5 115. Consider a family of circles which are passing through
the point ( −1, 1) and are tangent to X -axis. If (h, k ) are
110. If a circle is such that it touches the line L and the circle
the coordinate of the centre of the circles, then the set
C 1 externally, such that both the circles are on the same
of values of k is given by the interval [AIEEE 2007, 3M]
side of the line, then the locus of centre of the circle is
1 1 1
(a) ellipse (b) hyperbola (a) − ≤ k ≤ (b) k ≤
(c) parabola (d) pair of straight line 2 2 2
1 1
(c) 0 ≤ k ≤ (d) k ≥
2 2
Chap 04 Circle 335

Paragraph 122. The centres of two circles C 1 and C 2 each of unit


(Q. Nos. 116 to 118) radius are at a distance of 6 units from each other. Let
A circle C of radius 1 is inscribed in an equilateral triangle PQR. P be the mid point of the line segment joining the
The points of contact of C with the sides PQ, QR, RP are D, E, F, centres of C 1 and C 2 and C be a circle touching circles
respectively. The line PQ is given by the equation 3x + y − 6 = 0 C 1 and C 2 externally. If a common tangent to C 1 and C
passing through P is also a common tangent to C 2 and
 3 3 3 C, then the radius of the circle C is [IIT-JEE 2009, 4M]
and the point D is  ,  . Further, it is given that the origin
 2 2
123. If P and Q are the points of intersection of the circles
and the centre of C are on the same side of the line PQ.
x 2 + y 2 + 3x + 7y + 2p − 5 = 0 and
116. The equation of circle C is
2 x 2 + y 2 + 2x + 2y − p 2 = 0 then there is a circle passing
 1
(a) ( x − 2 3 ) + (y − 1 ) = 1 (b) ( x − 2 3 ) + y +  = 1
2 2 2
through P, Q and (1, 1) for : [AIEEE 2009, 4M]
 2
(a) all except one value of p
(c) ( x − 3 ) 2 + (y + 1 ) 2 = 1 (d) ( x − 3 ) 2 + (y − 1 ) 2 = 1
(b) all except two values of p
117. Points E and F are given by (c) exactly one value of p
 3 3  3 1 (d) all values of p
(a)  ,  ,( 3, 0 ) (b)  ,  ,( 3, 0 )
 2 2  2 2 124. The circle x 2 + y 2d = 4 x + 8y + 5 intersects the line
 3 3  3 1  3 3   3 1 3x − 4y = m at two distinct points if [AIEEE 2010, 4M]
(c)  ,  ,  ,  (d)  ,  ,  , 
 2 2  2 2  2 2   2 2 (a) −35 < m < 15 (b) 15 < m < 65
(c) 35 < m < 85 (d) −85 < m < −35
118. Equations of the sides QR, RP are [IIT-JEE 2008, (4 + 4 + 4) M]
2 2 1 125. The circle passing through the point ( −1, 0) and
(a) y = x + 1, y = − x − 1 (b) y = x, y = 0 touching the Y -axis at (0, 2) also passes through the
3 3 3
3 3 point. [IIT-JEE 2011, 3M]
(c) y = x + 1, y = − x − 1 (d) y = 3 x, y = 0  3   5 
2 2 (a)  − , 0 (b)  − , 2
 2   2 
119. Consider L 1 : 2x + 3y + p − 3 = 0 ; L 2 : 2x + 3y + p + 3 = 0  3 5
where, p is a real number, and C : x 2 + y 2 + 6 x − 10y + 30 = 0 (c)  − ,  (d) (−4, 0)
 2 2
Statement I If line L 1 is a chord of circle C, then line L 2 is 126. The straight line 2x − 3y = 1 divides the circular region
not always a diameter of circle C and
x 2 + y 2 ≤ 6 into two parts.
Statement II If line L 1 is a diameter of circle C, then line
L 2 is not a chord of circle C.  3   5 3   1 1   1 1  
[IIT-JEE 2008, 3M] If S =  2,  ,  ,  ,  , −  ,  ,   then the number
(a) Statement I is True, statement II is True; statement II is a  4   2 4   4 4   8 4  
correct explanation for statement I of point(s) in S lying inside the smaller part is
(b) Statement I is True, statement II is True; statement II is not a [IIT-JEE 2011, 4M]
correct explanation for statement I
127. The two circles x + y = ax and x + y 2 = c 2 (c > 0)
2 2 2
(c) Statement I is True, statement II is False
touch each other if [AIEEE 2011, 4M]
(d) Statement I is False, statement II is True
(a) | a| = c (b) a = 2c
120. The point diametrically opposite to the point P(1, 0) on the (c) | a| = 2c (d) 2| a | = c
circle x 2 + y 2 + 2x + 4y − 3 = 0 is [AIEEE 2008, 3M]
128. The locus of the mid-point of the chord of contact of
(a) (3, − 4 ) (b) ( −3, 4 ) (c) ( −3, − 4 ) (d) (3, 4) tangents drawn from points lying on the straight line
121. Tangents drawn from the point P(1, 8) to the circle 4 x − 5y = 20 to the circle x 2 + y 2 = 9 is
[IIT-JEE 2012, 3M]
x 2 + y 2 − 6x − 4y − 11 = 0 touch the circle at the points A
(a) 20 ( x 2 + y 2 ) − 36 x + 45y = 0
and B. The equation of the circumcircle of the triangle PAB
is [IIT-JEE 2009, 3M] (b) 20 ( x 2 + y 2 ) + 36 x − 45y = 0
(a) x 2 + y 2 + 4 x − 6y + 19 = 0 (b) x 2 + y 2 − 4 x − 10y + 19 = 0 (c) 36 ( x 2 + y 2 ) − 20 x + 45y = 0
(c) x 2 + y 2 − 2 x + 6y − 29 = 0 (d) x 2 + y 2 − 6 x − 4y + 19 = 0 (d) 36 ( x 2 + y 2 ) + 20 x − 45y = 0
336 Textbook of Coordinate Geometry

[JEE Advanced 2014, 3M]


Paragraph
(a) radius of S is 8 (b) radius of S is 7
(Q. Nos. 129 and 130)
(c) centre of S is ( −7,1 ) (d) centre of S is ( −8, 1 )
A tangent PT is drawn to the circle x 2 + y 2 = 4 at the point
136. Locus of the image of the point (2, 3) in the line
P( 3 , 1) . A straight line L, perpendicular to PT is a tangent to
(2x − 3y + 4 ) +k ( x − 2y + 3) = 0, k ∈ R, is a
the circle ( x − 3) 2 + y 2 = 1. [JEE Main 2015, 4M]
129. A possible equation of L is (a) circle of radius 2
(a) x − 3y = 1 (b) x + 3y = 1 (b) circle of radius 3
(c) straight line parallel to X -axis
(c) x − 3y = −1 (d) x + 3y = 5
(d) straight line parallel to Y -axis
130. A common tangent of the two circles is
137. The number of common tangents to the circles
[IIT-JEE 2012, (3 + 3 ) M]
x 2 + y 2 − 4 x −6x − 12 = 0 and x 2 + y 2 + 6x + 18y + 26 = 0,
(a) x = 4 (b) y = 2
(c) x + 3y = 4 (d) x + 2 2y = 6 is [JEE Main 2015, 4M]
(a) 3 (b) 4
131. The length of the diameter of the circle which touches (c) 1 (d) 2
the X -axis at the point (1, 0) and passes through the
point (2, 3) is [AIEEE 2012, 4M] 138. The centres of those circles which touch the circle,
10 3 x 2 + y 2 − 8x − 8y − 4 = 0, externally and also touch the
(a) (b)
3 5 X -axis, lie on [JEE Main 2016, 4M]
6 5 (a) a hyperbola
(c) (d)
5 3 (b) a parabola
(c) a circle
132. The circle passing through (1, − 2) and touching the axis
(d) an ellipse which is not a circle
of x at (3, 0) also passes through the point
[JEE Main 2013, 4M] 139. If one of the diameters of the circle, given by the
(a) ( −5, 2 ) (b) (2, − 5 ) equation, x 2 + y 2 − 4 x + 6y − 12 = 0, is a chord of a circle
(c) (5, − 2 ) (d) ( −2,5 ) S, whose centre is at ( −3, 2) , then the radius of S is
[JEE Main 2016, 4M]
133. Circle(s) touching X -axis at a distance 3 from the origin (a) 5 (b) 10
and having an intercept of length 2 7 on Y -axis is (are) (c) 5 2 (d) 5 3
(a) x 2 + y 2 − 6 x + 8y + 9 = 0 [JEE Advanced 2013, 3M]
140. Let RS be the diameter of the circle x 2 + y 2 = 1, where S
(b) x 2 + y 2 − 6 x + 7y + 9 = 0
is the point (1, 0). Let P be a variable point (other than R
(c) x 2 + y 2 − 6 x − 8y + 9 = 0
and S) on the circle and tangents to the circle at S and P
(d) x 2 + y 2 − 6 x − 7y + 9 = 0 meet at the point Q. The normal to the circle at P
intersects a line drawn through Q parallel to RS at point
134. Let C be the circle with centre at (1, 1) and radius = 1. If T
E. Then the locus of E passes through the point(s)
is the circle centred at (0, y ), passing through origin and
[JEE Advanced 2016, 4M]
touching the circle C externally, then the radius of T is
1 1   1 1
equal to [JEE Main 2014, 4M] (a)  ,  (b)  , 
1 1 3 3  4 2
(a) (b)
2 4 1 1   1 1
(c)  ,−  (d)  , − 
3 3 3 3  4 2
(c) (d)
2 2 141. For how many values of p, the circle
135. A circle S passes through the point (0, 1) and is x 2 + y 2 + 2x + 4y − p = 0 and the co-ordinate axes have
orthogonal to the circles ( x − 1) + y = 16 and
2 2
exactly three common points? [JEE Advanced 2017, 3M]
x 2 + y 2 = 1. Then
Chap 04 Circle 337

Answers
Exercise for Session 1 Exercise for Session 7
1. (d) 2. (b) 3. (b) 4. (b) 5. (a) 1. (d) 2. (c) 3. (a) 4. (b) 5. (c)
6. (c) 7. (d) 8. (a) 9. (c) 10. (c) 6. (a) 7. (b) 8. (d) 9. (b) 10. (a) 11. (d)
− 2 4 − 16 − 31
11. (b) 12. (a) 13.  , ; 2 12. (a) 14. x + y − 6x − 6 y + 9 = 0
2 2 
16.  , 
 5 5  21 63 
15. x2 + y2 − 2x − 4 y − 4 = 0 17. 4x2 + 4 y2 + 6x + 10 y − 1 = 0 18. x + y − 5 = 0
16. x + y − 2x − 8 y + 15 = 0
2 2

18. (x + 1)2 + ( y − 3)2 = 4; (− 1, 3) ; 2


Chapter Exercises
1. (b) 2. (a) 3. (b) 4. (b) 5. (a) 6. (d)
Exercise for Session 2 7. (a) 8. (a) 9. (c) 10. (b) 11. (c) 12. (c)
1. (c) 2. (b) 3. (b) 4. (c) 5. (a) 13. (d) 14. (d) 15. (a) 16. (d) 17. (d) 18. (d)
6. (a) 7. (c) 8. (b) 9. (d) 10. (c) 19. (b) 20. (a) 21. (c) 22. (b) 23. (d) 24. (c)
13. x2 + y2 − y − 16 = 0 ;  0,
1 65
11. (c) 12. (a) ; 25. (a) 26. (b) 27. (b) 28. (c) 29. (b) 30. (a)
 2 2
31. (b,d) 32. (b,d) 33. (a,b,c,d) 34. (a,d) 35. (b,d)
14. (− 2, − 7) 15. x2 + y2 − 2x − 3 y − 18 = 0 36. (b,c) 37. (a,b,c,d) 38. (b,d) 39. (a,d) 40. (a,d)
16. (x2 + y2 − 4x − 2 y + 4) = 0 41. (a,c) 42. (a,c) 43. (a,c) 44. (a,c,d) 45. (a,b) 46. (b)
17. x2 + y2 − 6x + 2 y − 15 = 0 47. (c) 48. (b) 49. (b) 50. (d) 51. (b) 52. (a)
53. (c) 54. (b) 55. (b) 56. (b) 57. (b) 58. (a)
Exercise for Session 3 59. (a) 60. (d) 61. (d) 62. (a) 63. (c) 64. (a)
1. (d) 2. (a) 3. (a) 4. (d) 5. (d) 65. (d) 66. (c) 67. (4) 68. (6) 69. (1) 70. (4)
6. (c) 7. (a) 8. (a) 9. (d) 10. (b) 71. (9) 72. (3) 73. (4) 74. (3) 75. (9) 76. (7)
11. (a) 12. (c) 13. x2 + y2 ± 10x − 6 y + 9 = 0 77. (A) → (p, s); (B) → (q, r); (C) → (q); (D) → (p, q, s)
15. λ ∈ (− 1, 4) 16. x2 + y2 − 4x − 6 y = 0 78. (A) → (q, r) ; (B) → (p); (C) → (p) (D) → (s)
79. (A) → (q, s); (B) → (r,t); (C) → (p,s)
Exercise for Session 4 80. (A) → (p, q, s); (B) → (p, q, s, t); (C) → (p, q, r, s)
1. (c) 2. (c) 3. (c) 4. (d) 5. (b) 81. (d) 82. (a) 83. (d) 84. (d) 85. (c) 86. (b)
6. (b) 7. (b) 8. (a) 9. (d) 10. (b) 87. (b) 88. (a) 89. (x2 + y2 − x − y) = 0
11. (d) 12. (a) 90. x2 + y2 − 6x − 2 y + 1 = 0
14. (i) 3x − 4 y + 20 = 0 and 3x − 4 y − 10 = 0 (ii) 4x + 3 y + 5 = 0
91. x2 + y2 ± m (m + n ) x ± n (m + n ) y = 0
and 4x + 3 y − 25 = 0,
15. centre of the circle (0, 1, ± r 2 ), where r is radius 92. 25x2 + 25 y2 − 20x + 2 y − 60 = 0
16. 15, − 35 93. (5) 94. 18 sq units
 9 − 12  or  − 9 , 12 
96.  ,
Exercise for Session 5 95. 1.5 units   
5 5   5 5
1. (c) 2. (b) 3. (c) 4. (b) 5. (d) 4 3
6. (d) 7. (b) 8. (c) 9. (b) 10. (a) 97. 3 (3 + 10 ) 98. sq units
9
11. (c) 12. (d) 14. 8 sq units
99. a1 a2 (x2 + y2 ) + (a1 c2 + a2 c1 ) x + (b1 c2 + b2 c1 ) y = 0
16. 3x + 2 y − 13 = 0  5
17.   100. (− 4, 4) or 
 − 1, 1
 16  
 2 2
101. 4a 2 + 4b 2 − c2 − 8ab + 4bc − 4ca < 0
Exercise for Session 6
105. (d) 106. (b) 107. (d) 108. (d) 109. (a) 110. (b)
1. (a) 2. (c) 3. (a) 4. (d) 5. (c) 6. (b)
111. (c) 112. (d) 113. (d) 114. (a) 115. (d) 116. (d)
7. (c) 8. (b) 9. (b) 10. (d) 11. (b) 12. (b)
117. (a) 118. (d) 119. (c) 120. (c) 121. (b) 122. (8)
13. 4x2 + 4 y2 + 30x − 13 y − 25 = 0 14. 2 2
123. (a) 124. (a) 125. (d) 126. (2) 127. (a) 128. (a)
16. Direct common tangents are 3x + 4 y = 57, 7x − 24 y = 233, 129. (a) 130. (d) 131. (a) 132. (c) 133. (a,c) 134. (b)
Transverse common tangents are 4x − 3 y = 26, 24x + 7 y = 156
135. (b,c) 136. (a) 137. (a) 138. (b) 139. (d) 140. (a,c)
141. (2)
Solutions (2, 0)
2
(5, 6)

 n2 
1. AB 2 = 4 AM 2 = 4  4 −  = 2(8 − n 2 )
 2
Hence, required sum = 2(8 − 1 2 + 8 − 2 2 ) = 22
B i.e. 3 5
M  3 5 − 2  3 5 + 2
∴ r1r2 =  . 
A  2   2 
(0, 0) O 2
41
=
4
2. Tangent at (5 2 cosθ,5 2 sin θ ) is 5. Any circle which touches 3x + 4y − 7 = 0 at (1, 1) will be of the
form
x cosθ + y sin θ = 5 2
S ( x,y ) ≡ ( x − 1 ) 2 + (y − 1 ) 2 + λ (3 x + 4y − 7 ) = 0
∴ OP = 5 2 secθ, OP, = 5 2 cosecθ
Since, S(2, 3 ) = 16 ⇒1 + 4 + λ(11 ) = 16
∴ Area (∆PP1P2 ) = 2 × area of ∆OPP1 ∴ λ =1
1
= 2 × × 5 2 secθ × 5 2 cosec θ So, required circle will be x 2 + y 2 + x + 2y − 5 = 0
2
100 6. Let S ≡ x 2 + y 2 − 2x + 4y − λ = 0
= ,
sin 2θ for interval point P(2,8 ),
Area ( ∆PP1P2 ) min = 100 4 + 64 − 4 + 32 − λ < 0
π ⇒ λ > 96 …(i)
⇒ θ= ⇒ OP = 10
4 and x-intercept = 2 (1 + λ ) and y-intercept = 2 ( 4 + λ )
⇒ P ≡ (10, 0 ), ( −10, 0 ) given 2 (1 + λ ) < 0 ⇒ λ < −1 …(ii)
3. Let S ≡ x 2 + y 2 − 2 = 0, P ≡ (2,2) and 2 ( 4 + λ ) < 0 ⇒ λ < −4 …(iii)
∴ S1 = 2 2 + 2 2 − 2 = 6 > 0 from Eqs. (i), (ii) and (iii), we get
⇒ P lies outside the circle λ ∈φ
PA. PB = ( PT ) 2 = S1 = 6 …(i) 7. Let S ≡ x 2 + y 2 + 2x + 4y − 4 = 0
PB Its centre C ≡ ( −1, − 2 ) and radius r = 3. The points on the circle
given =3 …(ii)
PA which are nearest and farthest to the point P (a, b ) are Q and R
respectively. Thus, the circle centred at Q having radius PQ will
be the smallest circle while the circle centred at R having
radius PR will be the largest required circle.
B P (a, b)
T
Q
(0, 0)
A
(2, 2) P C

From Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get


PA = 2, PB = 3 2 R
⇒ AB = PB − PA = 2 2 = Diameter of circle
Hence, the difference between their radii is
Hence, chord AB passes through the centre ( 0, 0 ), y = x
PR − PQ = QR = 2 × 3 = 6
4. Let S ≡ ( x − 2) 2 + y 2 − 4 = 0
Its centre C ≡ (2, 0 ) and radius r = 2 8. Radius = (a − π ) 2 + (b − e ) 2
Distance between C ≡ (2, 0 ) and (5, 6) is (2 − 5 ) 2 + ( 0 − 6 ) 2 = irrational = k
∴ Circle ( x − π ) 2 + (y − e ) 2 = k 2
Chap 04 Circle 339

9. Given λL2L3 + µL3L1 + vL1L2 = 0 ⇒ a 2 + (a + 1 ) 2 < 5


⇒ λ(y − m2x − c 2 )(y − m3x − c 3 ) + µ(y − m3x − c 3 )(y − m1x − c1 ) ⇒ 2a 2 + 2a − 24 < 0
+ v (y − m1x − c1 )(y − m2x − c 2 ) = 0 ∴ a 2 + a − 12 < 0
for circle coefficient of x = coefficient of y 2 and coefficient of
2
(a + 4 )(a − 3 ) < 0
xy = 0, ⇒ −4 < a < 3 and for I and II quadrant
then, λ (m2m3 − 1 ) + µ(m3m1 − 1 ) + v (m1m2 − 1 ) = 0 a +1 > 0
and (m2 + m3 ) λ + (m3 + m1 )µ + (m1 + m2 )v = 0 ∴ a > −1
10. Q f ( x,y ) ≡ x 2 + y 2 + 2ax + 2by +c = 0 Hence, −1 < a < 3
⇒ f ( x, 0 ) = 0 ⇒ x 2 + 2ax + c = ( x − 2 ) 2 13. Let S ( x,y ) ≡ x 2 + y 2 + 2gx + 2 fy + c = 0
∴ a = −2, c = 4 ⇒ S ( x, 2 ) = 0
and f ( 0, y ) = 0 ⇒ y 2 + 2by + c = (y − 2 )(y − 3 ) ⇒ x 2 + 4 + 2 gx + 4 f + c = ( x − 1 ) 2
∴ 2b = −5, c = 6 ∴ g = −1, 3 + 4 f + c = 0 …(i)
or
5
b = − ,c =6 and S (1, y ) = 0 ⇒1 + y 2 + 2 g + 2 fy + c = (y − 0 )(y − 2 )
2 ∴ f = −1, 1 + 2 g + c = 0 …(ii)
Clearly, that data are not consistent. From Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get
11. Given, (1 + αx )n = 1 + 8x + 24x 2 + ... g = −1, f = −1, c = 1
n(n − 1 ) ∴ Equation of required circle is
⇒ 1 + n(αx ) + (αx ) 2 + ...
1.2 x 2 + y 2 − 2 x − 2y + 1 = 0
= 1 + 8 x + 24 x 2 + ...
14. See the diagram. Since, there is no condition on θ, Q can be
B
placed either at Q1 or Q2 for a particular position of P. So
C option (a) and (b) cannot be definitely true.

A Q2(a–q)
P(q)
q Q1(a–q)
P (2, 4)
O
Equating the coefficients of x and x 2, we get
nα (nα − α ) P¢(– q)
nα = 8, = 24
1.2
8 (8 − α )
or = 24 ⇒ 8 − α = 6
2 Consider a line through origin y = mx. If Q and P are reflection
∴ α = 2 and n = 4 of each other with line mirror y = mx
x −2 y − 4 (Slope of PQ) ×m = −1
Equation of line is = = r , then point
cosθ sin θ  sin θ − sin(α − θ ) 
(2 + r cosθ, 4 + r sin θ ) lies on the circle x 2 + y 2 = 4, or m  = −1
 cosθ − cos(α − θ )
then, (2 + r cosθ ) 2 + ( 4 + r sin θ ) 2 = 4  α  2θ − α  
 2 cos  .sin  
or r 2 + 4r (cosθ + 2 sin θ ) + 16 = 0 2 2 
m = −1
16  α  α − 2θ  
∴ PA ⋅ PB = r1r2 = = 16  2 sin   .sin  
1  2 2 
Aliter : PA ⋅ PB = ( PC ) 2 = 2 2 + 4 2 − 4 = 16  α
or m  − cot  = −1
12. For interior point OP < 5  2
α
C or m = tan  
 2

5 15. Since, x 2 + y 2 < 25 and x and y are integers, the possible values
P (a, a+1)
of x and y ∈ ( 0, ± 1, ± 2, ± 3, ± 4 ). Thus, x and y can be chosen in
B 5 A 9 × 9 = 81 ways. However, we have to exclude cases (3, 4), ( 4, 3 )
(–5, 0) O (0, 0) (5, 0) and ( 4, 4 ) i.e. 3 × 4 = 12 cases. Hence, the number of permissible
y=0 values
= 81 − 12 = 69
340 Textbook of Coordinate Geometry

16. Q The point ([ P + 1],[ P ]) lies inside the circle From Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get
x 2 + y 2 − 2 x − 15 = 0, then (x − a )2 + y 2 = a 2
[ P + 1 ]2 + [ P ]2 − 2[ P + 1 ] − 15 < 0 ⇒ x 2 + y 2 − 2ax = 0

(1, 0) A a
O M
a
√8
q
X′ X
O L

⇒ ([ P ] + 1 ) 2 + [ P ]2 − 2([ P ] + 1 ) − 15 < 0
⇒ 2[ P ]2 − 16 < 0 ⇒[ P ]2 < 8 …(i)
Y′
Q Circles are concentric
∴point ([ P + 1 ],[ P ]) out side the circle ⇒ x 2 + y 2 = 2ax
x 2 + y 2 − 2x − 7 = 0 20. Equation of circle is (2x − y + 1)( x − 2y + 3) + λxy = 0
for circle coefficient of xy = 0
∴ ([ P ] + 1 ) + [ P ] − 2([ P + 1 ]) − 7 > 0
2 2
i.e. −5 + λ = 0,
⇒ ([ P ] + 1 ) 2 + [ P ]2 − 2([ P ] + 1 ) − 7 > 0
∴ λ =5
⇒ 2[ P ]2 − 8 > 0 ∴Circle is 2 x + 2y 2 + 7 x − 5y + 3 = 0
2

∴ [ P ]2 > 4 …(ii) 7 5 3
⇒ x2 + y 2 + x − y + = 0
From Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get 2 2 2
4 < [ P ]2 < 8 which is impossible  7 5
∴Centre is  − , 
∴For no value of ‘P’ the point will be within the region.  4 4
17. The circles are x 2 + y 2 = 2 2 and ( x − 4) 2 + (y − 0) 2 = 3 2  λ2 (1 − λ ) 2 
21.  + − 5 ≤ 5
Y 4 4 
⇒ λ2 + (1 − λ ) 2 − 20 ≤ 100
X ⇒ 2 λ2 − 2 λ − 119 ≤ 0
O
1 − 239 1 + 239
∴ ≤λ≤
2 2
⇒ −7.2 ≤ λ ≤ 8.2 (approx.)
For the point P to enclose greatest area, the arbitrarily chosen
3  1 ∴ λ = −7, − 6, − 5,...,7, 8
point should be  , 0 and P should move in a circle of radius 22. Let φ( x,y ) ≡ x 2 + y 2 + 2gx + 2 fy + c = 0
2  2
 3
2
 1
2 ∴ φ( 0, λ ) = 0 + λ2 + 0 + 2 fλ + c = 0
The locus of P is  x −  + (y − 0 ) 2 =  
 2  2 have equal roots,
2f c
⇒ x + y − 3 x + 2 = 0.
2 2
Then, 2 + 2 = − and 2.2 =
1 1
18. Since, y = | x| + c and x + y 2 − 8 | x | − 9 = 0 both are symmetrical
2
∴ f = −2 and c = 4
about Y -axis for x > 0, y = x + c.
and φ( λ , 0 ) ≡ λ2 + 0 + 2 gλ + 0 + c = 0
Equation of tangent to circle x 2 + y 2 − 8 x − 9 = 0
∴ λ2 + 2 gλ + c = 0
Parallel to y = x + c is y = ( x − 4 ) + 5 (1 + 1 )
Here, c = 4
⇒ y = x + (5 2 − 4 )
∴ λ2 + 2 gλ + 4 = 0
for no solution c > 5 2 − 4,
have roots 4/5, 5
∴ c ∈ (5 2 − 4, ∞ ) 4
∴ + 5 = −2 g
19. Let ∠AOL = θ 5
∴ A ≡ (a cosθ, a sin θ ) 29
⇒ g=−
∴ M ≡ (a + a cosθ, a sin θ ) 10
x = a + a cosθ  29 
∴ Centre ≡ ( − g, − f ) =  , 2
⇒ ( x − a ) = a cosθ …(i)  10 
and y = a sinθ
Chap 04 Circle 341

23. Circle is x 2 + y 2 = r 2 cos2 θ + r 2 sin 2 θ 26. Coordinates of P, Q, R are (cosα ,sin α ), (cosβ,sin β) and
x2 + y 2 = r 2 (cos γ,sin γ ) respectively.
and A ≡ ( −1, 0 )
Equation of tangent at θ is
α
x cosθ + y sin θ = r …(i) ∴ AP = ((1 + cosα ) 2 + sin 2 α ) = 2 cos 
 2
 π  π  π
and at θ +  is x cosθ +  + y sin θ +  = r  β
 3  3  3 AQ = ((1 + cosβ ) 2 + sin 2 β ) = 2 cos 
 2
1 3  1 3 
⇒ x  cosθ − sin θ + y  sin θ + cosθ = r  γ
2 2  2 2  AR = ((1 + cos γ ) 2 + sin 2 γ ) = 2 cos  
 2
⇒ x cosθ + y sin θ − x 3 sin θ + y 3 cosθ = 2r
Q AP , AQ, AR are in GP, then
⇒ r − 3( x sin θ − y cosθ ) = 2r α  β  γ
cos   , cos   , cos   are also in GP.
r  2  2  2
or x sin θ − y cosθ = − …(ii)
3 27. Let equation of circle be
Squaring and adding Eqs. (i) and (ii), then we get x 2 + y 2 + 2 gx + 2 fy + c = 0
4r 2
x2 + y 2 = ⇒ 3( x 2 + y 2 ) = 4r 2 It pass through (2, 0) and (0, 4), then 4 + 0 + 4 g + 0 + c = 0
3 (c + 4 )
24. Let MN be the diameter of the circle whose equation is ⇒ g=− and 0 + 16 + 0 + 8 f + c = 0
4
4y = x + 7 …(i) (c + 16 )
⇒ f =−
M 8
C Q Radius r = ( g 2 + f 2 − c )
(c + 4 ) 2 (c + 16 ) 2 
B =  + −c
O
 16 64 
D
L
 4 {c 2 + 8c + 16 } + {c 2 + 32c + 256 } − 64c 
=  
A  64 
N
 5c 2 + 320
and coordinates of A and B are ( −3, 4 ) and (5, 4 ) respectively. =  
 64 
Equation of ⊥ bisector of AB is [ L ≡ (1, 4 )]
1 For minimum radius c = 0
y − 4 = − (x − 1) (Qslope of AB = 0 ) ∴ g = −1, f = −2
0
∴ x =1 ...(ii) Required circle is x 2 + y 2 − 2 x − 4y = 0
Solving Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get the coordinates of the centre of 28. The particle which moves clockwise is moving three times as
the circle as (1, 2) fast as the particle moving anticlockwise (Q speed in clockwise
3v and in anticlockwise v).
∴ OL = (1 − 1 ) + ( 4 − 2 ) = 2
2 2

∴ BC = 2OL = 4 unit P
AB = 8 unit
∴Area of rectangle ABCD = 4 × 8
= 32 sq units. v
25. QOC ⋅ OA = ab = OB ⋅ OD Q (1, 0)
∴A, B, C, D are concyclic.
3v
Y

(0, b) D
 3
B This mean the clockwise particle travels   th of the way
 4
(0, a) ax+
b y=  1
ab around the circle, the anticlockwise particle will travel   th
A  4
X
O C (b, 0 ) of the way around the circle. So, the second particle will meet
(a, 0) at P( 0,1 ).
Using the same logic, they will meet at Q( −1, 0 ), when they
bx+ay=ab
meet the second time.
342 Textbook of Coordinate Geometry

BP 2
29. Q =α  5
  = ( x1 + 2 ) + (y1 − 3 )
2 2
or
PA  2
BP : PA = α :1 25
3 + α 4  ⇒ = x12 + y12 + 4 x1 − 6y1 + 13
∴Coordinates of P is  ,  , P lie on x + y = 4
2 2
4
 1 + α α + 1
4 x12 + 4y12 + 16 x1 − 24y1 + 27 = 0
⇒ (α + 3 ) 2 + 16 = 4(α + 1 ) 2
∴ Locus of mid-point is
⇒ 3α 2 + 2α − 21 = 0 …(i) 27
x 2 + y 2 + 4 x − 6y + =0
Y 4
(0, 2)
⇒ ( x + 2 ) 2 + (y − 3 ) 2 = 6.25
B (3, 4)
31. Q r = a cosθ + b sin θ
P ⇒ r 2 = a(r cosθ ) + b(r sin θ )
X or x 2 + y 2 = ax + by (Qx = r cosθ, y = r sin θ )
(–2, 0) O A (2, 0)
(1, 0) or x + y − ax − by = 0
2 2
…(i)
Circle pass through O (origin)
Q
given ∠AOB = 90 °
O
BQ β 90°
and =
QA 1
BQ
BQ :QA = β :1 or −1 = β −1 B A
QA C a, b
2 2
AB (β − 1 )
=
QA 1
AB :QA = (β − 1 ):1
 β − 3 −4  a b
∴Coordinates of Q is  ∴AB is Diameter of circle Eq. (i), Centre is  , 
,   2 2
 β −1 β − 1
∴Locus of mid point AB (Q mid-point of AB is C)
Q lie on x 2 + y 2 = 4
a b
∴ (β − 3 ) 2 + 16 = 4 (β − 1 ) 2 x = ,y =
2 2
⇒ 3β 2 − 21β − 21 = 0 −3 − 2
32. Slope of PC = =1
Hence, α is a root of 3 x 2 + 2 x − 21 = 0 2 −7
and β is a root of 3 x 2 − 2 x − 21 = 0 If tanθ = 1
π ∴ θ = 45 °
30. Q ∠ACB = (given) x −7 y −2
3 Equation of PA is = =r
1 1

∴ ∠AOB = 2 2
3
B A
4
4
5 B
C
(–2, 3) p/3 M(x1, y1)

O p/3 45°
p/3 5 P
(7, 2)
C A
 r r 
∴ 7 + ,2 +  lie on circle,
π  2 2
⇒ ∠AOM = ∠BOM = 2 2
3  r   r   r   r 
then, 7 +  + 2 +  − 47 +  +6  2 +  −3 = 0
Let mid-point of chord AB is ( x1, y1 )  2  2  2  2
∴ In ∆ AOM, ∴ r2 = −5 2 ± 4
π OM ( x1 + 2 ) + (y1 − 3 )2 2
∴ r = −5 2 ± 4
cos = =
3 OA 5
Chap 04 Circle 343

 −5 2 ± 4 −5 2 ± 4  36. Let M(α ,β)


∴ Points 7 + ,2 + 
 2 2  Q AM = 2 AB ⇒ AB + BM = 2 AB
⇒ (2 ± 2 2, − 3 ± 2 2 ) ∴ AB = BM
Taking + ve sign for A, −ve sign for B. M(a, b)

33. Let S ≡ x 2 + y 2 + 2gx + 2 fy + c = 0


S1 ≡ x 2 + y 2 − 4 = 0 B
S 2 ≡ x + y − 6 x − 8y + 10 = 0
2 2 O
(–2, 3)
S 3 ≡ x 2 + y 2 + 2 x − 4y − 2 = 0
∴Common chords are
S − S1 ≡ 2 gx + 2 fy + c + 4 = 0 …(i) A (0, 3)
S − S 2 ≡ (2 g + 6 ) x + (2 f + 8 )y + c − 10 = 0 …(ii)
S − S 3 ≡ (2 g − 2 ) x + (2 f + 4 )y + c + 2 = 0 …(iii) ∴B is the mid point of AM.
 α 3 + β
For cutting the extremities of diameter, chords Eqs. (i), (ii) and ∴Coordinates of B are  ,  which lie on
(iii) pass through the centres of S1, S 2 and S 3 respectively, then 2 2 
∴ c + 4 = 0, (2 g + 6 ) 3 + (2 f + 8 ) 4 + c − 10 = 0 x 2 + 4 x + (y − 3 ) 2 = 0
and (2 g − 2 )( −1 ) + (2 f + 4 )(2 ) + c + 2 = 0 2
α2 α 3 + β 
after solving c = −4, g = −2, f = −3 + 4× +  − 3 = 0
4 2  2 
34.
A α 2 + 8α + (β − 3 ) 2 = 0
∴Requires locus is
2
x 2 + 8 x + (y − 3 ) 2 = 0
q/2
O
l q/2 P (l, 0) or x 2 + y 2 + 8 x − 6y + 9 = 0
2 x y
37. x cosα + y sin α = 2 or + =1
2 secα 2 cosec α
B
2secα = + ve in IV
π 2π π θ π
Q <θ < ⇒ < < and 2 cosec α = −ve in IV
2 3 4 2 3
value of g in I quadrant
1  θ 3
⇒ < sin   <  g cosα + g sin α − 2
2  2 2 g= 
 1 
1 2 3 λ 2
⇒ < < or 2> > xc
os
2 λ 2 2 3 a+
4 4 ys
ina
or 2 2>λ> or < λ <2 2 (g , g ) =2
3 3
35. It is clear that N is the mid-point of M and P (0, 0)
2
P(a, b) (g, –g)
in a=
1 ys
N a+
(8/3, 8/3) os
1 xc
M
1 (1/3, 1/3) 2
∴ g=
Q cosα + sin α ± 1
and value g of in IV quadrant
g cosα − g sin α − 2
g=
1
16 1 16 1 ⇒ ± g = g(cosα − sin α ) − 2
∴ α= − = 5 and β = − = 5
3 3 3 3 2
(α ,β ) ≡ (5, 5 ) lie on the circle g=
cosα − sin α ± 1
∴ 52 + 52 − 4 × 5 − 2 × 5 − c = 0 Equation of circles in I quadrant
c = 20 ( x − g ) 2 + (y − g ) 2 = g 2
or c − 40c + 400 = 0
2
And in IV quadrant is ( x − g ) 2 + (y − g ) 2 = g 2
344 Textbook of Coordinate Geometry

α S1 41. Circle possible in I region and centre of circle on X -axis.


38. ∴ cot   =
 2 (g + f 2 − c )
2 If centre is (h, 0 ), then
| h − 0 − 1| 7
α (g + f − c )
2 2 = (h − 3 ) 3 +
∴ tan   = 2 2
 2 S1
∴ h = 6,4
 (g 2 + f 2 − c ) 
∴ α = 2 tan −1   Y
 
 S1  (0, 1) 0
y=
B x– (3, √7/2)

S1 I
(–g,–f) X
a/2 C (h, 0)
P (1, 0)
a/2
(x1 , y ) (g2+f2–c) x+y=1
1 S2
A (0, –1)
39. For condition of tangency
| 4 λ + 3 λ − 12| Then, centres are (6, 0) and (4, 0)
= λ ⇒ 7 λ − 12 = ±5 λ
5 42. QC 2 is the director circle of C1
∴ λ = 1, 6 ∴Equation of C 2 is
Y x 2 + y 2 = 2(2 ) 2 = 8
(0, 4)
B Again C 3 is the director circle of C 2. Hence, the equation of C 3
is
x 2 + y 2 = 2(8 ) = 16
(1, 1) l
43. The equation of tangent in terms of slope of x 2 + y 2 = 25 is
P
X y = mx ± 5 (1 + m 2 ) …(i)
O A
(3, 0) Given Eq. (i), pass through ( −2,11 ), then
40. Let coordinates of P ≡ (3 cosα ,3 sin α ) 11 = −2m ± 5 (1 + m 2 )
Let x-coordinate of Q is x1, then squaring both sides, then we get
y-coordinate of Q is −7 x1 − 3 21m 2 − 44m − 96 = 0
∴ Q ≡ ( x1, − 7 x1 − 3 ) ⇒ (7m − 24 )(3m + 4 ) = 0
Q x − y + 1 = 0 is the perpendicular bisector of PQ, then 4 24
∴ m=− ,
mid-point of PQ lie on x − y + 1 = 0 3 7
3 cosα + x1 3 sin α − 7 x1 − 3 There from Eq. (i) we get required tangents are
⇒ − +1 = 0
2 2 24 x − 7y ± 125 = 0 and 4 x + 3y = ±25
⇒ 8 x1 + 3 cosα − 3 sin α + 5 = 0 Hence, tangents are 24 x − 7y + 125 = 0 and 4 x + 3y = 25
⇒ 24 x1 + 9 cosα − 9 sin α + 15 = 0 …(i) 44. C1 ≡ x 2 + y 2 − 2x − 4y − 4 = 0 …(i)
and slope of ( x − y + 1 = 0 ) × slope of PQ = −1
and C 2 ≡ x + y + 2 x + 4y + 4 = 0
2 2
…(ii)
3 sin α + 7 x1 + 3
⇒ 1× = −1 ∴Radical axis is C1 − C 2 = 0
3 cosα − x1
⇒ −4 x − 8y − 8 = 0
⇒ 3 sin α + 7 x1 + 3 = −3 cosα + x1
or x + 2y + 2 = 0 which is L = 0
⇒ 6 x1 + 3 sin α + 3 cosα + 3 = 0
(a) Option is correct.
⇒ 24 x1 + 12 sin α + 12 cosα + 12 = 0 …(ii)
Centre and radius of C1 = 0 are (1, 2) and 3.
Subtracting Eqs. (i) and (ii), we obtain
Q Length of ⊥ from (1, 2) on L = 0
−3 cosα − 21 sin α + 3 = 0
|1 + 4 + 2| 7
⇒ (1 − cosα ) = 7 sin α is = ≠ radius
1+ 4 5
⇒ (1 − cosα ) 2 = 49(1 − cos2 α )
∴(b) Option is wrong.
⇒ (1 − cosα ) 2 = 49(1 + cosα )(1 − cosα )
L is also the common chord of C1 and C 2.
⇒ (1 − cosα )(1 − cosα − 49 − 49 cosα ) = 0 ∴(c) Option is correct.
24
∴ cosα = 1 and cosα = − Q Centres of C1 = 0 and C 2 = 0 are (1, 2) and ( −1, − 2 )
25
∴Slope of Line joining centres of circles C1 = 0 and C 2 = 0 is
 72 21 −2 − 2 4
∴Coordinates of P are (3, 0) and  − ,  . = = 2 = m1
 25 25 (say)
−1 − 1 2
Chap 04 Circle 345

and
1
slope of L = 0 is − = m2 (say) From Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get x 2 + (3 x − 1 ) 2 − 4 x − 1 = 0
2 or 10 x 2 − 10 x = 0
∴ m1m2 = −1 ∴ x = 0 and x = 1
Hence, L is perpendicular to the line joining centres of C1 and C 2. From Eq. (ii), y = −1 and y = 2
∴ (d) Option is correct. ∴ A ≡ ( 0, − 1 ) and B ≡ (1,2 )
45. Let slope of OA is m,
46. AB = ( 0 − 1) 2 + ( −1 − 2) 2 = 10
m −1
Then, = tan 45 ° 47. Let ∠ACB = 2θ
1+m
5 5
∴ CM = =
C 10 2
CM 1
⇒ cosθ = =
5 2
π
O (5, 3)
∴ θ=
D B 4
2 π 3π
2 Required angle = ∠APB = π − θ = π − =
m 4 4
λ
x+

45° 48. Equation of tangent at A( 0, − 1) to the circle S is


y=

0. x + ( −1 ). y − 2( x + 0 ) − 1 = 0
A
or 2x + y + 1 = 0
m −1 m −1 ∴ Slope (m1 ) = −2
⇒ = ±1 or = −1
1+m m+1 and slope of line L is m2 = 3
⇒ m − 1 = −m − 1 −2 − 3
If θ be the angle between L and S, then tan θ = =1
∴ m=0 1 + ( −2 )(3 )
∴Equation of OA is y = 3 π
∴ θ=
Solving y = 3 and x 2 + y 2 − 10 x − 6y + 30 = 0 4
⇒ x 2 + 9 − 10 x − 18 + 30 = 0 Sol. (Q. Nos. 49 to 51)
⇒ x − 10 x + 21 = 0
2 Q PQ = PR,
⇒ ( x − 7 )( x − 3 ) = 0 parallelogram PQRS is a rhombus.
or x = 3, 7
∴Two vertices are (3, 3) and (7, 3) and other diagonal is ⊥ to
y = 3 and through centre (5, 3) is x = 5. P
Now, solving x = 5 and x 2 + y 2 − 10 x − 6y + 30 = 0 Q
⇒ 25 + y 2 − 50 − 6y + 30 = 0
2
⇒ y 2 − 6y + 5 = 0
L=0
⇒ (y − 1 ) (y − 5 ) = 0 or y = 1, 5 O
2
∴Other two vertices are (5, 1) and (5, 5). R
Sol. (Q. Nos. 46 to 48)
S
S : x 2 + y 2 − 4x − 1 = 0 …(i)
L :y = 3 x − 1 …(ii) ∴Mid-point of QR = mid point of PS and QR ⊥ PS
Therefore, S in the mirror image of P w.r.t. QR.
Q 49. Let P( λ,6 − 2λ ) be any point on L = 0
q Q Circumcircle of ∆PQR always pass through O
∴OP is diameter of circle.
C (2, 0) B λ 
q Ö5 Then, centre is  ,3 − λ  So,
2 
q
Ö5 λ
M x= and y = 3 − λ
P 2
A
or 2 x + y = 3 is the locus of the circumcenter of ∆PQR.
346 Textbook of Coordinate Geometry

RL3 3r 1  24
50. Area of ∆QRS = Area of ∆PQR = …(i) ⇒ d = =   (given)
R + L2
2
9+r 2 2 5 
Here, R = 2, L = S1 = (6 2 + 8 2 − 4 ) = 96 r 4
⇒ =
From Eq. (i), (9 − r ) 5
2

2 × 96 × 96 192 6 192 λ ∴ r =4
Area of ∆QRS = = = (given)
4 + 96 25 25 55. λ = r = 4
∴ λ =6 56. Q(C1C 2 ) 2 = r 2 + 3 2 = 16 + 9 = 25
51. Let S ≡ (α,β) ∴ C1C 2 = 5
QS is the mirror image of P w.r.t. QR. BM 4 − 3 1
In ∆ABM, sinθ = = =
Eq. (i) of QR is 3 x + 4y = 4, then AB C1C 2 5
α − 3 β − 4 −2 (3 .3 + 4 . 4 − 4 ) 2
= = 1  1 4 6
3 4 32 + 42 ∴ sin 2θ = 2 sin θ cosθ = 2 × × 1 −   =
5  5 25
42
=−
25 57. Length of direct common tangent = (C1C 2 ) 2 − (r − 3) 2
51 68 = (5 ) 2 − (1 ) 2
∴ α = − and β = −
25 25
= 24 = λ (given)
 51 68
Hence, S ≡ − ,−  ∴ λ2 = 24
 25 25 
Sol. (Q. Nos. 58 to 60)
Sol. (Q. Nos. 52 to 54)
Y
52. This is third degree equation which satisfy the point of
intersection of L1 = 0, L2 = 0 and L3 = 0.
53. λL1L2 + µL3L4 = 0 will always pass through the vertices of the C C1
parallelogram for all λ, µ ∈ R ~ { 0 } C2

D L2=0 C B

X¢ X
O A(a, 0)
L4=0
L3=0

A L1=0 B

54. Since, µ = 0 Y¢
So, L1L2 + λL2L3 = 0 Let equation of line AB be
⇒ L2( L1 + λL3 ) = 0 x −a y − 0
= =r
This is the equation of pair of straight lines. cosθ sin θ
Sol. (Q. Nos. 55 to 57) Coordinates of any point on the line AB is (a + r cosθ,r sin θ ),
Let 2d = length of common chord and ∠PC1C 2 = φ, then then
d B ≡ (a + r1 cosθ,r1 sin θ )
sin φ =
3 and C ≡ (a + r2 cosθ,r2 sin θ )
M
58. λ = (OA ) 2 + (OB ) 2 + ( BC ) 2
A = a 2 + b 2 + (r1 − r2 ) 2 cos2 θ+ (r1 − r2 ) 2 sin 2 θ
q P r
B = (a 2 + b 2 ) + (r1 − r2 ) 2
q f (90°–f) = (a 2 + b 2 ) + 4a 2 cos2 θ − 4(a 2 − b 2 )
Q C1 C2
(Q B and C lie on x 2 + y 2 = b 2
∴ (a + r cosθ ) 2 + (r sin θ ) 2 = b 2
or r 2 + 2ar cosθ + a 2 − b 2 = 0
∴ r1 − r2 = 4a 2 cos2 θ − 4(a 2 − b 2 )
d d
and sin(90°− φ ) = or cos φ = ⇒ λ = 5b 2 − 3a 2 + 4a 2 cos2 θ
r r
d2 d2 Q 0 ≤ cos2 θ ≤ 1
1= + ∴ λ ∈ [5b 2 − 3a 2,5b 2 + a 2 ]
9 r2
Chap 04 Circle 347

59. Let (h,k ) be the mid-point of AB and let (α ,β) be the coordinates 64. Locus of (h,k ) is [From Eq. (i)]
of B, then L1 : x + y = 0
a +α 0+β
= h and =k 65. Locus of (h,k ) is [From Eq. (ii)]
2 2
⇒ α = 2h − a and β = 2k C1 : x 2 + y 2 − 2 x − 2y = 0
Since, (α , β ) lies on x 2 + y 2 = b 2 66. Q Circle C 2 is equal to circle C1
⇒ (2h − a ) 2 + (2k ) 2 = b 2 ∴Radius of circle C 2 = radius of circle C1 = 2

b2
2 ∴Distance between the centres of C1 and C 2
 a
h −  + k =
2
or
  = 2+ 2
2 4
=2 2 (Q circles C1 and C 2 touch externally)
Hence, locus of (h, k ) is
2 67. The given circle is
 a b2
x −  + y =
2
 S :( x − 3 ) 2 + (y − 5 ) 2 = ( (34 − λ ) ) 2
2 4
Since, point P(1, 4 ) lies inside the circle
60. The locus of mid-point of AB, when BC is maximum is a fixed
point M on X -axis. ∴ S1 < 0
Sol. (Q. Nos. 61 to 63) ⇒ 1 + 16 − 6 − 40 + λ < 0
61. From the figure OA = OB = AB = a or λ < 29 …(i)
Also, circle neither touches nor cuts the axes, then
A
P 3 > (34 − λ ) or λ > 25 …(ii)

M and 5 > (34 − λ ) or λ > 9 …(iii)


a T
60° From Eqs. (i), (ii) and (iii), we get
B
O 25 < λ < 29
60°
N Hence, difference = 29 − 25 = 4
a
Q 68. x 2 + y 2 − 2x − 2λy − 8 = 0
C
or ( x 2 + y 2 − 2 x − 8 ) − 2 λy = 0
which is of the form S + λL = 0
∴ ∠OAB = 60 °
All the circles pass through the point of intersection of the
62. Let T be the point of intersection of tangents. circle x 2 + y 2 − 2 x − 8 = 0 and y = 0
Q ∠AOC = 120 °
Solving, we get
∴ ∠ATC = 180 °−120 ° = 60 °
x 2 − 2x − 8 = 0
63. Locus of point of intersection of tangents at A and C is
or ( x − 4 )( x + 2 ) = 0
a2
x2 + y 2 = ∴ A ≡ ( −2, 0 )
α
sin 2   and B ≡ ( 4, 0 )
 2
Hence, | AB| = 6
a2
= = 4a 2 (Here, α = 60 °) 69. Q AQ = BQ = 3 + 2 2
sin (30 ° ) 2
and PQ = radius of director circle of C1
Hence, x 2 + y 2 = 4a 2
Sol. (Q. Nos. 64 to 66) A¢ P
Here, t12 = h + k − 4,
2 2 A r

t 22 = h 2 + k 2 − 4h, R

t 32 = h 2 + k 2 − 4k
given t14 = t 22t 32 + 16 Q
B
or (h + k − 4 ) = (h + k − 4h )(h + k − 4k ) + 16
2 2 2 2 2 2 2

or (h 2 + k 2 ) 2 − 8(h 2 + k 2 ) + 16 = (h 2 + k 2 ) 2 − 4(h 2 + k 2 )(h + k )


= 2(3 + 2 2 ) = 3 2 + 4
+16hk + 16
or (h 2 + k 2 )(h + k ) − 2(h 2 + k 2 ) − 4hk = 0 Let ‘r’ be required radius
 PR A′R 
or (h + k )(h + k ) − 2(h + k ) = 0
2 2 2 ∴ 3 2 + 4 =3+2 2 +r +r 2 Q = 
 PQ AQ 
or (h + k )(h 2 + k 2 − 2(h + k )) = 0 ( 2 + 1)
⇒ r= =1
or h+k = 0 …(i) ( 2 + 1)
and h 2 + k 2 − 2h − 2k = 0 …(ii)
348 Textbook of Coordinate Geometry

70. Since, A. x + y − 5 = 0 is a tangent to the circle at P(2,3), so the Then,


a
=2
centre of the circle lies on x − y + 1 = 0. Now Q(1,2 ) lies on the 1−
1
circle. 2
Equation of right bisector of PQ is x + y − 4 = 0 or a = 2 − 2 = 6 −c [From Eq. (i)]
∴Centre of circle is point of intersection of x − y + 1 = 0 and or 4 + 2 − 4 2 = 6 −c
 3 5
x + y − 4 = 0 which is  ,  ∴ c=4 2
 2 2
Hence, λ = 4
3 5
+ −5 74. The rays are given as 2x 2 − 3xy − 2y 2 = 0 i.e.
1 2 2 1
∴ Radius = = (2 x + y )( x − 2y ) = 0
λ 2 2
x
∴ λ =2 ⇒ y = or y = −2 x which are perpendicular.
2
Hence, λ2 = 4 ∴Required area
71. Since, given circle is ( x + 5) 2 + (y − 12) 2 = (14) 2 Y
2 2
 x + 5  y − 12 y=–2x
or   +  =1
 14   14  y=
x
2
x +5 y − 12
Let, = cosθ and = sinθ
14 14 O
X¢ X
or x = 14 cosθ − 5 and y = 14 sinθ + 12
∴ x 2 + y 2 = (14 cosθ − 5 ) 2 + (14 sin θ + 12 ) 2
= 196 + 25 + 144 + 28 (12 sin θ − 5 cosθ )
= 365 + 28 (12 sin θ − 5 cosθ )
Maximum value of ( x 2 + y 2 ) = 365 + 28 × 13 = 729

(Q −13 ≤ 12 sin θ − 5 cosθ ≤ 13)
1
1 = ( π (2 ) 2 − π (1 ) 2 )
or maximum value of ( x 2 + y 2 ) 3 = 9 4
3 π λπ
72. Let the given lines are represented by L1, L2, L3 = = (given)
4 4
and L4 , then ∴ λ =3
L1 ≡ 2 x + 3y − 2 = 0 L2 ≡ 3 x − 2y − 3 = 0
75. Let radii of circles be r1 and r2 and distance between centres is
L3 ≡ x + 2y − 3 = 0 L4 ≡ 2 x − y − 1 = 0 d, then
Equation of second degree conic circumscribing a quadrilateral
whose sides are L1 = 0, L2 = 0, L3 = 0 and L4 = 0 is d 2 − (r1 + r2 ) 2 = 5 …(i)
L1L3 + kL2L4 = 0 and d 2 − (r1 − r2 ) 2 = 13 …(ii)
or (2 x + 3y − 2 )( x + 2y − 3 ) + k (3 x − 2y − 3 )(2 x − y − 1 ) = 0 …(i) From Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get
For circle, coefficient of x 2 = coefficient of y 2 (r1 + r2 ) 2 − (r1 − r2 ) 2 = (13 ) 2 − (5 ) 2
or 2 + 6k = 6 + 2k ⇒ 4r1r2 = 144 or λ = 36 (Qr1r2 = λ)
∴ k =1 λ
∴ =9
From, Eq. (i), required circle is 4
8 x 2 + 8y 2 − 17 x − 8y + 9 = 0 76. Let ax + by = 1 …(i)
 17  9 be a chord PQ.
or x + y −   x −y +   = 0
2 2
8  8 Y
17 9
Here, λ = − , µ = −1, ν =
8 8
then, | λ + 2µ + ν| = 3 P
73. Let radius of given circle is a
M
∴ a = ( 4 + 2 − c ) = (6 − c ) …(i) X¢ X
O
a a
Now, radius of circle C1 = and radius of circle C 2 = (–1, 0) Q
2 ( 2 )2 (1, 0)
and so on.
a a
Also, a+ + + ... ∞ = 2 (gjven)
2 ( 2 )2 Y¢
Chap 04 Circle 349

which pass through (1, 0), then a + 0 = 1 (B) Let P be the point (h, k ), then h 2 + k 2 + 2h + 2k = 0 …(i)
∴ a =1 h k
and touch circle B with centre ( −1, 0 ) and radius 1, then mid-point of OP is  , 
 2 2
| −a + 0 − 1|
=1 Let
h
x = ,y =
k
a2 + b2 2 2
or a 2 + b 2 = (a + 1 ) 2 or h = 2 x, k = 2y
or b 2 = 2a + 1 = 3 From Eq. (i), 4 x 2 + 4y 2 + 4 x + 4y = 0
∴ b= 3 or x2 + y 2 + x + y = 0
From Eq. (i), Equation of chord is x + 3 y = 4 On comparing, we get
1 2a = 1, 2b = 1
∴ OM = and OP = 4
2 1
or a =b =
∴ PQ = 2 PM = 2 (OP ) 2 − (OM ) 2 2
 1 ∴ a +b =1
= 2 16 −  = 63 = λ (C) Centre of circles are C1 :(1, 2 ) and C 2 :(5, − 6 )
 4
−6 − 2
∴ λ = 63 Equation of C1C 2 is y − 2 = (x − 1)
5 −1
λ
Hence, =7 or 2x + y − 4 = 0 ...(i)
9
Equation of radical axis is 8 x − 16y − 56 = 0
77. Q S1 :( x − 2) 2 + (y − 3) 2 = 1 or x − 2y − 7 = 0 …(ii)
Centre C1 :(2,3 ) and radius r1 :1 and S 2 :( x − 5 ) 2 + (y − 6 ) 2 = r 2 Point of intersection of Eqs. (i) and (ii) are (3, −2)
Centre C 2 :(5,6 ) and radius r2 :r ∴ a = 3, b = −2
⇒ C1C 2 = 3 2 or a +b =1
(A)QS1 and S 2 touch internally, then (D) Let S ≡ x 2 + y 2 − 6 3 x − 6y + 27 = 0
C1C 2 = r2 − r1 S1 = 0 2 + 0 2 − 0 − 0 + 27 = 27
or 3 2 = r −1 T = 0. x + 0. y − 3 3( x + 0 ) − 3(y + 0 ) + 27
or (r − 1 ) 2 = 18 = −3 3 x − 3y + 27
(B)QS1 and S 2 touch externally, then
Eq. of the pair of tangents is given by
C1C 2 = r2 + r1
SS1 = T 2
or 3 2 =r +1
⇒ 27( x 2 + y 2 − 6 3 x − 6y + 27 ) = ( −3 3 x − 3y + 27 ) 2
or r 2 + 2r + 3 = (r + 1 ) 2 + 2 = 18 + 2 = 20
or 3 ( x 2 + y 2 − 6 3 x − 6y + 27 ) = ( 3 x + y − 9 ) 2
(C)QS1 and S 2 intersect orthogonally, then
(C1C 2 ) 2 = r12 + r22 or 18y 2 − 18 3 xy = 0
⇒ 18 = r 2 + 1 or 18y (y − 3 x ) = 0
or r 2 − 1 = 16 the tangents are y = 0, y = 3 x
(D)QS1 and S 2 intersect, the common chord is S1 − S 2 = 0 ∴ a = 0, b = 3
i.e. 6 x + 6y + r 2 − 49 = 0 then, a2 + b2 = 3
Given, common chord is longest, then passes through (2, 3) 79. (A)Q P ≡ (10,7)
⇒ 12 + 18 + r 2 − 49 = 0 and S = x 2 + y 2 − 4 x − 2y − 20
or r = 19
2
∴ S1 = 100 + 49 − 40 − 14 − 20 > 0
∴ r 2 + 5 = 24 ∴P outside the circle, radius r = 4 + 1 + 20 = 5
78. (A) Since (2, 3) lies on ax + by − 5 = 0 centre C ≡ (2,1 )
∴ 2a + 3b − 5 = 0 …(i) ∴Shortest distance L = CP − r
Since, line is at greatest distance from centre = (10 − 2 ) 2 + (7 − 1 ) 2 − 5
 4 − 3  a  = (64 + 36 ) − 5 = 10 − 5 = 5
⇒    −  = −1 i.e. a = b
 3 − 2  b 
And largest distance M = CP + r
From Eq. (i), a = b = 1
= 10 + 5 = 15
∴ a + b = 2 and a 2 + b 2 = 2
M + L = 20, M − L = 10
350 Textbook of Coordinate Geometry

(B)Q P ≡ (3, − 6 ) 81. Let S ≡ x 2 + y 2 − 1 = 0


and S ≡ x 2 + y 2 − 16 x − 12y − 125 ∴ S (1,3 ) = 1 2 + 3 2 − 1 = 9 > 0
∴ S1 = 9 + 36 − 48 + 72 − 125 < 0 ⇒ Point (1, 3) outside the circle x 2 + y 2 = 1
∴ P inside the circle radius r = (64 + 36 + 125 ) = 15
∴Two tangents can be drawn from (1, 3) to circle x 2 + y 2 = 1
centre C ≡ (8,6 )
⇒ Statement I is false
∴ Shortest distance L = r − CP |3 − m|
Also, =1
= 15 − (8 − 3 ) 2 + (6 + 6 ) 2 (1 + m 2 )
= 15 − 13 = 2 Squaring both sides, we get
And largest distance M = r + CP
9 + m 2 − 6m = 1 + m 2
= 15 + 13 = 28
4
M + L = 30, or 6m = 8 ⇒m =
3
M − L = 26
⇒ Statement II is true.
(C) P ≡ (6, − 6 )
82. Q x 2 + y 2 + 2x − 4y = 0
and S ≡ x 2 + y 2 − 4 x + 6y − 12
⇒ ( x + 1 ) 2 + (y − 2 ) 2 = 1 2 + 2 2
∴ S1 = (6 ) 2 + ( −6 ) 2 − 24 − 36 − 12 = 0
Let S ≡ ( x + 1 ) 2 + (y − 2 ) 2 − 1 2 − 2 2
P on the circle
∴ radius r = ( 4 + 9 + 12 ) = 5 Value of S(1, λ ) = (1 + 1 ) 2 + ( λ − 2 ) 2 − 1 2 − 2 2 < 0
∴ Shortest distance L = 0 or (1 + 1 ) 2 + ( λ − 2 ) 2 < 1 2 + 2 2
and largest distance M = 2r = 10 ∴Points (1, λ) inside the circle.
M + L = 10, M − L = 10 ⇒ No tangents can be drawn from the point (1, λ) to the circle
80. (A) Equation of conic x 2 + y 2 + 2 x − 4y = 0
(y − a1x − b )(y − a 2x − b ) + λxy = 0 represent a circle. If and (1 + 1 ) 2 + ( λ − 2 ) 2 < 1 2 + 2 2
coefficient of x 2 = coefficient of y 2
⇒ (λ − 2)2 < 1
∴ a1a 2 = 1
or −1 < λ − 2 < 1
Q AM > GM
or 1 < λ <3
a1 + a 2
∴ > a1a 2 = 1 ∴Statement II and Statement II are both true and statement II
2 is correct explanation for statement I.
⇒ a1 + a 2 > 2
83. Let A ≡ (1, 4), B ≡ (2,3) and C ≡ ( −1,6)
a12 + a 22
and > a12.a 22 = | a1a 2| = 1 1 4 1
2 1
∴Area of ∆ABC = 2 3 1 = 0
∴ a12 + a 22 > 2 2
−1 6 1
(B) Let (a1 cosθ, a1 sin θ ) be any point on x 2 + y 2 = a12, then
⇒ A, B, C are collinear
chord of contact is
i.e. no circle is drawn.
x (a1 cosθ ) + y (a1 sin θ ) = b 2
Hence, Statement I is false and through three non-collinear
which is tangent of x 2 + y 2 = a 22 points in a plane only one circle can be drawn.
| 0 + 0 − b 2| ∴Statement II is true.
∴ = a 2 or b 2 = a1a 2
{(a1 cosθ ) 2 + (a1 sin θ ) 2 } 84. Q Locus of point of intersection of perpendicular tangents is
director circle.
for b = 1, a1a 2 = 1
Q x 2 + y 2 = 50 is director circle of x 2 + y 2 = 25
AM > GM
a1 + a 2 ⇒ Statement I is false and statement II is true.
⇒ > a1a 2 =| b| 85. Here, C1 ≡ ( 0, 0), r1 = 2
2
∴ a1 + a 2 > 2| b|, and C 2 ≡ (3, 0 ), r2 = 2
for b = 1, a1 + a 2 > 2 ∴ | C1C 2| = 3 and r1 + r2 = 4
and then, a12 + a 22 > 2 and | r1 − r2| = 0
(C) 2 gg1 + 2 ff1 = c + c1 ⇒ | r1 − r2| < | C1C 2| < r1 + r2
⇒ 2 × a1 × a 2 + 0 = b + b Hence, circles x 2 + y 2 = 4 and x 2 + y 2 − 6 x + 5 = 0 intersect
∴ a1a 2 = b for b = 1,a1a 2 = 1 each other at two distinct points.
and then, a1 + a 2 > 2 ⇒ Statement I is true and Statement II is false.
Also, a12 + a 22 > 2
Chap 04 Circle 351

86. Q Centre of circle (1, −1) lies on 3x − 4y = 7 For minimum radius, c must be equal to zero, then from
∴ 3 x − 4y = 7 is a diameter of circle Eqs. (ii) and (iii),
1 1
x 2 + y 2 − 2 x + 2y − 47 = 0 g=− and f = −
2 2
∴Statement I is true. Equation of required circle, from Eq. (i), is
Statement II is always true but Statement I is not a correct x2 + y 2 − x − y = 0
explanation of Statement I.
90. The given circle is
87. Statement I is true, line 4y − 3x − 5 = 0 passes through
x 2 + y 2 − 6 x + 6y + 17 = 0
A( −3, − 1 ) and its distance from O( 0, 0 ) is 1 unit = radius of circle
Centre and radius of this circle are (3, − 3 ) and 9 + 9 − 17 = 1
Y
respectively. But given the required circle has normals
5
x=
–3

C2 (3, 1)
4y

X¢ X
O
r
i r

A(–3, –1) B(0, –1) l

Y¢ C1 (3, – 3)

The tangent at B( 0, − 1 ) is y = −1 and normal at A to line AB is


x = −3 x 2 − 3 xy − 3 x + 9y = 0
 4 or ( x − 3 ) ( x − 3y ) = 0
∴Equation of incident ray is y + 1 =  −  ( x + 3 )
 3 or x = 3 and x − 3y = 0 …(i)
but point of intersection of normals is the centre of the circle.
⇒ 4 x + 3y + 15 = 0
Point of intersection of normals represented by Eq. (i) is
Statement II is obviously true.
(3, 1) which is centre of the required circle. Since, given
Hence, both statements are true and but Statement II is not circle and required circle touch each other externally, then
correct explanation of Statement I. (if radius of required circles is r)
88. The given points are A(1,1), B(2,3) and C(3,5) which are Sum of radii = Distance between the centres
collinear as r + 1 = (3 − 3 ) 2 + ( −3 − 1 ) 2 = 4
Slope of AB = Slope of BC = 2
∴ r =3
Hence, Statement II is true ∴Equation of required circle is
The chords of contact are concurrent, then, ( x − 3 ) 2 + (y − 1 ) 2 = 3 2
x1 y1 1
or x 2 + y 2 − 6 x − 2y + 1 = 0
x2 y 2 1 = 0
x3 y 3 1 91. Let OA = a and OB = b then the coordinates of A and B are
(a , 0 ) and ( 0 , b ) respectively.
Hence, points ( x1, y1 ), ( x 2, y 2 ) and ( x 3, y 3 ) are collinear.
Since, ∠ AOB = π / 2
Therefore, Both statements are true and statement II is correct
Hence, AB is the diameter of the required circle whose
explanation of statement I.
equation is
89. Let the equation of circle be ( x − a ) ( x − 0 ) + (y − 0 ) (y − b ) = 0
x 2 + y 2 + 2 gx + 2 fy + c = 0 …(i) or x 2 + y 2 − ax − by = 0 ... (i)
Since, circle Eq. (i) passes through (1,0) and (0,1) then Y
(1 + c )
1 + 2g + c = 0 ⇒ g = − …(ii)
2
(1 + c )
and 1 + 2f + c = 0 ⇒ f = − …(iii) B (0, b)
2 n
Radius of the circle Eq. (ii) = ( g 2 + f 2 − c )
M
(1 + c ) 2 (1 + c ) 2 1 + c 2
= + −c =   X
4 4  2  O A (a, 0)
m
L
352 Textbook of Coordinate Geometry

Equation of tangent at (0,0) of Eq. (i) is 93. Equation of chord of contact (QR) is 6x + 8y − r 2 = 0
a b | 6 ⋅6 + 8 ⋅8 − r 2 | | 100 − r 2 |
0 ⋅ x + 0 ⋅ y − (x + 0) − (0 + y ) = 0 ∴ PM = =
2 2
(6 2 + 8 2 ) 10
or ax + by = 0
a ⋅a + 0 | 0 + 0 − r2 | r2
∴ m = AL = and OM = =
a2 + b2 (6 2 + 8 2 ) 10

a2
or m= ...(ii) P (6, 8)
a2 + b2
Q
a ⋅ 0 + b ⋅b
and n = BM = M
a2 + b2 r
R
b2 O (0 r
∴ n= ...(iii) , 0)
a2 + b2
Adding Eqs. (ii) and (iii), we get
m + n = (a 2 + b 2 )
From Eqs. (ii) and (iii), we get then QR = 2 ⋅ QM = 2 {(OQ ) 2 − (OM ) 2 }
a = ± m (m + n ) and b = ± n (m + n )  r4 
= 2 r 2 − 
From Eq. (i), equation of required circle is  100
x 2 + y 2 ± m (m + n ) x ± n(m + n ) y = 0 1
∴ Area of ∆QPR = ⋅ QR ⋅ PM
92. Solving the equations 2
(2 + c ) x + 5c 2y = 1 and 3 x + 5y = 1 1  r 4  | 100 − r 2 |
∆ ( say ) = ⋅ 2 r 2 −  .
 1 − 3x  2  100 10
then (2 + c ) x + 5c 2   =1
 5 
r 2 (100 − r 2 ) 3
or (2 + c ) x + c 2 (1 − 3 x ) = 1 ∴ ∆2 = =z (say)
1000
1 − c2 dz 1
∴ x= ∴ = {r 2 . 3 (100 − r 2 ) 2 . ( −2r ) + (100 − r 2 ) 3 ⋅ 2r }
2 + c − 3c 2 dr 1000
(1 + c ) (1 − c ) 1+c 2r (100 − r 2 ) 2
or x= = = {100 − r 2 − 3r 2 }
(3 c + 2 ) (1 − c ) 3c + 2 1000
1+c dz
∴ x = Lim For maximum or minimum = 0, then we get r = 5, ( r ≠ 10 as
c → 1 3c + 2 dr
2 P is outside the circle)
x=
5 d 2z
 = − ve
and
6 dr 2r = 5
1−
1 − 3x 5 =− 1
∴ y = = ∴ ∆ is also maximum at r = 5 .
5 5 25
2 1 94. Since, A ( 4, 6) and B (1, 9) do not lie on 2x − y + 4 = 0.
Therefore, the centre of the required circle is  , −  but
 5 25  5 15
Let M be the mid-point of AB, then coordinates of M is  , 
circle passes through (2, 0) 2 2 
2   1 
2 2 B (1, 9)
∴ Radius of the required circle =  − 2 +  − − 0 5 ,15
5   25  M 2 2
64 1 1601
= + = A (4, 6)
25 625 625
k) P
(h,
0

Hence, the required equation of the circle is


4=

2 2
 2  1 1601
y+

 x −  + y +  = C
 5  25 625
2x –

or 25 x 2 + 25y 2 − 20 x + 2y − 60 = 0
D
Chap 04 Circle 353

9 −6 ⇒ 4|k + 2| =2 5 |k + 3|
Slope of AB = = −1
1−4 ⇒ 2|k + 2| = 5 |k + 3|
∴ Slope of PM = 1 5
15  5 ∴ k+2=±(k + 3 )
Equation of PM is, y − = 1 . x −  2
2  2 ∴ k = − 7 − 2 5 or k = − 7 + 2 5
which passes through P (h, k ), then
Since, radius from Eq. (ii),
15 5
k− =h − or k −h =5 …(i) 4|k + 2|
2 2 r=
2
and (h, k ) lie on 2 x − y + 4 = 0
4 | −7 − 2 5 + 2 |
∴ 2h − k + 4 = 0 …(ii) (radius)at k = −7 − 2 5 =
2
Solving Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get
= 10 2 + 4 10 = 26.79
h = 1 and k = 6
2 2 4 | −7 + 2 5 + 2 |
 5  15 (radius)at k = − 7 + 2 =
Now, AD = 2 PM = 2 1 −  + 6 −  5
2
 2   2
= 10 2 − 4 10 = 1.5
9 9
=2 + =3 2 Hence, radius of smaller circle is 1.5 units.
4 4
96. Let the centre of the circle C 2 is Q (h, k ), equation of the circle
and AB = ( 4 − 1 ) 2 + (6 − 9 ) 2 = 3 2 C 2 is
∴ Area of rectangle ( x − h ) 2 + (y − k ) 2 = 5 2
ABCD = AB × AD = 3 2 × 3 2 = 18 sq units. or x + y − 2 xh − 2yk + h 2 + k 2 − 25 = 0
2 2

95. Let C (h, k ) be the centre of the circle. Let AB and C ′ D be the C 2 ≡ x 2 + y 2 − 2 xh − 2yk + h 2 + k 2 − 25 = 0
lines represented by
and equation of circle C1 ≡ x 2 + y 2 − 16 = 0
3 x − y = 6 and y = x respectively.
Clearly, the circle touches AB at A (1, − 3 ).
C2
Y B
A 5
Q(h, k)
D
M
C1 P
(0, 0)
y=x B

O
X ∴ Equation of common chord is
N C1 − C 2 = 0
3x –y = 6
⇒ −2 xh − 2yk + h 2 + k 2 − 9 = 0
C
C′ (h, k)
A (1, –3) or 2hx + 2ky − (h 2 + k 2 − 9 ) = 0 …(i)
Slope of this line = − h / k
But, it is given that its slope = 3 / 4
h 3
∴ − =
Equation of line ⊥ to 3 x − y = 6 is x + 3y = λ which passes k 4
through (1, − 3 ). or 3k + 4h = 0 …( ii )
then 1 −9 = λ Let p be the length perpendicular from P ( 0, 0 ) on chord (1),
∴ λ = −8 then
∴ ⊥ line is x + 3y + 8 = 0 h2 + k 2 − 9
p=
which passes through C (h, k ) ( 4h 2 + 4k 2 )
then h + 3k + 8 = 0 …(i)
(h 2 + k 2 − 9 )
Now, centre C (h, k ) ≡ C ( −3k − 8, k ) or p= …( iii )
| − 3k − 8 − k | 2 (h 2 + k 2 )
Radius CN = = CA
1+1 Length of this chord AB = 2 AM
= ( −3k − 8 − 1 ) + (k + 3 )
2 2 = 2 (16 − p 2 )
4|k + 2| This chord has maximum length, then p = 0, then from Eq. (iii),
⇒ = | k + 3 | 10 …( ii )
2 h2 + k 2 − 9 = 0 …( iv )
354 Textbook of Coordinate Geometry

On solving Eqs. (ii) and (iv) we get Equation of circle with centre at Q (1, 0 ) and radius r is
9
h = m ,k = ±
12 ( x − 1 ) 2 + (y − 0 ) 2 = r 2 …(ii)
5 5 (0 < r < 2)
 9 12  9 12
∴ Centre of C 2 is  , −  or  − ,  Solving Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get
5 5  5 5
2 − r2 r 4 − r2
97. Q 2x + y − 3xy = 0
2 2 x= and y = ±
2 2
⇒ (2 x − y ) ( x − y ) = 0 but R above the X-axis.
⇒ y = 2x, y = x 2 −r 2 r 4 − r 2 
are the equations of straight lines passing through origin. ∴ R≡ , 
 2 2 
Now, let the angle between tangents is 2α,  
Y r 4 − r2
So, SQ = r and MR =
2
y = 2x

3 C 1
3 ∴ Area of ∆QSR = ⋅QS ⋅ MR
2
x
=

1 r 4 − r2
Ay

∆ = ⋅r ⋅
αα 2 2
r 2 (4 − r 2 )
45°
X ∆ ( say ) =
O 4
tan ( 45 ° + 2α ) = 2 r4
then, ∆ = (4 − r 2 ) = A
2
(say)
tan 45 ° + tan 2α 16
⇒ =2 1
1 − tan 45 ° tan 2α ∴ A= ( 4r 4 − r 6 )
1 + tan 2α 2 2 tan 2α 1 16
⇒ = ⇒ = dA 1 d 2A 1
1 − tan 2α 1 2 3 ∴ = (16r 3 − 6r 5 ) and = ( 48r 2 − 30r 4 )
dr 16 dr 2 16
(By componendo and dividendo rule )
dA
2 tan α 1 For maximum and minimum area, =0
⇒ = dr
1 − tan 2 α 3
8
⇒ tan 2 α + 6 tan α − 1 = 0 r2 =
3
−6 ± (36 + 4 )  d 2A  1  64
∴ tan α = = − 3 ± 10 ∴  2
8
=  48 × − 30 ×  < 0
2  dr  r=
8 16  3 9
 π
= − 3 + 10 Q0 < α < 
3
 4 ∴ A is maximum. Hence, ∆ is also maximum.
3 1 8 1  8
Now, in ∆OAC, tan α = = ( 10 − 3 ) ∴ Maximum value of ∆ = × × 4 − 
OA 2 3 2  3
3 ( 10 + 3 )
∴ OA = = 3 (3 + 10 ) =
2
×
2
( 10 − 3 ) ( 10 + 3 ) 3 3
98. The given circle is x 2 + y 2 = 1 …(i) 4 3
= sq units.
with centre at O ( 0,0 ) and radius 1. It cuts X-axis at the points 9
when y = 0 then x = ± 1 i.e., at P ( −1, 0 ) and Q (1, 0 ) . 99. The equation of any curve passing through
Y a1x + b1y + c1 = 0
a 2x + b2y + c 2 = 0
y = 0 and x = 0 is
R (a1x + b1y + c1 )(a 2x + b2y + c 2 ) + λxy = 0 …(i)
X′ (–1, 0) P X where, λ is a parameter.
S M O Q (1, 0) This curve will represent a circle. If the
coefficient of x 2 = coefficient of y 2,
T
i.e. a1a 2 = b1b2 …(ii)
and if the coefficient of xy = 0
Y′ then a1 b2 + a 2b1 + λ = 0
∴ λ = − (a1b2 + a 2b1 )
Chap 04 Circle 355

Y 102. Let A ≡ ( −a , 0) and B ≡ (a , 0) be two fixed points.


Let one line which rotates about B an angle θ with the X -axis
at any time t and at that time the second line which rotates
a2x+b2y+c2=0 about A make an angle 2θ with X-axis.
x=0

a1x+b1y+c1=0
X 2θ θ
O y=0
A (– a, 0) O (0, 0) B (a, 0)

Substituting the value of λ in Eq. (i) then Now, equation of lines through B and A are respectively
(a1x + b1y + c1 ) (a 2x + b2y + c 2 ) − (a1b2 + a 2b1 ) xy = 0 y − 0 = tan θ ( x − a ) ...(i)
⇒ a1a 2x 2 + b1b2y 2 + (a1c 2 + a 2c1 ) x + (b1c 2 + b2c1 ) y = 0 and y − 0 = tan 2θ ( x + a ) ...(ii)
From Eq. (ii), b1b2 = a1a 2 2 tan θ
From Eq. (ii), y = (x + a )
∴ Equation of required circle is 1 − tan 2 θ
a1a 2( x 2 + y 2 ) + (a1c 2 + a 2c1) x + (b1c 2 + b2c1 ) y = 0  2y 
 
100. Let circle be  (x − a ) 
= 2  (x + a ) [from Eq. (i)]
S ≡ x 2 + y 2 + 2 gx + 2 fy + c = 0 …( i ) 1 − y 
Since, centre of this circle ( − g, − f ) lie on 2 x − 2y + 9 = 0  ( x − a ) 2 
∴ −2 g + 2 f + 9 = 0 …( ii ) 2y ( x − a ) ( x + a )
⇒ y =
and the circle S = 0 and x 2 + y 2 − 4 = 0 cuts orthogonally. (x − a )2 − y 2
∴ 2g × 0 + 2 f × 0 = c − 4 ⇒ (x − a )2 − y 2 = 2 (x 2 − a 2 )
∴ c=4 …( iii ) or x 2 + y 2 + 2ax − 3a 2 = 0 which is the required locus.
Substituting the values of g and c from Eqs. (ii) and (iii) in
103. Let the coordinate of C is ( x1, y1 )
Eq. (i), then
x 2 + y 2 + (2 f + 9 ) x + 2 fy + 4 = 0 and let the coordinates of A and B are (0, 0) and (a, 0 )
C (x1, y1)
or (x 2 + y 2 + 9x + 4) + 2 f (x + y ) = 0
Hence, the circle S = 0 passes through fixed point
(Q form S ′ + λP = 0)
∴ x 2 + y 2 + 9 x + 4 = 0 and x + y = 0
 1 1
After solving we get ( −4, 4 ) or  − ,  .
 2 2
(0, 0) (a, 0)
101. Chords are bisected on the line y = x. Let ( x1, x1 ) be the A a B
mid-point of the chord, then equation of the chord is T = S1
sin A BC
∴ xx1 + yx1 − a ( x + x1 ) − b (y + x1 ) + a 2 + b 2 − c 2 given k= =
sin B AC
= x12 + x12 − 2ax1 − 2bx1 + a 2 + b 2 − c 2
⇒ ( BC ) 2 = k 2 ( AC ) 2
⇒ ( x1 − a ) x + ( x1 − b ) y + ax1 + bx1 − 2 x12 = 0
⇒ ( x1 − a ) 2 + y12 = k 2 ( x12 + y12 )
This chord passes through (a , b + c )
⇒ (1 − k 2 ) x12 + (1 − k 2 ) y12 − 2ax1 + a 2 = 0 (Qk ≠ 1)
⇒ ( x1 − a ) a + ( x1 − b ) (b + c ) + ax1 + bx1 − 2 x12 = 0 2
2ax1 a
⇒ 2 x12 − (2a + 2b + c ) x1 + a 2 + b 2 + bc = 0 ⇒ x12 + y12 − + =0
1 − k2 1 − k2
which is quadratic in x1. Since, it is given that two chords are
Hence, locus of C is
bisected on the line y = x, then x1 must have two real roots,
2ax a2
B 2 − 4 AC > 0 x2 + y 2 − + =0
1 −k 2
1 − k2
⇒ (2a + 2b + c ) 2 − 4 ⋅ 2 (a 2 + b 2 + bc ) > 0
This is a circle whose centre is
⇒ 4a 2 + 4b 2 + c 2 + 8ab + 4bc + 4ac − 8a 2 − 8b 2
 a 
− 8b 2 − 8bc > 0  , 0
⇒ 4a + 4b − 8ab + 4bc − 4ac − c < 0
2 2 2 1 − k2 

Hence, the condition on a , b , c is a2 a2 ak


and radius = − =
4a 2 + 4b 2 − c 2 − 8ab + 4bc − 4ca < 0 (1 − k )
2 2
(1 − k 2 ) (1 − k 2 )
356 Textbook of Coordinate Geometry

104. Let P be ( x1, y1 ) and line through P ( x1, y1 ) makes an angle θ ∴ Locus of (h, k ) is, x 2 = 2y + 2 | y |
with X-axis, then
Now if y > 0, it becomes x 2 = 4y
x − x1 y − y1
= =r and if y ≤ 0, it becomes x = 0
cosθ sin θ
∴Combining the two, the required locus is
Coordinates of any point on the curve is
( x1 + r cosθ, y1 + r sin θ ). This point must lie on {( x,y ) : x 2 = 4y } ∪ {( 0,y ):y ≤ 0 }
ax 2 + 2hxy + by 2 = 1 106. s1 = x 2 + y 2 + 2ax + cy + a = 0
s 2 = x 2 + y 2 − 3ax + dy − 1 = 0
R
Equation of common chord of circles s1 and s 2 is given by
Q s1 − s 2 = 0
⇒ 5ax + (c − d )y + a + 1 = 0
θ
P (x1, y1) Given, that 5 x + by − a = 0 passes through P and Q
∴ The two equations should represent the same line
∴ a ( x1 + r cosθ ) 2 + 2h ( x1 + r cosθ )(y1 + r sin θ ) a c −d a + 1
⇒ = =
+ b (y1 + r sin θ ) 2 = 1 1 b −a
∴ (a cos2 θ + h sin 2θ + b sin 2 θ ) r 2 ⇒ a + 1 = −a 2
+ 2 (ax1 cosθ + hx1 sin θ + hy1 cosθ ) r a2 + a + 1 = 0
No real value of a.
+ ax12 + 2hx1y1 + by12 = 0
107. Equation of circle with centre (0, 3) and radius 2 is
It is quadratic equation in r. Let roots of this equation are r1 and
r2 then x 2 + (y − 3 ) 2 = 4
ax12 + 2hx1y1 + by12 Let centre of the variable circle is (α , β )
r1r2 =
(a cos2 θ + h sin 2θ + b sin 2 θ ) Q It touches X-axis.
∴It’s equation is ( x − α ) 2 + (y + β ) 2 = β 2
ax12 + 2hx1 y1 + by12
∴ PQ ⋅ PR = for a = b, h = 0
a cos2 θ + h sin 2θ + b sin 2 θ Y

+0+
ax12 ay12
∴ PQ ⋅ PR = = x12 + y12
a cos θ + 0 + a sin 2 θ
2
c1
r1
which is independent of θ.
Then curve ax 2 + 2hxy + by 2 = 1 becomes ax 2 + 0 + ay 2 = 1 r2 c2
(a, b)
1
⇒ x2 + y 2 =
a X¢ X
O
1
is a circle with centre (0, 0) and radius . Y¢
a
105. Let the centre of circle C be (h,k). Then as this circle touches Circle touch externally
axis of x, its radius =| k| ⇒ c1c 2 = r1 + r2
Y ∴ α 2 + (β − 3 ) 2 = 2 + β
α 2 + (β − 3 ) 2 = β 2 + 4 + 4β
C ⇒ α 2 = 10(β − 1 / 2 )
k B(h, k)  1
∴Locus is x 2 = 10 y −  which is a parabola.
A (0,1) k  2
O
X 108. Let the centre be (α ,β)
Q It cuts the circle x 2 + y 2 = p 2 orthogonally
Also, it touches the given circle x + (y − 1 ) = 1, centre (0, 1)
2 2
∴Using 2 g1g 2 + 2 f1 f 2 = c1 + c 2, we get
radius 1, externally
2 ( −α ) × 0 + 2 ( −β ) × 0 = c1 − p 2
Therefore, the distance between centres = sum of radii
⇒ (h − 0 ) 2 + (k − 1 ) 2 = 1 + | k | ⇒ c1 = p 2

⇒ h 2 + k 2 − 2k + 1 = (1 + | k | ) 2 Let equation of circle is


x 2 + y 2 − 2αx − 2βy + p 2 = 0
⇒ h 2 + k 2 − 2k + 1 = 1 + 2 | k | + k 2
⇒ h 2 = 2k + 2 | k |
Chap 04 Circle 357

It passes through T2T3 = latusrectum of parabola


(a, b ) ⇒a 2 + b 2 − 2αa − 2βb + p 2 = 0 Y

∴ Locus of (α , β ) is
∴ 2ax + 2by − (a 2 + b 2 + p 2 ) = 0 T2

109. Without loss of generally it we can assume the square ABCD (–1, 1) B A (1, 1)
with its vertices A(1, 1 ), B( −1,1 ), C( −1, − 1 ), D (1, − 1 ) T3
P to be the point ( 0, 1 ) and Q as ( 2, 0 ). T1
X¢ O X
Y

P(0, –1) C D
B A(1, 1) (–1, –1) (1, –1)
(–1, 1) Q(Ö2, 0)
L
X¢ X Y¢
O
C2 1
C1 = 4× =2 2
D(1, –1) 2
C
(–1, –1) 1 1 1
∴ Area ( ∆T1T2T3 ) = × × 2 2 = = 1 sq units.
2 2 2
112. Point of intersection of 3x − 47 − 7 = 0 and 2x − 3y − 5 = 0 is

(1, − 1 ) which is the centre of the circle and radius = 7
PA 2 + PB 2 + PC 2 + PD 2 ∴Equation is ( x − 1 ) 2 + (y + 1 ) 2 = 49
Then,
QA 2 + QB 2 + QC 2 + QD 2 ⇒ x 2 + y 2 − 2 x + 2y − 47 = 0
1+1+5+5
= 113. Let M(h,k ) be the mid-point of chord AB where
2[( 2 − 1 ) 2 + 1 ] + 2(( 2 + 1 ) 2 + 1 ) 2π
12 ∠AOB =
= = 0.75 3
16
110. Let C ′ be the circle touching circle C1 and L, so that C1 and C ′
are on the same side of L. Let us draw a line T parallel to L at a
distance equal to the radius of circle C1, on opposite side of L. O (0, 0)
Then, the centre of C ′ is equidistant from the centre of C1 and
from line T . 3 p/3
⇒ locus of centre of C ′ is a parabola.
A M (h, k) B

L
π
∴ ∠AOM = .
C¢ 3
O
T π 3
Also, OM = 3 cos =
3 2
C1 3
⇒ h + k2 =
2
2
9
⇒ h +k =
2 2
4
9
∴ Locus of (h, k ) is x 2 + y 2 =
4
111. Since, S is equidistant from A and line BD, it traces a parabola. 114. Equation of director circle of the given circle x 2 + y 2 = 169 is
 1 1 x 2 + y 2 = 2 × 169 = 338.
Clearly, AC is the axis, A(1,1 ) is the focus and T1  ,  is the
 2 2
We know from every point on director circle, the tangents
vertex of parabola.
drawn to given circle are perpendicular to each other.
1
AT1 = . Here, (17, 7) lies on director circle.
2
∴ The tangent from (17, 7) to given circle are mutually
perpendicular.
358 Textbook of Coordinate Geometry

115. Equation of circle whose centre is (h,k ) Let coordinates of R be (α ,β ), then using the formula for
centriod of ∆ we get
( x − h ) 2 + (y − k ) 2 = k 2
3 +2 3 +α 3+ 0+β
Y = 3 and =1
3 3
⇒ α = 0 and β = 0
∴Coordinates of R = ( 0, 0 )
(h, k)
 3 3
Now, coordinates of E = mid point of QR =  ,  and
(–1, 1)  2 2
X¢ X
coordinates of F = mid-point of PR = ( 3, 0 )
118. Equation of side QR is y = 3x and equation of side RP is

y =0
(radius of circle = k because circle is tangent to x-axis) 119. The given circle is x 2 + y 2 + 6x − 10y + 30 = 0 Centre ( −3,5),
Equation of circle passing through ( −1, + 1 ) radius = 2
∴ ( −1 − h ) 2 + (1 − k ) 2 = k 2 L1 : 2 x + 3y + ( p − 3 ) = 0;
⇒ 1 + h 2 + 2h + 1 + k 2 − 2k = k 2 L2 : 2 x + 3y + p + 3 = 0
⇒ h 2 + 2h − 2k + 2 = 0 D ≥ 0 Clearly, L1|| L2
∴ (2 ) 2 − 4 × 1.( −2 K + 2 ) ≥ 0 Distance between L1 and L2
⇒ 4 − 4( −2k + 2 ) ≥ 0 p+3−p+3 6
= = <2
⇒ 1 + 2k − 2 ≥ 0 ⇒ k ≥
1 22 + 32 13
2 ⇒ If one line is a chord of the given circle, other line may
1 or may not the diameter of the circle.
116. Slope of CD =
3 Statement I is true and statement II is false.
∴ Parametric equation of CD is 120. The given circle is x 2 + y 2 + 2x + 4y − 3 = 0
3 3 3
x− y−
2 = 2 = ±1
3 1
2 2 P (1, 0) Q (a, b)
C(–1, –2)
∴ Two possible coordinates of C are
 3 3 3 1 3  − 3 3 3 1 3
 + , +  or  + ,− + 
 2 2 2 2  2 2 2 2
Centre ( −1, − 2 )
i.e. (2 3, 2 ) or ( 3, 1 ) Let Q(α , β ) be the point diametrically opposite to the point
As (0, 0) and C lie on the same side of PQ P(1, 0 ),
∴( 3, 1 ) should be the coordinates of C. 1+α 0+β
then, = −1 and = −2
Remark : Remember ( x1, y1 ) and ( x 2, y 2 ) lie on the same or 2 2
opposite side of a line ax + by + c = 0 according as ⇒ α = −3, β = −4, So, Q is ( −3, − 4 )
ax1 + by1 + c
> 0 or < 0.∴ Equation of the circle is 121. Tangents PA and PB are drawn from the point P(1,3) to
ax 2 + by 2 + c circle x 2 + y 2 − 6 x − 4y − 11 = 0 with centre C(3,2 )
( x − 3 ) 2 + (y − 1 ) 2 = 1
117. ∆PQR is an equilateral triangle, the incentre C must coincide
A
with centroid of ∆PQR and D, E, F must coincide with the mid
points of sides PQ, QR and RP respectively.
Also, ∠CPD = 30 ° ⇒ PD = 3 P(1, 8) C
Writing the equation of side PQ in symmetric form we get, (3, 2)
3 3 3
x− y−
2 = 2 =m 3 B
1 3

2 2 Clearly the circumcircle of ∆PAB will pass through C and as
 3 3 3 −3 3  ∠A = 90 °, PC must be a diameter of the circle.
∴Coordinates of P =  + , +  = (2 3, 0 )
 2 2 2 2 ∴ Equation of required circle is
 − 3 3 3 3 3 ( x − 1 )( x − 3 ) + (y − 2 ) = 0
and coordinates of Q =  + , +  = ( 3,3) ⇒ x 2 + y 2 − 4 x − 10y + 19 = 0
 2 2 2 2
Chap 04 Circle 359

122. Let r be the radius of required circle. Y


Clearly, in ∆C1CC 2, C1C = C 2C = r + 1 and P is mid-point of C1C 2
∴ CP ⊥C1C 2
Also, PM ⊥CC1 (h, 2)
(0, 2)
Now, ∆PMC1 ~ ∆CPC1 (by AA similarity)
MC1 PC1
∴ =
PC1 CC1 X¢ X
(–1, 0) O

C1 1 P 1 C
3 2
1 1 Y¢
M −5
⇒ ( −1 − h ) 2 + 4 = h 2 ⇒h =
2
 −5  5
r r ∴ Centre  , 2 and r =
 2  2
5
Distance of centre from (−4, 0) is
2
∴ It lies on the circle.
126. The smaller region of circle is the region given by
C x2 + y 2 ≤ 6 …(i)
1 3 and 2 x − 3y ≥ 1 …(ii)
⇒ = ⇒ r + 1 = 9 ⇒ r = 8.
3 r +1 Y
123. The given circles are
S1 ≡ x 2 + y 2 + 3 x + 7y + 2 p − 5 = 0 …(i)
S 2 ≡ x 2 + y 2 + 2 x + 2y − p 2 = 0 …(ii)
1
∴ Equation of common chord PQ is S1 − S 2 = 0 y=
x2+y2=6 x–3
2
⇒ L ≡ x + 5y + p 2 + 2 p − 5 = 0
⇒ Equation of circle passing through P and Q is S1 + λL = 0 X¢ X
O
⇒ ( x 2 + y 2 + 3 x + 7y + 2 p − 5 ) + λ ( x + 5y + p 2 + 2 p − 5 ) = 0
As it passes through (1, 1), therefore
⇒ (7 + 2 p ) + λ (2 p + p 2 + 1 ) = 0
2p + 7
⇒ λ=−
(p + 1)2
which does not exist for p = −1 Y¢
124. Circle x 2 + y 2 − 4x − 8y − 5 = 0  3  1 1
We observe that only two points 2,  and  , −  satisfy
Centre = (2, 4 )  4  4 4
Radius = 4 + 16 + 5 = 5 both the inequations Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get
If circle is intersecting line 3 x − 4y = m, at two distinct points. ∴2 points in S lie inside the smaller part.
⇒ length of perpendicular from centre to the line < radius 127. As centre of one circle is (0, 0) and other circle passes through
(0, 0), therefore
|6 − 16 − m|
⇒ <5 a 
5 Aslo, C1  , 0 C 2( 0, 0 )
2 
⇒ |10 + m| < 25
|a |
⇒ −25 < m + 10 < 25 r1 = r2 = C
2
⇒ −35 < m < 15
|a |
125. Let centre of the circle be (h, 2) then radius =| h| C1C 2 = r1 − r2 =
2
∴ Equation of circle becomes ( x − h ) 2 + (y − 2 ) 2 = h 2 |a | |a |
⇒ c− = ⇒ c =| a |
As it passes through (−1, 0) 2 2
If the two circles touch each other, then they must touch each
other internally.
360 Textbook of Coordinate Geometry

 4α − 20 130. Y
128. Any point P on line 4x − 5y = 20 is α , .
 5  T1
Equation of chord of contact AB to the circle x 2 + y 2 = 9 T2
2
1
X¢ X
C1(0, 0) C3(3, 0) P
A P α, 4α – 20
5
x=2
M (h, k) Y¢
4x–5y=20
C (0, p) From the figure it is clear that the intersection point of two
B direct common tangents lies on X -axis.
Aslo ∆PT1C1 ~ ∆PT2C 2
⇒ PC1 : PC 2 = 2 :1
 4α − 20 or P divides C1C 2 in the ratio 2 :1 externally
drawn from point P α ,  is
 5  ∴Coordinates of P are (6, 0 )
 4α − 20 Let the equation of tangent through P be
x. α + y .   =9 …(i)
 5  y = m( x − 6 )
Also, the equation of chord AB whose mid-point is (h, k ) is As it touches x 2 + y 2 = 4
hx + ky = h 2 + k 2 …(ii) ∴
6m
=2
Q Eqs. (i) and (ii) represent the same line, therefore m2 + 1
h k h2 + k 2 ⇒ 36m 2 = 4(m 2 + 1 )
= =
α 4α − 20 9 1
⇒ m=±
5 2 2
⇒ 5kα = 4hα − 20h 1
∴Equations of common tangents are y = ± (x − 6)
and 9h = α(h 2 + k 2 ) 2 2
20h 9h Also x = 2 is the common tangent to the two circles.
⇒ α= and α = 2
4h − 5k h + k2 131. Let centre of the circle ne (1, 4)
20h 9h
⇒ = [Q circle touches x-axis at (1, 0)]
4h − 5k h 2 + k 2
Y
⇒ 20(h 2 + k 2 ) = 9( 4h − 5k )
∴ Locus of (h, k ) is 20 ( x 2 + y 2 ) − 36 x + 45y = 0
Sol. (Q. Nos. 129 to 130)
Equation of tangent PT to the circle x 2 + y 2 = 4 at the point (1, h)
C B (2, 3)
P( 3, 1 ) is x 3 + y = 4
X¢ X
Let the line L, perpendicular to tangent PT be A (1, 0)
x −y 3 + λ = 0 …(i)

As it is tangent to the circle ( x − 3 ) + y = 1
2 2
Let the circle passes through the point B(2,3 )
∴ length of perpendicular from centre of circle to the tangent ∴ CA = CB (radius)
= radius of circle.
⇒ CA 2 = CB 2
3+ λ
⇒ = 1 ⇒ λ = −1 or −5 ⇒ (1 − 1 ) 2 + (h − 0 ) 2 = (1 − 2 ) 2 + (h − 3 ) 2
2
⇒ h 2 = 1 + h 2 + 9 − 6h
129. From Eq. (i)
10 5
Equation of L can be ⇒ h= =
6 3
x − 3y = 1 10
Thus, diameter is 2h = .
or x − 3y = 5 3
Chap 04 Circle 361

132. Since, circle touches X-axis at (3, 0) Equation of circle C ≡ ( x − 1 ) 2 + (y − 1 ) 2 = 1


∴ The equation of circle be Radius of T = | y |
( x − 3 ) 2 + (y − 0 ) 2 + λy = 0 T touches C externally
Y therefore,
Distance between the centres = sum of their radii
⇒ ( 0 − 1 ) 2 + (y − 1 ) 2 = 1 + | y |
⇒ ( 0 − 1 ) 2 + (y − 1 ) 2 = (1 + | y | ) 2
A (3, 0)
X¢ X ⇒ 1 + y 2 + 1 − 2y = 1 + y 2 + 2 | y |
2 | y | = 1 − 2y
A
(1,–2) 1
If y > 0 then, 2y = 1 − 2y ⇒y =
4
Y¢ If y < 0 then, −2y = 1 − 2y ⇒ 0 = 1 (not possible)
1
As it passes through (1, −2) ∴ y =
4
∴ Put x = 1, y = −2
135. Let the equation of circle be
⇒ (1 − 3 ) 2 + ( −2 ) 2 + λ ( −2 ) = 0 ⇒ λ = 4
x 2 + y 2 + 2 gx + 2 fy + c = 0
∴Equation of circle is ( x − 3 ) 2 + y 2 − 8 = 0
It passes through (0, 1)
Now, from the options (5, −2) satisfies equation of circle. ∴ 1 + 2f + c = 0 …(i)
133. There can be two possibilities for the given circle as shown in This circle is orthogonal to ( x − 1 ) 2 + y 2 = 16
the figure
i.e. x 2 + y 2 − 2 x − 15 = 0
Y
and x2 + y 2 −1 = 0
∴We should have
2 g( −1 ) + 2 f ( 0 ) = c − 15
3 (3, 4) or 2 g + c − 15 = 0 …(ii)
Ö7 and 2 g( 0 ) + 2 f ( 0 ) = c − 1 or c = 1
4
4 Solving Eqs. (i), (ii) and (iii), we get
X¢ X c = 1, g = 7, f = −1
∴ Required circle is
x 2 + y 2 + 14 x − 2y + 1 = 0
With centre ( −7, 1 ) and radius = 7
(3, –4)
136. Intersection point of 2x − 3y + 4 = 0 and x − 2y + 3 = 0 is (1, 2)
A (2, 3)

∴ The equations of circle can be


( x − 3 ) 2 + (y − 4 ) 2 = 4 2 P
(1, 2)
or ( x − 3 ) + (y + 4 ) = 4
2 2 2

i.e. x 2 + y 2 − 6 x + 8y + 9 = 0
or x 2 + y 2 − 6 x + 8y + 9 = 0 B(a, b)
134. Y
Since, P is the fixed point for given family of lines
So, PB = PA
C
(α − 1 ) 2 + (β − 2 ) 2 = (2 − 1 ) 2 + (3 − 2 ) 2
(α − 1 ) 2 + (β − 2 ) 2 = 1 + 1 = 2
(0, y) (1, 1)
( x − 1 ) 2 + (y − 2 ) 2 = ( 2 ) 2
T
X¢ X ( x − a ) 2 + (y − b ) 2 = r 2
Therefore, given locus is a circle with centre (1, 2 ) and radius 2.

362 Textbook of Coordinate Geometry

137. x 2 + y 2 − 4x − 6y − 12 = 0 …(i) Y
(cos q, sin q)
Centre C1 = (2, 3 ) and Radius, r1 = 5 units P
x 2 + y 2 + 6 x + 18y + 26 = 0 …(ii)
Q (1, tan q/2)
Centre, C 2 = ( −3, − 9 ) E
and radius, r2 = 8 units X¢ X
R O S(1, 0)
| C1C 2| = (2 + 3 ) 2 + (3 + 9 ) 2 = 13 units C1
r1 + r2 = 5 + 8 = 13
∴ | C1C 2| = r1 + r2 C2
Therefore, there are three common

tangents.
θ
138. For the given circle, centre : (4, 4), radius =6 ∴ Equation of line through Q and parallel to RS is y = tan
2
θ
C(4, 4) ∴ Intersection point E of normal and y = tan
2
6 θ
tan = x tanθ
k 2
P(h , k ) θ
k 1 − tan 2
⇒ x= 2
X¢ X 2
O
1 −y 2
6 + k = (h − 4 ) 2 + (k − 4 ) 2 ∴ Locus of E : x = or y 2 = 1 − 2 x
2
(h − 4 ) 2 = 20k + 20 1 1   1 −1 
It is satisfied by the points  ,  and  ,  .
∴ locus of (h, k ) is ( x − 4 ) 2 = 20(y + 1 ), which is parabola. 3 3 3 3
139. Centre of S :O ( −3,2) and centre of given circle is A(2, − 3) 141. (2) Equation of circle can be written as
( x + 1 ) 2 + (y + 2 ) 2 = p + 5 ...(i)
Y
(–2, 0) O
X′ X

O (–3, 2)

5Ö2 (0, –4)


5
B Y′
A (2,–3)
Case I. For p = 0, circle passes through origin and cuts x-axis
and y-axis at ( − 2, 0 ) and ( 0, − 4 ) respectively.
Case II. If circle touch X-axis, then Y

X′ O
X
(1 ) 2 = − p ⇒ p = − 1 (0, –2+√3)

⇒ OA = 5 2 From Eq. (i), we get


Also, AB = 5 (Q AB = radius of the given circle) ( x + 1 ) 2 + (y + 2 ) 2 = 2 2
Now, in ∆OAB,
Cut off Y -axis at (put x = 0) (0, –2–√3)
(OB ) 2 = ( AB ) 2 + (OA ) 2 = 25 + 50 = 75
(y + 2 ) 2 = 3 Y′
∴ OB = 5 3
⇒ y = −2 ± 3
140. Circle : x 2 + y 2 = 1
or (0, -2 ± 3)
Equation of tangent at P(cosθ,sin θ ) Y
Case III. If circle touch Y -axis, then
x cosθ + y sin θ = 1 …(i) (2 ) 2 = − p X′
O
X
Equation of normal at P
⇒ p=−4
y = x tanθ …(ii)
From Eq. (i), we get 1
Equation of tangent at S is x = 1 (–1, –2)
( x + 1 ) 2 + (y + 2 ) 2 = 1
 1 − cosθ   θ
∴ Q 1,  = Q 1, tan  Cut off X -axis at (put y = 0)
 sin θ   2
( x + 1 ) 2 = − 3 (impossible)
Y′

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