CHAPTER 3

METHODOLOGY

This chapter shows the methods of research that will be applied in this study,
it includes the materials and procedures.

Collection of
Materials

Materials Quantity

Mixing Objective 2

Objective 1 Molding

Slump Test Casting

Materials Curing

Quantity Handling

Testing Procedure
Compressive Strength
Test

Data Collection and Data Objective 3

Analysis

Figure 3.1
 45

3.1 Materials

3.1.1 Cement
Portland cement type - I shall only contain the following ingredients:
portland cement clinker; water or calcium sulfate, or both; limestone; processing
additions; and air-entraining addition for air-entraining portland cement. Portland
cements must meet various physical and chemical requirements which are
detailed in this specification. Examples include limits on aluminum oxide, ferric
oxide, magnesium oxide, sulfur trioxide, tricalcium silicate, dicalcium silicate,
tricalcium aluminate, and tetracalcium aluminoferrite. Applicable properties
enumerated in this specification will be determined by the following test methods:
air content of mortar, chemical analysis, and compressive strength, as specified in
ASTM C150.

3.1.2 Limestone
Crushed limestone as coarse aggregates from different site were used.

3.1.2.1 Physical Properties of Limestone

3.1.2.1.1 Density

The specific gravity calculated for every sample and results was as
follow,

Density = weight / volume.…...… (1)

Specific Gravity = unit weight of solid / unit weight of water ………….(2)

 46

3.1.2.1.2 Porosity
-In order to determine the open porosity (po), total porosity (p), we
use standard methods according to the SR EN 1936:2007 Standard.

3.1.3 Coarse and Fine Aggregates

-Normal gravel and sand will be gathered from Simuay, Sultan Kudarat
riverside

3.1.3.1 Physical Properties of Aggregates

3.1.3.1.1 Particle Size Distribution
To be able to determines the particle size distribution of Aggregates, ASTM
C136 will be used, this is through employing Test Method C117 by washing.

3.1.3.1.2 Specific Gravity

Relative density is used to calculate the volume occupied by the aggregate in
various mixtures containing aggregate, including hydraulic cement concrete,
bituminous concrete, and other mixtures that are proportioned or analyzed on an
absolute volume basis. Relative density (specific gravity) is also used in the
computation of voids in aggregate in Test Method C29/C29M. Relative density
(specific gravity) (SSD) is used if the aggregate is in a saturated-surface-dry
condition, that is, if its absorption has been satisfied. Alternatively, the relative
density (specific gravity) (OD) is used for computations when the aggregate is dry or
assumed to be dry, as specified in ASTM C127 and ASTM C128..

3.1.3.1.3 Absorption
The laboratory standard for absorption is that obtained after submerging dry
aggregate for a prescribed period of time. Aggregates mined from below the water
table commonly have a moisture content greater than the absorption determined by
 47

this test method, if used without opportunity to dry prior to use. Conversely, some
aggregates that have not been continuously maintained in a moist condition until used
are likely to contain an amount of absorbed moisture less than the 24-h-soaked
condition. For an aggregate that has been in contact with water and that has free
moisture on the particle surfaces, the percentage of free moisture is determined by
deducting the absorption from the total moisture content determined by Test
Method C566, as specified in ASTM C127 and ASTM C128.

3.1.3.1.4 Fineness Modulus

This determines the average size of the aggregates particle. It is the ratio of
summation of cumulative percentage retained on sieve stack of size ranging from
80mm to 150 microns to a constant 100.

Fineness modulus = Σ (Cumulative % retained) / 100

F.M = 2 -3.5, fine aggregate

FM = 5.5 – 8, Coarse aggregate

It helps to determine the coarseness and fineness of an aggregate sample.

3.1.5 Additives

Limestone coarse aggregates from Sultan Kudarat Maguindanao del Norte

Limestone coarse aggregates from Baranggay Damanyog Sultan Kudarat

Maguindanao del Norte

Limestone coarse aggregates from Dimapatoy River Datu Odin Sinsuat

Limestone coarse aggregates from Baranggay Tanuel Datu Odin Sinsuat

 48

Limestone coarse aggregates from Baranggay Mompong Datu Odin Sinsuat

3.1.6. Water
Potable water available in the said location is use for mixing and as well as
curing. Potable and non-potable water is permitted to be used as mixing water in
concrete. The following are concrete performance requirements for mixing water:
compressive strength and time of set, as specified in ASTM C1602/C1602M.

3.2 Data Gathering Procedure

The sample of limestone coarse aggregates will be obtained in the Sultan

Kudarat Maguindanao del Norte, Baranggay Damanyog Sultan Kudarat Maguindanao
del Norte, Dimapatoy River Datu Odin Sinsuat, Baranggay Tanuel Datu Odin
Sinsuat, and Baranggay Mompong Datu Odin Sinsuat. The sample will then bring to
CSU for the process or in DPWH. Other materials that will be used in this research
study is Portland cement (type I cement), varied limestone coarse aggregates and
potable water.

The five coarse aggregates of limestone were obtained from Sultan Kudarat
Maguindanao del Norte, Baranggay Damanyog Sultan Kudarat Maguindanao del
Norte, Dimapatoy River Datu Odin Sinsuat, Baranggay Tanuel Datu Odin Sinsuat,
and Baranggay Mompong Datu Odin Sinsuat.

 Dimapatoy River, Datu Odin Sinsuat, Maguindanao

 49

Figure 3.2

The Dimapatoy was the sole water supply source and was transmitted to the
population by way of a gravity feed system. In 1976, the City Government of
Cotabato passed the Resolution creating the Cotabato City Water District (CCWD).
(https://metrocotabatowd.gov.ph)

 Tanuel, Datu Odin Sinsuat, Maguindano

Figure 3.3

Tanuel is a barangay in the municipality of Datu Odin Sinsuat, in the

province of Maguindanao. Its population as determined by the 2020 Census was
 50

1,823. This represented 1.56% of the total population of Datu Odin Sinsuat. Tanuel is
situated at approximately 7.1563, 124.2565, in the island of Mindanao.

 Baranggay Mompong, Datu Odin Sinsuat, Maguindanao

Figure 3.4

Mompong is a barangay in the municipality of Datu Odin Sinsuat, in the

province of Maguindanao. Its population as determined by the 2020 Census was
1,595. This represented 1.37% of the total population of Datu Odin Sinsuat. The
household population of Mompong in the 2015 Census was 1,494 broken down into
277 households or an average of 5.39 members per household. Mompong is situated
at approximately 7.1494, 124.1664, in the island of Mindanao.

 Baranggay Raguisi, Sultan Kudarat, MDN

 51

Figure 3.5

Raguisi is a barangay in the municipality of Sultan Kudarat, in the province of

Maguindanao. Its population as determined by the 2020 Census was 2,292. This
represented 2.18% of the total population of Sultan Kudarat.

 Baranggay Damaniog, Sultan Kudarat, MDN

Figure 3.6

Damaniog is a barangay in the municipality of Sultan Kudarat, in the province of

Maguindanao. Its population as determined by the 2020 Census was 1,490. This
represented 1.42% of the total population of Sultan Kudarat. The household
 52

population of Damaniog in the 2015 Census was 1,003 broken down into 166
households or an average of 6.04 members per household. Damaniog is situated at
approximately 7.2328, 124.3330, in the island of Mindanao. Elevation at these
coordinates is estimated at 20.9 meters or 68.6 feet above mean sea level.

3.3 Acid test

The researchers used hydrochloric acid (muriatic) to help identify the chemical
anakysis of the limestone. It helps identify if the rocks obtained from different quarry
sites were all composed of limestone composition. Carbonate minerals are unstable
when in contact with hydrochloric acid. When acid begins to effervesce (fizz), a
reaction is taking place. When that occurs, that means that calcite or another
carbonate mineral is present. (King, 2024)

3.4 Mixing
A concrete mixture of M20 1:1.5:4 will be used in this research study. It has a
compressive strength of 10 MPa. To assess and analyze the compressive strength test
data of concrete cylinders, quantitative approach were utilized. Concrete cylinders
were being casted. The materials of concrete were coarse aggregate, cement, sand and
water. The variable of the mix ratio was coarse aggregate while other constituents
water, cement, sand and water/cement ratio were kept constant. The cement being
used was Portland Cement Type I from local construction supplies. The sand was
general type of washed river sand. Water being used from mixing was potable water,
as specified in ASTM C1602. Water/cement ratio being maintained was 0.5. The
quantity of constituents of concrete were calculated for nominal mix ratios 1:1.5:3 by
weight representing general practice in construction work.

Manual mixing by shovel was done to ensure consistent mixing followed by

 53

pouring the green concrete into 9 numbers of moulds of size 150mmx300 mm as

specified in ASTM C39. The green concrete was placed into the mould in 3 layers by
tamping with a tamping rod. To ensure proper mixing of concrete, nozzle vibrator
was used. After vibration, the surfaces of the moulds were trimmed with trowel to
ensure smooth surface. Afterwards, the cylinders were set for concrete setting. After
24 hours of concrete cylinder casting, the molds were dismantled.

After vibration, the surfaces of the moulds were trimmed with trowel to
ensure smooth surface. Afterwards, the cylinders were set for concrete setting. After
24 hours of concrete cylinder casting, the molds were dismantled.

The cylinders were then placed in concrete curing tank and left for water
curing for 28 days. Concrete cylinder curing has been carried out in ambient
temperature ranging from 10.8°C to 28.5°C. A total of 48 cylinders (15 cylinders for
5 limestone coarse aggregate sample type and 3 control) were casted. 28 days
concrete bulk density of each cube was determined by weighing in digital balance.
Compressive Strength of 28 days concrete cubes were determined by placing them in
wet stage in Universal Testing Machine (UTM) and applying slow and continuous
load until failure. The breaking load and ultimate load values were noted. The ratio

of the ultimate load at failure (KN) and surface area of concrete cube (mm2) gives the

compressive strength (N/mm2).

Table 1 Number of Samples

% Replacement
 54

Type of 0 25 50 75
limestone

Loc 1 3 3 3 3

Loc 2 3 3 3

Loc 3 3 3 3

Loc 4 3 3 3

Loc 5 3 3 3

Total 3 15 15 15

where:

Loc 1 Sultan Kudarat Maguindanao del Norte

Loc 2 Baranggay Damanyog Sultan Kudarat

Maguindanao del Norte

Loc 3 Dimapatoy River Datu Odin Sinsuat

Loc 4 Baranggay Tanuel Datu Odin Sinsuat

Loc 5 Baranggay Mompong Datu Odin Sinsuat

 55

Table 2. Constituents of M20 Grade of Concrete Mix Proportion

Mix Partial Percentages Water W/C

Name
Cement Fine Coarse

Riverside Limestone

CC 100 100 100 0 0.5

LC - 100 100 75 25 0.6

25

LC- 100 100 50 50 0.6

50

LC- 100 100 25 75 0.6

75

Table 3: Physical Properties of Limestone Coarse Aggregates

Source Density Specific Gravity Porosity

Loc 1 Limestone

Loc 2 Limestone

Loc 3 Limestone
 56

Loc 4 Limestone

Loc 5 Limestone

Table 4. Variation of compressive strength for different mix ratios.

Nominal Mix Target Mean Maximum Maximum Variation (%)

Ration Strength Value Above Value Above
(N/mm^2) Target Target
(N/mm^2) (N/mm^2)

1:1.5:3 20 -15% +5% 20%

3.5 Curing

The cylinders were then placed in concrete curing tank and left for water
curing for 28 days. Concrete cylinder curing has been carried out in ambient
temperature ranging from 10.8°C to 28.5°C. A total of 48 cylinders (15 cylinders for
5 limestone coarse aggregate sample type and 3 control) were casted. 28 days
concrete bulk density of each cube was determined by weighing in digital balance.
Compressive Strength of 28 days concrete cubes were determined by placing them in
wet stage in Universal Testing Machine (UTM) and applying slow and continuous
load until failure. The breaking load and ultimate load values were noted. The ratio

of the ultimate load at failure (KN) and surface area of concrete cube (mm2) gives the

compressive strength (N/mm2).

 57

After we identify the density of each limestone coarse aggregates, the

quatity of mixture will be evaluated as shown in the table below.
Table 3. Quantity of mixture

Add Mixtures Mass (kg) With Contingency

(1.30) x (Add mix)
Cement
Sand
Gravel
Water
Limestone

Slump test will be carried out on the cylinders samples to investigate

how different variation of limestone coarse aggregates affect the workability
of concrete.

3.6 Slump test

When the desired wetness and plasticity of mixture, slump test will be carried
out with the use of mold having a shape of truncated cone or frustum of a core 4
inches in diameter at the top, 8 inches in diameter at the bottom and 12 inches high.
This slump test usually employed to provide a measure of workability of the concrete.

The following procedure of the test as follows:

1. Firstly, the internal surface of the mold is cleaned carefully. Oil can be applied
on the surface.
2. The mold is then placed on a base plate. The base plate should be clean,
 58

smooth, horizontal, and non-porous.

3. The mold is filled with fresh concrete in three layers. Each layer is tamped 25
4. times with a steel rod. The diameter of this steel is 5/8 inch. The rod is rounded
at the ends. The tamping should be done uniformly.
5. After filling the mold, excess concrete should be removed, and the surface
should be leveled. When the mold is filled with fresh concrete, the base of the
mold is held firmly by handles.
6. Lastly the mold is lifted gently in the vertical direction and then unsupported
concrete will slump. The decrease in height at the center point is measured to
nearest 5 mm or 0.25 inch and it is known as slump.

3.7 Compressive Strength

To be able to determine the compressive strength of the varied limestone

coarse aggregates, the concrete cylinders were tested using the Compression
Testing Machine (CTM), as specified in ASTM C39.
 59

Figure 3.7

Using the equation

F
CS =
A

where CS is the compressive strength, F is the force or load at point of failure

and A is the initial cross-sectional surface area.

After curing and testing the compressive strength of the samples it will be
check if it passes the standard strength for compressive strength, the higher the
compressive strength the better and the statistical tools will be applied. The result and
conclusion can be drawn.

The following averaging technique will be used, and the equation is

Σ fX
Xave = ………………………………… Eq. 3.1 Average value of items
N

Where:

Σ – Summation
 60

f – number of X items

X – Value of items

N – Total number of items

Xave – Average value of items

3.8 Data analysis

1. Make a separate table for the result of compressive strength of concrete

mixed with 0%, 25%, 50% and 75% for location 1-5 limestone coarse
aggregates with a diameter of 4.75mm

Let:
X1 = compressive strength of concrete mixed with 0% of limestone
coarse aggregates.
X2 = compressive strength of concrete mixed with 25% of limestone
coarse aggregates with diameter of 4.75mm.

X3 = compressive strength of concrete mixed with 50% of limestone

coarse aggregates with diameter of 4.75mm.
X4 = compressive strength of concrete mixed with 75% of limestone
coarse aggregates with diameter of 4.75mm.

2. Get the square of the value of each sample.

3. Sum differently the result of the sample and the squared sample.
4. Divide the summation of each sample to the number of samples.
 61

5. Calculate the Cumulative Frequency (CF). Total Sum of Square (TSS),

Between Sum of Square (BSS), and Wide Sum of Square (WSS) by using the
following formula:

CF = (∑𝑥1+∑ 𝑥2+∑ 𝑥3) 2/n1+n2+n3 Eq. 3.2 Correction Factor

TSS = ∑ 𝑥1 2 + ∑ 𝑥2 2 + ∑ 𝑥3 2 − CF Eq. 3.3 Total Sum of Squares

BSS = (∑ 𝑥1) 2 n1 + (∑𝑥2) 2 n2 + (∑ 𝑥3) 2 n3 − CF Eq. 3.4 Bayesian

Smoothing Spline

WSS = TSS − BSS Eq. 3.5 Within Sum of Sqaures

Afterwards, do the Analysis of Variance Table. Then lastly, solve for Tukey’s
HSD using the formula:

𝐻𝑆𝐷 = 𝑞√ 𝑀𝑆𝑤 𝑛𝑘 Eq. 3.6 Honest Significance

Difference

where: HSD = Honest

Significant
Difference q =
tabular value
MSw = Mean Square Within Groups
nk = number in each category (n for one condition)
 62

3.8.1 Perform the two-way ANOVA

Step by step calculation Two-way ANOVA with Interaction
To measure the correlation between variable with Twoway ANOVA with Interaction
approach following these 6 steps:
1. Identify the hypothesis that is suitable for ANOVA approach. If the purpose is to
compare the mean of three or more groups, then ANOVA can be used. The second
question is whether the samples taken from each group of samples have been
categorized? If YES, then use Two-way ANOVA. The third question is whether the
sample is categorized as a repetition? If YES, then use Two-way ANOVA with
Interaction. 2. Identify the hypothesis Two-way ANOVA with Interaction has 3 kinds
of hypothesis for each variable, group, and iteration. H0 is all treatments (variable,
group, and iteration) which have average of the same value. H1 is if there is a
treatment (variable, group, and iteration) which has a different average-value.
H0: μ1 = μ2 = μ3
H1: Not all means are equal
Calculate Sum Squares The next step is calculating the Sum Squares for all Variable,
Group, Iteration, Error, and Total. Each Sum Squares have different formula. Sum
Squares Total (SSTotal) is calculated with sum of all squares off all observations
minus with correction for the mean (CM) [12], [13]. The formula is showed in
equation (1).

Eq. 3.7 Sum Squares

Sum Squares Group or Column (SSColumn) calculated with sum of all squares total
column divide with multiply of column and number interaction then less with
correction for the mean (CM) [12], [13]. The formula is showed in equation (2).
 63

Eq. 3.8. IBM SPSS SSColumn

Sum Squares Variable or Row (SSRow) calculated with sum of all squares total row
divide with multiply of row and number interaction then less with correction for the
mean (CM) [12], [13]. The formula is showed in equation (3).

Eq. 3.9 IBM SPSS SSRow

Sum Squares interaction between row and Column (SSRC) calculated with sum of
all squares total column and row divide with number of interaction then less with sum
of all squares total row divide with multiply of column and number interaction then less
with sum of all squares total column divide with multiply of row and number
interaction then add with correction for the mean (CM) [12], [13]. The formula is
showed in equation (4).

Eq. 3.10 IBM SPSS SSRC

 64

Sum Squares Error (SSError) calculated with Sum Squares total from eq. (1) less
with Sum Squares row from eq. (3) less with Sum Squares column from eq. (2) less
with Sum Squares interaction between row and Column from eq. (4) [12], [13]. The
formula is showed in equation (5).

Eq. 3.11 IBM SPSS SSError

Correction for the mean (CM) calculated square of total observations divide with
multiply of row, column and number of interaction [12], [13]. The formula is
showed in equation (6)

Eq. 3.12 IBM SPSS (CM)

3.8.2 IBM SPSS Software

1. First, we click the Analyze tab, the Genereal Linear Model, then Univariate.

2. Drag the response variable height into the box labelled Dependent variable. Drag
the two factor variables water and sun into the box labelled Fixed Factor.

3. Next, click the Plots button. Drag water into the box labelled Horizontal axis
and sun into the box labelled Separate lines. Then click Add. The
words water*sun will appear in the box labelled Plots. Then click Continue.
 65

4. Next, click the Post Hoc button. In the new window that pops up, drag the
variable sun into the box labelled Post Hoc Tests for. Then check the box next
to Tukey. Then click Continue.
5. Next, click the EM Means button. Drag the following variables into the box
labelled Display Means for. Then click Continue. Lastly, click OK.
6. Interpret the results

3.8.2.1 Tests of Between-Subjects Effects

The actual result of the two-way ANOVA – namely, whether either of the
two independent variables or their interaction are statistically significant – is shown in
the Tests of Between-Subjects Effects.

3.8.2.2 Estimated Marginal Means

….……They are essentially estimates of what the means would be if all groups had
the same sample size and/or the same mean value on a covariate.

3.8.2.3 Post Hoc Test

In this section displays the table of the p-values for the Tukey post-hoc
comparisons between the different levels.

3.8.2.4 Report the results.

Lastly, we can report the results of the two-way ANOVA. (Bobbitt, 2020)

Table 4. ASTM

Material ASTM International

Cement ASTM C150

 66

Water ASTM C1602

Specific gravity and Absorption for Fine Aggregates ASTM C128

Specif gravity and Absorption for Coarse ASTM C127

Aggregates

Coarse and Fine Aggregates ASTM C136

Particle Distribution

Mixing ASTM C192

Curing ASTM C1926

Slump Test ASTM C143

Concrete Cylinder Mold ASTM C39/C39M-21

67