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Engineering Utilities Lecture 1

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19 views15 pages

Engineering Utilities Lecture 1

Uploaded by

Cyril Ayz San Pedro
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Lecture 1

Building Electrical
Systems
Engr. Gerard Ang
School of EECE
Topics to be Discussed

1. Electricity Theory
2. Building Electrical Materials and Equipment
3. Building Electrical Design Principles
Electrical Theory

• Electricity – it is a property of matter that results from the presence


or movement of electric charge. According to modern theory, matter
is electrical in nature.
Structure of Matter

• Matter – it is anything that occupies space and has mass.


• Atom – it is the smallest particle of an element that is capable of
independent existence.
• Molecule – it is the smallest particle of matter (an element or a
compound) that is capable of free existence.
• Element – it is a substance that cannot be decomposed any
further by chemical action.
• Compound – it is a combination of two or more elements.
• Mixture – it is a material composed of two or more substances,
each of which retains its own characteristic properties.
Basic Data About the Atom
• Proton – it is a positively charged particle.
• Electron – it is negatively charged particle.
• Neutron – it is a particle with neutral charge (no charge).
• Atomic Number – it represents the number of protons or electrons of an
atom.
• Atomic Mass – it represents the sum of protons and electrons of an atom.
• Ion – it is an atom or a group of atoms that has a net positive or negative
charge resulting from unequal number of positively charged protons and
negatively charged electrons.
• Shell – it is an energy level or region about the nucleus of an atom in
which electrons move. The atom has 5 shells, namely, the K-shell (first
orbit), the L-shell (second orbit), the M-shell (third orbit), the N-shell
(fourth orbit) and the O-shell (fifth orbit)
• Valence electrons – is the electrons found in the outermost shell (valence
shell) or orbit of an atom.
Basic Data About the Atom

Particle Charge Mass

1.602 x 10-21 C, 1.672 x 10-27


Proton
positive kg

1.602 x 10-21 C, 9.107 x 10-31


Electron
negative kg

No charge, 1.672 x 10-27


Neutron
neutral kg
Electrical Classification of Materials

• Electrical Conductors – these are materials that allow the essentially


free passage of current when connected to a battery or other source
of electrical energy.
• Electrical Insulators – these are materials that posses low
conductivity or offer a relatively high resistance to the flow of
electric current. They are also called as dielectrics.
• Electric Semiconductors – these are materials that have conductivity
about midway between good conductors and good insulators.
Electrical Current
• Electric Current (I) – it is the motion or transfer of charges from one
region of a conductor to another. Its unit is the Ampere (A) named
after André Marie Ampère.
Sources of Electric Current

The following are the methods by which electric current can be


produced:
• Static electricity from friction
• Thermoelectricity is electricity from heat
• Piezoelectricity is electricity from pressure
• Electrochemistry is electricity from a chemical action
• Photoelectricity is electricity from light
• Magnetoelectricity is electricity from magnetism
Fundamental Units of Electricity

• Electric Voltage (V or E) – it is the driving force behind current flow.


The unit of voltage is the Volt (V). Voltage level governs the amount
of current flow. An increase in voltage causes more current flow and
vice versa.
• Electric Current (I) – it is the motion or transfer of charges from one
region of a conductor to another. Its unit is the Ampere (A).
• Electric Potential Difference – it is the difference in the electric
potentials of two charged bodies. Its unit is the volt.
• Electric Resistance (R) – it is the property of a material that limits the
amount of flow of current and converts electric energy to heat
energy. Its unit is the Ohm (Ω).
Ohm’s Law
According to Ohm’s Law, “At steady-state
condition, the voltage across a resistor is
directly proportional to the current flowing
through it with the temperature remaining
constant.”

𝑽 𝑽
𝑽 = 𝑰𝑹 𝑹= 𝑰=
𝑰 𝑹

Where:
V = applied voltage in volts
I = current drawn in amperes Georg Simon Ohm
R = resistance in ohms (1787 – 1854)
Conditions for Ohm’s Law

1. Ohm’s law can be applied either to the entire circuit or a part


of a circuit
2. When Ohm’s law is applied to a part circuit, part resistance
and the potential difference across that part resistance should
be used
3. Ohm’s law can be applied to both dc and ac circuits
Limitations of Ohm’s Law

Ohm’s law is not applicable to the following:


1. For metals which get heated up due to the flow of current through
them
2. For electrolytes where enormous gases are produced on either
electrode
3. For vacuum radio valves
4. For arc lamps
5. For semiconductors
6. For gas-filled tubes, in which the ions are generated as a result of
current flow
7. For appliances such as metal rectifier and crystal detectors, in
which the operation depends on the direction of current
Electrical Power
• Electrical Power (P) – it is the rate at which
electrical energy is expended or used up. It is
the rate electric energy is converted into
another form, such as light, heat or mechanical
energy (or converted from another form into
electrical energy). Its unit is the Watt (W).

𝑷 = 𝑽𝑰 𝑽𝟐 𝑷 = 𝑰𝟐 𝑹
𝑷=
𝑹
Where:
P = electrical power in watt James Watt
V = voltage in volt
Note:
I = current in amperes
1 horsepower (HP) = 746 W
R = resistance in ohm
Energy

• Energy – it is the capacity to do work. It is measured in Joules (J).


• Electrical Energy Consumption – it is the rate at which power is
consumed over a specified period of time.

𝑾 = 𝑷𝒕

Where:
P = electrical power in watt
t = time
W = electric energy consumed

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