ENG515

Lesson 2
Learning to read in another language involves several key factors:

1. Reading by Reading: According to Krashen (1985), the best way to learn to read is by
actually reading.

2. Extensive Reading: Engaging in a lot of reading brings numerous benefits.

3. Controlled Reading Material: It's important to use reading material that matches the learner's
proficiency level.

4. Pre-teaching: Introducing vocabulary or concepts before reading can aid comprehension.

5. Promoting Vocabulary: Finding effective methods to teach new vocabulary in the second
language is crucial.

6. Reading Fluency: Recent research highlights the importance of fluency in reading.

7. Focus on Useful Words: Teachers should prioritize teaching the most relevant vocabulary.

8. Various Methods: Utilize direct instruction, extensive reading, and repeated exposure to
reinforce learning.

9. Reading Strategies: Teaching strategies beyond mere translation is essential.

10. Connecting Knowledge: Encouraging students to relate new information to their existing
knowledge aids comprehension.

Regarding thinking in English:

1. Cognitive Shift: L2 learners need to transition to thinking in the target language.

2. Text Comprehension: Reading instruction should teach students how to approach and
understand texts effectively.

3. Awareness: Cognitive psychologists emphasize the importance of conscious awareness in

what students are doing while reading.
Principles for Teaching Reading:

Meaning-Focused Input (Topic-007):

- Learning L2 through reading.

- Focus on understanding and gaining knowledge.

- Reading material should be familiar and interesting.

- Quality of reading is emphasized.

- Based on Krashen's input theory, emphasizing meaningful comprehensible input.

Meaning-Focused Output (Topic-008):

- Learning through speaking and writing in L2.

- Integration of reading with other skills.

- Goal is to convey messages effectively.

- Encouragement of communication strategies.

- Swain's output hypothesis emphasizes producing L2 and noticing gaps consciously.

Language-Focused Learning (Topic-009):

- Development of reading skills and sub-skills.

- Phonemic awareness, phonics, spelling, vocabulary, and grammar are emphasized.

- Intensive reading and training in reading activities.

- Use of various strategies such as previewing, predicting, and connecting to background

knowledge.

Fluency Development (Topic-010):

- Emphasis on developing reading fluency.

- Practice with familiar material and speed reading.

- Activities include repeated reading, scanning, and skimming.

- Motivation through interesting texts and extensive reading.

- Conscious processing of L2 features to aid learning.

Lesson 3
Introduction to Teaching How to Recognize & Spell Words:

Recognizing words means understanding their written forms, connecting them to how they
sound, and knowing what they mean. It's important because it helps us understand familiar words
easily and figure out new ones. In this course, we aim for a balanced approach to teaching word
recognition, focusing on four key aspects. We'll learn why formal instruction in word recognition
matters and the principles guiding it, like focusing on common rules and simple, regular patterns.

Prerequisites for Formal Reading Instruction:

Before diving into reading, there are some important things to learn. First, we need to understand
phonemic awareness, which means knowing the sounds that make up words and how they match
with letters. Then, we need to be taught explicitly how to identify these sounds and match them
with letters. Being able to read fluently relies on understanding these sound-letter connections.
We also need to learn how to decode words, or figure out what they say, and understand their
meanings. Having a good vocabulary helps with understanding what we read. Comprehension, or
understanding what we read, is easier when we have a wide vocabulary and teachers make sure
we understand what we're reading. Motivation is also key to successful reading instruction.

Topic-013: Prerequisites for Formal Reading Instruction: Phonemic Awareness

Phonemic Awareness:

- Phonemic awareness is about understanding that words and syllables are made up of individual
speech sounds.

- Activities focus on recognizing and playing with these sounds, not on letters or spelling.

- Strategies like isolating sounds help learners grasp the nature of each sound.

- Start with simple words and listen for specific sounds, like the initial /s/ in "sat," "sit," and
"sad."

- Teach blending sounds to form words, like /m/-ilk and /s/-at.

- Identify individual sounds within words, such as the first sound in "soup."

- Break words into their component sounds, like /m/-/oo/-/s/ for "moose."
- Make phonemic awareness a top priority with frequent, brief, and engaging activities.

Topic-014: Prerequisites for Formal Reading Instruction: Spoken Language & Reading

Spoken Language & Reading:

- Reading should build on learners' experiences and knowledge.

- Use an experience-based approach where learners contribute their own experiences.

- For instance, learners draw pictures illustrating something they know.

- Teachers ask about the picture and write down the description using the learner's words, even if
it's not standard English.

- Learners read back the description to the teacher and practice reading it to others.

- These descriptions become part of a personal reading book, drawing on the learner's own
experiences.

- Most of the knowledge needed for reading and understanding text comes from the reader's
experiences.

Topic-015: Phonics and the Alphabetic Principle

Phonics & Decoding:

- Beyond phonemic awareness and letter knowledge, understanding sound-symbol relationships

is crucial.

- Accurate and fluent word recognition relies on phonics knowledge.

- Good readers decode unknown words by sounding them out, naming them, and attaching
meaning.

- Teaching phonics goes beyond just knowing the names of letters; it involves understanding the
purpose of letters.

- Activities include visual recognition and formation of letters, as well as focusing on the sounds
or phonology of language.

- Develop students' awareness of the sounds in individual words through games with words,
syllables, and rhymes, gradually progressing from phonemic awareness activities.
 Lesson 4

Phonics plays a big role in reading programs by teaching the connection between letters
and sounds. Here's how it helps:

1. Recognizing Words: By knowing how letters sound, readers can recognize words
they've seen before.
2. Decoding Words: Phonics helps break down words into sounds, making it easier to
read them.
3. Spelling-Sound Relationships: It teaches how letters represent sounds in words.
4. Importance for Reading and Spelling: Phonics helps with both reading and spelling
skills.

Here's how phonics fits into reading programs:

1. Start with Simple Words: Begin with easy words to introduce phonics.
2. Use Known Words: Teach phonics alongside words students already know.
3. Reading Fun Texts: Practice phonics with interesting stories to keep students engaged.
4. One-on-One Teaching: Personalized instruction helps learners grasp phonics better.
5. Focus on Common Letter Sounds: Teach the most common letter-sound connections
first.
6. Sound Out Words Completely: Encourage students to say each sound in a word.
7. Start with First Letters: Concentrate on the first letter sound in words.
8. Regularized English: Simplify English spelling to make it easier to learn phonics.
9. Encourage Inventive Spelling: Let students spell words how they sound, focusing on
the rules.
Topic 17

1. Reading and Writing Skills: Knowing how letters correspond to sounds aids in reading
(receptive skill) and spelling (productive skill).
2. Applied Linguistics Perspective: Research in this area provides valuable insights into
language learning.
3. Incidental Learning: Spelling and grammar are often learned incidentally, alongside
vocabulary, supporting natural language acquisition.
4. Arguments for Incidental Learning: It's argued that incidental learning is primary, with
deliberate learning playing a secondary role.
5. Support from L1 Research: Studies in first language acquisition support the
importance of both incidental and deliberate learning.
6. Analytic Learning: Actively analyzing spelling patterns can accelerate learning and help
with difficulties.
7. Vocabulary Acquisition: Deliberate learning plays a significant role in acquiring
vocabulary, but incidental learning also contributes.
8. Support for Spelling Learning: Both incidental exposure to words and intentional
study of spelling rules can aid in learning how to spell

You

Topic-016: The Role of Phonics in a Reading Program Various Ways • Word recognition is helped by
familiarity with what is being read • To recognize words as complete units • To decode phonically •
Phonics involves spelling-sound relationships • Significance for both learning to read and for
learning to spell • Ways how phonics can fit into: • Help use phonics to read specially chosen isolated
words • Introduce phonics with known words • Reading interesting texts • Use phonics in one-to-one
reading instruction • Teaching of the most frequent, simple, regular spelling-sound correspondences
• Teaching them to sound out all the sounds in a word • Concentrate on first letters of a word • Use
regularized English as an intermediary step • Allow invented spellings that follow rules – rule is more
important than the items explain it in easy and simple and shirt way

ChatGPT

ChatGPT

Phonics plays a big role in reading programs by teaching the connection between letters and sounds.
Here's how it helps:

1. Recognizing Words: By knowing how letters sound, readers can recognize words they've seen
before.
2. Decoding Words: Phonics helps break down words into sounds, making it easier to read them.
3. Spelling-Sound Relationships: It teaches how letters represent sounds in words.
4. Importance for Reading and Spelling: Phonics helps with both reading and spelling skills.

Here's how phonics fits into reading programs:

1. Start with Simple Words: Begin with easy words to introduce phonics.
2. Use Known Words: Teach phonics alongside words students already know.
3. Reading Fun Texts: Practice phonics with interesting stories to keep students engaged.
4. One-on-One Teaching: Personalized instruction helps learners grasp phonics better.
5. Focus on Common Letter Sounds: Teach the most common letter-sound connections first.
6. Sound Out Words Completely: Encourage students to say each sound in a word.
7. Start with First Letters: Concentrate on the first letter sound in words.
8. Regularized English: Simplify English spelling to make it easier to learn phonics.
9. Encourage Inventive Spelling: Let students spell words how they sound, focusing on the rules.

Overall, phonics makes learning to read and spell easier by showing how letters and sounds work
together.

You

Topic-017: Spelling: Productive Phonics I Significance • Being familiar with spelling-sound

correspondences can be seen as receptive skill of reading • Productive part is spelling, part of skill of
writing • Applied linguistics perspective: rewarding research insights • Role of incidental learning in
vocabulary & grammar items (Krashen, 1989) • Arguments in favor of incidental learning • Deliberate
learning as secondary indirect role • L1 research supports both • Deliberate analytic learning can
speed up learning • It can help with learning difficulties • Vocabulary learning and role of deliberate
learning • Learning spelling can be supported by incidental and deliberate

ChatGPT

ChatGPT

Understanding spelling-sound connections is crucial for both reading and writing. Here's why:

1. Reading and Writing Skills: Knowing how letters correspond to sounds aids in reading (receptive
skill) and spelling (productive skill).
2. Applied Linguistics Perspective: Research in this area provides valuable insights into language
learning.
3. Incidental Learning: Spelling and grammar are often learned incidentally, alongside vocabulary,
supporting natural language acquisition.
4. Arguments for Incidental Learning: It's argued that incidental learning is primary, with deliberate
learning playing a secondary role.
5. Support from L1 Research: Studies in first language acquisition support the importance of both
incidental and deliberate learning.
6. Analytic Learning: Actively analyzing spelling patterns can accelerate learning and help with
difficulties.
7. Vocabulary Acquisition: Deliberate learning plays a significant role in acquiring vocabulary, but
incidental learning also contributes.
8. Support for Spelling Learning: Both incidental exposure to words and intentional study of spelling
rules can aid in learning how to spell.

Topic-018: Spelling: Productive Phonics: System & Item Learning

System vs Item
 Some words follow spelling rules (e.g., "yacht").
 Others must be learned as unique items.
 English spelling's unpredictability makes it hard to learn.
 Phonological awareness affects spelling and reading long-term.
 Poor spellers struggle with writing, resorting to avoidance.
 Phonological awareness also influences reading.
 Complex words need to be learned gradually.
 Allowing students to invent spellings can be beneficial.
 L1 writing systems can impact L2 learning positively or negatively.

Topic-019: First Language Effects on Second Language Reading

Effects
 L1 knowledge strongly influences L2 learning.
 Similarities between languages make L2 learning easier.
 L1 affects pronunciation, vocabulary, grammar, and discourse in L2.

Correlation
 There's a correlation between L1 and L2 reading abilities.
 L2 learners transfer prior skills from L1.
 Both L1 and L2 reading involve reader, text, and interaction.
 Successful readers in both languages engage in specific comprehension behaviors.

Topic-020: Learning to Spell and its Significance for Teaching Reading (I)

Significance
 English spelling is challenging due to rules and irregularities.
 Poor spelling leads to avoidance of writing tasks.
 Spelling is addressed across four strands.

Spelling & Input

 Receptive exposure aids later spelling production.

Spelling & Output

 Accepting invented spellings fosters accuracy.
 Activities like copying, dictation, and free writing are crucial.
 Spelling is vital for writing and requires deliberate attention.

Topic-021: Learning to Spell and its Significance for Teaching Reading (II)

Spelling & Learning

 Various techniques include deliberate memorization and pattern noticing.
 Strategies like cover and retrieve, analogy use, and pronunciation help.
 Visualizing, tests, and rule study aid in spelling learning.
 Topic-022: Designing a Focused Spelling Program for Reading

Significance
 Spelling issues impact learning positively and negatively.
 Key features of a good program include motivation, feedback, testing, and progress measurement.
 Fun elements like attractive materials and competitions should be incorporated.
 Thoughtful processing through associations, visualization, and rule learning is essential.
 Regular practice, strategy training, and reflection on learning should be included.

Lesson 5
Topic-023: Introduction to Intensive EFL/ESL Reading

Significance

- **Detail-Oriented Reading**: Focuses on specific aims and tasks.

- **Contrast with Extensive Reading**: Intensive reading is task-oriented, while extensive reading is for
enjoyment and general skills.

- **In-Class Activities**: Involves skimming for specific information, using techniques like true/false
statements and summary filling.

- **Language Learning**: Helps increase knowledge of language features and improve comprehension.

Approaches

- **Classic Approach GTM**: Grammar-Translation Method determines which language features to

focus on.

Topic-024: Focuses in Intensive Reading

Aspects

- **Comprehension**: Understanding the text thoroughly.

- **Sound-Spelling Relations**: Teaching phonics, spelling rules, and reading aloud aid in learning
regular and irregular sound-spelling relations.

- **Vocabulary**: Attention to useful words and underlying meanings.

- **Grammar**: Understanding grammatical structures within the text.

- **Cohesion**: Recognizing how sentences and paragraphs are connected.

- **Information Structure**: Understanding how information is presented, such as in newspaper
reports, including what happened, how, and its effects. Also considering genre features for achieving
communicative purposes.

Topic-025: Features of a Good Intensive Reading Exercise

Intensive Reading

- **Focus**: Centers on specific items and strategies applicable to any text.

- **Versatility**: Applicable to various texts.

- **Ease of Use**: Reading the text, providing feedback, and creating exercises should be
straightforward.

Purpose

- **Attention Direction**: Directs learners to text features and language usage rather than just the
message.

- **Engagement**: Engages learners with the text, its context, and information outside the text.

- **Performance Evaluation**: Provides insights into learners' performance and offers useful feedback
for improvement.

Topic-026: Are Comprehension Questions Good For Reading Exercise? (I)

Usefulness

- **Effective Technique**: Comprehension questions are valuable for reading practice.

- **Variety of Forms**: Can take forms like yes/no, true/false, multiple choice, and blank-filling
exercises.

- **Benefits of Simple Questions**: Simple questions aid in checking vocabulary, sentence structure,
inference, and supposition.

- **Focus**: Questions should be specific to the text's message and interpretation to develop language
knowledge.

Topic-027: Are Comprehension Questions Good For Reading Exercise? (II)

Usefulness

- **Attention Direction**: Guides learners' focus to the text.

- **Pre-Testing**: Ensures questions require reading the text for answers.

- **Critical Thinking**: Requires considering multiple sentences to answer questions.

- **Classroom Discussion**: Helps identify causes of errors and fosters interest in finding correct
answers.

- **Error Avoidance**: Provides feedback to prevent similar errors in the future.

- **Challenges**: Crafting comprehension questions requires skills, time, and effort.

- **Benefits**: Effective for practicing reading skills and motivating learners to read.