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    Dynamics of A System of Particles

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    Dynamics of A System of Particles

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    maingimutisya21
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    Dynamics of a System of Particles

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    35 views4 pages

    Dynamics of A System of Particles

    Uploaded by

    maingimutisya21

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    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
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    UNIT ONE: DYNAMICS OF A SYSTEM OF PARTICLES

    Introduction

    When dealing with the motion or dynamics of a system of particles, its always important to
    relate the motion to a single representative mass for the system of particle. The position of
    the representative mass is called the center of mass or centroid of the system and we should
    be able to determine it for either discrete or continuous mass distribution

    Intended learning outcomes


    After going through this topic, you should be able to;
     Determine the velocity and acceleration of particle in rectangular, polar and spherical
    coordinates
     Write the position vector of a particle in rectangular, polar and spherical coordinate

    Contents
     Mechanics of particles
     Position vector of center of mass of a system of particles

    Mechanics of particles
    Consider the motion of a single particle which describes a curve in space

    ∆r
    r

    r
    r +∆ r

    Fig 1.0 Motion of a particle in a curve

    The velocity of the particle is defined as


    s ∆r
    V= =
    ∆t ∆t
    (1.1)
    The instantaneous velocity of the particle at any instant
    ∆r d r
    V = lim = = ṙ
    ∆t→0 ∆ t dt
    (1.2)
    This is the slope of a tangent drawn at any pint on the position – time graph.
    The dot notation refers to differentiation with respect to time.
    Similarly, the acceleration of the particle, defined as the time rate of change of velocity will be

    a= lim
    ∆ t →0
    ∆V d r d d r
    = =
    ∆ t dt dt dt ( )
    =
    d ṙ
    dt
    =r̈

    (1.3)
    Average velocity is estimated by taking the ratio of total displacements and total time taken
    provided that the particle covers several displacements in several intervals of time.

    s 1+ s 2 … … .+ s n
    ∑ sn
    n
    ¿ v> ¿ = (1.4)
    ∆ t 1+ ∆ t 2 … … .+∆ t 1 ∑ ∆ tn
    n

    s1, s2..displacements which occurs in time intervals ∆ t 1 , ∆ t 2 …

    When we study the variation of V(t) in a particular time interval from t 1 to t 2, the average
    velocity is given by
    t2
    1
    t 2−t 1 ∫
    ¿ v≥ v dt (1.5)
    t 1

    Average acceleration- is the ratio of total change in velocity to total time taken

    ∆ v1 + ∆ v2 … … .
    ∑ ∆ vn
    n
    ¿ a> ¿ = (1.6)
    ∆ t1 + ∆ t2 … … . ∑ ∆ tn
    n

    t2
    1
    t 2−t 1 ∫
    ¿ a≥ a dt (1.7)
    t 1

    Momentum P = m v where P is directed along v and thus for the instantaneous velocity v=v ( t ) .
    The average value of P is given by
    t2 t2
    1 m
    ¿ P≥ ∫
    t 2−t 1 t
    p dt= ∫ v dt
    t 2−t 1 t
    (1.8)
    1 1

    ¿ P≥m< v >¿ (1.9)


    Velocity and acceleration entirely depend on r and its variation with respect to time, thus in
    cartesian coordinate system,
    d r dx ^ dy ^ dx ^
    v= = i+ j+ k
    dt dt dt dt
    ^ v y i+
    = v x i+ ^ v z i^

    ^ ẏ ^j+ ż k^
    ¿ ẋ i+
    (1.0)
    and
    2 2 2 2
    d r d x^ d y^ d z^
    a= 2
    = 2i+ 2
    j+ 2 k
    dt dt dt dt
    ^ ÿ ^j+ z̈ k^
    ¿ ẍ i+ (1.1)

    E-tivity 1.1
    Obtain expressions for velocity and acceleration in
    i. Polar coordinates
    ii. Cylindrical coordinates resource link
    iii. Spherical polar coordinates
    Reference

    E-tivity 1.2
    Given a space curve c, with position vector
    ^ 3sin 2 t ^j+(8 t−4) k^ ,
    r =3 cos 2 t i+
    Find a unit tangent vector T to the curve.
    3 3 4
    Soln. - sin 2 t i^ + cos 2 t ^j + k^
    5 5 5

    References
     Classical Mechanics, 3rd Edition. Herbert Goldstein, Charles p. poole and John Saflo pg
    1-12
     Classical mechanics. R. Douglas Gregory pg 32-34
     resource link: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MlNmlY_yoZ0

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