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Chapter 2

The document discusses embedded systems and microcontrollers. It defines embedded systems and describes their use in various devices. It then covers the components, architecture and applications of microcontrollers as well as comparing microprocessors and microcontrollers.

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21 views7 pages

Chapter 2

The document discusses embedded systems and microcontrollers. It defines embedded systems and describes their use in various devices. It then covers the components, architecture and applications of microcontrollers as well as comparing microprocessors and microcontrollers.

Uploaded by

zagabegalien4
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Chap2 EMBEDDED SYSTEMS

A combination of hardware and software which together form a component of a


Mechatronics systems, An embedded system is designed to run on its own without human
intervention, and may be required to respond to events in real time.
An embedded system is designed to run on its own without human intervention, and may be
required to respond to events in real time. Embedded systems are used in industrial machines,
automobiles, medical equipment, cameras, household appliances, airplanes, vending
machines, cellular phone, PDA’s, toys and many other devices.

Figure3: Block diagram of embedded system


The use of Embedded [Networked] Systems throughout society could well dwarf previous
milestones in the information revolution. These systems of embedded computers have the
potential to change radically the way people interact with their environment by linking
together a range of devices and sensors that will allow information to be collected, shared,
and processed in unprecedented ways”.

2.1. MICROPROCESSOR/CONTROLLERS
2.1.1. Components of microprocessor/controller
• CPU: Central Processing Unit
• I/O: Input /Output
• Bus: Address bus & Data bus
• Memory: RAM & ROM
• Timer
• Interrupt
• Serial Port
• Parallel Port
2.1.2. General Purpose microprocessor
• CPU for Computers
• Commonly no RAM, ROM, I/O on CPU chip itself
2.1.3. Microcontrollers

Computer on a single integrated chip


– Processor (CPU)
– Memory (RAM / ROM / Flash)
– I/O ports (USB, I2C, SPI, ADC)
• Common microcontroller families:
– Intel: 4004, 8008, etc.
– Atmel: AT and AVR
– Microchip: PIC
– ARM: (multiple manufacturers)
• Used in:

Data control;
 Data Acquisition Systems;
 Power control and monitoring;
 Motor control applications;
 Smartphones;
 Automotive industry;
 Nuclear instrumentation;
Space applications.

In general are used in applications where high processing resources are not required, hence a
general purpose microcontroller is considered suitable due the low power consumption and
without any peripheral and external memories;
2.1.4. Comparison between Microprocessor &Microcontroller
MICROPROCESSOR MICROCONTROLLER
• PU is stand-alone, RAM, ROM, I/O, • CPU, RAM, ROM, I/O and timer are
timer are separate all on a single chip
• designer can decide on the amount of • fixed amount of on-chip ROM, RAM,
ROM, RAM and I/O ports. I/O ports
• expensive • for applications in which cost, power
• versatility and space are critical
• general-purpose • single-purpose (control-oriented)
• High processing power • Low processing power
• High power consumption • Low power consumption
• Instruction sets focus on processing- • Bit-level operations
intensive operations • Instruction sets focus on control and
• Typically 32/64 – bit bit-level operations
• Typically deep pipeline (5-20 stages) • Typically 8/16 bit
• Typically single-cycle/two-stage
pipeline

Table1: Comparison between Microprocessor ad microcontrollers

2.1.4.0. Microcontrollers Architecture

2.1.4.1. Common microcontrollers


• 8051
• Microchip Technology PIC
• Atmel AVR
• Texas Instruments MSP430 (16-bit)

2.1.4.1a. ARDUINO MICROCONTROLLER

Open Source electronic prototyping platform based on flexible easy to use hardware and
software.
Electrical inputs/Outputs of ARDUINO(ATmega328P)

USING OF ARDUINO IDE


ARDUINO REFERENCE

ARDUINO SKECTH STRUCTURE


SENSOR INTERFACE (ANALOG/DIGITAL)

Sensor: an analog/digitaldevicewhichconvertsthephysicalquantityintoanelectricalsignal;
All related physical quantities are related to ANALOG interface, where the quantity can take
any value between the hardware minimum and maximum values;
DIGITAL interface is used to describe the quantity which has only2levels,1or0 logic

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