KF-411 KF-411.7: Part KF - Fabrication Requirements
KF-411 KF-411.7: Part KF - Fabrication Requirements
KF-411 KF-411.7: Part KF - Fabrication Requirements
2 in. (51 mm), whichever is less, on each side or end KF-411.5 Local Heating of Nozzles and External A99
of the weld. The term t is the nominal thickness as Attachments on Vessels
defined in KF-402.3. (a) Heating a circumferential band containing nozzles
or other welded attachments that require postweld heat
KF-411.1 Heating Entire Vessel. Heating the vessel treatment in such a manner that the entire band shall
as a whole in a closed furnace is preferred and should be brought up uniformly to the required temperature
be used whenever practical. (see KF-412) and held for the specified time. Except
as modified in para. (b) below, the soak band shall
KF-411.2 Heating Vessel Portions. Heating the ves-
extend around the entire vessel, and shall include the
sel in more than one heat in a furnace is permitted,
nozzle or welded attachment. The portion of the vessel
provided the overlap of the heated sections of the
outside of the circumferential soak band shall be pro-
vessel is at least 5 ft (1.5 m). When this procedure is
tected so that the temperature gradient is not harmful.
used, the portion outside of the furnace shall be shielded
(b) This procedure may also be used for local heat
so that the temperature gradient is not harmful (see
treatment of circumferential joints in pipe, tubing, or
KF-412). The cross section where the vessel projects
nozzle necks. In the latter case, proximity to the shell
from the furnace shall not intersect a nozzle or other
increases thermal restraint, and the designer should
structural discontinuity.
provide adequate length to permit heat treatment without
A99 KF-411.3 Heating Components and Circumferen- harmful gradients — at the nozzle attachment, or heat
tial Welds a full circumferential band around the shell, including
(a) It is permissible to heat shell sections, heads, the nozzle.
and other components of vessels, for postweld heat The circumferential soak band width may be varied
treatment of longitudinal joints or complicated welded away from the nozzle or attachment weld requiring
details, before joining any sections to make the com- PWHT, provided the required soak band around the
pleted vessel. Circumferential joints not previously post- nozzle or attachment weld is heated to the required
weld heat treated may be locally postweld heat treated temperature and held for the required time. As an
by heating a circumferential band that includes such alternate to varying the soak band width, the temperature
joints. within the circumferential band away from the nozzle
(b) This procedure may also be used for local heat or attachment may be varied and need not reach the
treatment of circumferential joints in pipe, tubing, or required temperature, provided the required soak band
nozzle necks. In the latter case, proximity to the shell around the nozzle or attachment weld is heated to the
increases thermal restraint, and the designer should required temperature, held for the required time, and
provide adequate length to permit heat treatment without the temperature gradient is not harmful throughout the
harmful gradients at the nozzle attachments. If this is heating and cooling cycle. The portion of the vessel
not practical, see KF-411.5. outside of the circumferential soak band shall be pro-
(c) The width of the heated band on each side of tected so that the temperature gradient is not harmful.
the greatest width of the finished weld shall be not (c) The procedure in para. (a) may also be used to
less than two times the shell thickness. The portion postweld heat treat portions of vessels after repairs.
outside the heating device shall be protected so that KF-411.6 Local Area Heating of Double Curvature A99
the temperature gradient is not harmful. For such local Heads or Shells. Heating a local area around nozzles
heating, the soak band shall extend around the full or welded attachments in the larger radius sections of
circumference. The portion outside the soak band shall a double curvature head or a spherical shell or head
be protected so that the temperature gradient is not in such a manner that the area is brought up uniformly
harmful. This procedure may also be used to postweld to the required temperature (see KF-413) and held for
heat treat portions of new vessels after repairs. the specified time. The soak band shall include the
nozzle or welded attachment. The soak band shall
KF-411.4 Heating Vessel Internally. The vessel
include a circle that extends beyond the edges of the
may be heated internally by any appropriate means
attachment weld in all directions by a minimum of t
when adequate temperature indicating and recording
or 2 in. (51 mm), whichever is less. The portion of
devices are utilized to aid in the control and maintenance
the vessel outside of the soak band shall be protected
of a uniform distribution of temperature in the vessel
so that the temperature gradient is not harmful.
wall. The vessel shall be fully insulated where required
prior to heating so the temperature requirements of KF-411.7 Heating of Other Configurations. Local A99
KF-413 are met. area heating of other configurations not addressed in
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KF-411.1 through KF-411.6 is permitted, provided that hr). During the heating period, there shall not be a
other measures (based upon sufficiently similar docu- greater variation in temperature throughout the portion
mented experience or evaluation) are taken that consider of the vessel being heated than 250°F (139°C) within
the effect of thermal gradients, all significant structural any 15 ft (4.6 m) interval of length.
discontinuities (such as nozzles, attachments, head to (c) The vessel or vessel part shall be held at or
shell junctures) and any mechanical loads that may be above the temperature specified in Table KF-402.1 for
present during PWHT. The portion of the vessel outside the period of time specified. During the holding period,
of the soak band shall be protected so that the tempera- there shall not be a difference greater than 100°F (56°C)
ture gradient is not harmful. between the highest and lowest temperatures throughout
the portion of the vessel being heated, except where
the range is further limited in Table KF-402.1.
KF-412 Heat Treatment That May Affect (d) During the heating and holding periods, the fur-
Vessel Stress Redistribution nace atmosphere shall be so controlled as to avoid
excessive oxidation of the surface of the vessel. The
The Manufacturer shall ensure, in accordance with furnace shall be of such design as to prevent direct
KG-323(d), that any heat treatment given to a vessel impingement of the flame on the vessel.
or vessel part does not adversely affect the stress (e) Unless modified by Article KF-6, above 800°F
redistribution required by Articles KD-5, KD-8, KD- (427°C) cooling shall be done in a closed furnace or
9, and KD-10. In addition, the Manufacturer shall meet cooling chamber at a rate not greater than 500°F /hr
the requirements for heat treatment given in KF-830 (278°C/hr) divided by the maximum metal thickness
or KF-540(b), as applicable. of the shell or head plate in inches, but in no case
need it be less than 100°F /hr (56°C /hr). From 800°F
(427°C), the vessel may be cooled in still air.
KF-413 Heating and Cooling Rates
Postweld heat treatment shall be carried out by one
of the methods given in KF-411 in accordance with KF-420 POSTWELD HEAT TREATMENT A99
the following requirements. AFTER REPAIRS
(a) The temperature of the furnace shall not exceed Vessels or parts of vessels that have been postweld
800°F (427°C) at the time the vessel or part is placed heat treated in accordance with the requirements of
in it. this Article shall again be postweld heat treated after
(b) Above 800°F (427°C), the rate of heating shall repairs have been made if the welds made in such repairs
be not more than 400°F /hr (222°C/hr) divided by the required postweld treatment under the requirements of
maximum metal thickness of the shell or head plate this Article. The Manufacturer shall ensure that any
in inches, but in no case more than 400°F /hr (222°C/ additional heat treatments required shall not adversely
hr) and in no case need it be less than 100°F /hr (56°C/ affect the vessel material properties.
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