Homework

7
4 Givendata thefrequencyofH moleculeisVo 132 1014Hzandtemperature T 5000K
LetE.eebetheenergy correspondingtothevibrationstateU i thenthe is
energy given by Ei it hw
TherelativepopulationofthevibrationalstateisgivenbyHj e NiandNiarethe ofdesiredlevelsiandi
population

KB 1.38 10 JK is Boltzmannconstant

a Therelativepopulation ofthevibrationalstates U 0 I
f
e
1.267

subtitatethe
1.267
value e 0.281

familiarly calculatingtherelativepopulationsforU 21314

Nj e 0.079
3
11 e 0.022
If e 507 0.006

5 Rotational quantumnumber 5canbewrittenas Ej J54111 111

these2541 possibleorientationsofL constitutes
Eachof
aseparatequantumstate914 25 1 12
g E isthenumberofstatesofenergy E
Themaxwell Boltzmanndistributionisgivenby V E Agfte 131

NCAisthenumberofparticlewiththeenergy
Ifthenumberofmoleculesinthe5 0stateisnothenormalizationconstantintheequation131isjustnoandthenumber
554114121711
ofmoleculesintheJ Sstateis n Ag e e KT no2511e 14
12511e51511h 2KT
I
Sorelativepopulation inthe55Statecanbewritten f
a For 50and T 300K
101101 41247 4
Fromequation s The
relativepopulation 210111

12111 1 e
for g and T 300kTherelativepopulation
FTI.it
Iff ffm
1.682
12 4,5 8K 0.881
ForJ 2andT 300ktherelativepopulation Fn 2121 1 e e
137131 412044
ForJ 3and T 300kTherelativepopulation 12137 tile ge xT 0.271

1 1 42
 141141 12kt
ForJ 4andT 300KTherelativepopulation 1214 tile t.ge14k 0.028

b Letsay atToktemperature thepopulationsofthe J 2and5 3stateswillbeequal

Sousingequation141
212114 2 I 3131144124711
22 e 23 e
342410 1 6541kt Il
g e 7 e

el
e154 1
521 In
520 0.336

To 58934k 1.55103K

12 NIV 4 N 2,1 we 7
dry O
4TH I ve 1 0
future 1

4 en7 vfte.mu
I 2Ue
veYEItIEFo
T

we we 7 FIN O
12 1 1 1 TEAM O
ForV O ntold
1 IT v2 O
V TF
13 nut 4 N 2,11 we 1
averagevalue
of isgivenby It nutdo

It 4 4 NLEY've do

S I ve 1 du
471 s ve 7 du
4 1 1 2K
2111 29m 2 If FIT
15 Itfermionsgaswillexertthegreatestpressurebecausethefermidistributionhasalargerpromotionofhighenergyparticlesthan
theotherdistributions a bosongaswillexerttheleastpressurebecausetheBosedistributionhasalargerproportionoflowenergy
particlesthan theothers

17 a Giventhat X 10.5mmand 9.5mmsoaveragelength x 10mm 0.01mand do 1.0mm 0.001m

8 8
thenumberofstandingwaves
Therefore
If 2.5 106

Giventhat
b 71 100.5mmand72 99.5mmsotheaveragewavelength7 100mm0.1mandd7 10mm 0.001m
Therefore thenumberofstandingwaves 811 oxtff.fmfxo0 zs

22 Given
M 2 1030
kg
108m
r 7.0
9 5.8 103K
Stefan Boltzmannlawgivesradiationrateofthesun R eat 11
Radiationrate
ofthemn R 4 2 111

Righthandequation i and
121same80equatinglefthandsidewehave P far29054 131
Bydefinitionpowerradiatedisenergyradiatedperunittime P 8
Where SE SMCistheenergyradiated intime8H
Therefore
p
8M
18ft 141
Equating 3and141

Fff 4hr40H
st 1004
1 4 wo a tx h t E f.ae
4.55 1018seconds 300 24 8 215
1.44 10 years

32 ThepeakwavelengthinspectrumofthecavityisXmax 3.0Mm
3
AmaxT 2.898 10 m.lk

Thenthetemperature ofcavityat max 3.00micrometerisgivenby T

2
fm 966k
Energydensity
ofthecavityisgivenby U at Ca 7.566 0 Jm K I
4 7.566 10165m3K4 1966K4 6.5910451m

34 A U AT 11
4 5.634
where a 4411 7.560101m
 Puttingthevalue a and 4 2.7K
2.714Joule
a 7.56 10
4.018 1014Joule

eV
251.125 103
251.125Kell

b f neutdo where
notdoisthenumberofphotonsperunitvolumewithfrequencies between randUtduSincesuchphotonshave
energies oftw
acoldo

dobeingtheenergydensitygiven
With acul
by
Planck's
formula ululd eh f
N.us Wd 0
t II
Ifwelet 1 then v and do F do
N 8 V1 IS 121

toWien'sdisplacementlaw
According

Amax 2.898 103m.lk

T
max 1 Imm 1.1 103 mforwhichtheenergydensityisthegreatest

so T 279,4 K 2.63k
From121 N STU 2.405 13
i TTX 2.4050 KEY
3.684010 3

37 If 9E isthenumberstatesofenergy E thentotalnumberstateswithincertainrangeofenergyvalue
N J 9E HE 111

Thetiledstatesareavailableup
toEF atT0K
Thenumberofstatesintheenergyrange 0toF Thenumberstates
intheenergyrange f to F
TEDE
Usingtheform 9IEde 8ʳfYm
of
Whichisthenumber electronstates theenergyrange
in EtdeatT ok in 3dimension

J 9FIDE I 9EIDE
SIJEDE 1 TEde
E E
 2E E
E 0.630
Ef
39aE EF
E ftp.t
I I Imfiii
en
fn i end

b Theaveragemolecularenergyinanidealgasisgivenby onthebasisofMaxwell Boltzmann distribution

3.306 1.60019 KXT

T 3.3084
1
444 3 k 2.5510 K

c Thespeedintermsofkineticenergy
MeV2 E
u TE.EE2 1ooxioomis
49 Base Einsteindistributionfunction FBE E e E
Fermi Diracdistribution function FfpEl e I
Thisdistribution if followedbyspin 2 andintegra ofspin 2 particles

AsHeliumatomhaselectron distribution line Is ithasspino So itobeysBase Einsteinsatisfies

When
deENT foret571 thenenergy is intheneighborhoodofKT
phe KT ehEAT
So Base EinsteinandFermi DiraldistributionfunctionbecomesMaxwell Boltzmannfunction
E kt
FMBEl
edit Ae A k
As eh 1 ALL1
Now wehavetoshowACL1

EdE121
by gEde 4714m
Now thenumberoftheelectronstatesisgiven

Thenumberofparticles intheenergyrangeEandE de

ni IE 9ElfEdE
KT
Here f E Ae
i nEldEAgE e EAT
de
i n f n EldE
452
A 1 1 Vee de usingequi
T
 i N
AKITI III
A FET
i A FIXATIENT 131

Now T 20C 293k

N Avogadro'snumber 6.02310 mole

No 6023 1026kmole
putthevalueofNoneg13 aswewillconsider 1km0gasand V 22.4m

Mae 44 4 1.66 10
27kg

A I ftp.xaxtio EfxiE5k1t
3.57 106
Hence ALLI