Former Clock Watchmakers and Their Work

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UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, SANTA CRUZ
3 2106 00275 3884

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loWilliamson
iansen
Jorwell
[ from E. Roberts ,
april ]
1903.
102 BRITTEN (F. 1.) Former clock & watchmakers & their work
over 5,000 names. 187 illus. as well as lists of date letters. 397 pp . 8vo,
orig. cl. London , Spon : New York, Spon & Chamberlain, 1894. £2
FORMER CLOCK AND WATCHMAKERS
AND THEIR WORK .
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24838
Former Clock & Watchmakers
and their Work .
INCLUDING
AN ACCOUNT OF THE DEVELOPMENT OF

HOROLOGICAL INSTRUMENTS FROM THE EARLIEST MECHANISM ,
WITH PORTRAITS OF MASTERS OF THE ART ;
A DIRECTORY OF OVER FIVE THOUSAND NAMES,

AND
SOME EXAMPLES OF MODERN CONSTRUCTION.
BY
> F. J. BRITTEN ,
AUTHOR OF THE WATCH AND CLOCKMAKERS' HANDBOOK . "
LOKOVE !
CMVERT Ci www
SENZ 7 Lw
MT. HALU
LONDON :
E. & F. N. SPON, 125, STRAND.
NEW YORK :
SPON & CHAMBERLAIN, 12, CORTLANDT STREET.
1894.
[ All rights reserved .]

LONDON :
PRINTED BY WILLIAM CLOWES AND SONS, LIMITED ,
STAMFORD STREET AND CHARING CROSS.
TS
5.14,2
B7
PREFATORY NOTE .
O large a number of inquiries respecting the productions

of old watch and clockmakers has reached me in recent
years, that I am induced to collate for publication
facts and information relating to the subject which I have been
enabled to gather. The present work is in no way intended

to supersede “The Watch and Clockmakers' Handbook , ” which
still forms the most useful guide for clock or watchmakers'

apprentices, and reference for practical workmen .
F. J. B.
35, NORTHAMPTON SQUARE, LONDON, E.C. ,

April, 1894.
1
SUMMARY OF INCIDENTS CONNECTED WITH THE
DEVELOPMENT OF CLOCKS AND WATCHES.
YEAR.
Weight clocks credited to Gerbert about 990
Clock at St. Paul's Cathedral (p. 20) prior to 1298
Hall-marking powers conferred in the Goldsmiths' Company at
...
London (p. 283) ... 1300
...
Clock at Exeter Cathedral (p. 22) prior to 1318
...
Clock of Lightfoot at Glastonbury (p. 23) 1335
...
...
...
First Strasburg clock (p. 139) 1350
...
...
...
Clock by Henry de Vick (p. 26) 1360

...
...
...
Clock at Dover Castle (p. 30) 1360

...
...
1405
...
Clock at Lübeck (p. 146)

...
...
...
Hele invented the mainspring (p. 34) about 1500

...
Watches first made (p. 34) about

...
1500
...
...
Stackfreed (p. 36 ) about 1500

...
Zech invented the fusee (p. 36) about 1525

...
...
...
Clock by Zech, Society of Antiquaries (p. 38) 1525

...
Anne Boleyn's clock (p. 46) 1532

...
...
Turret clock at Hampton Court Palace (p. 32 ) 1540

...
Paris clockmakers incorporated by statute 1544

Book -shaped watch (p. 56) ... 1550
...
Skull watch by Moyse (p. 48) about 1560

Clock by Bartholomew Newsam in the British Museum (p. 62) 1580
...
Clock by Isaac Habrecht at British Museum (p. 149) ... 1589

...
Glasses for table clocks first used about 1598

...
Clock at Lyons Cathedral (p. 139) 1598

...
Watches by Ramsay (p. 67) 1600-1640

Watch -glasses introduced about ... 1600
Queen Elizabeth's watches (p. 59) 1571-1603
Large oval calendar watch by Combret (p. 55) 1613
English lantern chamber clocks first manufactured (p. 168) about 1620
...
German clock -watch (p. 54) about 1620

Oval watch by Aspinall (p. 57) about 1625
...
Watches first worn in the pocket (p. 71 ) about 1625

...
...
Clockmakers' Company incorporated (p. 74) 1631

Opaque enamel painting for watch cases (p. 71) about ... 1630
viii SUMMARY OF INCIDENTS.
YEAR
...
Introduction of the pendulum (p. 191) about 1641
...
Plain enamelled dials for watches about 1650
1658
...
...
Balance spring invented by Hooke (pp. 104, 217 ) about ...
...
Pendulum first applied to domestic clocks (p. 191) ... 1660
...
Fusee chain to supersede catgut invented by Gruet 1664
Huygens' pendulum clock with cycloidal cheeks (p. 105) about ... 1670
...
Clock in Piazzi at Venice (p. 151 ) about ... 1670
...
Anchor escapement invented by Hooke (p. 250) about ... 1670
St. Dunstan's clock (p. 138) 1671
Rack striking work invented by Barlow (p. 201 ) 1675
Falling ball clock (p. 151 ) about 1680
Rolling clock (p. 158) about 1680
Revocation of the Edict of Nantes, by which many French horologists
were driven to England ... 1685
Repeating watches patented by Quare (p. 246) 1687
Long pendulum clock by John Fromanteel (p. 102) 1690
Lichfield clock (p. 164) about ... 1690
Equation clock introduced (p. 111 ) about 1690
Dead -beat escapement for watches invented by Tompion (p. 86) 1694
Cylinder escapement patented (p. 82) ... 1695
First keyless watch (p. 240) about ... 1700
Clock presented to Bath Pump Room by Tompion (p. 86) 1709
Rack -work for winding repeating watches invented by Stogden about 1710
One-year clock by Quare at Hampton Court (p. 98) about 1710
Dead-beat escapement for clocks invented by Graham (p. 258) about 1715
Mercúrial pendulum invented by Graham (pp. 92–197) about ... 1723
Pinchbeck alloy invented (p. 123 ) about ... 1725
1727
...
...
Hogarth's satirical dial (p. 160)

...
...
Ellicott's lever pendulum (p. 108) about 1735

...
Curious clock by Henry Bridges (p. 156) about 1740

Watch with changing hour figures (p. 165) about . 1750
...
Harrison's chronometer taken on a voyage to Jamaica (p. 116) 1761

1764
...
Half- quarter repeater in a finger -ring by Arnold (p. 128)

...
Lever escapement invented by Mudge (p. 262) about 1765

Lovelace's Exeter clock (p. 161 ) about ... 1770
Helical spring patented by Arnold (pp. 129, 217) 1775
...
“ Fencing Soldiers” ” watch (p. 167) about 1780

Urn timepiece of Marie Antoinette (p. 154) 1780
Spring detent escapement by Earnshaw and Arnold (pp. 130, 271 ) about 1780
Compensation balance by Earnshaw (p. 221) about 1782
1797
...
Duties imposed on owners of watches and clocks in

...
1808
...
Mysterious clock with watch movement in hand (p. 159)

Electric clock patented by Bain (p. 187) 1843
1859
...
Westminster great clock fixed (p . 208 )

...
...
Self -winding clock by Horstmann (p. 190) 1865

...
Pneumatic clocks in Paris (p. 189) 1875

FORMER CLOCK
CLOCK AND WATCHMAKERS
AND THEIR WORK .
S the most interesting period in connection with our

subject begins with the seventeenth century, when
English horologists of commanding ability flourished,
and when serious efforts towards perfecting the construction of
clocks and watches were made, it will not be necessary to make
more than a very brief reference to the earlier history of time
keepers.
Ancient methods of recording intervals by the motion of the
earth with relation to the sun are almost beyond the scope of our
title ; but before approaching the earliest mechanical time
keepers, it will probably be convenient and useful to give some
explanation of the various standards of time .
Standards of Time.
OLAR time is marked by the diurnal revolu

Solar Time. tion of the earth with regard to the sun, so
that the instant the sun is seen at its
greatest height above the horizon it is true midday, which some
times takes place 16 min. 18 sec. sooner, and at others 14 min .
28 sec . later, than twelve o'clock mean time. The diurnal rotation
of the earth on its axis might naturally be supposed to bring
B
2 FORMER CLOCK AND WATCHMAKERS.
each place to the meridian at regular intervals ; this would be

nearly the case if the earth had no other movement ; but it
advances at the same time in its orbit, and as the meridians
are not perpendicular to the ecliptic, the days are not of equal
duration . This may be easily perceived by placing a mark at
every 15° of the equator and ecliptic on a terrestrial globe, as,
by turning it to the westward, the marks on the ecliptic, from
Aries to Cancer, will come to the brazen meridian sooner than
the corresponding ones on the equator, those from Cancer to
Libra later, from Libra to Capricorn sooner, and from Capricorn
to Aries later ; the marks on the ecliptic and equator only
coming to the meridian together at Aries, Cancer, Libra, and
Capricorn ; thus, true and mean time would agree on the days
in which the sun enters these signs, which is on the 20th March,
21st June, 23rd September, and 21st December, were it not that
the earth moves with greater rapidity in December, when it
is nearest the sun, than it does in July, when it is at its greatest
distance from it. The regularity of the earth’s motion is also
further disturbed by the attraction of the moon , Venus, and
Jupiter. True and mean agree about the 25th December, 15th
April, 14th June, and 31st August ; these coincidences vary
slightly in different years, because the earth takes about a quarter
of a day more than a year to complete a revolution in its orbit,
and this error accumulates from leap year till the fourth year
after, when the extra day is taken in.
Sun -dials mark apparent time, while clocks measure equal or
mean time ; if, therefore, a timekeeper, perfectly regular in its
motion, were set to apparent solar time, it would be found to
agree with it only on four days in the year.
Solar noon at any particular place may be obtained by a
transit instrument, which is a telescope pointing north and south ,
by a sextant, or by a meridian dial . The Equation Table on
p. 3 shows the amount to be added to or subtracted from
true solar time to give mean solar time, that is, the time shown
by a clock. But if it is desired that the clock should show the
mean time of Greenwich, or some other standard meridian, a
further correction for longitude must be made. The difference
between mean time at Greenwich and other places is given on
pp. 4-7 .
FORMER CLOCK AND WATCHMAKERS. 3
Greenwich time is the standard adopted throughout Great

Britain . In Ireland, Dublin time is kept. Five different
standards have been established in America. A central meridian,
EQUATION TABLE COMPUTED TO MINUTES OF TIME.
Clock faster than the Clock slower than Clock faster than Clock slower than the
Sun. the Sun. the Sun. Sun.
Min. Min. Min. Min .

December 26 1 April 17 1 June 17 September 2 1
28 2 22 2 22 2 99 6
30 3 28 3 26 3 8
January 1 4 May 6 4 July 1 11 4
3 5 99 23 3 7 14 5
5 6 June 1 2 14 17 6
99 7 7 7 1 August 8 20 7
9 8 14 0 14 " 23 8
99 12 9 19 26 9
15 10 23 29 10
18 11 27 October 2 11
21 12 31 5 12
25 13 13
30 14 12 14
February 24 13 17 15
March 1 12 23 16
6 11 November 14 15
10 10 99 19 14
14 9 23 13
17 8 26 12
2 21 7 99 29 11
24 December 2 10
1ONCOLA
27 99 4 9
30 7 8
April 3 9
o.er00
6 11
99 10 1 13
15 0 15
18
20
22
25
NOTE . — In an equation table for use in any year of the four from leap
year to leap year, absolute exactness is impossible, on account of the error in
the computation of the year, which is referred to on p. 2. Seconds and
intermediate days are therefore omitted.
90° west and 6 hours slow of Greenwich , which serves for the
Mississippi Valley, Missouri Valley, Upper Lakes, and Texas, is
called “ Valley Time. ” A meridian, 75° west and 7 hours slow
of Greenwich, called " Atlantic Time," serves for the district from
Maine to Florida , from Ohio to Alabama, and the Lower Lakes ,

as well as for Canada. A meridian, 60° west and 4 hours slow
of Greenwich, known as Eastern Time,” serves for Newfound
land, New Brunswick , and Nova Scotia . A meridian, 105° west
and 7 hours slow of Greenwich , known as “ Mountain Time,"
serves for the Rocky Mountain region . A meridian , 120 ° west
and 8 hours slow of Greenwich, known as “ Pacific Time,” serves
for the Pacific States and British Columbia .
The Astro The Astronomical Mean Solar Day is reckoned

nomical Mean from noon to noon , and the hours are counted con
Solar Day. tinuously from 1 to 24, instead of being divided into
two equal spaces of 12 hours each , as is the ordinary custom ;
thus half -past six o'clock in the morning of , say, the 2nd day of
January would be expressed by astronomers as January 1st ,
18 hours 30 minutes . In an astronomical regulator the hour
circle is accordingly divided into 24 , and the hour-hand goes
round once in 24 hours .
Difference between Greenwich Mean Time and Local Time

at the Principal Places throughout the World .
The word “ fast ” after any place indicates that the local time
is fast of Greenwich time , and the word " slow " that it is slow of
Greenwich time.
NOTE.- Four minutes in time = 1 degree of longitude. In estimating
the time of any place by comparison with Greenwich , add to G.M.T. for
East and subtract for West.'
M. S.
ENGLAND AND WALES. Abingdon ... slow 5 4
LONDON M. S. Alnwick 6 52
Aldgate Church slow 0 17 Andover 5 52
Bank of England 020 Appleby 9 52
Battersea Church 0 42 Arundel 2 20
Berkeley Square 0 35 Ashford , Kent fast 3 22
Blackfriars Bridge 0 24 Ashton -under -Lyne slow 8 24
British Museum 0 30 Aylesbury 3 20
Fulham Church 9 0 50 Banbury 5 12
Hampstead Church 0 43 Bangor 16 32
Highgate Church 0 35 Barnstaple 16 20
Horological Institute 0 24 Bath ... 9 28
Kensington Palace 0 45 Bedford 1 52
Muswell Hill 91 0 29 Berwick -on - Tweed 8 0
St. Paul's 0 23 Beverley 1 44
Streatham Church 0 31 Bideford 16 56
Westminster Abbey . 0 30 Birkenhead 12 4
TORMER CLOCK AND WATCHMAKERS. 5
M. s. M. S.
Birmingham slow 7 36 Gravesend fast 1 40
Blackburn 9 52 Grimsby slow 0 16
Bodmin 19 0 Guernsey 10 22
Boston 9 06 Guildford 2 10
Bradford, Yorkshire 7 0 Halifax . 7 8
Brecknock 14 0 Harrogate 6 8
Brentford 1 20 Hartlepool slow 4 40
Bridgnorth 9 40 Harwich fast 5 8
Bridgwater 12 0 Hastings 2 24
Brighton 0 30 Hereford slow 11 0
Bristol ... 99 10 22 Hertford 90 0 20
Buckingham 3 56 Holyhead 99 18 36
Burnley 8 56 Horsham 1 20
Burton-on-Trent 6 28 Huddersfield 7 10
Bury ( Lanc.) 9 4 Hull 99 1 20
Bury St. Edmunds fast 2 48 Huntingdon 0 44
Cambridge 0 23 Ilfracombe 16 28
Canterbury > 4 30 Ipswich fast 4 40
Cardiff slow 13 0 Isle of White ( Newport) slow 5 5
Cardigan 18 20 Jersey (St. Helier's) 8 28
Carlisle 99 11 44 Kendal 10 +0
Carmarthen 17 16 Kew Observatory 1 15
Carnarvon 17 0 Kidderminster 90
Chatham fast 2 10 King's Lynn fast 1 40
Chelmsford 2 0 Lancaster slow 11 5
Cheltenham slow 8 20 Leamington 6 0
Chester 11 36 Leeds 6 4
Chichester 3 10 Leicester 4 33
Chippenham 8 20 Leominster 11 0
Christchurch 7 0 Lewes fast 0 5
Cockermouth > 13 30 Lichfield slow 7 10
Colchester fast 3 38 Lincoln 99 2 6
Coventry slow 6 0 Liskeard 99 17 50
Darlington 6 8 Liverpool 12 0
Deal fast 5 36 Llanelly 16 40
Derby slow 5 52 Louth
Devizes 7 52 Macclesfield slow 8 30
Devonport 16 48 Maidstone fast 2 10
...
Dewsbury 6 28 Malvern ( Great) slow 9 16

Dorchester 9 48 Manchester 9 8 52
Douglas, Isle of Man 17 46 Margate fast 5 32
Dover fast 5 16 Merthyr Tydfil slow 13 30
Droitwich slow 8 42 Middlesborough 4 56
...
Dudley 8 26 Monmouth 10 56
Durham 22 6 20 Montgomery 12 40
Eastbourne fast 1 20 Morpeth 6 46
::
Epsom slow 1 4 Newcastle 6 24

Exeter 14 12 Northampton 3 32
Falmouth 20 38 Norwich fast 5 12
Faversham fast 3 36 Nottingham slow 4 30
Flint slow 12 31 Oakham 19 2 50
Folkestone fast 4 36 Oldham 8 30
Gateshead slow 6 2+ Oxford ... 5 2
Gloucester 90 Pembroke 99 19 40
:::
Grantham Penzance
...
2 40 22 10
M. s. M. S.
Peterborough slow 0 56 Worthing slow 1 30
Plymouth 16 30 Yarmouth fast 7 0
:::::::
:::
Poole 7 50 York slow 4 16
Portsmouth 4 24
Preston 10 50
Ramsgate fast 5 40 SCOTLAND.
Reading slow 3 55
Reigate 0 48 Aberdeen slow 8 20
Rochester fast 2 0 Ayr 18 36
Runcorn slow 11 Banff 10 5
Salford 9 4 Dumbarton 99 8 16
Salisbury 7 8 Dumfries 14 24
Scarborough 1 35 Dundee ... 11 52
Sheerness fast 2 59 Edinburgh 12 44
Sheffield slow 5 50 Elgin 13 20
Shields (North ) 5 46 Forfar 19 11 20
Shields (South ) 5 37 Glasgow 17 10
Shoreham 1 8 Greenock 99 19 1
Shrewsbury 10 56 Inverness 16 54
Southampton 5 36 Kilmarnock 18 0
Southport 12 0 Kirkcaldy 12 36
Stafford 8 30 Kirkwall 11 48
Staleybridge 8 15 Leith 12 36
Stamford 1 55 Montrose 9 52
Stockport 8 40 Paisley 17 40
Stockton -on - Tees 5 10 Perth 13 46
Stroud ... 8 50 Stirling 15 40
Sunderland 5 28 Wick 12 28
Swansea 15 40
Taunton 12 25
Tavistock 16 35 IRELAND .
Teignmouth 13 46
Tiverton 29 14 0 Note . — Dublin time is kept throughout
Torquay 20 10 Ireland.
Truro 9S 14 0
Tunbridge Wells fast 1 4 Dublin ... slow 25 22
Wakefield slow 5 50 Armagh 26 36
Walsall 7 55 Bandon 34 48
Wareham 8 25 Belfast 23 46
Warrington 10 20 Cork 33 56
Warwick . 6 15 Downpatrick 22 52
Wednesbury 8 10 Drogheda 99 25 20
Wenlock (Much) 99 10 10 Dundalk 25 30
Westbury 9 30 Enniskillen 30 40
Weston -super -Maru 92 11 54 Galway 36 12
Weymouth 9 45 Kilkenny 29 0
Whitby 2 24 Limerick 34 30
Whitehaven 14 24 Lisburn ... 24 8
Wigan 10 30 Londonderry 29 20
Winchester 5 20 Queenstown > 33 0
Windsor 99 2 25 Sligo 33 52
Wisbech fast 0 45 Waterford 28 30
Wolverhampton slow 8 25 Wexford 25 56
Woodstock 5 52 Wicklow 99 24 8
...
...
Worcester 8 52 Youghal 31 24
H. M. S.
OTHER COUNTRIES. Madras fast 5 20 57
Madrid : ... slow 0 14 45
Note. - Five standards of time are used in Malta fast 058 0
America. (See pp . 3, 4.)
Melbourne 9 39 54
H. M. S. Mexico slow 6 36 0
Adelaide fast 9 14 30 Milan fast 036 46
Alexandria 1 58 20 Montreal slow 4 54 30
Algiers 0 12 10 Moscow fast 2 30 17
Amsterdam 99 0 19 33 Munich 0 46 26
Athens 1 34 55 Naples 0 56 59
Auckland 11 39 4 New York slow 1 56 0
Barbados ( Bridgtown ) slow 3 590 Palermo fast 0 53 24
Berlin fast 053 35 Paris 0 9 21
Bombay ... 4 51 36 Pekin 7 45 52
Boston, U.S.A. slow 4 42 0 Philadelphia ... slow 5 40 0
Brisbane ... fast 10 11 40 Pieterinaritzburg fast 2 0 0
Brussels 0 17 29 Quebec slow 4 45 0
Buenos Ayres ... slow 3 53 30 Rangoon ... fast 6 25 10
Cairo ... ... fast 2 5 6 Rio Janeiro ... slow 2 52 36
Calais fast ( 7 28 Rome ..c fast 049 54
Calcutta 5 53 46 St. Helena slow O 25 10
Canton 7 32 56 St. John, N.B. 4 24 24
Cape Town 9 1 13 54 St.John,Newfoundland 3 30 52
Chicago slow 5 50 38 St. Petersburg fast 2 1 13
Christiania fast 0 52 54 San Francisco slow 8 10 0
Colombo 5 19 24 Santa Cruz 4 18 36
Constantinople 1 56 0 Shanghai fast 8 5 20
Copenhagen 0 50 19 Stockholm > 1 12 14
Geneva 0 24 37 Suez ... 2 10 0
Gibraltar 0 21 22 Sydney 10 5 0
Hamburg 9 0 39 53 Teheran 3 25 32
Havre 0 0 26 Tripoli 0 52 44
Jamaica ( Kingston ) slow 5 7 12 Tunis 0 40 44
Jeddo ... fast 919 0 Venice 0 49 25
Jerusalem 2 20 56 Vienna 1 5 31
Lima ... ... slow 5 8 10 Warsaw 1 24 7
Lisbon 0 36 35 Washington ... slow 5 8 11
Madeira ... 1 7 36 Wellington, N.Z. fast 11 39 14
A cycle of the sun is a period of 28 years,

Cycle of the after which the days of the week again fall on the
Sun.
same days of the month, as during the first year of
the former cycle. The cycle of the sun has no relation to the
sun's course , but was invented for the purpose of finding the
Dominical Letter which points out the days of the month on
which the Sundays fall during each year of the cycle . Cycles
of the sun date nine years before the Christian era. If it be
required to know the year of the cycle in 1892 , nine added will
make 1901 , which, divided by 28 , gives the quotient 67 , the
number of cycles that have passed, and the remainder 25 will be
the year of the cycle answering to 1892 ,
FORMER CLOCK AND WATCAMAKERS.
Sidereal time, the standard used by astronomers ,

Sidereal Time.
is measured by the diurnal rotation of the earth ,
which turns on its axis in 23 hours 56 min. 4 : 1 sec . The sidereal
day is therefore 3 min . 56 sec. less than
STARS GAIN. the mean solar day, and a clock to show
sidereal time must have its pendulum
Days. Hours . Min. Sec. a trifle shorter than a mean-time clock
with the same train . About the 15th of
1 0 3 56 April the sidereal clock and the mean -time
7 52
0 11 48 clock would agree, but from that time the
0 15 44 divergence between the two would be in
19 39 creased each day by 3 min . 56 sec.
00 23 35
0 27 31 Mean-time clocks, though, can be
0 31 27 regulated by the stars with greater facility
0 35 23
10 0 39 19 than by the sun, for the motion of the
11 43 15 earth with regard to the fixed stars is
12 0 47 11 uniform, and a star will always appear
13 0 51 7.
14 0 55 3 at the meridian 3 min. 56 sec . sooner
15 0 58 58 than it did on the preceding day. In
16 1 2 54
17 1 6 50 the absence of a transit instrument and
18 1 10 46 a table giving the right ascension of par
19 1 14 42
20 1 18 38 ticular stars, choose a window having a
southern aspect, from which the steeple
of a church , a chimney, or any other
fixed point may be seen. To the side of the window attach a
thin plate of brass having a small hole in it, in such a manner
that by looking through the hole towards the edge of the elevated
object, some of the fixed stars may be seen ; the progress of one
of these being watched , the instant it vanishes behind the fixed
point a signal is made to a person observing the clock, who then
notes the exact time at which the star disappeared , and on the
following night the same star will vanish behind the same object 1
min. 56 sec. sooner. If a clock mark 10 hours when the
observation is made , when the star vanishes the following night
it should indicate 3 min . 56 sec. less than 10 hours. If several
cloudy nights have rendered it impossible to compare the clock
with the star, it will then be necessary to multiply 3 min. 56 sec .
by the number of days that have elapsed since the observation ,
and the product deducted from the hour the clock then indicates
FORMER CLOCK AND WATCAMAKERS. 9
gives the time the clock ought to show . The same star can only
be observed during a few weeks, for as it gains nearly one hour in
a fortnight, it will , in a short time, come to the meridian in broad
daylight and become invisible ; to continue the observation,
another star must be selected . In making the observation, care
must be taken that a planet is not observed instead of a star ;
Mars, Jupiter, and Saturn are those most likely to occasion this
error , more especially Saturn , which, from being the most distant
of the three, resembles a star of the first magnitude. The planets
may, however, be easily distinguished, for, being comparatively
near the earth, they appear larger than the stars ; their light also
is steady because reflected , while the fixed stars scintillate and
have a twinkling light . A sure means of distinguishing
between them is to watch a star attentively for a few nights ;
if it change its place with regard to the other stars it is a
planet.
The Nautical The nautical day commences when the sun is on

the meridian ; 8 blows are then struck on the ship's
Day.
bell, and the afternoon watch is begun. At 12.30
one blow is struck, and the time is spoken of as “ 1 bell ; ” at
1 o'clock, 2 bells ; at 1.30, 3 bells ; at 2, 4 bells ; 2.30,
5 bells ; 3 , 6 bells ; 3.30, 7 bells ; at 4 o'clock, 8 bells again .
At 4 o'clock begins the first dog watch , which lasts two hours,
the periods being struck as before, ending at 6 o'clock with
4 bells. Then begins the second dog watch, also of two hours'
duration , ending at 8 o'clock , half-hour intervals being struck
1 , 2, 3, 8 ; 8 bells marking the completion of the second dog
watch . Next comes the middle watch, lasting four hours, and
struck like the afternoon watch. The night watch, the morning
watch , the forenoon watch, each of four hours similarly marked ,
follow in succession ; the forenoon watch ending at noon with
8 bells completes the day.
The earth performs its revolution round the sun

Duration of
& Year. in 365 days 5 hours 48 min. 49 • 7 sec . No account
was taken of the odd hours till the year B.C. 45 ,
when the error in the computation of the year had become very
considerable. The surplus, 5 hours 48 min . 49-7 sec. , was then
taken as 6 hours, making one day in four years ; this day was
therefore added to every fourth year. There still remained the
apparently trifling difference of 11 min . 11 sec. between the com
puted and the real year ; this, however, produced an error of
about seven days in 900 years . In 1582 , Pope Gregory XII .
struck out ten days, which represented the accumulated error,
from the calendar, and it was decided that three leap years should
be omitted every 400 years ; thus, as 1600 was leap year, the
years 1700 , 1800, and 1900 are not, but 2000 will be leap year.
This rectification was not adopted in England till 1752, when
eleven days were omitted from the calendar. As our year still
exceeds the true year, although by an extremely small fraction,
another leap year in addition to those should be omitted once
in 4000 years .
Meton , an Athenian astronomer, B.C. 432, dis

The Golden
Number. covered that after a period of nineteen years the new
and full moons returned on the same days of the
month as they had done before ; this period is called the cycle
of the moon . The Greeks thought so highly of this calculation ,
that they had it written in letters of gold, hence the name
Golden Number ; and at the Council of Nice, A.D. 325 , it was
determined that Meton's cycle should be used to regulate the
movable feasts of the Church . Our Saviour was born in the
second year of the lunar cycle. To find the year of the cycle, add
one to the present year, divide this by 19 , and the remainder will
give the year of the cycle. 1892 + 1 divided by 19 leaves a
remainder of 12 , which is, therefore, the Golden Number for
1892 .
The Epact. The Epact serves to find the moon's age by show
ing the number of days which must be added to each
lunar year, in order to complete a solar year. A lunar month is
composed of 29 days 12 hours 44 min. 3 sec. , or rather more than
29.5 days ; 12 lunar months are, therefore, nearly 11 days short
of the solar year — thus, the new moons in one year will fall 11
days earlier than they did in the preceding year, so that were it
new moon on January 1st, it would be nearly 11 days old on the
1st of January of the ensuing year, and 22 days on the third
year ; on the fourth year it would be 33 ; but 30 days are taken

off as an intercalary month (the moon having made a revolution
in that time) , and the three remaining would be the Epact ; the
Epact thus continues to vary, until, at the expiration of 19 years, the
new moons again return in the same order as before. If the solar
year were exactly 11 days longer than 12 lunar months, it would
only be necessary to multiply the Golden Number by 11 , divide
the product by 20, and the remainder would be the Epact ; but,
as the difference is not quite 11 days, one must be taken from the
Golden Number, and the remainder multiplied by 11 , and the
product, if less than 30 , shows the Epact ; but if more, it must be
divided by 30 , and the remainder is the Epact for that year . The
Golden Number for 1892 being 12 , 12 multiplied by 11 = 121 ,
and 121 divided by 30 leaves a remainder of 1 , which is the
Epact for 1892 .
To find the moon's age upon any particular day, add the
number placed against the month in the following table to the
Epact and day of the month ; the product, if under 30 , will be
the moon's age. Should it exceed this number, divide by 30 , and
the remainder will show it :
January . 2 | April . 2 July 5 October 8

February May 3 August 7 November 10
March 1 June 4 | September 7 ) December 10
From the irregularity of the number of days in the calendar

months and other causes, it is difficult to make an exact calcula
tion, but the error resulting from this rule does not exceed one
day.
The Council of Nice decided, A.D. 325 , that Easter

The Number
of Direction . Day is always the first Sunday after the full moon
which happens upon or next after the 21st of March .
Easter Day, therefore, cannot take place earlier than the 22nd of
March or later than the 25th of April. The Number of Direction
is that day of the thirty - five on which Easter Sunday falls.
The Roman Indiction was a period of 15 years,

The Roman
Indiction . appointed A.D. 312 by the Emperor Constantine for
the payment of certain taxes.
The Julian The Julian Period of 7980 years is the product

Period . obtained by multiplying together 28 , 19 , and 15,
which numbers represent the cycles of the sun , the
moon , and the Roman Indiction . The beginning of the Julian
Period is reckoned from 709 before the creation of the world, so
that its completion will occur A.D. 3267, until which time there
cannot be two years having the same numbers for three cycles.
Sun -dials .
Meridian HE simplest form of sun -dial, and a useful

Dials. one for setting a timekeeper when no
standard is available for comparison, is one
for showing when the sun is on the meridian . With a timekeeper
showing mean time and an equation table, a meridian line may,
of course , be at once traced for future reference. In the absence
of these, the following, which are practically Ferguson's in
structions, may be followed : “ Make four or five concentric
circles, a quarter of an inch
from one another, on a flat
stone, and let the outmost
circle be but little less than
the stone will contain. Fix
a pin perpendicularly in the
centre , and of such a length
that its whole shadow may
fall within the innermost circle
for at least four hours in the
middle of the day. The pin
Fig . 1 .
ought to be about an eighth
of an inch thick, with a round blunt point. The stone being
set exactly level , in a place where the sun shines, suppose from
eight in the morning till four in the afternoon, about which
hours the end of the shadow should fall without all the circles ;
watch the times in the forenoon when the extremity of the
shortening shadow just touches the several circles, and there
make marks. Then, in the afternoon of the same day, watch
the lengthening shadow , and where its end touches the several
circles, in going over them, make marks also. With a pair of
compasses, find exactly the middle points between the two marks
on any circle, and draw a straight line from the centre to
that point, which line will be covered at noon by the shadow
of a small upright wire, which should be put in place of the
pin. The reason for drawing several circles is, that in case
one part of the day should prove clear, and the other part some
what cloudy, if you miss the time when the point of the shadow
should touch one circle, you may perhaps catch it in touching
another."
By observation the hours of the morning and afternoon may
be marked on the meridian dial , and it will be noticed that,
although the position of the hour immediately preceding corre
sponds with the one immediately after noon , these divisions will
not answer for any of the remaining hours.
The art of dialling is somewhat complex. A glance at the
figure below Ewill show why, except for places on the equator,
qu
at
or
il
di
B
is
Ax
FIG. 2.
the hour spaces cannot be equal . A sun-dial may be regarded

as a circle round the earth, or as the edge of a disc which
passes through the centre of the earth from the spot where
the dial is fixed . a , b, c, d , e, f, g, etc. , are longitudinal circles,
representing the hours, B the spot where the dial is situated, D the
corresponding latitude, P P the poles, and E the centre of the

earth . The only way the hour divisions can be made equal away
from the equator is by curving the dial to a cylindrical form , the
gnomon being the axis of the cylinder.
A dial prepared for any particular place is useless for another
place in a different latitude, with the exception that a horizontal
dial for a certain latitude will be a vertical dial for a latitude
which is the complement of the first, or what it wants of 90 °.
That is, a horizontal dial for our latitude of 511°, would have to
be placed in a vertical position facing the south in latitude 381º.
To set out a horizontal dial, first draw two lines

Horizontal
parallel to each other, at a distance equal to the
Sun -dial.
thickness of the gnomon which is to cast the shadow.
Next, draw a line at right angles to these, the extremities of which
will indicate respectively the hours of 6 in the morning and 6 in
the evening. Then , with A and B as centres ( see engraving ),
draw quadrants of circles , and divide each into 90 ° . Lay
XIXI I
X
ПЛ
V
VI
AB
V
VI
VII
I
FIG. 3.-Horizontal sun-dial.
a rule over B , and draw the first line through 112 , and
15
second through 241°, third 381°, fourth 53.1 °, and fifth 711
Proceed the same with the other side. Extend the afternoon
hour lines of 4 and 5 across the dial, and these will form the
morning hours, while 8 and 7 of the morning hours prolonged will
give the same evening hours. To form the style or gnomon ,

draw a radial line through that degree of the quadrant which is
the latitude of the place. For London this would be 511°. This
will show the elevation of the style, which is here represented as
if lying on the surface of the dial. The thickness of the style
must be equal to the distance between A and B. Place the style
truly upright on the dial, and it is finished .
Clepsydræ , or Water Clocks .
HESE indicate intervals of time by the passage of water.

These may be divided into two classes : the ancient
recorders for hours of varying length, and the more
simple instruments used during and after the seventeenth century,
when equal hours were measured.
One of the earliest forms of the Clepsydra, which was in use
in Egypt about 300 B.C. , is shown in Fig . 4. A supply of water
ran through the pipe H into the cone A,
and from there dropped into the cylinder
E. A conical stopper B regulated the
flow , and the superfluous water escaped
by the waste pipe I. The Egyptians
divided the period between sunrise and
UXX
sunset into twelve equal hours, so that
the conical stopper had to be adjusted
each day, and marks for every day in
the year , and for the particular latitude
of the place, were cut on the stalk D as
a guide to the position of the stopper.
A floating piston terminating in a
rack served to actuate a pinion , to the
arbor of which an hour hand was
fixed . FIG. 4.
In Fig. 5 is shown an improved clepsydra, constructed so

that its aperture is adjusted as the year advances by the putting
of an index to the sun's place in an ecliptic circle .
It consists, first, of a reservoir A, to the top of which is
attached a waste pipe to carry off the superfluous water, and thus
keep it at the same level. A pipe B projects from this vessel into
the rim of a drum M N, on the front of which is a circle with the
signs of the ecliptic engraved thereon . A smaller drum O FL
passes within the large one, having attached to it an index. This
drum has a groove or slot a b cut through it , tapering in breadth
both ways to a point. When in its place, this tapering groove
comes just under the orifice of the pipe leading from the reservoir .
This inner drum turns on a pipe or tube F, which is continued
within and has a funnel at the end ( not seen) for receiving the
IIX B
MM
B
wa
FO
F
FIG. 5.
water as it drops through the groove in the drum . The index is

double, L for day and 0 for night, and it will be evident that, as
it is turned , the capacity of the orifice is altered, and the water
passes more or less rapidly through the pipe.
The ecliptic being properly divided, the hand was set to the
proper sign in which the sun then was, and was altered as he
shifted round the ecliptic. The water thus regulated , dropped
into a cylindrical vessel H , within which was a float I, connected
by a chain passing over a pulley on an arbor P, and having a
counterpoise K at its other end . This pulley carried an index
which pointed out the hours on a circle .
The next is ascribed to Ctesibius, the son of a barber, about
200 B.C. It was a self-adjusting machine, and is shown in Fig. 6.6
The water dropped into a funnel A , from the eyes of a figure placed
over it, and connected with a full reservoir, thus ensuring a constant
pressure. The tube conveyed the water into an open cylinder
with a float and a light pillar C attached. On the top of this
pillar a human figure is placed , which
points to the divisions on a large xi
column.. As the water rises in the
X1
cylinder, it also rises in the small tube
or short leg of a syphon F B E, till
it reaches the top, when it flows over
M
the bent part, and quickly empties
the cylinder, bringing down the float,
and with it the index to the starting
point. So far it would have measured
hours of equal length ; but the
Egyptian method required some
further contrivance to accommodate E F
it to hours of varying length. This
was done by drawing the divisions
around the large column out of a
horizontal line, so as to vary in their
distance on different sides. The water
as it came from the syphon fell into Fig. 6.
a chambered drum K, which turned
with the weight as each compartment became filled . On the
axis of this drum was placed a pinion gearing with a contrate
wheel I , which , by another pinion H, turned a wheel G, to the
axis L of which the column was fixed . The lines were drawn
slanting round the column to suit the hours of varying length
throughout the year. The clepsydra was introduced into Greece
by Plato. The introduction of the clepsydra into Rome took
place about 157 B.C. , by Scipio Nasica. Pliny tells us that
Pompey brought a valuable one among the spoils from the
eastern nations, which he made use of for limiting the speeches
of the Roman orators. Julius Cæsar is said to have met with an
instrument of the kind in England , by the help of which he
observed that the summer nights of this climate are shorter
than they are in Italy.
Beckmann, in his “ History of Inventions ,” dates the revival
C
of clepsydræ to some time between 1643 and 1646 ; and Dr.

Hutton asserts that in 1693 the first water clock was brought to
Paris from Burgundy.
Fig. 7 represents a clepsydra of the seventeenth century, con
sisting of an oblong frame of wood, A B C D, to the upper part
of which two cords are fixed, their lower ends being wound round
the axis of the drum E. The drum is shown in section at Fig. 8 .
N
M
IX
IA X N
XI
=
Fig. 8.-Section of drum .

с
DU
IV
VI B
SINIMO
E 7 VII
EM
XI
Fig. 7. FIG . 9. Fig. 10.
It has seven water -tight metallic partitions, Ff, G g, H h , I i,

K k, L 1, and M m . If, now, the cord be wound around the axis
until the drum rises to the top of the frame, and the drum be left
to obey the force of gravity, it will of course tend to fall , and the
cord resisting this tendency will cause it to revolve rapidly as it
descends. But if we introduce water into the vessel, it will be
retained in certain parts of the circumference by these partitions,

and, one side being thus heavier than the other, the tendency to
revolve will be counteracted , and the drum will remain stationary.
If now we pierce a small hole near the bottom of each cell , the
water will slowly ooze from it into another, thus reducing the
opposing weight of water, and causing the drum slowly to revolve .
The rate of motion being properly regulated by altering the size
of the apertures, the axis will point out the hours on the side of
the frame; or a cord c d, with a weight F, may be made to pass
over a pulley attached to an arbor bearing an index or hand to
point out the hours on a circle properly engraved or painted.
A very simple form of clepsydra is shown in Fig. 9. It is
merely a glass vessel which has an orifice at the bottom, and is
filled with as much water as will flow out in exactly twelve hours,
figures being placed at the proper distances to denote the successive
hours. Fig . 10 shows an open vessel with a syphon attached to a
float . The syphon will empty the vessel of the whole of the
contained fluid, and the pressure exerted, - being equal to the
difference in length between the shorter and longer leg, remains
always the same in consequence of the float falling as the water
falls. Other clocks were also made, in which the weight of the
water was made to keep a pendulum in motion .
The construction of clepsydræ and of weight clocks went on
contemporaneously for a long period. A water clock was among
the contrivances of the boyhood of Sir Isaac Newton.
Weight Clocks.
O many rague and contradictory records exist as to the

invention of clocks composed of an assemblage of
wheels actuated by a weight, that any attempt to fix
the exact date of their introduction would be mere guesswork.
It is claimed that Pacificus, Archdeacon of Verona, who died
in the middle of the ninth century, devised a clock which Bailley,
in his “ History of Modern Astronomy," considers was furnished
with an escapement ; but this is not substantiated , and other
authorities decide that it was a water clock.
20 FORMER CLOCK AND WATCH .
MA KERS
Gerbert, a monk , afterwards Pope Sylvester II . , placed a clock
in Magdeburg Cathedral at the end of the tenth century ; but
Ditmar declares it was only a kind of sun-dial ; on the other hand,
the Rev. H. L. Nelthropp, who seems to have taken some pains
to investigate the matter, considers Gerbert to be the originator
of the escapement, and his claim to be well founded. Whether
Gerbert really constructed such mechanism or not, it is pretty
certain that clocks existed in cathedrals and monasteries during
the twelfth and thirteenth centuries.
The word " clock , " whether derived from the Saxon clugga, the
Teutonic glocke, the Latin glocio, or the French cloche, signified “ a
bell,” and there is reason to suppose that many of the early efforts
consisted merely of a bell sounded at regular intervals by hand,
the instant of ringing being determined by a sun - dial or sand - glass.
In monasteries prayers were recited at certain fixed hours of
the night as well as of the day, and as the monks were not always
unfettered by sleep at the needful moment, this horologe or alarum
was probably invented to rouse the drowsy religieux to a due sense
of his duties.
Chaucer speaks of the cock crowing as regularly as clock or
abbey horologe.
About 1326 Richard Wallingford , Abbot of Saint Albans,
placed a “ horologe ” in his monastery, and the account which he
gave of his machine is still preserved in the Bodleian Library at
Oxford . From this Wallingford's conception really appears to have
been more of a planetarium , for showing the course of the heavenly
bodies, than a timekeeper, for his description contains no mention
of any escapement or regulator for ensuring equable motion .
There was, prior to 1298, a clock at St. Paul's Cathedral which
struck the hours on a bell by means of mechanical figures ; and
Decker, in his “ Gull's Hornbook , ” calls them “ Paul's Jacks." In
the accounts of the cathedral for the year 1286 the allowances to
Bartholomo Orologiario the clock -keeper are entered, namely, of
bread at the rate of a loaf daily. In 1344 the dean and chapter
entered into a contract with Walter the Orgoner of Southwark to
supply and fix a dial. It is suggested that the clock previously
struck the hours, but had no dial. In Dugdale's history of
the old cathedral the dial is referred to as follows : Somewhat
above the stonework of the steeple was a fine dial , for which there
7
was order taken in the 18th of Edward III., that it should be
made with all splendour imaginable, which was accordingly done ;
having the image of an angel pointing to the hours both of the
day and night.
In the reign of Edward I. , about 1300, a large stone tower
was built in Palace Yard opposite to Westminster Hall, and a
IN ...
El0110.
Fig. 11.-Clock tower in Palace Yard, Westminster, 1300.
clock placed therein, which struck every hour upon a great bell.
The Hon . Daines Barrington states that “ the Lord Chief Justice
Randulphus de Hengham , having made an alteration in a record,
was fined 800 marks by the king's order, and the money was
applied to defray the cost of erecting a public clock opposite the
entrance to Westminster Hall.” From an old print I am enabled
to give an engraving of this interesting erection. In an Issue
22 FORMER CLOCK AND WATCHMAKERS .
Roll of the forty-fourth year of the reign of Edward III . is

recorded the payment of two pounds to John Nicole, keeper of
the great clock of the king within the Palace of Westminster,
being his wages for eighty days at the rate of sixpence a day.
In subsequent reigns further references are made to the keeper of
this clock. Henry VI . entrusted its custody to William Warby,
Dean of St. Stephen's, together with sixpence a day remuneration .
The tower was pulled down about the middle of the seventeenth
century. The exact date of its destruction is uncertain ; but that
it remained until the time of Elizabeth is evident by Judge
Southcote mentioning the tradition , and stating that the clock
still remained which had been made out of the Chief Justice's
fine. On the old Houses of Parliament a dial on the second
pediment of the buildings in Palace Yard marked the site, the
remarkable motto on which , “ Discite Justitiam Moniti, ” may be
taken to relate to its origin. The clock tower of the present
home of our Legislature is, it is conjectured , but a few paces
from the situation of the original clock . The great bell, “ Tom
of Westminster," was broken up and re-cast for the St. Paul's
Cathedral clock, of which more particulars will be given later on .
Exeter Cathedral could boast of an early clock, for in the
Patent Rolls, 1318, is mentioned a grant of lands in Pennington
to Robert Fitz Walter, for repairing the organ and the clock in
the cathedral of Exeter. Whatever its construction , no trace of
this horologe can be found, but of its successor, stated to have
been presented by Bishop Courtenay in 1480, the wrought- iron
framing and the great wheel are preserved, and still to be seen at
the cathedral. It is stated that this clock was made by Peter
Lightfoot, but if the date of its construction , 1480 , is correct,
this cannot be true, for Lightfoot had then been dead some
years . The dial which still does duty bears a remarkable
likeness to the one of Lightfoot's at Wimborne, from which it
was possibly copied . Underneath it is the inscription, “ Pereunt
et duputantur x . horæ . ” In 1760 an additional circle was added
to the dial , and motion work to show the minutes provided . The
movement was replaced by a modern one in 1885 .
There was also a large clock in Canterbury Cathedral at the
end of the thirteenth century, which , according to Dart's history
of the sacred edifice, was put up at a cost of £ 30 in 1292 .
1
The earliest clock worthy of our modern definition, of which

we have any authentic details, is the one which is said to have
been made about the year 1335 , by Peter Lightfoot, an ingenious
monk, of Glastonbury Abbey, for and at the expense of his
superior, Adam de Lodbury, who was promoted to the Abbacy of
Glastonbury in 1322 , and died in 1335. The first of the celebrated
Strasburg Cathedral clocks was begun about 1350 , under the
direction of John, Bishop of Lichtenberg. Henry de Vick, of
Würtemberg, constructed a clock for Charles V. of France, sur
named the Wise, in the tower of whose palace it was placed about
the year 1360. In Rymer's “ Fædera " it is mentioned that the pro
tection of Edward III . was accorded to three Dutchmen , orlogiers,
who were invited from Delft, in Holland, to England in the year
1368 , from which time we may probably date the introduction of
clockmaking as an art into England. These pioneers were named
John Lietuyt, John Uneman, and William Uneman . According
to Froissart, Courtray had a clock about 1370, which was carried
away by the Duke of Burgundy in the year 1382. The “ horo
logium ” of Dondi , constructed at Padau about the end of the
fourteenth century, by order of Hubert Prince of Carrara, seems
also to have been a true clock . It is described as being placed on
the top of a turret on the steeple, and designating the twenty-four
hours of the day and night . At Spire there was a clock in the
year 1395 ; one at Lubeck was completed in 1405 ; Nuremberg
had one in 1462, Auxerre in 1483, and Venice in 1497 ; and, on
the authority of Camaldulensis, clocks began to be common in
private families on the Continent about the end of the fifteenth
century. It is also probable that clocks began to be generally
known in England about the same period.
The Glastonbury ancient and complicated piece of machinery
was, according to William of Worcester, originally in the south
transept of the abbey church ; but it was removed with all its
appendages from thence to Wells Cathedral at the time of the
dissolution of the monastery in the reign of Henry VIII . , where,
in an old chapel in the north transept, it still remains. The face
of the clock as it now appears is shown in Fig . 12. The dial is six
feet six inches in diameter, and contained in a square frame, the
spandrels of which are filled with angels, holding in their hands
the head of a man. The outer circle is painted blue, with gilt
stars scattered over it, and is divided into twenty -four parts,
corresponding with the twenty - four hours of the day and night, in
two divisions of twelve hours each . The horary numbers are
painted in old English characters on circular tablets, and mark the
hours from twelve at noon to midnight, and from thence to twelve
at midday again . The hour -index, a large gilt star, is attached to
the machinery behind a second circle, which conceals all except
m
u
m
Hot
11
Fig. 12.-Dial of Glastonbury clock.
the index . On this second circle are marked the minutes, indicated
by a smaller star. A third and lesser circle contains numbers for
indicating the age of the moon , which is marked by a point
attached to a small circular opening in the plate, through which
the phases of the moon are shown. Around this aperture is an
inscription, not very intelligible, which one author reads as “ Ab
hinc monstrat micro . . . ericus archery pung," meaning, probably ,
that in this microcosm were displayed all the wonders of the vast
sidereal hemisphere. On the opposite side of the dial-plate is a
circle, in which is a female figure, with the motto “ Semper
peragrat Phæbe.” An arched pediment surmounts the whole,
with an octangular projection from its base line, forming a cornice
to the face of the clock. A panelled turret is fixed in the centre,
around which four equestrian knights, equipped for a tournament
and mounted on two pieces of carved wood, used to revolve in
opposite directions rapidly round a centre, two on each side, as if
running at the ring in a tilt, when set in motion by a connection
with the clock . A man seated at one angle of the transept,
within the church, is connected by rods with the clock , and he is
made to strike the quarters with his feet on two little bells, and
the hours on another bell before bim with a battle -axe that is in
his hands. If the date of the construction of this clock be correct,
the figures at present moved by its machinery cannot, according to
Mr. Planché, be the original ones, or they have undergone strange
alteration . Those that circulated in a sort of tilting match are
very clumsily carved, and have suffered some injury from time ;
but two of them appear to be intended for jesters ; one wears a
hood with ears to it ; the third is a nondescript ; but the fourth
is painted in the civil costume of the reign of James or Charles I. ,
with falling collar, striped doublet, and the peaked beard and
moustache of that period . The two figures that strike the bell
on the outside with their battle -axes are in armour of the
fifteenth century, and the time of Henry VI . or Edward IV.
The old interior works of this clock were of iron, not differing
materially in principle from the mechanism of much later date
clocks, except that the appliances for the variety of the movements
of the dial-plate were necessarily complicated . They exhibited
a rare and interesting specimen of the art of clock -making at so
early a period, in which the monks particularly excelled. After
going for nearly five centuries, the works were found to be so
completely worn out that, about the year 1835 , they were replaced
by a new train . The old movement, now controlled by a pendulum ,
may be seen in action at South Kensington Museum . Except for
the quarter striking part and the lunation work, the movement
is identical with that of De Vick's clock , presently to be described
Another clock attributed to Lightfoot was erected at Wim
borne, in Dorsetshire. The dial as it at present appears is shown

in Fig. 13, and an examination will show many features in common
with these two fourteenth -century clocks.
ΣΗ
ΣΧΕ
= u
=
N
I
FIG. 13.—Dial of Wimborne clock.
Figs. 14, 15, and 16 represent De Vick's clock in front and

in profile.
There was but one hand, and that in its revolution round
a dial-plate indicated the hours. A heavy weight being tied to
a rope, which was wound round a cylinder or barrel , served as the
power to cause the hand to revolve ; but the hand , instead of
being fixed to the axis of the barrel, had its motion communicated
through a wheel and pinion, so that the weight did not need to
MAMAR
L
IR
E
Fig
-
15.
ront
De
of
FVick's view
.16.
SFIG
—
of ide
Fig
.14.-
view
Side
of .view
clock striking
part
.
going
part
. adjusting
for
weightsalance
erge
,s;mLbKvhifting
Barrel hour clock
bthe
time
toinion
;Ndriving
p,wheel F
wlates
;C,BpA eight
FORMER CLOCK AND WATCHMAKERS.
pb;E,C,Dlates forthebarrel
;c,pins
raising
r;G Fatchet
click
,and which
wheel
hour
of
,the
.arbor
hand
the
carries hammer
ptail
,;fLly
f inion
wheel
wgreat
;P,0 inding driving
for
wheel
,count
;N
;H
wheel
and
pinion
,second count
wheel
locking
or
plate
;
ewheel
pinion
,;gscape T
,lever
letting
for
striking
off
work
.
27
be wound up so frequently as would otherwise be the case. If

the weight were freely subjected to the influence of gravity, its
motion would have been accelerated , and so an escapement and
controller had to be devised in order that all the spaces traversed
by the hand should be passed through in the same time as each
other. The device adopted to check the progress of the weight
was as follows : Connected with the arbor carrying the hand is
a spindle carrying a wheel with ratchet -shaped teeth, as will be
seen from Fig. 14. This wheel, called the “escape wheel, ” has an
odd number of teeth, and on a vertical rod or verge ” are two
beds or pallets," of a distance from each other equal to the
diameter of the wheel. The acting faces of these pallets form
nearly a right angle , and the verge is planted close to the teeth
M
a
Fig. 17.–Verge escapement. a, wheel ; b, verge.
of the wheel, so that one of the projecting pallets is always inter

cepting the path of the wheel teeth. In this way an alternating
rotary motion is imparted to the verge, the escape wheel slipping
by a space equal to half the distance between two teeth at every
alternation . The action of the teeth of the wheel on the pallets
will perhaps be better understood by a reference to Fig. 17 , which
is a plan to an enlarged scale. A tooth of the escape wheel is just
leaving the upper pallet ( c ) ; as it drops off, the under tooth will
reach the root of the lower pallet ( d ), but the motion of the verge
will not be at once reversed . The escape wheel will recoil until
the impetus of the balance is exhausted . The teeth of the wheel
are undercut to free the face of the pallet during the recoil.
Mounted on the top of the verge is a cross-bar, on each end of
which is a weight. The inertia of the cross-bar and weights, by

opposing the rotary motion, forms the regulator, and as the centre
of gyration may be altered by shifting the weights along the bar,
the time occupied by each vibration may be increased or lessened,
as may be required . This controller, admirable as it was, did
> not give anything like the exact result now attained by means of
a superior escapement and the pendulum , for its constancy was
seriously affected through variations in the motive force, such as
would be caused by deterioration and thickening of the lubricant
used to the pivots and bearing surfaces. It is, however, curious
to note that the balance of a modern chronometer or watch ,
which vibrates with such marvellous accuracy, is analogous in its
action to that of the early cross-bar regulator.
To understand the way the weight was raised after the rope
was uncoiled from the barrel, it may be necessary to explain that ,
though the great wheel is tight on its arbor, the barrel on the
same arbor is loosely fitted , the connection between the two being
established by means of a ratchet -wheel and click. To lessen the
labour of winding, a wheel is attached to the barrel, into which a
pinion gears, and on the squared extremity of the pinion -arbor the
winding handle is placed. The different parts are shown and
lettered in Fig. 14 .
The manner of striking the hours in regular order will be
apparent from Figs. 15 and 16, with a little explanation. The
striking part of the clock is distinct from the going part, and
is actuated by a separate weight. It occupies the right in Fig. 15.
The wheel to which the hand is attached turns once in twelve
hours, and it will be observed that, projecting from its face, are
twelve pins, equidistant from each other. Although continually
solicited by the weight, the striking train of wheels cannot turn
except once at each hour, because it is locked by a tooth at one
extremity of a “ bell - crank " lever, T , engaging with one of
a series of notches in the locking-plate, N. At the completion of
each hour this tooth is lifted out by one of the twelve pins
depressing the other end of the lever, and the striking train then
rotates till the tooth of the lever falls into the next notch of the
locking- plate. The tail of the hammer which strikes the bell
intersects the path of the lifting pins, c, which are arranged
around the great wheel of the striking train. The notches around
the edge of the locking -plate are placed at such distances that at
one o'clock the tooth enters a notch directly one blow has been
struck on the bell . At the next hour there is a longer space
before a notch is reached, and so two blows are struck before the
train is again locked ; at the succeeding hour the space permits
of three blows, and so on, till at twelve o'clock the plate has
made a complete rotation , and the action of the preceding twelve
hours recurs. The striking train would run down with increasing
velocity but for the fan L , which keeps the periods between the
strokes of the bell practically uniform . This is the principle of
the striking work still used in most turret clocks, and till recently
in nearly all small clocks of French make. The chief objection to
it is that the hours are struck in regular progression without
reference to the position of the hands ; so that if the striking
part happens to run down before the going part, the striking will
be all wrong when it is started again , unless the precaution has
been taken to set it going at the same hour as that at which it
stopped.
The bell on which De Vick's clock struck the hours was cast
by John Jouvance, and it is said that upon this bell the signal
for the massacre of St. Bartholomew in 1572 was given .
A turret clock was also erected at Dover Castle in the four
teenth century. This is still in action at South Kensington
Museum . In construction it is somewhat similar to Lightfoot's
and De Vick's . On the wrought-iron frame are the letters R. L.
arranged as a monogram. The train, however, consists of only
one wheel, which drives the escape -pinion so fast that there must
have been either a very long driving cord, or the clock must have
been wound at frequent intervals. The winding is accomplished
by means of handles or spokes projecting radially from one end
of the barrel, which runs freely on the arbor of the wheel. On
the face of the barrel which is nearest the wheel is a spring click,
catching into the arms of the wheel, the arms thus serving the
purpose of a ratchet. This click and ratchet arrangement was
long favoured by some makers, and is often found in lantern
clocks of the seventeenth century . The wheels of these early
clocks were of wrought iron, the arms being riveted into the rim .
Whatever variations were made in the form or size of clocks
during the fifteenth century, the principle of the mechanism
remained unaltered , and such as were constructed appear to have

been mostly for public buildings or persons of exalted position.
The appended Fig. 18, from the Bibliothèque Nationale de
Paris, purports to represent the remains of a fifteenth -century
chamber clock . It is pretty evident there was originally a bell at
the top of the case, and perhaps a hand to indicate the hour. It
is not certain there was a hand, for some of the early clocks had
XII
Fig. 18.-Chamber clock, Fig. 19. - Fifteenth -century clock from

fifteenth - century. Bib. Italian tarsia-work.
Nat. de Paris.
revolving dials. In the South Kensington Museum there is on

a “ tarsia," or inlaid work panel of Italian late fifteenth -century
production, a representation of a clock with a revolving ring, on
which the twenty -four hours are marked , as seen in Fig. 19. The
whole panel shows an open cupboard, in which there are, besides
the clock , a flagon , a chalice, a cross, etc. , so that one may infer
that the clock was of comparatively small size, and of course of
older date than the panel, which careful comparison by the

experts of the museum fixes at certainly not later than 1500. The
action of the winding work is obscure, but with that exception
the construction of the clock is tolerably clear.
Clock at Hampton Court Palace,
ERHAM gives the number of the wheels and pinions of

a large clock which appears to have been erected at
3 Hampton Court Palace, about 1540. This date is
assumed from the marks N.O. or N.C. and the figures 1540
engraved on a bar of the wrought-iron framework. If the letters
are N. C. , they may refer to Nicholas Cratzer, a Bavarian , who
was “ deviser of the king's horologies and astronomer " to Henry
VIII. In 1711 , the clock was repaired by Langley Bradley, of
Fenchurch Street. The original and curious dial of the clock
is on the eastern side of the gate - tower in the second quadrangle.
It is composed of three separate copper discs of different sizes,
with a common centre, but revolving at varying rates. The smallest
of these is 3 ft . 3. in . in diameter , and in the middle of this is
a slightly projected globe, painted to represent the earth . The
quarters marked on the centre disc by thick lines are numbered
with large figures, and round the edge this disc is divided into
twenty-four parts, a red arrow painted on the second disc point
ing to these figures and showing at once the quarter in which the
moon is, and the time of southing. Next to the figure of the
earth in this centre disc , a circular hole, 10 in . in diameter,
allows a smaller disc travelling behind to show the phases of the
moon . On the second disc, 4 ft. 1. in . in diameter, but of which
only the outer rim is seen, are twenty -nine divisions, and a
triangular pointer, projecting from behind the central disc, shows
the moon's age in days. The largest of the three discs is 7 ft.
10 in . in diameter. There are many circles painted on so much
of the rim of this as is seen , the inner, or, following the order
above observed and proceeding from the centre, the first circle,
giving the names of the months, the second the days of the
months (only twenty -eight for February ), the third the signs
of the zodiac, and on the rim, with 30° for each space filled
by a sign, a circle divided into 360 parts . A long pointer
with a gilded figure of the sun attached , projecting from behind
the second disc, shows on this third or outmost disc of the dial
the day of the month and the position of the sun in the ecliptic.
This pointer performs another dnty, acting like the hour hand
of an ordinary clock , and showing the time of day or night as it
passes the twenty -four figures - two sets of twelve - painted on
the stonework within which the dial revolves. The diameter of
this outer immovable circle on the stone is 9 ft . 8 in. , and the
characters for the hours are Roman numerals, 9 in. in length .
There is a record of a payment made in 1575 to George Gaver,
serjeant painter, for painting the great dial at Hampton Court
Palace, containing hours of the day and night, the course of the
sun and moon, and doubtless since that time the same necessary
restoration has been often undertaken .
In 1835 an extraordinary transposition was made, for the
works of the old clock were removed, and have since disappeared .
In their place was placed a movement with the following inscrip
tion : This clock, originally made for the Queen's Palace in
St. James's Palace, and for many years in use there , was , A.D.
1835, by command of his Majesty King William IV . , altered and
adapted to suit Hampton Court Palace by B. L. Vulliamy, clock
maker to the king ; ” and on another plate on the clock
66
" Vulliamy, London, No. 352 , A.D. 1799.” Worse than all, the
precious dial was taken down and stowed away in a workshop at
the palace, the gap left being filled by a painted board. In
1879 , however, a new and sufficient clock movement was provided ,
the dial found , restored and replaced, and now shows the hours ,
the motions of the sun and moon, etc., with certainly as much
regularity as N. 0. or N. C. could have desired.
Portable Timekeepers ,
T was not until driving weights depending from cords or

chains were superseded by a more compact motor, which
allowed of their being readily transported from place
to place, that timekeepers were regarded as objects of interest,
D
the acquisition of which was sought in fashionable circles. The

production of a portable timekeeper was accomplished about 1500
by Peter Hele, a clockmaker of Nuremberg, who used a long
ribbon of steel tightly coiled round a central spindle to maintain
the motion of the mechanism . Although timekeepers were not
in general use for a long period afterwards, a taste for table
clocks and watches was at once apparent among wealthy people,
who delighted in the possession of curious novelties.
The earliest watches are scarcely to be distinguished from
small table- clocks. The case was a cylindrical box, generally of
metal, chased and gilt, with a hinged lid on one side to disclose
the dial, the lid being usually engraved and pierced with an
aperture over each hour, through which the position of the hand
might be seen . Most of the watches were provided with a bell,
and either struck the hours in regular progression or acted as an
alarum . There are several specimens in the British Museum of
a date between 1500 and 1530. Of two by Jerimia Metzger,
Augsburg , one is furnished with a bow and one is without any
provision for suspending the watch .
A large oval case , with geometrical perforations in the lid ,
was almost contemporaneous with the circular -box form, and an
oval shape, either small and plain or larger with more or less of
decoration, remained in favour for over a century . The luxury
and extravagance in dress which characterized the Elizabethan
period required more variety of form and colour than could be
found in a plain regular form of gold or silver, and rock crystal
or other stones were often formed into cases, cut in the form of
crosses, stars, shells, and other extraordinary fancies, while the
dials and mounts were occasionally enriched with coloured
enamels. The most elegant of these costly toys emanated from
France, Blois being distinguished as an early seat of manufacture.
Early in the seventeenth century plain circular cases came
into use .
The origin of the term “ watch " is not very clear. It may
have been taken from the Swedish vacht, or from the Saxon
wæcca , “ to wake ; " but whatever its derivation , it had not , when
introduced , the signification we now attach to it, because time
keepers were not then worn in the pocket. The small oval ones
were sometimes worn on a girdle and attached to the dress, and the
larger circular watches were either placed on a table or suspended

by the bow to the wall or any suitable article of furniture. But
“ watch, ” or “ clock,” or “ orologe,” seems to have been used
indifferently as a title for timekeepers, and so it is often difficult
to decide whether a weight clock of large size or a very minute
spring timepiece is meant. Derham , in 1690, speaks of the train
for driving the hands of a clock as the watch train , and the
striking train as the clock train .
The action of the mainspring, which still retains its place as a
motor for portable timekeepers, will be understood with the aid of
the subjoined figure.
Here, as is usually the case, the spring is contained in a
circular box or barrel c, its inner edge being hooked on to the
enlarged part of the arbor a, and its outer end attached to the
inside of the rim of the barrel. One end e
of the arbor fits loosely in a hole in the
bottom of the barrel, and the other in a a
hole in the barrel cover e. The spring
is wound by turning the arbor, and then
if the spring barrel is attached to the
largest wheel of the clock, in place of
the cylinder or drum from which the
weight was suspended, the spring in its
effort to unwind turns the barrel, and Fig . 20.—Mainspring and
barrel .
with it the wheels composing the clock
train . Of course some provision must be made to prevent the
spring from at once uncoiling when the arbor is released after
winding, and the simplest plan is to have a ratchet wheel fixed on
one end of the arbor, with which a click pivoted to the framing
of the timekeeper engages. When the barrel is used in con
junction with a fusee, as will be described presently, the spring is
wound by turning the barrel.
But it is evident that just as the spring offered increased resist
ance to every successive turn of the arbor in winding, so the
force transmitted by it when fully wound would be very much
greater than the force exerted after the barrel had made a few
turns and the spring had partially run down , and this variation
of force was the cause of considerable perplexity for some time
after the invention of the mainspring, for with the verge escape
ment variation of force means variation of timekeeping. The

first contrivance applied with a view of overcoming or abating
the drawback was, I believe, that known as the “ stackfreed . ” It
did not prove to be an enduring device, and is very rarely to be
met with ; but among the collection of Mr. Evan Roberts is
a watch containing it, and by his kindness I am enabled to
examine and give a representation of what is at all events an
interesting relic.
Fixed to the mainspring arbor above the top plate is a pinion
having eight leaves. This gears with a wheel having twenty -four
teeth , which do not quite
fill out the circumference of
the wheel, but leave a block
of two spaces in width which
acts as a stop to the pinion
when the mainspring is
wound, and after it has run
down three whole turns.
Fastened to the wheel is a
cam, concentric for about
seven -eighths of its circum
ference and indented for the
remainder, as shown in the
Fig . 21. - Watch movement with drawing ( Fig . 21 ) . There
“ stackfreed .”
is a groove in the concentric
portion of the edge, into which is pressed a roller which is pivoted
at the free end of a strong curved spring. When the main
spring is fully wound the roller rests in the curved depression of
the cam, and the effort required to lift the roller up the incline
till it is placed upon the concentric contour absorbs so much of
the force of the mainspring as to prevent banking. When the
mainspring has nearly run down, the roller, in entering the
depression by pressing the cam in the direction that it is moving,
really aids the mainspring in its effort .
It is not a matter for surprise that a frictional brake like the
stackfreed , which must have absorbed an appreciable proportion
of the force, failed to give satisfaction for equalizing the pull of
the mainspring. The fusee invented for the same purpose by,
it is said, Jacob Zech, of Prague, about 1525 , is of a far different
nature, and still survives. It consists of a spirally groved pulley,

which is interposed between the mainspring barrel and the great
or driving wheel of a clock or watch, the connection between the
barrel and the fusee being made by a cord or chain , one end of
which is attached to the barrel and the other to the fusee. When
the spring is relaxed there must be at least as many coils of the
cord around the outside of the barrel as the barrel is to make
turns in winding the spring. To wind the spring, the fusee is
rotated by means of a key fitting a square formed at one end of
its arbor, whereby the cord is drawn from the barrel on to the
fusee, the first coil being on the larger end of the fusee, as shown
in the accompanying sketch ( Fig. 22 ).
Then, as the mainspring runs down, the barrel rotates and coils
the cord on to its periphery again . But while the mainspring
when fully wound turns the
fusee by uncoiling the cord a
from the smallest part of the
fusee, it gets the advantage
TL
of a larger radius as its
energy becomes lessened , and
аa
by proportioning the diameter
of the fusee to the varying FIG . 22. - Mainspring barrel and fusee.
pull of each successive turn a, mainspring barrel ; b, fusee ; c, great wheel
d, winding square ; e, snail-shaped flange.
of the mainspring an excel
lent adjustment is obtained , so that the pressure exerted by the
great wheel on the centre pinion is constant. The fusee is fixed
to its arbor, on which the great wheel rides easily, the connection
between the fusee and great wheel being made by means of a
ratchet wheel and click ; this allows of the fusee being rotated
to wind the mainspring. To prevent undue strain on the cord
when the winding is completed, the cord as it is being coiled on
to the smallest turn of the fusee, pushes an arm which is pivoted
to the framing of the timekeeper in the path of a snail-shaped
flange of the fusee, and this forms a stop. The barrel arbor is
always stationary. In the early fusees the cord was of catgut,
and this material is still sometimes used for clocks. Chains were
introduced in place of catgut for watches in 1664 , by one Gruet,
a Swiss, and they are still used for marine chronometers , for some
clocks, and for the few fusee watches that are made.
Table clocks or watches of the sixteenth century are exceed

ingly rare. Many specimens put forward as such are found on
examination to be of a later date. There is no doubt that the
manufacture of portable timepieces extended to Holland and
France before the end of the century, but very few examples of
that period survive. Genuine specimens have wheels and frames
of iron or steel, no covering glass over the dial, and , if a fusee
is present, the connection between it and the barrel is by a piece
of catgut, and not a chain . There is, of course, no controlling
spring to the balance. The workmanship of the movement is
comparatively rough, however lavishly the case may be orna
mented.
The Society of Antiquaries possess a specimen of the handiwork
of Jacob Zech, the inventor of the fusee. It is a table timepiece
with a circular brass gilt case 94 in. in diameter, and 5 in .
in height, and was bequeathed to the society by Mr. Henry
Peckitt, of Compton Street, Soho, and handed over by his executrix
in 1808 . It was in the possession of James Ferguson, the
astronomer and mechanician, at the sale of whose effects it was
bought by Mr. Peckitt in 1777 .
From the decoration of the case and dial, it is inferred that
the clock was made for Sigismund I., King of Poland, and that he
presented it to Bona Sforza, to whom he was married in 1518 .
There are three shields equidistant round the case , which is
altogether nicely decorated . On one shield is an eagle displayed
and crowned , representing Poland ; the second contains a serpent
entwined and wavy pale crowned, a child issuant from its mouth
and surmounted by a ducal crown — this is typical of the house of
Visconti ; the third shield bears the arms of Lithuania, a knight
armed cap- à -pie, and mounted on a horse proper, holding in his
dexter hand a drawn sword , and having pendent from his neck
a shield charged with the Hungarian cross. The regulator is a
cross-bar balance of the kind used in De Vick's clock, except
that instead of loose weights of iron there are leaden weights
screwed one on each end of the cross-bar, and the adjustment is
made by screwing to or from the centre of motion. There are
two yielding brass arms to act as a banking, and check excessive
vibration of the cross-bar. There are eight turns to the fusee, and
in a circle on the face of the barrel is engraved in Bohemian an
inscription which has been translated as follows : “ Year when

made me Jacob Zech at Prague is true when counted 1525. "
Fig. 23.
There was originally some additional wheelwork to show the

motion of the sun and moon on an engraved ecliptic, and also
à contrivance to strike one at every hour. The wheels are of

iron, and show punch marks of division, proving that they had
been cut with a file by hand. A catgut had been used to con
nect the barrel with the fusee, but a metallic chain has been
applied , which destroyed several of the threads . Before this was
done it went for 48 hours with one winding, and gave about
3600 beats in the hour.
In the British Museum is an excellent specimen of a German
early table clock of a square oblong shape. The works are of
iron . It has no fusee . It fits into an engraved metal box, having
a hinged cover. The date of production is stated to be 1530 .
Nuremberg and Augsburg pursued the manufacture of port
able timekeepers with considerable spirit. The plain square brass
towers, round and octagonal boxes, gave place to cases of a much
more ornate design when expense was no object. A very choice
example is shown in Fig. 23 ; it is of iron, damascened with
precious metals, a style of work for which Augsburg was par
ticularly famous .
Most German towns have a trade or work mark, and in the
absence of the maker's name the locality of manufacture may
be ascertained from this mark, which is occasionally found on
sixteenth and seventeenth century clocks. The work -mark for
Augsburg is a pineapple, and for Nuremberg the letter N in a circle.
Sixteenth - Century Octagonal Table Clock .
HAVE lately had through my hands a curious sixteenth

century striking clock of octagonal form, the property
of Mr. Shapland, 207 , High Holborn, of which a view
is subjoined.
It is probably of Nuremberg or Augsburg manufacture, and
has a peculiar method of indicating the rising and setting of the
sun daily throughout the year, by means of two thin metal dials
within the hour circle. One of these dials is of silver and the
other of steel, for contrast ; each of them forms a segment of a
circle being nineteen twenty-fourths of the circumference, divided
by radial lines into nineteen parts, which are numbered at the
circumference from one onward in Arabic figures, so that each
division is one twenty -fourth of the whole circle . A brass disc,

divided into twenty -four, is fixed to the steel dial by rivets at
No. 1 and No. 3 ; No. 24 or zero point of the circle coinciding
with what may be called the initial edge of the steel dial. The
steel and silver dials are interlaced — that is to say, the concealed
portion of the steel dial is underneath the silver one, while the
initial edge is above it. At the shortest day in the year the least
portion of the silver dial would be visible, and the figure on the
UX XXI
IL III v II
VI
TVV
115 116 117 118
el
als ET
N
VI TÍ
NXAX
Fig. 24.-Curious table clock.
silver dial next to the initial edge of the steel dial would represent
the number of hours the sun was above the horizon, while the
figure on the central brass circle, which happened to be coincident
with the initial edge of the silver dial, would represent the number
of hours he was below the horizon , and the subdivisions of the
hour could be well estimated to within a tenth.
The dials are continually revolving in opposite directions, so
that , as the days lengthened , more of the silver and less of the
steel dial would be seen. At the close of the longest day the
motion of the dials would be reversed, and the visible surface of
the silver dial would be diminished each day in the same ratio
that it was formerly increased, till the shortest day recurred .
It is probable that these dials were arranged to show the

beginning of the Hebrew day at sunset, as well as its duration and
close at the succeeding sunset.
On removing the dial plate, the way in which the dials are
actuated is apparent. Fitting closely on the centre wheel which
carries the hour hand is a pinion of twenty -four leaves. The pipe
of this has a cruciform top fitting into the centre of the silver
dial. On the pipe of this pinion is another, larger in diameter,
but also of twenty -four leaves, and with a similar top to carry the
steel dial. A double rack or segment of a wheel , having internal
and external teeth, is pivoted close to the edge of the movement,
and engages with both of the dial-plate pinions, the internal teeth
being farthest from the centre of motion, and of such a distance
that they reach beyond the centre arbor and engage with the
teeth of the larger pinion on the other side of it ; the external
teeth are so placed that they engage with the teeth of the smaller
pinion, but on the side of the centre arbor nearest to the centre of
motion of the rack. There is on the plate of the movement,
midway between its centre and its edge and driven from the
fusee, a wheel which turns once a year. This carries a crank,
from which is a connecting rod catching hold of the double rack ,
so that, as the crank revolves, it gives a to -and - fro motion to the
rack. To meet the varying length of the years from leap year to
leap year, there are four pins by which the position of the crank
could be altered, but, so far as one could see, there is no provision
for automatic regulation , so that, if the reading of the scale is to
be exact, the dial would have to be removed and the position of
the crank altered once a year .
Recessed into the under side of the clock case is an annual dial
engraved with the signs of the zodiac, the titles of the months,
and the days . The index for this is fixed to the arbor of the
annual wheel already mentioned, and the annual dial is therefore
less than half the diameter of the movement.
The case is of brass engraved and gilt . The hour band is of
silver, divided into two periods of twelve hours each , and marked
with Roman numerals. Within the hour ring, and separating it
from the sun rising and setting discs, is a brass gilt ring engraved
with a cable pattern.
All the dial work, the striking train and the going train wheels,
up to the fusee, are of iron or steel; the connection between the

fusee and barrel is by a catgut, and the balance is very light, of
the old cross-bar pattern , but with weights riveted on with no
provision for after adjustment. There is, of course, no balance
spring. The hours are struck on a cap -shaped or cylindrical bell .
1000)
IRO
le
FIG . 25.
A remarkable point in the construction is that there is not a

single screw used throughout. All fastenings are either pins or
wedged -shaped keys or rivets.
There is in the South Kensington Museum a clock, in an
elegant case of metal gilt, in the form of a temple, as shown in
Fig. 25. Its height is 131 in . and its width 8 in. It is most
elaborately chased and engraved with figures and arabesques . The

pierced dome covers two bells, and is surmounted by a figure
standing on a globe. The base is chased with masks and cartouche
60
XII
AM
A
SWEAT Se ኗሪ
02
wienity
FIG. 26. Fig. 27 .
ornaments, with winged horses at the angles, and a dial on each of

the four sides, showing, besides the hours and minutes, motions of
various heavenly bodies. This choice and interesting timekeeper,
which formed part of the Bernal Collection, was produced at
Munich , and is dated 1587. Every minute is figured from 1 to
60, as was the custom on early timekeepers with minute hands.
Though the presence of the concentric minute hand on sixteenth
century work is exceptional, there is nothing to lead one to

suppose that it is in this case an addition to the original con
struction ; and providing the minute hand would certainly present
no difficulty to the mind capable of devising the intricate mechanism
for the astronomical motions as is contained in this clock.
The next example, also in the South Kensington Museum ,
DX-TX
Siseelus
FIG. 28.-French table clock, latter part of sixteenth century.
is an elegant form of medallion clock in a rock -crystal case ,

on a stem, as shown in Fig. 26. The plinth is of metal gilt,
with crystal plaques, and contains the striking train . The re
mainder of the movement is in the upper case . The longer
of the two hands, which at the first glance seems to be a minute
hand , really points to the day of the month marked on a
ring outside the hour ring. The age of the moon is shown by
a revolving gilt plate behind the dial, which is cut away to make
the moon plate visible . The total height is 7 in . It is signed
“ J. Wolf Wienne," and dated 1609. It was formerly in the
Bernal Collection .
Fig. 27 is a fair example of the more costly German cabinet
or library clocks of the seventeenth century.
A splendid specimen of French table clocks in Henry IV . style
is shown in Fig. 28 , in which the movement is visible through
panels of glass or crystal, most probably the latter .
Anne Boleyn's Clock.
HERE is in the possession of her Majesty Queen Victoria

the case of a clock which is said to have been presented
to Anne Boleyn by Henry VIII. It is 4 in. square
and 5in . high, surmounted by a figure of a lion. Horace
Walpole described it, as “ a clock of silver gilt [ brass] richly
chased, engraved and ornamented with fleur -de-lys, little heads,
etc. On the top sits a lion holding the arms of England,
which are also on the sides . On the weights are the initial
letters of Henry and Anne in true lovers' knots ; at the top
• Dieu et mon droit ; ' at the bottom “ the most happye ! '
The present movement in it is a modern one. There is no record
as to the maker of Anne Boleyn's clock , of which a drawing is
appended, but at this time most of the “ orologes ” were the pro
duction of foreign artists, judging from the names quoted in
State Papers of the period. There is a record that in July, 1530,
£ 15 was paid to the Frenchman who sold the king “ ij clocks at
Oking." In the following month was paid to " a Frenchman
called Drulardy for iij dyalls and a clokk for the King's Grace
the sum of £ 15 .” In December of the same year £ 19 6s. 8d .
was “ paid to Vincent Keney clok maker for xj clokks and
dialls . So many payments within a brief period warrant the
assumption that clocks were a form of present favoured by his
Majesty.
In the “ Sixth Report of the Historical Manuscripts Com
mission " mention is made of an agreement, dated 1599 , between

one Michael Neuwers, a clockmaker, and Gilbert, Earl of Shrews
bury, for the construction of a clock. “ It is agreed that Michael
Fig. 29.-Anne Boleyn's clock.
should make a striking clock about the bigness of that which he

made for the Earl six years past ; it is to be made by the last of
December next. The cover or case of it to be of brass, very well
gilt, with open breaking through all over, with a small fine hand
like an arrow , clenly and strongly made, the ... or white dial
plate to be made of French crown gold , and the figures to show
the hour and the rest to be enamelled the fynelyest and daintyest
that can be, but no other colour than blew, white, and carnalian ;
the letters to be somewhat larger than ordinary ; the price of the
clock must be £ 15 , which makes with the earnest already given
£ 16 , but the circle I must pay for, besides the gold which shall
make it ; the sides of the brass case must not be sharp, but
round, and the case very curiously made.”
That the same Earl of Shrewsbury was somewhat of a
connoisseur of timekeepers, as well as an authority on horological
matters, is borne out by the following letter, dated 1611 , from
him to Sir Michael Hickes, which is preserved in the Lansdowne
MSS. at the British Museum .
“ I perceived by you to -day that you understood My Lord
Treasurer's design was to have a watch , but I conceaved , he
wysshed a stryknge clock, made lyke a Watch, to stande oppon a
Cubbart, & suche a one (though no new one, & yet under a
dozen years ould) I have found oute, & send you by this bearer,
which I pray you deliver to his Lordship from me, & tell him
that I am very well perswaded of the truth of it, or else I should
be ashamed to send him so gross & rude a piece as this is, &
if I hadd thought his Lordship could have well forborne it but
for four or five days longer, I would have bestowed a new case for
it , for this is a very bad one. If his Lordship would not have it
stryke, either in the dayes or nights, the striker may be forborne
to be wounde up, and so the Watch being wounde up it will go
alone. It will goe twenty -six houres, but I wysh it may be
wounde up every mornyng or nyght about 8 or 9 o'clock, which
will be sufficient until the next day or nyght at the same tyme.”
In Devon's " Issues of the Exchequer ," the “ Pell Records " of
the time of James I., we find the following entry : 1605 , 10th of
October. “ By Order, the last of September, 1605. To Uldrich
Henche, clockmaker, or to his assignee, the sum of 1001. for a
clock, in manner of a branch, made by him, & set up in his
Highness's chamber at Whitehall. By writ dated 23rd of July,
1605, 1007."
Among the State Papers of the time of James I. there is an
original letter, dated August 4th, 1609 , addressed by Sir Julius
Cæsar to the clerks of the signet, requesting them to prepare a

warrant to pay £ 300 to Hans Niloe, a Dutchman, for a clock
with music and motions. And on the 17th of the same month
Sir Julius wrote from the Strand to Salisbury, stating that he was
pressed by Hans Niloe for the £300 for his clock .
In “ A true certificat of the names of the Straungers residing
and dwellinge within the City of London ,” etc. , taken by direction
of the Privy Council, by letters dated September 7th, 1618, it is
stated that in the ward of Farringdon Within was then living
66
Barnaby Martinot, clockmaker ; b. in Paris ; a Roman Catho
licque.” In Portsoken ward was living “ John Goddard, clock
maker ; lodger and servant with Isack Sunes in Houndsditch ; b.
at Paris, in Fraunce ; heer 3 years ; a papist ; yet hee hath the
oath of allegiance to the king's supremacy, & doth acknowledg
the king for his soveraigne dureing his abode in England ; & is
of the Romish church ."
pecuno.hav
ence
riih
illon
em . mise cu
riam
56 in
SIMUTZ
Unham
FIG. 30.
The skull watch , Fig. 30 , is an excellent example of the

fantastic forms in which some of the early makers delighted to
encase their work.
The skull is of silver -gilt, and on the forehead is the figure of
E
Death with his scythe and sand -glass ; he stands between a

palace on the one hand and a cottage on the other, with his toes
applied equally to the door of each ; around this is the legend,
from Horace
“ Pallida mors æquo pulsat pede pauperum tabernas regumque turres.”

( Pale Death visits with impartial foot the cottages of the poor and the
palaces of the rich .)
On the opposite or posterior part of the skull is a representa
tion of Time devouring all things, with another inscription from
Horace
“ Tempus edax rerum tuque invidiosa vetustas.”

(Time, and thou too, envious Old Age, devour all things.)
Ile also has a scythe ; and near him is a serpent with his tail in
his mouth , being an emblem of Eternity.
The upper part of the skull is divided into two compartments.
On one is represented our First Parents in the Garden of Eden ,
attended by some of the animals, with the motto
“Peccando perditionem miseriam æternam posteris mernere . "
(By sin they brought eternal misery and destruction on their posterity .)
The opposite compartment is filled with the subject of the

salvation of lost man by the crucifixion of our Saviour, who is
represented as suffering between two thieves, whilst the Marys
are in adoration below ; the motto to this is
" Sic justitiæ satis fecit mortem superavit, salutem comparavit.”

(Tbus was Justice satisfied, Death overcome, and salvation obtained .)
Running below these compartments on both sides there is an

open work , of about an inch in width, to permit the sound to come
out freely when the watch strikes. This is formed of emblems
belonging to the crucifixion - scourges of various kinds, swords,
the flagon and cup of the Eucharist, the cross, pincers, lantern
used in the garden , spears of different kinds, one with the sponge
on its point, thongs, ladder, the coat without seam , and the dice
that were thrown for it, the hammer and nails, and the crown of
thorns. Under all these is the motto
“ Scala coeli ad gloriam via . "
(The way to glory is the “ ladder ” to heaven.)
The watch is opened by reversing the skull, and placing the

upper part of it in the hollow of the hand, and then lifting the
under jaw , which rises on a hinge. Inside, on the plate, is a
representation of the Holy Family in the stable, with the infant
Jesus laid in the manger, and-angels ministering to Him ; in the
upper part an angel is seen descending with a scroll, on which is
written
“ Gloria [ in ] excelsis Deo, et in terra pax hominibus bonæ voluntate."

(Glory to God in the highest ; on earth peace to men of goodwill.)
In the distance are the shepherds with their flocks. A representa
tion of this cover is given separately.
The works of the watch
occupy the position of the
brain in the skull itself,
the dial plate being on a BUS BONA-VOL)
flat where the roof of the EO -ET
mouth and parts behind
it under the base of the
brain are to be found in
the human subject. The
dial is of silver, and fixed
within a golden circle "111111
richly carved in a scroll
pattern ; the hours are
marked in large Roman
letters, and within them
is the figure of Saturn
devouring his children , FIG. 31.- Interior of skull watch above
the dial.
with this legend
“ Sicut meis sic et omnibus idem . "
There is no date, but the maker's name and the place of

manufacture, “ Moyse, Blois,” are distinctly engraven on the plate .
A silver bell fills the entire hollow of the skull, and receives the
works within it when shut ; a small hammer, set in motion by a
separate train , strikes the hours on it.
The workmanship of the case is admirable, and the engraving
really superb.
The date of this relic may be taken to be between 1550 and
1600. It is stated that it belonged to Mary Queen of Scots, by

whom it was given to Mary Seaton, one of her maids of honour,
and much circumstantial evidence adduced in support thereof,
but the Rev. H. L. Nelthropp disputes the accuracy of such
a conclusion . A careful investigation of the catalogues of the
jewels, dresses, furniture, belonging to Queen Mary has, he says,
proved beyond doubt that watches were not among her valuables .
In a description of another Death's -head watch, also said to have
been the property of the same royal lady , an inscription on the
watch which seemed to favour the idea was set forth, followed by
the date 1560, but examination showed that these figures formed
no part of the engraving. They do not. I have recently had
an opportunity of examining this watch , which belongs to Miss
Mary Laura Browne, of Anerley . Except that beside the ring on
the top of the skull is a screw for the reception of a cross, the case
is an exact facsimile of the Mary Seaton one, with the additional
inscription around the eyebrows, “ Ex. Dono FRS. R. FR. AD.
MARIAS DE SCOTORUM FR. REGINA ."
I cannot say that Mr. Nelthropp's criticism is quite destructive
of the original account. The absence of the date proves nothing ;
and if both of the watches were given away by the queen, they
could hardly be expected to figure in any subsequent inventory of
her property. It is certain that watches were made during her
lifetime ; also that Blois was one of the earliest manufactories of
watches , and that the family of Moyse flourished there during the
sixteenth century . In face of the fact that Elizabeth had such a
large number of watches, it seems almost incredible that the Scottish
queen should never have possessed any of the fashionable novelties .
These two skull watches were doubtless intended to occupy
stationary positions ; the cross on one of them suggests a prie-dieu
or small altar in a private oratory. At all events, they are too
large and heavy to be worn on the person. The engravings
represent the natural size of the relics, each of which weighs over
three - quarters of a pound .
In the British Museum are two Death's-head watches much
smaller and with plain cases. One of these was made by Johann
Maurer, and the other by J. C. Vuolf. A similar watch , in the
Dunn Gardner Collection at South Kensington, is marked Isaac
Lenard, and is labelled as sixteenth -century work .
While the probability is that Mary Queen of Scots possessed

watches of some kind, it must be confessed that the statements
made respecting her ownership of specimens which have survived
will not always bear examination . In the Massey-Mainwaring
Collection , at the Bethnal Green Museum , is a round rather thin
watch by Moysant of Blois, in a case whereon is splendidly painted ,
in enamel, a representation of the Adoration of the Magi . The
label states that this watch was given by Mary Queen of Scots
to the Earl of Mar, from whom it passed into the possession of
the family of Lord Forbes. But the style of the watch and the
enamel painting do not seem to be entirely in accord with other
productions of the sixteenth century.
There is at the Horological Institute a print of a very old
striking or clock -watch, the case of which is enriched with remark
ably fine arabesque work, pierced to emit the sound . This watch
is shown in Fig . 32. The
dial has two hour circles,
the divisions of the outer
circle being marked with
Roman and those of the XI
XI Z4
inner with Egyptian cha
racters , while between the
two is a circle of minute
marks . This curious piece
of mechanism , which came
from Germany , weighs thir
teen ounces , ten penny
weights troy. It is one 81
inch and three- quarters in Д
thickness, and three inches
in diameter ; the wheels are
Fig. 32. — German clock-watch.
of iron, but it has neither
barrel nor fusee. It has two springs, one for conducting the
works and the other for striking, which is effected upon a broad
bell occupying the whole bottom of the watch . Here the outer
end of the mainspring appears to be attached to a pillar between
the plates — an arrangement reintroduced in quite modern times
for cheap clocks.
Fig. 33 is an exterior view of a large circular clock-watch in
the possession of Mr. Evan Roberts, of which the interior, fitted

with the primitive stackfreed, was shown in Fig. 21 . It is
unnamed, and is most probably of German or Dutch origin ; the
steel dial and brass openwork case are very fine, as may be judged
from the drawing.
This watch has been pronounced to be a production of about
the middle of the sixteenth century ; but in this I cannot concur,
for while the stackfreed and the wheels of steel may agree with
XII
Fig . 33.-Clock-watch. Type of early German manufacture.

that period, it must not be forgotten that the very earliest watches
were usually made with plates of iron or steel, and not of brass,
as these are. Many people are slow to recognize improvements,
and it is easy to understand the application of this stackfreed
after the introduction of the fusee, just as clocks with but one
hand were made a century after the invention of the concentric
minute hand .
An interesting astronomical watch of French make is shown
in the appended engravings. It has a silver case highly orna
mented , with mythological subjects elaborately chased, bearing

the following inscription on the inner rim : “From Alethea
Covntess of Arvndel, for her deare sone, Sir William Howard ,
K.B. 1629.” It is of an oval form ; the extreme size two inches
and a half, and an inch and a half in thickness. It strikes the
hours and has an alarum ; shows the days of the week , the age
and phases of the moon, with the days and months of the year,
and the signs of the zodiac. On the inside of the cover there is
HALOM
amazuo both asInnocenís,
U OK
RE 20 DES
XII
X B3 14 15 16
11 12 le
JA
IA
a
y
Chase
FIG. 34 . French astronomical watch. FIG. 35.

a Roman Catholic calendar with the date 1613. This watch
bears the name of P. Combret, à Lyons, as the maker.
On pages 56 and 57 are shown some examples of curiously
shaped watches .
Fig. 36, from the Bernal Collection, which was dispersed by
auction in 1855, is in the form of a padlock. It has a crystal front
and ribbed crystal back ; gilt metal engraved mounting , dial of
gilt metal, the days of the month are noted on a silver circle,
DI
Tu VON G - 5 . BOGISLAVS
ENS .DER
DESNAMPOMME RN . XWIERT OS
DER G
FURST. ZU RYGENN
PY E CAMMI
Hy HER DER- ow
LANO
(B/ LIENTE
L
A
FIG. 36.
A.J.M
Fig. 37.
XII
Pr
ax
FIG. 38 FIG. 39.

our poffe
OR
21 timec
dith way
AT
O
Ren
A
T
FIG. 40. FIG. 41 .
with a steel plate apparently for the moon's age . The maker's
name is Gio . Batt. Mascarone, and it is probably sixteenth
century work ,
The book -shaped watch shown in Fig. 37 was also in the
Bernal Collection, and belonged to Bogislaus XIV. , Duke of
Pomerania , in the time of Gustavus Adolphus. On the dial side
there is an engraved inscription of the duke and his titles, with
the date 1627 , together with his armorial bearings ; on the back
there are engraved two male portraits, buildings , etc. The covers
are of brass gilt ; the clasps and other ornaments are of silver ;
the dial is of silver, chased in relief ; the insides of the covers
are chased with birds and foliage. There are apparently two
separate movements, and a large bell at the back ; over the bell,
the metal is ornamentally pierced in a circle with a dragon, etc. ;
the sides are pierced and engraved in scrolls. The maker's name
is “Dionistus Hessichti."
There is in the British Museum a book-shaped watch dated
1550 .
Of other more quaint and grotesque designs for watch cases

favoured by the early makers may be mentioned one in the form
of an eagle , which was in the collection of Lady 0. Fitzgerald.
It illustrated the story of Jupiter and Ganymede, and could
either be suspended from a ring in the back of the bird or rested
by its claws on a flat surface . In the British Museum is a watch
shaped like an acorn , another resembling a dog, and one with
silver cases made in imitation of cockle shells. There is in the
South Kensington Museum an early German watch like a duck ,
and a diminutive timekeeper in the Mainwaring Collection is con
cealed in one of two enamelled cherries with stalks connected .
The Latin cross, Fig . 38 , represents a very favourite pattern
among French artists for a long period. The dials were generally
engraved with scenes from the life of the Saviour. In the British
Museum is one with a case of rock crystal, very similar to the
drawing. Its approximate date is 1580 ; maker, Jean Rousseau .
Close to it is another of emerald glass, labelled as the work of
a century later. Another of an earlier period with a metal cover
is by Tinnelly, Aix.
Irregular shaped octagonal watches are met with among the
productions of the latter part of the sixteenth till quite the close
of the seventeenth century. An example is shown in Fig. 40, on
page 57, but many variations in the size and material of the
cases were made by English and French artists to suit their own
taste or the desires of their patrons. The cover was often of
crystal, agate, or other semi -precious stone . In the British
Museum is a choice example, dated 1620, by the celebrated
Edward East. The body as well as the cover of the case is of
crystal , and faceted . Another, somewhat similar, but dated 1609 ,
is inscribed Michaell Nouwen , London .
In Fig. 41 , page 57, is represented an English watch of the early
part of the seventeenth century, from the collection of Mr. Evan
Roberts. It is of a flattened oval form , with finely engraved
silver dial, having mounted thereon a brass hour ring. At each
hour, near the exterior edge of the ring, is a slight knob to allow
of the time being ascertained by feeling the hand and estimating
its position with relation to the knobs . Over the hour ring is
the engraved inscription, “ Our time doth passe a way.” A
hinged cover of silver, fastened with a spring snap, secures the
hand from accidental interference as it takes its course round

the dial.
The movement and wheels are of brass ; a piece of catgut
connects the fusee and barrel, and there is no controlling spring
to the balance. The balance cock is of a width to cover the
balance, and is handsomely pierced. A bracket or cock, perforated
to a similar design, is spread to cover the click for the barrel
ratchet. The pillars are round and solid , with nicely engraved
square bases and caps. The detent for the fusee stop is also
well wrought to match. On the upper plate is engraved " Thomas
Aspinwall, fecit.” The name of Aspinwall is not unknown among
the celebrated early English watchmakers ; it is recorded that in
1675 Josiah Aspinwall was admitted as a brother of the Clock
makers' Company. His admission as a “ brother ” signifies that
he was free of one of the other City Guilds. In 1863 Lord
Torphichen exhibited, at the Archæological Institute, a clock
watch made by Samuel Aspinwall, of a date presumably about 1650
or 1660. But I should be inclined to place this watch as among
the productions of an earlier date. In Hollar's plates of the four
seasons, dated 1641 , summer is represented by a lady having an
egg -shaped watch on her left side depending from her girdle.
The British Museum contains several similar specimens, most of
which are assigned to the first half of the seventeenth century.
One, by Nicholas Waller, is dated 1610 .
Messrs. Grimshaw and Baxter showed me a few years ago a watch
very similar to the one here depicted, on which was engraved
Samuel Aspinall, fecit . Bearing in mind the vagaries of seven
teenth -century orthography, we may assume that this was a
member of the same family.
There is a very small oval watch in the British Museum by
Grinkin, London . It measures but half an inch across by three
quarters of an inch long, and has plain silver capsule-shaped outer
cases . The South Kensington Museum contains a still more
diminutive oval watch .
As evidence of the prevailing desire for novel and

Queen
Elizabeth .curious “ orologes," the following relating to the
possessions of Elizabeth will be of interest . In 1571
the Earl of Leicester gave to his royal mistress “ one armlet or
shakell of golde, all over fairely garnished with rubyes and

dyamondes, haveing in the closing thearof a clocke." In the
same year two other gifts are mentioned , a “ juell , being a
chrsolite garnished with rubyes and dyamondes, haveing in the
closing thearof a clocke ; ” and “ a juell , being a chrsolite
garnished with golde, flagon facyon , th’one side sett with two
emeraldes, ... th'other side having in it a clocke." In 1573
Elizabeth received from Margaret, Countess of Derby, " a white
beare of gold and mother of perle, holding a ragged staffe, stand
ing upon a toune of golde, whearin is a clocke, the same toune
staffe garnished with dyamondes and rubyes.” The “ clock and
all ” weighed three ounces. In 1575 Mr. Hatton , captain of the
guard , gave the queen “ a riche juell, being a clocke of golde,
garnished with dyamondes, rubyes in the bottome, and a fayre
emeralde pendante sett in golde and two mene perles pendaunte,
all ix oz . iii qa.” In 1578 the Earl of Leicester presented
Elizabeth with " a tablet of golde , being a clocke fully furnished
with small diamondes and rubyes ; abowte the same are six bigger
diamondes pointed , and a pendaunte of golde, diamondes, and
rubyes very smale . And upon eche side losengye diamonde, and
an apple of golde enamuled green and russet . ” In the same year
the Earl of Russell gave to the queen “ a ring of golde , called a
parmadas , sett with vj small diamonds and garnished round about
with small rubies and two sparcks of ophalls , and in the same
backeside a dyall.” In 1580 the Earl of Leicester gave her “ &
cheyne of golde made like a payre of beades contayning viii long
peeces fully garnished with small diamondes , and fower score and
one smaller peeces fullie garnished with like diamondes ; and
hanging thereat a rounde clocke fullie garnished with dyamonds,
and an appendante of diamondes hanging thearat.” In the same
year was presented to the queen by Lord Russell , “ item , a watche
sett in mother of pearle with three pendaunts of goulde garnished
with sparckes of rubyes, and an ophall in everie of them , and
three small pearles pendaunte . ” In the same year Mr. Edward
Stafford gave her " a little clocke of goulde with a cristall,
garnished with sparckes of emeraldes, and furnished on the back
syde with other dyamondes , rubies, and other stones of small
value . ” There were also many humbler contributors to her store .
In 1556 her clockmaker, Nicholas Urseau , presented " a faire
clocke in a case cover with blake vellat ; ” and her “ clocke keeper,
John Demolyn, a cloke with a lambe on it of copper guilt .”
The following is from an inventory of the possessions of
Queen Elizabeth. “ A watche of golde sett with small rubies,
small diamondes, and small emerodes, with a pearle in the toppe
called a buckett, watinge two rubies ; a clocke of golde conteyning
in the border four table diamonds and two very small rocke
rubies, havinge on th'one side foure table rubies and sixe small
diamondes ; and on th'other side eleven table diamondes, whereof
the one is more bigger than the residue. On the one side a man
sitting aslepe with a childe before him ; a clocke or tablett of
golde garnished on th'one side with five faire diamondes and one
faier rubie ; and on th’other side five faire rubies and one faire
emerod garnished with lij litle diamonds, and liij litle rubies,
with a pearle pendant at it ; one clocke of golde curiosly wrought
and fullie furnished with diamonds, rubies , emerodes, and opalls,
havinge in middes thereof a beare and a ragged staffe of sparkes of
diamondes and rubies ; one clock of gold curiously wrought with
flowers and beastes, with a queene on the toppe on th’one side ;
and on the other side a beare and a ragged staff of sparkes of
diamonds, fullie furnished with diamonds and rubies of sundry
sortes and bignes ; one emerode under it, a faier table diamond
with a ragged staff in the foyle thereof and a faier rubie under it
squared, and a pearle pendaunt of either side of the clocke ; one
clocke of golde wrought like deyses and paunseyes, garnished with
3
little sparks of diamonds, rubies, and emerodes, and eight small
pearles on the border, and a pendant acorn ; one clocke of gold
curiously wrought with small sparkes of stones , having on th'one
side a horse bearing a globe with a crowne over it ; one clocke of
golde with a George on both sides garnished with sparkes of
diamondes and a pendant of opalls ; a litle watche of christall
slightly garnished with golde ; one litle clocke of golde th'one
side being agate with a mouse on the toppe and heddes round
about it ; one litle watche of golde garnished on the border with
very small sparkes of rubies and emerodes with christall on both
sides, and a pearle pendand garnished with golde like a flesh
flye ; one rounde clocke of golde enameled with a man on horse
back , and divers colors aboute it ; a watch of golde garnished
with three small diamondes and eight sparks of rubies, with a
very little pearle ; one little clocke of golde enameled of the

History of Time ; a litle watche of golde, th'one side with a
frogge on the topp, th’other side garnished with small garnets
like a pomegranite ; one litle clocke sett in eliotropie and garnished
with golde ; a litle watche of golde enameled with sundry colors
on both sides alike ; a litle watche of christall slightlie garnished
with golde, with her Ma'ties picture in it ; one faier flower of
golde fully garnished with rubies and diamonds enameled on the
backside with a man and a scripture about him having a watch
in it and a pearl pendant ; one flower of gold fully garnished with
emerods of sondrie bignes and sparkes of emerods and rubies,
with thre antique women and five litle perles with a watch or
clocke therein ; a watch of agatte made like an egg garnished
with golde ; one clocke garnished with golde, being round and
sett with 6 table diamondes and 6 rubies in the same border, and
garnished with xvij diamondes on th’one side, and 8 diamonds
and one rubie on th'other side, lacking two pearles."
Bartholomew Newsam , who lived in the Strand, was

Bartholomew
Newsam . one of the earliest English makers of portable clocks
whose work survives. In the British Museum is a
very fine example, which proves Newsam to have been a master
of his craft. This is a striking clock , in a case of brass, gilt and
engraved, about 2 in , square and 4 in. high, exclusive of an
ornamental domed and perforated top , which brings the total
height to 6} in . The centre of the dial as far as the hour ring
is below the surface of the case, so that on removing the base, the
movement, together with the centre of the dial and hand, may be
drawn out . The hours are engraved on a broad bevelled ring,
which extends from the sunk part of the dial to beyond the front
of the case . An exterior view of Newsam's clock is appended .
The movement is arranged in stories, there being three plates
held in position by four corner posts. Above the top plate is a
semicircular bell ; between the upper and middle plate is the
going train, and between the middle and lower plate the striking
train , the locking plate occupying a position below the lowest
plate. The arbors are placed vertically, and the winding holes
are at the bottom of the case . The wheels are of steel or iron,
the fusees very long, and with but little curve in their contour,
are connected with the barrels by means of catgut. The plates ,

posts, and barrels are of brass, the barrel covers of iron held in
by a number of tenons around the edge . The hand is driven
from the fusee of the going part by a contrate wheel. The
escapement is, of course, the verge. The workmanship is un
usually fine for the period,
and remarkably free from sub
sequent interference. There
is a very small hinged door
on each side of the case,
giving, when open, a view of
the fusees.
In the “ Calendar of State ZU
M
Papers ” of the time of Queen
Elizabeth is a record of a
grant in 1572 to B. N. (who XI
no doubt was Bartholomew
Newsam ), of the office of the
clockmaker to the queen in
reversion after the death or
surrender of N. U. ( probably
Nicholas Urseau). In the same
calendar is a letter dated
August 5th, 1583, from Bartil
mew Newsham to Sir Francis
Walsyngham, desiring him to
favour the writer's petition to
her Majesty for the augment
ing a certain term of years,
wherein he had moved Sir
Philip Sydney to speak to FIG. 42. — Clock by Bartholomew Newsam .
him. And under date 1590
we find a grant to Bartholomew Newsham , of the office of clock
maker to the queen, in place of Nicholas Urseau, deceased.
By Newsam's will, dated in 1586 , he bequeathed to his
apprentice his seconde clocke ; " to a relative, his best vice
save one, a beckhorne to stand upon borde, a great fore hammer,
and to ( two) hand hammers, a grete longe beckhorne in my backe
shoppe ; and all the rest of my tooles I give unto Edward
6+ FORMER CLOCK AND WATCHMAKERS.
Newsom , my sonne, with condicion that he become a clockmaker

as I am, yf not I will the foresaid tooles to be sould by my
executors. " He gave to a friend “ a sonne dyall of copper gylte ;
to another “ one cristall jewell with a watche in it, garnished with
gould ; ” to another, “ one watch clocke, in a silken purse, and a
sonne dyall to stande uppon a post in his garden ; ” and to another,
“ a chamber clocke of fyve markes price.'
Watch glasses seem to have been introduced about

Watch
1600. The first ones were flat, rather thick, and
Glasses.
fitted into split bezels, the opening in the bezel being
at the middle of the joint, so that the corresponding knuckles of
the case would keep the slit tightly closed on to the glass.
Glasses of this kind are found on oval watches, and also on
circular ones with dials much smaller than the cases, which were
a fashion at the beginning of the seventeenth century. Then
followed the high, rounded glasses, which were cut from spheres.
Afterwards came the bull's-eyes, with a circular flat centre ; these,
which were of German origin, gave place to the flatter “ lunettes ”
from France, such as to -day divide popular favour with the thick
“ crystals ."
Glasses were apparently used for table clocks some years
before they were applied to watches. German and French table
clocks, dating from the latter part of the sixteenth century, are
occasionally to be met with having glasses over the dials, and
some octagonal ones with glass panels in the sides. But the
innovation did not at once prevail, as table clocks, either without
any covering over the dial, or with metal covers, were made long
after the first examples with glasses, and watches with metal
covers continued in fashion till the middle of the seventeenth
century.
In the British Museum is an oval watch by Guy Mellin,
Blackfriars, dated 1600, the dial of which is covered with a glass
in a split bezel ; also a circular watch by John Duke, Fleet Street,
with a dial one -half the size of the case, and a glass of corre
sponding size fitted into a split bezel. Several other watches,
whose manufacture is ascribed to the beginning of the seventeenth
century, may be noticed with glasses ; but these adjuncts in some
instances have been subsequent additions. The split bezel is a
tolerable criterion of originality, but it does not absolutely follow

that such a bezel was originally fitted with a glass, for the frames
of early watches and clocks were occasionally furnished with
crystal.
Rainulph or Rainulph or Randolph Bull appears to have been

Randolph an English horologist of some note . In the British
Bull.
Museum is a rather large oval watch by him, dated
1590 . It has on a shield the arms of the owner and his name,
“ W. Rousey." Bull was also keeper of the Westminster great
clock . In Devon's Manuscript of the Exchequer there is an entry
under date 1617 , 1st of April : “ By Order, dated 29th March ,
1617. To Ranulph Bull , keeper of his Majesty's great clock ,
in his Majesty's palace of Westminster, the sum of £ 56 13s. 4d .,
in full satisfaction and discharge of and for divers sums by him
disbursed for mending the said clock, in taking the same and
other quarter clocks all in pieces , and repairing the same in the
wheels, pulleys, hammers, weights, and in all other parts, and in
new hanging, wiring, and cordings of the same clock, and other
necessary reparations thereunto belonging, the charge whereof,
with his own workmanship and travail therein , doth amount to
the sum aforesaid, appearing by a note of the particular
demands, delivered upon his oath, taken before one of the
Barons of his Majesty's Exchequer, without account or imprest
to be made thereof. By writ dated 27th of March, 1617 ,
£56 13s. 4d . ”
In an account of the household expenses of Prince Henry, in
1610, Emanuel " Bull, the “ clocke-keeper," is mentioned.
An exceedingly curious English watch by Edward Bysse ,
with a peculiarly japanned metal case in the form of an insect
or fritillary flower, is in the British Museum, and is dated
1580.
Humphrey Humphrey Flood , goldsmith, was, by a State paper

Flood, dated July 5 , 1607, to receive the sum of £ 120, in
full satisfaction and payment for a clock covered with
gold, and set with diamonds and rubies, and by him delivered to
his Majesty's use, at the price of £ 220, whereof £ 100 had been
already received .
F
William “ William North, Londini, ” is the inscription on

North , an oval astronomical watch also in the British Museum .
It may with tolerable certainty be affirmed that the
movement of this watch was made about 1620, although the case
is probably of a later date. William North was admitted as a
brother of the Clockmakers' Company in 1639 , and the fact of
his being noted as a brother would indicate that he had then
been established for some time, and
was free of another company . An
exterior view of this interesting
example is given in the subjoined
HETTI engraving. It shows the hours on
the lower and day of the month on
the upper circle. There are, in
addition , four apertures in the dial .
Through the largest of these, on
the left, is shown the days of the
AUSBEEHTEITTHEO week, with the corresponding alle
gorical figures : Apollo for Sunday,
Diana for Monday, Mars for Tuesday,
Mercury for Wednesday , Jupiter for
Thursday, Venus for Friday, and
Saturn for Saturday. Through the
three openings on the right are seen
the phases of the moon, the quarters
of the moon, and its age in days.
FIG. 43.- Watch by William These three subjects are all engraved
North, London, about 1620.
on one circular plate below . Symbols
of six planets appear in rotation below the small square on the
right, just outside and lower than the centre of the hour ring.
In the South Kensington Museum is a particularly diminutive
watch in a plain oval case, which measures outside but half an
inch in length and three -eighths of an inch across . It was made
by Richard Crayce, London, and is said to have belonged to Lord
Hussey, who was beheaded in 1536. I am not aware what evi
dence exists to warrant this statement, but 1536 is rather an early
date for a watch of this character to be in existence. There was
a Richard Crayce, or Crayle, who was a member of the Black
smiths' Company before the existence of the Clockmakers' Com
pany, and who signed the petition for its incorporation . If he

was not the actual maker of this watch, it was doubtless the
production of some member of his family. In the British
Museum is a round watch-movement by Richard Crayle (or
Crayce ), Fleet Street, a production of about 1620, but the en
graving on it is of such a flourishing character that the penulti
mate letter cannot be ascertained with certainty.
One of the earliest British watchmakers of par

David
Ramsay. ticular renown was David Ramsay. Among the
Salting Collection at South Kensington Museum is
a very early watch by him in a small irregular octagonal case of
gold and silver. It has hinged covers over the front and the
back , and is decorated with engravings of the Annunciation and
the Nativity .
There is a record that in 1610 he made three watches for the
> Prince of Wales, for which he appears to have been paid from the
“ privie purse ” in 1622 .
In the British Museum is an oval watch of his make, with
a gold case in the French style. The period assigned to this
watch is 1600 to 1610. It is inscribed, “ David Ramsay, Scotus,
me fecit.
On the plate of another watch made by him, and supposed to
have belonged to James I. , is engraved, as before , “ David Ramsay,
Scotus, me fecit,” and these inscriptions, together with the fact
that he had a grant of denization in 1619 , prove that he was a
native of Scotland.
The engravings on page 68 show a clock -watch with alarum
by him , from the collection of Mr. Evan Roberts. Mr. Crewe, in
describing the movement, remarks that, in consequence of there
being a wheel less in the train than was usual in verge watches of
a later period, the balance wheel is cut the contrary way. The
great wheel of the fusee works in what is now known as the third
wheel, and this last gives impulse to the contrate wheel, which in
its turn moves the balance wheel , and this gives motion to the
verge and balance.
The fusee is cut for twelve turns, and the end of its arbor,
which goes through the pillar plate, is fashioned into six pegs or
leaves, identical with a lantern pinion in its action . These leaves
work in a wheel pivoted into the centre of the pillar plate,

having sixty teeth, and carrying the single hand of the watch .
Thus ten turns of the fusee are equivalent to an entire circuit of
the hand on the dial, and so the watch would require to be wound
twice a day. The stop work to the fusee is precisely the same as
that used now in nearly all English watches with chains, and is
almost the only part of a watch which has reached finality. The
ratchet wheel , which sets up the mainspring, is on the top plate,
and is identical in principle with that in ordinary use in English
6
Front view. View of edge and back.

FIG. 44. — Clock -watch and alarum by David Ramsay.
watches with fusees. The stop work for the alarum part is effected
by a wheel and pinion ,' the wheel having a portion the size of
two teeth left uncut, and which serves as a block to the pinion
after it has been wound three turns. The wheels and pinions
have a wonderfully smooth action, though they appear to be cut
by hand rather roughly. The count or locking wheel of the
striking portion is made of silver, and the notches have been
certainly made with a file. The alarum part has a verge escape
ment with counter and crown wheels. Attached to its verge is a
V-shaped piece of brass with an arm , and this pressed by a spring
drops into a notch made in the edge of a brass disc on the hand
or hour wheel, and so liberates the verge and lets off the alarum .
Between this disc and the hour wheel, and working concentrically
with them, is a star wheel having twelve teeth, which by lifting
up a brass arm connected with the count wheel causes it to strike .
The potence is a rather slender piece of square brass, and is
riveted to the top plate, and the banking is made by steps cut in
it . These riveted potences are found in nearly all watches made
before 1700. The balance cock is a slender piece of work, and is
pierced throughout, and the neck very narrow , so different from
specimens of Tompion and other later masters . The case is very
elegant in design, and is pierced in the back and band , the bezel
being engraved , and in every respect it will compare favourably
with any work of the kind. Curiously enough, the band is silver,
and bezel and back of bronze, and the whole case gilt. On the
margin of the top plate, in tiny characters, as if almost to escape
observation , is engraved, “ David Ramsay inyt. Fecit , " the et
having been obliterated. This invenit et fecit seems to have been
for some time copied by succeeding watchmakers of importance.
In the “ Audit Office, Declared Accounts ," is the following
entry : " Watches, three bought of Mr. Ramsay, the Clockmaker ,
lxjli.” [£61 ] . In the list of “ Guyftes and Rewardes ” in the same
account willbe found— “ Mr. Ramsay, the Clockmaker, xją” [ 11s. ] .
In 1613, James, prodigal of promises, gave him a pension of £200
per annum , probably for his services as groom of the bedchamber
to the late Prince of Wales, and in the same year a further pension
of £ 50 per annum . In the grant he is styled “ Clockmaker Extra
ordinary . ” In 1616 a warrant was signed to pay him £234 10s .
for the purchase and repair of clocks and watches for the king.
On November 26 , 1618 , he was appointed to the office of “ Chief
Clockmaker " to his Majesty, with fees and allowances for work
manship. On September 30, 1622 , he received £ 232 158. for
repairing clocks at Theobalds, Oatlands, and Westminster, and
for making a chime of bells adjoining the clock at Theobalds.
In 1625 James I., his patron, died, but Ramsay appears to
have retained his appointments, for on January 25, 1626 , a
warrant to pay to David Ramsay £ 150 for coins to be given by
the king, Charles I. , on the day of his coronation , was signed .
We again find, “ March 17th, 1627 , a warrant to David Ramsay,
Page of the Bedchamber and Clockmaker, £441 38. 4d . for work
done for his late Majesty ; and £ 358 16s . 8d. in lieu of diet and
bouche of Court." In 1628 , July 10, a warrant was signed to
pay him £ 415 for clocks and other necessaries delivered for the
king's service .
Sir Walter Scott introduces Ramsay as a character in “ The
Fortunes of Nigel,” and in a note to that novel he described as
“ Constructor of Horologes to His Most Sacred Majesty James I. ”
That Ramsay was the most celebrated watchmaker of the day
may be inferred from the fact that when the clockmakers obtained
their charter of incorporation, he was therein appointed to the
office of master.
He does not seem to have taken a very active part in the
management of the company. During his absence in the country,
Mr. Henry Archer was appointed deputy-master. David Ramsay
died in 1650. His age is not stated, but he was certainly very
much past the meridian. He is known to have been an inventor
or schemer from the beginning of the century, and between 1618
and 1638 he took out no less than eight patents, none of which ,
however, seem to be connected with horology ; they related to
raising water, draining mines, making saltpetre, separating gold
and silver from the base metals, smelting iron, constructing fur
naces of various kinds, dyeing fabrics, etc.
In the“ Calendar of State Papers ” ( Domestic Series),

William
Partridge under date May, 1660, there appears the following
petition to the king from Captain William Partridge,
setting out “ that hee was sworne servant to yo” Royall father of
blessed memory , and so yo' Matie in the yeare 1645 , to attend ye
in the qualitie of a Clockmaker, and did officiate in that place, all .
the time of his Maties being at Oxford , And did likewise serve his
Matie a yeare and a halfe in his life Guard of foote ; And afeter
wards did raise a Company att his owne charge ; And hath bene
a great sufferer by Plundring Imprisonm " and expulcāns. Hee
most humbly prayeth that yor Matie will vouchsafe unto him the
like grace and favo' as to others of yo' servants is extended , That
hee may bee restored unto his said place of Clockmaker to you
Matle with all such priviledges and Impunities as belong unto it
according to his warrant."
On the same page there is also a petition from Sarah his wife,
begging that her husband's place may not be filled up until he has
been heard for himself.
At the foot of the petition is the note, “ To succeede Da.
Ramsey." But nothing further is known of Partridge, and he may
be passed over . The king's clockmaker, after Ramsay, really seems
to have been Edward East, of whom more will be said hereafter.
Pocket Watches were not carried in the pocket for a century

Watches. after they were introduced. The larger ones were
kept on a table or cabinet, and the smaller ones, when
attached to the person , were originally on a chain worn round the
neck. The fob, from the German fuppe, “ a small pocket , " seems
to have been introduced by the Puritans, whose dislike of display
induced them to conceal their timekeepers from the public gaze ;
besides which, for men engaged in active pursuits, who carried
timekeepers for use rather than for ornament, the fob was
decidedly more convenient. This conjecture as to the origin of
the fob is borne out by the fact that a short “ fob ” chain belong
ing to a watch of Oliver Cromwell's, in the British Museum, is, in
point of date, the first appendance of the kind to be found. The
arms and initials of the Protector are engraved upon the seal end
of the chain . The watch is a small oval one, in a silver case, and
was made about 1625, by John Midnall , of Fleet Street, who was
one of the first members of the court of the Clockmakers'
Company, and warden in 1638. Mr. Evan Roberts has another
watch said to have belonged to Oliver Cromwell. It is in a very
plain round silver case.
In the South Kensington Museum is a round watch by
Johannes Boyes, with the inscription " Johne Pyme, hes watch,
A.D. 1620." The outer case is of tortoiseshell .
Beautiful decoration in enamel was introduced

Enamel
rather before the middle of the seventeenth century
Painting.
for watch cases and dials . The process of painting
in opaque enamels is of French origin, and is said to have been
the invention of Jean Toutin, a goldsmith of Château Surr,
who was distinguished for painting in transparent enamels, and,
about 1630, succeeded in applying to thin gold plates thick colours
of different tints, which would melt with fire, and yet retain their
lustre. Others besides the inventor devoted themselves to the

new art. Among those who excelled in it may be mentioned
Henry Toutin , a brother of the inventor, a goldsmith and
enameller at Blois ; Dubie , a court goldsmith who worked at
the Louvre ; Paul Viet, of Blois ; Morlière, a native of Orleans,
who worked at Blois ; Robert Vaugner, a pupil of Morlière ;
Chartière, of Blois, who was noted for his painting of flowers ;
and Huand le Puisné, who was equally celebrated for figure-paint
ing. Several examples are to be found in the British and South
Kensington Museums. Among those in the British Museum may
be cited a representation of some nymphs bathing, excellently
executed in enamel by Jean Toutin ; also an enamelled watch
case, very finely painted by Henry Toutin, illustrating the story
of Tancred and Clorinda in “ Orlando Furioso ; ” another by
the same artist treats of the “ History d'Apain .” A watch by
D. Bouquett, a well-known London watchmaker, the case being
ornamented with flowers in relief, and enriched with diamonds ;
a very finely enamelled watch-case, illustrating the early life
of Christ ; two cases painted in enamel by H. le Puisné ; a very
thick rounded watch by Tompion, with case splendidly painted
in enamel by Camille André .
Pair Cases. The fragile surface of enamel required the protec

tion of an outer case . Sometimes this was of base metal
covered with leather, but when expense was no object it was of
gold and highly decorated. From this time the practice of adding
>
loose outer case to watches, forming what are called “ pair cases,
continued to the early part of the present century.
Gold cases, with designs worked up in repoussé, were at this
period an important art in connection with watchmaking. Some
very choice specimens, marked H. Manley, are in the British
Museum . Other fine examples bear the signature Parbury in
very small characters, but as a rule decorative work of this kind
bears no indication of the producer.
Occasionally cases decorated in repoussé à jour are to be met
with, some of the best of them being the work of Dutch artists,
but this form of ornament is hardly suitable for watch cases, as it
affords no protection against the ingress of dirt, unless a separate
lining is employed.
As a curiosity may be mentioned an outer case of carnelian

belonging to a watch made by Strigner for James II. , and by him
given to his daughter, Catherine Countess of Anglesey and
Duchess of Buckingham , about 1687.
Outer cases of tortoiseshell, either plain or piqué, were not
uncommon. Strong and inexpensive outer cases of metal, covered
with shagreen, were also made. Shagreen is a remarkable tough
kind of leather, made chiefly at Astrachan from the strong skin
that covers the crupper of the ass or horse. In its preparation a
peculiar roughness is produced by treading into the skin hard
round seeds, which are shaken out when the skin has been dried ;
it is then stained green with copper filings and sal-ammoniac, and
the grains or warts are then rubbed down to a level with the
rest of the surface, which thus presents the appearance of white
dots on a green ground.
It was customary to insert in the outer case of pair -case
watches circular pieces of velvet, muslin, or other material, adorned
with fancy needlework , or “ watch papers," having printed thereon
sometimes an advertisement of the watchmaker, and occasionally
admonitory or sentimental verses . The following lines are often
to be met on old watch papers
“ Onward perpetually moving,
These faithful hands are ever proving
How quick the hours fly by ;
This monitory, pulse-like beating,
Is oftentimes, methinks, repeating,
‘ Swift ! swift ! the moments fly.'
Reader, be ready, for perhaps before
These hands have made one revolution more
Life's spring is snapped—you die ! ”
The same exhortation pervades many others, of which another

example may be given
" Time is—the present moment well employ ;
Time was — is past—thou canst not it enjoy ;
Time future - is not and may never be ;
Time present-is the only time for thee."
An apposite but more uncommon inscription which was

engraved around a watch case is Tempus metitur omnia sed metior
ipsum ; “ Time measures all things, but I measure it.”
The Clockmakers' Company.
N 1627 a proposal to grant letters patent authorizing

French clockmakers to carry on their trade within the
city appears to have occasioned an agitation among
the London craftsmen in favour of incorporation as a trade
guild . Prior to that date, individual freemen had been associated
with one or other of the existing companies, that of the black
smiths having been most favoured . In 1630 a committee of
clockmakers was formed, funds were raised to defray expenses,
and petitions were addressed to the king, with the result that
a charter was obtained from Charles I. on the 22nd of August,
1631 .
In this document, “ the Master, Wardens, and Fellowship of
the Art or Mystery of Clockmaking of the City of London ” had
very comprehensive powers for ruling and protecting the rights
of the craft. They were entitled to make by-laws for the govern
ment of all persons using the trade in London, or within ten
miles thereof, and for the regulation of the manner in which the
trade should be carried on throughout the realm. And in order
to prevent the public from being injured by persons “ making,
buying, selling, transporting, and importing any bad, deceitful,
or insufficient clocks, watches, larums, sun -dials, boxes, or cases for
the said trade," powers were given to the company “ to enter with
a constable or other officer any ships, vessels, warehouses, shops,
or other places where they should suspect such bad and deceitful
works to be made or kept, for the purpose of searching for them ; "
and, if entrance should be denied, they might effect it by force.
Any such works as were faulty or deceitfully wrought they had
power to seize and destroy, or cause them to be amended. Every
member of the fellowship paid fourpence a quarter to meet the
necessary expense of these searches. In 1708 this quarterage
produced over £ 28 .
By the charter, David Ramsay was appointed to be the first
master, and Henry Archer, John Wellowe, and Sampson Shelton
were the first wardens ; and James Vautrollier, John Smith,
Francis Foreman , John Harris, Richard Morgan, Samuel Lin
naker, John Charlton, John Midnall, Symon Bartrum , and
Edward East, assistants of the said fellowship of the said art

or mystery .
The charter also declared that future masters and wardens
must be, or have been, professed clockmakers, an important
regulation, which certainly appears to have been contravened
in late years. The right of search was exercised regularly till
1735, when it was abandoned .
On the incorporation of the company, stringent by -laws were
made regarding apprentices. No person was to take an apprentice
without leave of the master, and then to have but one, until he
shall be called to bear the office of master, warden, or assistant,
and, after that, not to exceed the number of two apprentices at
any time whatsoever. But when his first apprentice had served
five years, any member of the fellowship might take another, but
not sooner, under a penalty of £ 10 . And in the early history of
the company several of its members were brought to account and
fined for disobeying this regulation . Among them were several
eminent members of the craft , including Thomas Loomes and
Ahasuerus Fromanteel.
Then it was ordained that after an apprentice had served his
time, he should serve his master or some other member of the
fellowship for two years as journeyman , and produce his “ master
piece ” of work before he was allowed to be a workmaster. This
period of probation might, if the company saw fit, be commuted
to one year on payment of a fine.
Those craftsmen who had joined the Blacksmiths' and other
Companies prior to the incorporation of the Clockmakers', were
from time to time admitted as “ brothers " of the Clockmakers'
Company.
As provided by the charter, the " court ” or directorate con
sists of the master, three wardens, and ten or more assistants.
The assistants are chosen for life from among the freemen , and
the usual, but not invariable, course is that the assistants fill the
higher offices in succession , according to seniority ; each one being
elected first as junior warden, the next year as renter, the next
year as senior warden, and the following year as master. After
his retirement as master, he resumes his seat as an ordiñary
member of the court.
Occasionally members were transferred from and to other
76 FORMER CLOCK AND WATCAMAKERS.
companies . In 1636 Mr. Richard Masterton was transferred from

the Clothiers' at a cost to the Clockmakers' Company of £ 10 9s . 6d .
A lesser sum sufficed for the transference, in the same year, of
Mr. Dawson and Mr. Durant from the Imbroderers' . In 1724
Mr. John Shirley gave a bond to pay the Clockmakers' Company
£ 20 for being transferred to the Vintners' . On Mr. James
Masters applying in 1811 to be transferred to the Goldsmiths ', a
little haggling appears to have ensued . The Clockmakers' Com
pany at first demanded £ 50 for consenting ; Masters offered £ 30
in 1812 , and this amount was accepted. George Russell, in 1844 ,
had to pay the Clockmakers' Company £ 30 for permission to be
transferred to the Salters', and an additional £ 5 for a special
meeting of the court to attend the Court of Aldermen with the
Salters' Company .
In 1656 Ahasuerus Fromanteel and 31 other members com
plained to the Court that, in spite of members having to pay
xiid a quarter, the meetings were held in taverns. They also
objected to the presence of Frenchmen among the ruling body,
and recounted other grievances . A counter petition traversed the
allegations, and asserted the confidence of the signatories in the
management of the company.
In 1671 the company obtained the right to bear arms, and in
that year letters patent were granted for this distinction. They
recounted “ that whereof at present Nicholas Coxeter is Master,
Samuell Horne and Jeffery Bailey are
Wardens, as also Edward East, the
only person now living of those men
tioned in the said Letters Patents of
Incorporation, John Nicasius, John
Pennock, Edmond Gilpin, Jeremie
Gregory, Thomas Taylor, Thomas
Clayton , John Freeman , Evan Jones ,
Isaac Daniell , John Browne, Nicholas
TEMMS Payne, Richard Ames , and Benjamin
IMPERATOR
RERVM Bell, are Assistants, and to the rest of
FIG. 45. the Fellowship and Company thereof,
and to their successors for ever. The
Armes, Crest, Supporters and Motto hereafter mentioned, vizt.
Sable, A Clock ye 4 Pillars therefore erected on four lyons, and
on each capitall a globe with a Crosse, and in the middest an

Imperial Crowne all Or, and for Their Crest upon an helmet
Proper Mantled Gules Doubled Argent and Wreath of their Colours
a Spheare Or, The Armes Supported by the Figures of a Naked
Old man holding a Scithe and an Hour Glasse representing Time,
and an Emporour in Roabes Crowned holding a Scepter, Their
Motto
TEMPVS RERVM IMPERATOR .
As in the margent they are all more lively Depicted .”

In 1677 Mr. George Deane, engraver, a member of this com
pany, “having by the hands of Henry Jones presented to this court
the company's coat of arms engraved on a copper-plate fit to be
used for tickets and divers other occasions of the company which
was very well liked, this court did kindly accept it, and returned
him thanks.”
During the latter part of the seventeenth century the suitability
of watchmaking as a profession for women was recognized, and in
1715 the company sanctioned the taking of female apprentices.
The names of several will be found in the list at the end of the
book, where also is recorded the admission of a few female
members of the company . The employment of female labour in
watch work does not, however, seem to have made much progress in
England till watch factories were established in quite recent years.
In 1781 it was decided to elect leading members of the trade as
honorary free men . This course, politic as it probably was , seems
to indicate that at this period the prestige of the company in the
horological world was insufficient to induce them to take up the
freedom in the ordinary way.
The company have never risen to the importance and comfort
of possessing a hall of their own for meetings and other business .
For brief periods during their history they had the use of a hall
belonging to a more favoured guild, but most of their meetings
were held in taverns, more than forty of these establishments
having been so favoured .
Their last meeting before the Great Fire of London was held
on August 20th, at the Castle Tavern, in Fleet Street ; and the
first meeting after, on October 8th , 1666 , at the Crown Tavern, in
Smithfield . Later still the Devil Tavern, near Temple Bar, was
patronized .
Only a certain number of freemen from certain of the

5
companies is permitted to take up the livery of freedom of the
City , the whole matter being in the discretion of the Court of
Aldermen . The claims of the Clockmakers' Company were not
recognized in this respect till 1766 , when they were allowed to
select 60 of their members for the privilege; this number was
upon petition increased to 120 in 1786 , a still further increase to
200 was sanctioned in 1810, and in 1826 the present limit of 250
was reached .
No. 2 of the by - laws provided “ that every person of the
said Fellowship chosen in the said Livery shall accept and take
upon him to be of the said Livery, and shall within fourteen days
after notice of such election, take such oaths as by these ordinances
shall be appointed for him . "
honour of election to the livery does not seem to have
been always appreciated, for in 1813 “ William Mansell , of
Rosoman St., Clerkenwell, Watch casemaker, who was summoned
to take the Livery on the 19 August, 1812, again on 7 September,
1812, and repeated on the 11th October last, was peremptorily
summoned to be at this court, and being now in attendance for
the first time, refused to take the Clothing, and the penalty of
Fifteen Pounds being awarded against him for such refusal, he
paid the sum in Court, and his Election to the Livery was there
upon discharged .”
“William Welborne, of Leather Lane, Holborn, has been
summoned to take the Livery in November, 1811 , and also in
January, February, and July, 1812 , but having failed so to do, was
again summoned for that purpose to the last Quarter Court, when
he attended and requested until this day promising either to take
the clothing or pay the penalty for refusal, he being now present
and declining to take the same, the penalty of £ 15 was ordered
to be enforced , which being paid in Court, his election to the
Livery was likewise thereupon discharged . "
The fine on taking up the livery was then fixed at £ 21 .
In 1820 it was resolved to allow the quarterly payments or
quarterage from members in support of the company to be
commuted by an immediate payment ; the amount to be paid
being dependent on the age of the member availing himself of the
arrangement.
The fee to be paid on taking up the freedom of the company

by purchase was in 1876 increased to £ 20.
In 1873 the company handed over its library and museum to
the Corporation of London, and they are now accessible to the
public in the Guildhall.
It is a matter for regret that the directorate of a guild so
closely identified with the most brilliant members of the craft in
its early history, should have resigned the duties cast upon them
by the charter of incorporation, and thus have lost their hold upon
the clock and watchmaking trades.
Edward East, watchmaker to Charles I., was a true

Edward East.
horologist and a worthy successor to David Ramsay.
He at one time resided in Pall Mall, near the tennis court, and
attended the king when tennis and other games were being played
in the Mall, his Majesty often providing one of East's watches as
a prize. Edward East seems to have removed to Fleet Street, for
it is related that at a later period the king's attendant, Mr.
Herbert, failing in the punctual discharge of his duties in the
morning, his Majesty provided him with a gold alarum watch , which
was fetched from the king's watchmaker Mr. East, in Fleet Street.
In Wood's “ Curiosities ” is mentioned a silver alarum clock -watch
which was presented by the king on his way to execution at White
hall, on January 30, 1649, to his faithful and attached servant,
Mr. , afterwards Sir, Thomas Herbert. Amongst the collection
of autographs and manuscripts in the possession of Mr. Alfred
Morrison, of Fonthill House, Wilts, is a warrant, dated June 23 ,
1649 , from the Committee of Public Revenue to Thomas Faucon
bridge, Esq., Receiver-General, authorizing him to pay " vnto Mr.
Edward East, Watchmaker, the so'me of fortie pounds for a Watch
and a Larum of gould by him made for the late King Charles by
directions of the Earle of Pembrooke, by order of the Committee,
and deliuered for the late King's use the xviith of January last. "
In the Fellows Collection at the British Museum is a splendid
octangular crystal-cased watch, a recumbent female figure holding
an hour -glass being engraved on the dial ; 1620 is mentioned as
the probable date of this specimen. Wood mentions another
watch with silver case in the form of a cross, the dial being
engraved with the crucifixion and angels.
There is in the Ashmolean Museum at Oxford a watch with

gold case in the form of a melon. Two undoubted specimens of
this master's work are in the Guildhall Museum . . One, a watch
movement, inscribed, “ Eduardus East, Londini," is thus described
by Mr. E. J. Thompson : " The fusee of ten turns is cut for gut.
There are great second and contrate wheels, and a left-handed cut
balance wheel, the verge being of course left-handed . The end
of the verge is driven into the balance, which has one straight bar
or arm. The cock is secured on a stud by a pin . There is no
provision for a pendulum spring, and the regulating must have
depended upon the setting up or down of the mainspring by the
endless screw. It had one hand only. The fusee is hollow ,
having the cap and winding square solid ; it is fitted on to an
arbor riveted on the great wheel, and the end shake is eased by a
very thick click and ratchet work. The great wheel has fifty - five,
the second forty - five, the contrate forty, and the balance-wheel
fifteen teeth ; the second , contrate, and balance pinions being all
of five leaves . ”
The second example is a watch in a silver oval case with hunt
ing cover, having a crystal centre which Mr. Thompson says is
finely worked in to suit its shape. The dial is of silver, and is
traversed by an hour hand only. The movement is inscribed , as
in the first instance, “ Eduardus East, Londini. ” There is a
twelve- turn fusee cut for gut . The mainspring is white and no
doubt original.
In the British Museum is a watch of his make with a tortoise
shell case, period about 1630–1640 . South Kensington Museum
also possesses a specimen of his work .
Edward East was one of the ten original assistants named in
the charter of incorporation of the Clockmakers' Company , and at
once took a leading part in their proceedings, and after serving in
the subordinate capacities was elected master in 1664, a post he
again occupied in 1682. He was the only treasurer ever appointed,
and the creation of the office came about in a curious way. In
1647 , the renter warden , Mr. Helden , refused to give the usual
security for the stock of the company, and in this dilemma the
office of treasurer was created , Mr. East and Mr. Hackett being
nominated thereto, and the former chosen . On the death of Mr.
East the office was allowed to lapse.
FORMER CLOCK AND WATCEMAKERS. 81
Edward East lived to a good age . There is no record of his

death, but it probably occurred not long after 1693. In 1692 his
quondam apprentice and friend, Mr. Henry Jones, who was also
master of the company , acquainted the Court that Mr. East
desired during his lifetime to make a gift of £ 100 to the company
for the benefit of the poor. Mr. Jones added that he would also
contribute a like sum for a similar purpose. In the following
year Mr. East gave the £ 100, and it was ordered “ that the master
and wardens do go to Mr. East and give him hearty thanks for
his charity ."
Henry Jones , already referred to, was apprenticed

Henry Jones.
to Edward East on August 22, 1654. He was made
free of the Clockmakers' Company in 1663, and served as master
in 1691-92 . He resided near the Inner Temple Gate, and
attained a considerable reputation , and what remains of his work
shows that it was justified. The earlier examples had the
inscription in Latin, thus, " Henricus Jones, Londini,
been the custom . Charles II ., according to tradition , gave to Mrs.
Jane Lane a clock, in memory of her services after the battle
of Worcester. On the clock was engraved, “ Henricus Jones ,,
Londini," as before quoted. In Overall's “ History of the Clock
makers' Company ” is a record which just possibly refers to this
clock . It states that, on January 19 , 1673 , " Mr. Henry Jones,
clockmaker, acquainted the Court of the Company that he had
made for the King (Charles II .) a clock of the value of £ 150,
whereon was engraven · Henricus Jones, Londini, ' and which
stood in His Majesty's closet for about seven years, but being by
His Majesty given unto a lady it came into the hands of Robert
Seignor, clockmaker , of Exchange Alley, to be repaired, and he
caused Edward Staunton, clockmaker , or some other person, to
take out the maker's name and insert his own.”
In North's “ Life ” it is stated that barometers were first made
and sold by one Jones, a noted clockmaker in the Inner Temple
Gate , at the instance of Lord Keeper Guildford ; and very pro
bably Jones was the first Englishman who constructed a Torricellian
tube, as the barometer was originally called, after its inventor,
Evangelista Torricelli, who propounded its theory about 1650 .
In the London Gazette for October 21 to 24, 1689 , was the
G
following advertisement : “ Lost, the 21st Instant, between the

Hay Market near Charing Cross and the Rummer in Queen St.
near Cheapside, a round Gold Pendulum Watch of an indifferent
small size , shewing the hours and minutes, the Pendulum went
with a strait Spring, it was made by Henry Jones, Watchmaker
in the Temple, the Out -Case had a Cypher pind on it, and the
Shagreen much worn . If it comes to your hands, you are desired
to bring it to the said Mr. Jones or Mr. Snag, a goldsmith in
Lumbard Street, and you shall have two Guineas Reward .”
In the Guildhall Museum is one of Henry Jones's watches,
which Mr. E. J. Thompson speaks of as having very fine pillars.
Another watch by the same maker is in the collection of Mr.
Evan Roberts .
Mr. Holden , of Yeadon , has an eight -day long inlaid case
clock with a brass dial, inscribed “ Henry Jones in ye Temple ,"
which is a later production than any of those already quote
Henry Jones, who was the son of William Jones, vicar of
Boulder, Southampton , died in November, 1695, aged 53 years ,
and was buried within the precincts of the old church of St.
Dunstan's in the West, Fleet Street, where a monument was erected
to his memory by his widow.
This talented man was born near Warrington in

Edward Bar
low ( Booth ). 1636. He was ordained in the English Church at
Lisbon, and took the name of Barlow from his
godfather, Ambrose Barlow , a Benedictine, who suffered at
Lancaster for his religion . Edward Booth devoted considerable
attention to horological instruments. He was undoubtedly the
inventor of the rack repeating striking works for clocks, which was
applied by Tompion about 1675. He also made a repeating -watch
on the same principle, and made application to patent it in 1686 .
His claim was successfully opposed by Daniel Quare, who was
backed by the Clockmakers' Company. The king, James II .,
tried both watches, and gave his preference to Quare's, which
repeated the hours and quarters with one push from the pendant,
whereas Barlow's required two.
Booth invented the cylinder escapement, and patented it in
conjunction with William Houghton and Thomas Tompion in
1695 (No. 344 ). The invention is described as a “ ballance
wheele either flatt or hollow, to worke within and crosse the

centre of the verge or axis of the balance with a new sort of teeth
made like tinterhooks to move the balance and the pallets of the
axis or verge, one to be circular, concave, and convex . He died
in 1716 .
Thomas Tompion, “ the father of English watch

Tompion and
Graham . making ," was born at Northhill, Bedfordshire, in
1638. It is said that his father was a farrier, and
that he was brought up to the same trade ; but the first reliable
Fig. 46. — Thomas Compion, 1638–1713 .
record shows him to have been in business as a clockmaker at

Water Lane, Blackfriars, when quite a young man.
He afterwards removed to 67, Fleet Street, on the corner of
Whitefriars Street, where the offices of the Daily News now are .
His advent marks a distinct epoch in the history of the horological

art. Throughout his career he was closely associated with some
of the leading mathematicians and philosophers of his time . The
theories of Dr. Hooke and the Rev. Edward Barlow would probably
have remained in abeyance but for Tompion's skilful materializa
tion of them . He soon became the leading watchmaker at the
court of Charles II. , and was everywhere welcomed as an artist of
commanding ability. When he entered the arena the performance
of timekeepers was very indifferent. The principles on which
they were constructed were
defective, and the mecha
nism was not well propor
tioned. The movements
were regarded as quite sub
sidiary to the exterior cases,
and English specimens of
the art had no distinctive
individuality. After years
of application he, by adopt
ing the inventions of Hooke
and Barlow, and by skilful
proportion of parts, left
English watches and clocks
Tho. the finest in the world
and the admiration of his
.
brother artists. Of course

]
he did not reach finality ;

improvements continued
under his immediate suc
cessors . Indeed , some of
the most remarkable and
progressive horological con
ceptions emanated from the
mind of his favourite pupil,
Graham , whom he inspired ,
FIG. 47.
and who continued the work
which Tompion began. The only horologist of Tompion's time
who can be admitted as his peer is Daniel Quare.
By favour of Mr. Percy Webster, of St. John's Wood, I am
enabled to give the annexed drawing (Fig . 47 ) of one of Tompion's

earlier clocks which Mr. Webster has in his possession . It has a
light pendulum six inches in length fixed to the verge ; the escape
ment for the alarum is behind the going train , and when the
alarum is let off the hammer strikes the bell which forms the
domical top of the clock. This is an excellent specimen of mid
seventeenth - century work.
In the British Museum is another chamber clock by Tompion ,
as well as a very thick watch by the master in a case superbly
painted in enamel by Camille André. In the same repository is
a curious universal pocket sun -dial with compass, all of gold , also
by Tompion.
The movements of Tompion's watches were deep, with broad
flanches to the cocks, elaborately worked pillars, mainsprings
adjusted by an endless screw , third wheel working above the
or balance wheel arbor, and the potences riveted to the
top plate. The banking of the verge was on the potence. The
top plates were exceedingly thin , and on the margin thereof,
somewhat cramped, was the inscription thus— “ Tho. Tompion ,
London .”
As an example of the versatility of Tompion's genius, is ap
pended a drawing of a watch from the collection of Mr. Evan
e
et
ON
l
mp
ND
Co
LO
©
@
FIG. 48. FIG. 49.
Roberts. The distinctive feature of this watch is that, although

a verge, the fusee has been discarded for a resting barrel. In
order that the watch might have a barrel of the largest possible
dimensions, what is usually the centre wheel is planted out of the
centre ; the cannon pinion rides loose on a stud planted in the

centre of the frame ; and in order to get the proper motion for
the minute-hand without the introduction of an intermediate
wheel in the motion work , the train rotates reversely to the usual
direction .
Prior to September, 1695 , Tompion produced a watch in which
the teeth of a horizontal escape wheel
dropped on to the cylindrical body of the
verge , as shown in the appended drawing,
thus avoiding the recoil incidental to
the usual verge construction ; and in
Fig . 50.
September, 1695 , he, in conjunction with
Booth and Houghton , patented the cylinder escapement. In the
1
account of Barlow the wording of the description is given .
During the building of St. Paul's, it was said that Tompion
was to construct a wonderful clock for the cathedral ; but for
the last years of his life he allowed himself considerable relaxation
from his profession, and was absent from London for extended
periods. During his migrations he visited Bath, possibly to derive
benefit from the healing properties of the hot mineral water which
wells up in the Queen of the West, as the chief Somersetshire city
is called. In the Grand Pump Room there is a splendid example
of Tompion's later work , which he presented to the city, as is thus
recorded on a tablet adjacent to the timekeeper : “ The Watch and
Sun -dial was given by Mr. Thos. Tompion , of London, Clockmaker .
Anno Dom . 1709.” By the kindness of Mr. R. E. Peach, I am
enabled to give a drawing and description of this stately time
keeper.
The dial is of brass , with ornamental corner pieces and
silvered rings ; minute circle 15 in . in diameter ; seconds circle
and day of the month through an opening. On a high arch
above is an equation index and scale, o being in the centre,
and the variation to a maximum of 15 minutes shown on each
side ; on the right, “ Sun faster , ” and to the left, “ Sun slower . ”
The months and days are engraved on a silvered 10 -in . circle, of
which an arc of 62 days is shown through an opening. The date
is indicated by a small point in the centre of the opening. The
number of minutes shown by the index gives the difference
between sun time and mean time : this 10-in . circle has over
2000 finely cut teeth, and makes

its annual circuit by means of an
endless screw and pinion, worked
from the dial wheel , which makes
one revolution per hour . The
index is kept in position by a
small counterpoise with pulley
fitted to its arbor ; the pulley is
attached by a fine chain to a
“ cranked ” arm , which rises and
falls with the indentations and
protuberances of a properly shaped
plate or cam attached securely to
the 10-in . circle.
The train and frame of the
timepiece are in remarkably good
order, considering its age. The
driving-power is a lead weight of
32 lbs. hung on a 3-in . pulley,
having a fall of 6 feet. It is
wound monthly on to a 21-in.
barrel ; the great wheel of 94
teeth, and 4 inches in diameter,
drives a pinion of 16 leaves ;
thereon is a 3 -in . wheel of 80
teeth, and this drives the centre
pinion of 10 teeth ; this is a
23 -in . wheel of 72 teeth, driving
the third pinion of 9 teeth ; on
this is a 2 -in. wheel of 60 teeth,
driving the escape pinion of 8
teeth ; on this is a 2-in. escape
wheel of 30 teeth, shaped as in
a recoiling escapement. The
pallet staff is 24 in . above the
escape arbor, and carries pallets y
ept
of the anchor pattern, having You gec
mw
inclined planes to allow recoil.
The one-second pendulum rod is Fig. 51.—Clock by Tompion at the
Pump Room, Bath .
of steel, of a flattened oval section, with 6-in. bob of lenticular

form . The amount of oscillation, being only 2 in., causes the
recoil of the escapement to be barely apparent.
The day of the month circle is moved by an extra wheel from
the hour wheel. Maintaining power while winding is given by
a spring -propelled click through a steel arm on an arbor between
theplates, acting on the teeth of the centre wheel, which is put into
action by lifting the sliding cover of the winder hole in the dial .
The case, strongly secured into the wall, is of solid unpolished
oak, 9 feet high, and brass ball ornaments above. The head is
arched , having few brass ornaments, though relieved with elaborate
mouldings, morticings, and plinths. The body of the case is 17 in .
wide (about 6 in . narrower than the head and base) , with semi
circular door 8 in . across and 5 ft. in length. As will be seen
from the drawing, the case has much the appearance of a pillar
rising from a substantial base .
The clock is in a recess at the eastern end of the room, and it
occupied a similar position in the old Pump Room, the erection of
which was finished in 1706. As the spot is particularly suited for
the reception of a clock, it may be conjectured that Tompion was
in Bath when the old Pump Room was being built, and that the
ever -vigilant " Beau " Nash obtained from him a promise to
present a timepiece when the building was completed .
At first sight the phrase " watch and sun - dial " on the tablet
recording the gift seems to include a gnomon of some sort for
regulating the timekeeper from observations of the sun. There
would be nothing far - fetched in this surmise, because sun - dials to
check the going of public timekeepers were not at all an unusual
adjunct. But I am inclined to think that in this instance sun -dial
meant the equation dial over the ordinary one.
At the Guildhall Museum is a clock by Tompion which goes
four months between windings, and at Buckingham Palace is a
one-year long -case clock by him .
Tonipion died and was buried in Westminster Abbey in 1713 .
In the same grave were interred the remains of Graham, and
particulars of their tomb had therefore better be left till after the
brief notice of Graham which follows.
Little is known of Tompion's domestic life, but he apparently
had a son , who was brought up to the business of watchmaking.
Tho. Tompion, junr. , was admitted as a member to the Clock

makers ' Company in 1702 , presumably when he had completed his
apprenticeship. A “ Tompion ,” watchmaker, attended the funeral
of Daniel Quare, in 1724. Watches by Tho. Tompion, junr., are
to be met with occasionally, and I have examined two or three
inscribed “ Tho. Tompion, Edw. Banger, London .” Edward
Banger was apprenticed to the Tompion in 1695, and it may
therefore be fairly assumed that he was in partnership with
Tompion junr. I saw a watch for sale but a few months ago ,
inscribed “Tompion, London , " the hall mark in the case of
which corresponded to the year 1745. But Tompion bequeathed
his business to Graham, who, it is pretty certain , secured the best
of the trade on the demise of his patron and friend.
George Graham , “ Honest George Graham , " who

George
Graham . was born at Kirklinton, or Rigg, Cumberland, in 1673,
tramped to London at an early age, and in 1688
became apprenticed for seven years to Henry Aske. He was
admitted a freeman of the Clockmakers' Company on completing
his indentures, in 1695, and immediately entered the service of
Thomas Tompion, thus beginning a lifelong friendship, severed
only by the death of Tompion, in 1713. In 1720 Graham re
moved from Tompion's old premises to the Dial and One Crown,
opposite the Bolt and Tun, Fleet Street, and resided till his decease
in the rooms over his shop. The quaint little shop had two plain
bowed windows, with the doorway between them, and with but
little alteration in appearance remained as a watchmaker's for
many years, being occupied first by Mudge, who succeeded Graham ,
then by Mudge and Dutton, and afterwards by the younger
Duttons. It is No. 148, and now the offices of the Sporting Life.
Graham was elected as a fellow of the Royal Society in 1720, and
was chosen as a member of the council of that body in 1722 .
He contributed twenty -one papers on various subjects to the
Philosophical Transactions.
After the expiration of Booth, Houghton , and Tompion's
patent, Graham devoted some thought to the cylinder escapement,
which in 1725 he modified to practically its present form , and
introduced into some of his watches. Securing to himself the
monopoly of any of his discoveries was foreign to his disposition.
The reputation which English horology acquired on the Continent

during the eighteenth century was due in no small measure to
Graham's candid treatment of his brethren in the art in other
countries. In answer to inquiries, Julien Le Roy received from
Graham one of his cylinder escapement watches in 1728, and the
French horologist’s generous acknowledgment of its superiority is
worthy of his acknowledged greatness. But it must be admitted ,
after examination of surviving specimens, that the wheel teeth in
Graham's cylinder escapement had too much shake in the cylinder,
and were wanting in the necessary closeness of construction
afterwards attained by Ellicott and others ; and as Graham
continued to use the verge escapement till his death, it may be
assumed that he was not oblivious of the constructional difficulties
presented by the cylinder. In his younger days he would un
doubtedly have pursued the matter with his usual acumen and
patience, till nothing was left for later artists to improve ; but
now his mind was taken up with astronomy and astronomical
instruments , and the production of a perfect clock as an aid to the
astronomer absorbed him, as I venture to suggest, almost to the
exclusion of horological instruments for the pocket .
In all Graham's work his first consideration was to make every
part most suitable for its purpose. Judicious embellishment in
its proper place was not wanting, but it was quite subsidiary to
usefulness. This trait is apparent in many little details of a
splendid repeating watch I have, and which was made by him in
1714, when he was in the zenith of his power as a watchmaker.
Thus the pillars are of a plain cylindrical form with turned bases
and caps, whereas Tompion before, and Ellicott, Mudge, and other
distinguished horologists after him, were lavish in shaping,
decorating, and piercing these passive items, whose characteristic
of strength and holding power was certainly not less apparent by
Graham's more simple treatment. A little addition I have not
noticed in the watches of any other maker, is a light spring
jumper or click on the under side of the cap, for securely locking
the cap spring
Attached to this repeater is also a useful little adjunct which
appears to have been invented by Graham, which , though not
much seen in English work, became very popular with French
makers. Projecting from the case is a small nib, or "pulse piece,"
called by the French sourdine, or “ deaf piece, " which upon being
pressed keeps the hammer off the bell and receives each blow . It
not only enables those who have defective hearing or sight to
ascertain the time by touch, but persons whose organs are perfect,
who may desire to know the hour at night without disturbing an
adjacent sleeper, can do so by pressing the pulse piece and
counting the beats.
Graham used stout proportionate-looking bows for his watch
FIG . 52. - George Graham , 1673-1751 .

2 cases in place of the thin wiry rings heretofore in vogue, but by a
curious obliquity Ellicott seems to have reverted to the former
style. The difference in the two “ handles ” is very marked in
specimens of the two makers I have before me .
With the introduction of the pendulum , and more exact work
manship and consequent improvements in the performance of time
keepers, the errors arising from the expansion and contraction of

metals in varying temperatures became manifest. Graham there
fore turned his attention to the best means of preventing irregu
larity in the going of clocks when exposed to thermal changes.
His paper, communicated to the Royal Society in 1726, on “ A
Contrivance to avoid Irregularities in a Clock's Motion by the
Action of Heat and Cold upon the Pendulum ,” is so much to the
point, that I am tempted to quote from the abridgment given in
the Philosophical Transactions.
“ Whereas several who have been curious in measuring of time,
have taken notice that the vibrations of a pendulum are slower in
summer than in winter, and have very justly supposed this
alteration has proceeded from a change of length in the pendulum
itself, by the influences of heat and cold upon it, in the different
seasons of the year ; with a view, therefore, of correcting, in some
degree, this defect of the pendulum, I made several trials, about
the year 1715 , to discover whether there was any considerable
difference of expansion between brass, steel, iron , copper, silver,
etc. , when exposed to the same degree of heat as nearly as I could
determine, conceiving it would not be very difficult, by making
use of two sorts of metals, differing considerably in their degrees of
expansion and contraction, to remedy, in great measure , the
irregularities to which common pendulums are subject. But
although it is easily discoverable that all these metals suffer a
sensible alteration of their dimensions by heat and cold , yet I
found their differences in quantity from one another were so
small, as gave me no hopes of succeeding this way, and made me
leave off prosecuting this affair any further at that time. In the
beginning of December, 1721 , having occasion for an exact level,
besides other materials I made trial of, quicksilver was one, which,
although I found it was by no means proper for a level, yet the
extraordinary degree of expansion that I observed in it when
placed near the fire, beyond what I had conceived to be in so dense
a fluid , immediately suggested to me the use that might be made
of it by applying it to a pendulum . In a few days after I made
the experiment, but with much too long a column of quicksilver,
the clock going slower with an increase of cold , contrary to the
common pendulum ; however, it was a great confirmation of the
advantage to be expected from it, since it was easy to shorten the
column in any degree required . The only doubt I entertained was

lest there should not be a proportional expansion and contraction
between the quicksilver and the rod of the pendulum , through the
various degrees of heat and cold, from the one extreme to the
other. To make this experiment the more convincing, I placed a
clock in a part of the house the most exposed of any to the
changes of heat and cold — the room having no fire in it in the
winter, and exposed to a south sun, with leads above it, which, in
the summer, made it extremely hot. I hung a thermometer by it,
and had likewise another clock at no greater distance from it than
was necessary to keep the cases from touching one another. This
clock, having a pendulum about 60 lbs. in weight, and not
vibrating above 11° from the perpendicular, and which, in a more
temperate situation , had not altered above 12 " or 14 " in 24 hours,
between winter and summer ; but in this place it altered 30 " a
day, between the hottest and coldest weather in the year 1722, a
year no way remarkable for either extreme. But this great
alteration was owing to the situation I mentioned above, and
which I made choice of for the sake of making the experiment the
more sensible. The two clocks being firmly screwed to a party
wall, I began to make the first trial of this kind of pendulum ,
December 18, 1721 , and by January 3 ( 1722] , perceiving the
pillar of quicksilver considerably too long, I procured a shorter
glass, which I got ready by the 8th, and made use of until the
beginning of June following, by which time I was well satisfied
of the advantage of the contrivance, notwithstanding both these
pendulums were but rudely executed , and this last had the pillar
of quicksilver too short, but much nearer the true length than the
first. This encouraged me to provide another glass a little longer
than the last, and to bestow more care upon all the parts of the
pendulum that required exactness. This being finished by the
9th of June, I began then to observe the motion of the clock by
the transits of the fixed stars as often as the weather permitted,
making use of a telescope which moved in the plane of the
meridian : with this instrument I could be sure of not erring
above two seconds in time. The clock was kept constantly going,
without having either the hands or the pendulum altered, from
the 9th of June, 1722 , to the 14th of October, 1725, being three
years and four months .
“ For the first year I wrote down every day the difference
between the two clocks , with the height of the thermometer, not
omitting the transits of the stars as often as it was clear. The
result of all the observations was this, that the irregularity of the
clock with the quicksilver pendulum , compared with the transits
of the stars, exceeded not , when greatest, a sixth part of that of
the other clock with the common pendulum ; but for the greatest
part of the year, not above an eighth or ninth part ; and even
this quantity would have been lessened had the pillar of mercury
been a little shorter, for it differed a little the contrary way from
the other clock, going faster with heat , and slower with cold ; but
I made no alteration in length, to avoid an interruption of the
observations. To confirm this experiment the more, about the
beginning of July, 1723, I took off the heavy pendulum from
the other clock and made another with quicksilver, but with this
difference, that instead of a glass tube , I made one of brass, and
varnished the inside to secure it from being injured by the
mercury. This pendulum I have made use of ever since, and find
it about the same degree of exactness as the other. The reason
why this kind of pendulum is more exact than the common sort
will be evident to any one who considers that as heat lengthens
the rod of the pendulum, at the same time it increases the length
of the pillar of quicksilver, and its centre of gravity is moved
upwards ; and when by cold the rod of the pendulum is shortened ,
the pillar of quicksilver is likewise shortened , and its centre of
gravity carried downwards. By this means, if the column of
quicksilver be of a proper length , the distance between the point
of suspension and the centre of oscillation of the pendulum will
be always nearly the same, upon which the exact motion of a clock
principally depends. Were the pendulum of a clock to remain
invariably of the same length, yet some little inequalities would
appear in its motion , from the difference of friction arising from
the imperfection of the materials, as well as different degrees of
foulness, upon which account the force communicated to the
pendulum would not be constantly equal, which would cause
some small alteration. But when the pendulum is very heavy,
and vibrates in a small arc, and the workmanship of all the
parts is well performed, there will be very little inequality in the
motion besides what proceeds from the heat and cold .
“ In making use of quicksilver for a pendulum, by varying the

diameter of the vessel that contains it, or the thickness of the rod
of the pendulum, whether it be of brass or steel , they may be
reduced nearly to an equality as to the receiving or retaining the
impressions of heat or cold, upon which the greater
regularity of the motion depends ; and particular care
ought to be used to free the mercury from all blebs of
air, otherwise their great and sudden expansion or
contraction may cause a considerable disorder ; but
the air may as easily be excluded in this as in a
barometer, and the great specific gravity of quicksilver
renders it a proper material for the weight of a
pendulum . "
The form of Graham's mercurial pendulum is
shown in the sketch . a is the rod , b the stirrup
containing the glass jar of mercury, o . For regulating
the time, Graham employed a sliding weight, d , upon
the rod, and this is the only particular in which his
construction has been changed (see page 197 ) .
Another of Graham's inventions applicable to
clocks of precision , and which is still unsurpassed in c/
the opinion of many leading horologists, is the dead
beat escapement.
Graham's mode of living was distinguished by its
simplicity. As already stated, his latter years were
chiefly occupied with astronomical work, which he
carried on as the valued coadjutor of Halley and
Bradley. It is stated that Graham married a daughter
of Tompion's brother James, but Dr. Lonsdale speaks
of him as having remained in single blessedness up
till his death, which occurred in November, 1751 . 6
The grave of Tompion , in Westminster Abbey, was
Fig. 53.
opened to receive his pupil, and the exceptional
honour of their interment in that place is the best testimony
that can be adduced as to the estimation in which these eminent
horologists were held. On the next page is a reduced facsimile of
the stone placed to mark their resting - place by an appreciative
nation .
96 FORMER CLOCK AND WATCH MAKERS.
HERE LIES THE BODY
OF M? THO TOMPION
WHO DEPARTED THIS
LIFE THE 20TH OF
NOVEMBER J73 IN THE
75TH YEAR OF HIS AGE
ALSO THE BODY OF
GEORGE GRAHAM OF LONDON
WATCHMAKER AND F.R.S.

WHOSE CURIOUS INVENTIONS
E
DO HONOUR TO Y BRITISH GENIUS
WHOSE ACCURATE PERFORMANCES
E
ARE Y STANDARD OF MECHANIC SKILL
HE DIED Y XVI OF NOVEMBER MDCCLI

IN THE LXXVIII YEAR OF HIS AGE
1
At the beginning of the present century this slab was removed ,
and small lozenge-shaped stones, with the name and date, as in
the sketch on p. 97 , were substituted . In a little work, “ Time
and Timekeepers, " published in 1842 , Adam Thomson, a Bond
Street watchmaker, wrote : “ Who would suppose that a small
lozenge-shaped bit of marble is all that is left to indicate where
lie the bodies of the Father of Clockmakers,' Thomas Tompion,
and Honest George Graham , greater benefactors to mankind than
thousands whose sculptured arms impudently emblazon merits
that never existed ? " To this outspoken , indignant protest, and

the good feeling of the late Dean Stanley, is due the reinstatement
of the original memorial, for which English horologists will be
ever grateful. 66 The passage was pointed out to me by a friend,"
said the Dean, “ in consequence of the strong irritation expressed
on the subject by an obscure watchmaker in a provincial town .
The gravestone had not been destroyed, and was restored in 1866."
Let future generations of clock and watchmakers jealously guard
this tribute to the worth of their fellow craftsmen against any
further attempt at desecration .
MR.T.TOMPION
1713 N S
MR.C.CRAHAM
176 )
W
FIG. 54. Fig. 55.
The position of the tomb is marked by the two parallel lines

on the accompanying plan of the cathedral. E is the altar floor ;
W the nave and western entrance ; N, north transept ; S, south
transept and poets' corner.
Daniel This worthy contemporary of Tompion was born

in 1632, and carried on business at the Plow and
Quare.
Harrow in Cornhill.
About 1680 he produced repeating watches of his own design ,
and when the Rev. Edward Barlow , in 1687, made application to
patent his own repeating device, Quare successfully opposed the
monopoly sought for by his rival. In Quare's arrangement one
pressure at the pendant sufficed to sound the hour and the quarters,
while Barlow's required a distinct action for each .
The king, after a trial of each of the repeating watches, gave
H
the preference to that of Quare , which fact was notified in the

Gazette. Quare afterwards made for William III. a highly
finished repeating watch, which, in 1823, was in the possession
of John Stanton, of Benwell, near Newcastle-upon - Tyne, who
gave a description of it : “ The outer case, of 22 - carat gold, is
embossed with the king's head in a medallion . The dial is of
gold, with black Roman numerals for the hours, and figures for
the minutes. In the centre is a piece of pierced work in gold
upon blue steel, representing the letters J.R. R.J. combined so
as to appear like an ornamental scroll, above which is the royal
crown . The box is pierced with scroll- work intermixed with birds
and flowers. About the joint is engraved a landscape. On the
back of the box two circular lines are drawn, between which is
the following inscription : ‘ James II . gloria Deo in excelsis sine
pretio redimi mini malâ lege ablatun bno. Regi restituitur .'
The watch is considerably thicker than, but otherwise not much
above, the common size . "
Quare, in 1695 , patented a portable weather-glass.
There is in the British Museum a small lantern alarum clock
of his make, which has, above the bell , a perforated dome sur
mounted by a handle for carrying.
As splendid specimens of Quare's later work, may be mentioned
one- year clocks, of which he made three or four. One of them is
at Buckingham Palace ; another was at Hampton Court Palace.
Twenty -two years ago one of them was in the possession of Mr.
J. H. Arkwright, of Hampton Court, near Leominster, where it
probably is still. Many stories have been told of the structure of
this remarkable production , and in 1873 I obtained the following
very precise details concerning it from Mr. Palmer, a clockmaker
of Leominster.
The hands are of steel, and blued ; the hour hand, beautifully
pierced, fits tight on to the hour socket with a square ; the minute
hand is pinned on to a square with a collet as usual ; it has a
counterpoise, and is not so elaborately pierced as the hour hand.
The dial is of brass and silver, it is 14 in . square, and is an
excellent specimen of the old style of work . The centre is matted
and gilt, the mandrels are also gilt, but left plain to show up the
silver fretwork corner pieces. The hour circle is brass, silvered ;
it is divided into minutes on the outside and into quarters of
hours on the inside. The name “ Dan Quare " is engraved

between the hour figures 7 and 6 , and " London " is engraved
between the 6 and the 5. On the dial-plate itself, and just below
the figure 6 , the name is again engraved in full, " Daniel Quare,
London .” The numbers of the teeth of the 6 wheels in the train
are as follows :
Great wheel 96 teeth.

First 96 pinion 12 leaves.
Second 90 10
Centre 60 10 9
Third > 56 8
Swing 30 > 7
The minute wheels are both cut 36 ; the teeth are well shaped and
very regular ; the minute pinion has 6 leaves ; the hour wheel has
72 teeth, and it is keyed on to the hour socket.
The centre, third, and swing wheels are very small and light,
the diameter of the last-named is ž in., the pivots also are very
small. These three pinion arbors are an inch shorter than the
other arbors of the train, and are pivoted into a small false plate
which is pinned by four small pillars on to the inside of the large
pillar plate. The collets on which these three wheels are mounted
are either braised or driven on to the pinion arbors. The third
and swing wheel pinions are thickest at the collet, and taper off
with a gentle curve to the head of the pinion, thus giving the
appearance of the greatest strength with least material. The
same also with the smaller wheels — they are thickest in the
middle .
The frame plates and 6 pillars are no larger nor heavier than
those of many a modern regulator, the plates are 7 in . by 5 in. ,
and the length of the pillars is 2 in.; they are riveted into the
back plate , and the front plate is kept on by pins. The pallets are
of the original anchor form .
The seconds pendulum has a lenticular bob, and altogether
weighs 2 lbs. 1 } oz . It is suspended from the same cock that
carries the back pivot of the verge .
The suspension spring is 24 in. long, narrow , and very thin .
There is no degree plate, but a brass finger projecting from the
base of the case is filed to an edge just below the pendulum , and
serves to estimate the vibration (which is about 1° on each side

of zero ), and also to set the clock in beat when fixing it. The case
is of oak, handsomely veneered with walnut.
The barrel has 14 grooves. The clock weight and pulley weigh
81 lbs. ; the fall is 4 ft . 6 in .; the length of the weight and pulley
is 1 ft . 6 in . , which, added to the fall , makes 6 ft. , which is the
distance from the bottom of the clock case up to the seat board ;
the weight is hung by a double line.
On casting up the numbers of the train it will be found to
go 403 days, 4 hours, and 24 minutes.
Now, I cannot help thinking this is a very extraordinary
achievement. It is true that the pendulum is light, and that,
unlike Tompion's clock at Bath, there are no other motions beyond
the hour and minute hands, but for 81 lbs. x 4 ft. 6 in. to drive
the clock for more than 13 months seems almost incredible ; still
I believe the facts are as I have stated them . There is no doubt
that everything was done that was possible to economize the force.
The very small and light swing wheel , the balanced minute hand ,
and the small shortened arbors with extra fine pivots, all conduce
to the end in view.
Quare and Tompion are each credited with the invention of
equation clocks, for showing the difference between mean and
apparent time, which came into use about 1699 .
Among other relics of Quare's genius may be mentioned a clock
to show apparent solar time by suspending the pendulum from a
lever which was actuated by an equation cam, so as to lengthen
or shorten the pendulum each day as required.
Quare was one of the first English makers to apply the motion
work for concentric minute hands. Clocks and watches of his
make, with an hour hand only, are to be met with , as well as later
examples with the additional index. He was admitted as a brother
of the Clockmakers' Company in 1671 , and served as master in
1708 .
During the latter part of his career he took into partnership
Edward Horsman, who had been apprenticed to him , and the
business was carried on at the same address, under the title of
Quare and Horsman .
Daniel Quare died in 1724, and was buried in the Quakers'
ground at Bunhill Fields.
Fromanteel. Fromanteel, also spelt “ Fromantel,” “ Fromantil, "

and “ Fromenteele." Ahasuerus Fromanteel, primus
of Dutch extraction , was a maker of steeple clocks at East Smith
field. In 1630 he was warned by the Blacksmiths' Company to
bring in his certificate of seven years' service as apprentice. This
he complied with, and was forthwith elected free of the company.
In
On the incorporation of the clockmakers, he joined them .
1656 he became restive under the somewhat inquisitorial proceed
ings of the court relating to his apprentices and to the antecedents
of his workmen, and for a long period in the history of the
guild his name appears in petitions and other documents, expres
sing disapproval of the management of the company, or as being
called to account for infraction of its rules, some of which, it
must be confessed, could not fail to be exasperating to a man
with an extensive business, as Fromanteel appears to have had.
A second Ahasuerus Fromanteel appears on the list as free of
the Clockmakers' Company in 1655 .
A third Ahasuerus Fromanteel was , in 1663 , on completion of
his apprenticeship with Simon Bartram , admitted as a member
of the Clockmakers' Company.
In 1663, also, John Fromanteel, who had been apprenticed to
Thomas Loomes, was admitted to the freedom.
Then Abraham, son of Ahasuerus Fromanteel, was elected in
1680.
In 1658 proceedings were taken against Ahasuerus Fromanteel
and his son Louis for keeping more apprentices than the regula
tions of the company allowed, so that there was a fairly large
family of the Fromanteels in the clock trade at that period, and
most of them seem to have been connected in business .
Beyond their squabbles with the Clockmakers' Company, there
is a celebrity attaching to them as being the first to introduce the
pendulum into England, the assumption being that one of the
family had seen or heard of Huygens' clock in Holland, and
brought it over to his relatives. However, their claim has been
challenged on behalf of Richard Harris ; and it has also been
asserted that Dr. Hooke investigated the properties of the
pendulum as a controller for timekeepers before Huygens applied
it. However, there is evidence that the claim of the Fromanteels
to its introduction from Holland, if not unanimously allowed, was
accepted pretty generally at the time.
Under date November 1 , 1660, Evelyn, in his Diary, writes,

" I went with some of my relations to Court to show them his
Majtles cabinet and closet of rarities. . Here I saw
amongst the clocks one that showed the rising and setting of the
sun in Yº Zodig, the sunn represented by a face and raies of gold
upon an azure skie, observing Yº diurnal and annual motion rising
and setting behind, and landscape of hills, the work of our famous
Fromantel.”
Again, under date May 3, 1661 , Evelyn records that he
“ returned by Fromantel's, the famous clockmaker, to see some
pendules.”
The Commonwealth Mercury of Thursday, November 25, 1668 ,
contains the following advertisement : --
“There is lately a way found out for making clocks that go
exact, and keep equaller time than any now made without this
regulator, examined and proved before his Highness the Lord
Proctor, by such doctors whose knowledge and learning is with
out exception, and are not subject to alter by change of weather,
as others are, and may be made to go a week, a month, or a year,
with once winding up, as well as those that are wound up every
day, and keep time as well, and is very excellent for all house
clocks that go either with springs or weights ; and also steeple
clocks that are most subject to change of weather. Made by
Ahasuerus Fromanteel, who made the first that were in England .
You may have them at his house on the Bankside, in Mosses
Alley, Southwark, and at the sign of Mere Maid, in Lothbury,
near Bartholomew Lane end, London .”
Mosses Alley, or Moses Alley, was a passage leading from the
northern end of Bankside , Southwark , to Maid Lane.
The Mermaid in Lothbury was for over a century a noted
shop for clocks . In 1650 Thomas Loomes, who was associated
with the eldest Fromanteel in his attacks on the government of
the Clockmakers' Company, and to whom John Fromanteel was
apprenticed, resided there, and , after the time of Loomes, it
was occupied by John Fromanteel. He was clearly a first -rate
clockmaker, as will be gathered from a description, by Mr.
Percy Webster, of a long-case clock of John Fromanteel's pro
duction.
“ The style of the clock is from 1680 to 1690, and is dis
tinguished by many ingenious contrivances and good work . The

frame is large, having three trains, viz . going, striking, and ting
tang ; the back plate is in one piece, but the top is composed of
three separate plates, one for each train, held rigid by means of
thirteen neatly turned pillars and two cross - braces. It has the
old bolt and shutter maintaining power , and the escape wheel is
no more than one inch in diameter, the pallets being recoil and
very long in the arm , taking in nearly half the wheel. The
pendulum is nearly 8 ft. long, reaching to the bottom of the
case, and the regulating is effected by means of a large milled nut
fixed above the pendulum cock , the spring rising and falling
between chops in the same way as many modern English clocks.
The striking at the hour is peculiar, there being four bells of
different notes, the shape of Chinese gongs, and four hammers on
one staff, consequently striking a chord at each blow . The fixing
in case is firmly done by means of four shaped brass brackets
gripping the two side cheeks of the case and screwed on the
movement, thus dispensing with a seat board . It has a 10-in .
square dial, which has originally been water -gilded in the old
style, with the cherub corners that were no doubt adapted from
the favourite design of Grinling Gibbons, and the earliest found
on clock dials . The circle is silvered in the usual way, and on
the plate below is engraved " Johannes Fromanteel, Londini fecit . "
It is evidently one of the first with the concentric minute hand ,
as each division is numbered individually from 1 to 60. The case
is quaintly made of dark wood, with a number of small panels
somewhat in the style of an old Dutch cabinet ; there are spiral
pillars each side of the dial, and it is characterized throughout by
great luxury of execution . "
Dr. Hooke. Robert Hooke was born at Freshwater, Isle of

Wight, on July 18 , 1635. As a youth he resided
with Dr. Busby, head master of Westminster School . He
entered Christ Church College, Oxford, in 1653, and there his
genius soon attracted the notice of Dr. Wallis, whom he fre
quently assisted in his chemical operations. Dr. Wallis intro
duced Hooke to the Hon . Robert Boyle, who engaged him as
an assistant in the mechanical and philosophical works he was
then employed on .
Hooke took part in and wrote upon all the scientific questions
of his time. Sir Isaac Newton styled him “ The Considerer . "
On the institution of the Royal Society he became one of its
fellows, was afterwards entrusted with the care of its Repository,
and made Professor of Mechanics to that body. About the
same period he was elected Professor of Geometry in Gresham
College.
I have been unable to obtain any portrait of Hooke, but will
quote the following description of him from Aubrey's “ Lives of
Eminent Men ” : “ He is of middling stature , somewhat crooked ,
pale faced , and his face but little belowe, but his head is lardge ;
his eie is full and popping, and not quick ; a grey eie. He has a
delicate head of haire, browne , and of an excellent moist curle .
He is and ever was very temperate and moderate in dyet, &c. As
he is of prodigious inventive head, so he is a person of great
vertue and goodness."
There is no reasonable doubt that Hooke invented the balance
spring. He thoroughly investigated its properties about 1658 ,
and propounded the whole theory in the sentence , “ Ut tensio sic
vis," meaning that the force is proportionate to the tension.
Hooke proposed to patent his discovery, and, in his own words,
“ Sir Robert Moray drew me up the form of a patent, the
principal part whereof, viz . the description of the watch, is his
own handwriting, which I have yet by me ; the discouragement I
met with in the progress of this affair made me desist for that
time. ” Several watches were made by Tompion under Hooke's
supervision. One of the first to which the balance spring was
applied Hooke presented to Dr. Wilkins , afterwards Bishop of
Chester, about 1661 .
The ultimate volute form of spring was evolved only after
many experiments. Straight springs, and some in the form of a
pothook, were among the earlier essays .
A watch , subsequently made for Charles II . , was inscribed,
“ Robt. Hooke, inven : 1658. T. Tompion , fecit, 1675."
In 1660 , Hooke devised a pendulum timekeeper for ascertaining
the longitude at sea. This was tried in 1662 , and he subsequently
proposed a compensation pendulum in the form of a rhomboid,
the outline being of steel , and the long horizontal diagonal of
brass. This form, being wider than it was long, was considered
to be impracticable. Troughton afterwards constructed a pen

dulum in which the rod was a series of small rhomboids arranged
to compensate on Hooke's plan .
Hooke also invented the anchor escapement for clocks about
1675 , and it is stated that he also devised a wheel-cutting engine .
Among his conceptions for a marine timekeeper was one with
two balances geared together, the idea being to avoid the effect
of external motion. It is stated that this timekeeper had an
escapement resembling the duplex.
Hooke seems to have been of a restless disposition. With
him age brought an increased desire for new discoveries. No
sooner was he satisfied of the feasibility of any project, than he
left it, thus allowing others to perfect his discoveries. By an
order of the Royal Society he was requested to give a full descrip
tion of all the instruments which he had contrived, but ill health
prevented him from performing it. During the last year of his
life he was almost helpless . He died at Gresham College, March
3, 1703 , and was buried at St. Helen's, Bishopsgate.
This distinguished Dutch mathematician was born

Christian
Huygens. at the Hague in 1629. Early in life he devoted his
attention to the principles on which timekeepers were
constructed , and in 1657 presented to the States of Holland a
clock controlled by a pendulum . In 1665 his reputation induced
Louis XIV. to invite him to Paris, in order to found a Royal
Academy of Sciences there. In 1673 Huygens published his
folio work, “ Horologium Oscillatorium ," from which the ap
pended drawings of his clock are taken.
The upper part of the pendulum is a double cord hanging
between two cycloidal cheeks, to give a cycloidal path to the bob.
Fig . 57 give a better idea of this device , which was no doubt of
advantage with the long arcs required by the verge escapement.
Another feature of Huygens' clock is the maintaining power. P
(Fig . 58) is the driving weight, supported by an endless cord
passing over the pulley D) attached to the great wheel, and also
over the pulley H , which is provided with ratchet teeth and
pivoted to the inside of the clock case . The cord m is pulled
down to wind the clock, and the ratchet wheel H then runs under
its click. So that while winding, as in going , one -half of P
minus one-half of p is driving the clock . The pulleys D and H

are spiked to prevent slipping of the cord .
This ingenious maintaining power is to be found in many
eighteenth -century clocks. When applied to a clock with a
striking train, the pulley with the ratchet is attached to the great
wheel of the striking part, one weight thus serving to drive both
trains. A chain is preferable to a cord, owing to the dust which
FIG. 56. FIG. 57. FIG. 58.
accumulates in the clock through the wearing of the latter . The

drawback to the arrangement is that it is not suitable for clocks
going for more than 30 hours between windings.
Huygens devoted much attention to the production of a
timekeeper for ascertaining the longitude ; and finding the
pendulum too unstable at sea, he constructed a marine time
keeper controlled by a balance and balance spring. The balance,
instead of being on the verge, was on a separate staff, and driven
by a wheel and pinion , so as to vibrate through very long arcs ;
and this necessitated the use of a very long balance spring.
Huygens endeavoured to obtain a patent for the application of
the balance spring, but in this he was successfully opposed by the

Abbé Hauteville, who alleged a prior use of springs for the
purpose. The marine timekeeper was not a complete success, for
Huygens found himself baffled by the error in changes of tem
perature. He returned to Holland in 1681 , and died in 1695 .
An exceedingly well -made clock, exactly corresponding to
Huygens ' drawing, is in the possession of Mr. Percy Webster.
It bears the inscription , “ Johanne Van Ceulen, fecit, Haga ," and
has a very handsome gilt skeleton dial, upheld by a figure of
Time . This clock suggests the possibility of Huygens and Van
Ceulen being associated in Holland as were Barlow and Tompion
in England.
John Ellicott was born in 1700. His father was

John Ellicott.
a clock and watch maker. His grandfather, who
was a native of Bodmin , in Cornwall, settled in London at the
time of the formation of the Bank of England .
John Ellicott, about 1728, established himself in business at
Sweeting's Alley, situated just where the statue of Rowland Hill
now stands, near the Royal Exchange. Sweeting's Alley was not
rebuilt after the fire which destroyed the old Royal Exchange in
1838. Ellicott had a house at Hackney. He was elected a fellow
of the Royal Society in 1738. Amongst the eminent men who
recommended him for that honour were Sir Hans Sloane, Bart.,
Martin Ffolkes, John Senex, the celebrated globe maker, and
John Hadley, the astronomer.
Ellicott was the inventor of a compensation pendulum in
which the bob rests on the longer ends of two levers, of which
the shorter ends are depressed by the superior expansion of a
brass bar attached to the pendulum rod . In Fig. 59 a is the sus
pension spring ; ss s screws for uniting the steel rod to the brass
bar, slotted holes in the latter allowing it to move freely in answer
to changes of temperature ; ff the two levers pivoted to the steel
rod ; on the shorter ends rests the brass bar ; the screws g g pass
through the pendulum bob c C , and rest on the longer ends of
the levers. By turning the screws their bearing on the levers
may be adjusted . This device has not proved to be of much
practical value, although there is a clock to which it is attached
still going at the London Institution , Finsbury Circus.
Ellicott's productions were distinguished by excellent work

manship . He paid great attention to the cylinder escapement,
and did much to bring it into use. In some of his later examples
the cylinders were of ruby. His more costly watches were
lavishly decorated, the cases in repoussé,
and the dials enamelled on gold, some of
these being really works of art. They
are now rarely to be met with, as the icono
clistic dealer as a rule ruthlessly changes
the dial for one of cheaper material. In
8 reference to the prices Ellicott obtained, it
may be mentioned that Horace Walpole,
8 writing to Sir H. Mann at Florence, on
June 8, 1729 , with regard to a commission
to purchase a watch, states that for one of
Ellicott's the price was 150 guineas.
Ellicott was on the council of the
Royal Society for three years, and read
several papers before the Society. They
included one on the “ Influence which two
Pendulum Clocks were observed to have
on each other .” The ball of each pendulum
weighed above 23 lbs. ; the cases were
placed sideways to each other, so near
that the pendulums when at rest were
little more than two feet asunder. In less
than two hours after they were set going,
one of them , called No. 1 , always stopped.
As it had always kept going with great
freedom before the other regulator, No. 2,
was placed near it, Ellicott conceived its
stopping must be owing to some influence
FIG. 59. the motion of one of the pendulums had
upon the other ; and upon watching them
narrowly, the motion of No. 2 was found to increase as No. 1
diminished. At the time No. 1 stopped , No. 2 described an
arc of 5°, being nearly 2º more than it would have done if the
other had not been near it, and more than it moved in a short
time after the other pendulum came to rest. On this he stopped
the pendulum of No. 2 , and set No. 1 going, the pendulum

describing as large an arc as the case would admit, viz. about
5 ° ; he presently found the pendulum of No. 2 begin to move,
and the motion to increase gradually, till in 17 min. 40 sec .
it described an arc of 2° 10', at which the wheel discharging
itself off the pallets the regulator went, the arcs of the vibra
>
Fig. 60.—John Ellicott, 1700-1772.
tions continued to increase till , as in the former experiment,

the pendulum moved 5°, the motion of the pendulum of No. 1
gradually decreasing as the other increased, and in 45 minutes
it stopped . He then left the pendulum of No. 1 at rest, and set
No. 2 going, making it also describe an arc of 5 ° ; it continued to
vibrate less and less till it described but about 3º, in which arc it
continued to move ; the pendulum of No. 1 seemed but little
affected by the motion of No. 2. Ellicott's explanation was that ,
as the pendulums were very heavy, either of them set going com
municated a slight motion to the case and in a lesser degree to

whatever the case touched . Ellicott's experiment was useful as
showing the necessity of fixing clocks with heavy pendulums to
the wall of a building or other ponderous and unyielding structure.
Ellicott designed several of our public clocks, amongst them
that of the London Hospital, and was appointed clockmaker to
the king. He died suddenly, in 1772 , having dropped from his
chair and instantly expired . The accompanying likeness ( Fig .
60) is from a fine portrait of him by Dance, afterwards Sir
Nathaniel Holland . He was succeeded in business by his son
Edward, and he in turn by his son , who, however, had a better
liking for other pursuits, and retired in 1795 .
This talented but unfortunate horologist was

Henry Sully.
apprenticed to Charles Gretton in 1697. On the
completion of his apprenticeship he travelled over the Continent,
visiting Holland and Austria. From Vienna he went to Paris
with the Duke d’Aremberg, where he made the acquaintance of
Julien Le Roy, Law the noted Scottish speculator, and others.
Law commissioned Sully to go to London and engage sixty watch
and clock makers,who, with their families, were located at Versailles,
where a factory was started . After two years Sully was displaced.
Shortly after, under the protection of the Duke de Noailles,
another factory was established at St. Germains. This lasted but
a year, when Sully returned to England, bringing his staff of
workpeople with him. The same ill fortune dogged his steps
here, and in his extremity he returned to Paris, where for a time
he sustained existence by repairing watches. When a little more
prosperous, he, in 1721 , turned his attention to the production of
a marine timekeeper, and in 1724 presented it to the Academy of
Sciences. This instrument had a modification of Debaufre's
escapement, which Sully devised for the purpose, and a vertical
balance which was really a pendulum . It carried cycloidal metal
pieces, around which the upper end of a slender wire was wound,
the lower end being attached to a lever with an adjustable weight,
with the idea of keeping the vibrations of the balance isochronous.
The pivots of the balance, instead of being in holes, were sup
ported on the edges of large rollers, to diminish the friction, a
device adopted afterwards by Mudge. In 1726 Sully published
“ Abrégée d'une Horologe d'une Nouville Invention pour la Juste

Mesure du Temps sur Mer." But when subjected to the tossing
of the ocean , his timekeeper failed to yield the results anticipated
from its performance on land . Though mortified by his failure,,
he again set himself to the solution of the problem . He had
already made a marine watch with two balances geared together,
as designed by Dr. Hooke. He now proceeded with a new time
keeper of different construction. While engaged thereon he was
seized with a serious illness, induced by over application and
worry , and he succumbed to inflammation of the lungs, in 1728 .
In the Guildhall Museum is a timekeeper with Sully's curious
vertical balance . It is in the form of a bracket clock with a
walnut bell -top case, has a seconds hand above the centre of the
dial, and shows the days of the month through a slit below the
centre. It is inscribed " Henricus Sully, invenit et fecit ( 1724 ) ,
Horologer to the Duke of Orleans."
Equation To meet the perplexity caused by the fact that

Clock by sun-dials recorded true solar time and clocks mean
Enderlin .
solar time, as explained on p. 2 , equation dials to
indicate the difference each day were added in the latter part of
the seventeenth century. Figs . 61 and 62 are drawings of an early
specimen by Enderlin, which gives, in addition to true and mean
solar time, a perpetual day of the month, the sun's place in the
zodiac, his rising and setting, and the moon's age and phases.
Fig. 61 is the dial work, and Fig. 62 the dial itself. In
Fig. 61 the wheel Q, of 24 teeth, takes its motion from the
striking part. It impels the wheel R, of 32 teeth, with a vertical
arbor, which has a bend and compound joint T. This arbor has
an endless screw, S, in the middle of the inclined half, turning a
r
wheel A, of 487 teeth, and also a pinion a, of 24 leaves, actuating
a wheel V, of 32 teeth. This last wheel revolves in 24 hours, a in
18 hours, and with it the arbor RTSa. Q revolves in 13 hours
30 minutes, and A in 8760 hours, or 365 days 6 hours, whence it
is called the annual wheel. The wheel X, with 62 inclined teeth,
and the wheel Z, with 90 teeth , revolve separately round one
common centre 5, Z being in front. X is impelled by a tooth or
pallet on the 24 hours arbor of the wheel V, and Z by an endless
screw Y. This screw has a pinion 6 , of 21 leaves, upon its upper
end, and, impelled by the pinion a, turns Z in 59 days 1 hour

30 minutes, being the sum of two lunations. The wheel X is
impelled one tooth every 24 hours, therefore an entire revolution
would be performed in 62 days ; but it does not , in fact, make
more than one-half of a revolution when it jumps back to its
original situation.
Into the plane of the annual wheel A are inserted 12 pins, at
60
m
Y00
I
50 X
10
ZNA
х
Os
45
15
Leap Year
I
I
40
VLII
20
T
L.
I
Novembe
TI
N. MN
MontThhee
98 ga
B
dous
OS
r
Sunt n
poo Li 4 B16 18 2 Sscu i2 24 2
10 R113 15 19 0 2 26 380
FIG . 61. Fig. 62.
such distances from each other in a circle as correspond to the

number of days in each month, the January space being 31 parts
out of 365, the February space 28 parts, and so on . On the
centre of the annual wheel is also fixed a cam B, which varies
its radius of curvature as required to suit the equation of time.
Round the centre 5 is movable the lever 5, 6 , with a claw at
6 and a tail 5, 3 , resting on a pin in the click 28 . A second lever,

10, has also its tail resting by a pin at 8 on the tailpiece of the
click, while the end 10 falls in the way of the month pins in
the annual wheel , being kept up to them by means of a spring
acting near the centre of its motion . The pallet at V gathers up
a tooth of X every 24 hours, and the click 2 lays hold of it when
past and keeps it till next day. This goes on till one of the
month pins, meeting the end of the lever 10, depresses it ; at the
same time the tail of this lever pushes, by its pin, the tail 3 of
the click back and releases the wheel X. This, having a spring
coiled round its centre, jumps back to the place at which it was
at first, and the hand D (Fig. 62) , being fast to the wheel, returns
with it and recommences its motion from A. The month semi
circle is divided into two, and numbered alternately on the inner
and outer arcs , to avoid crowding of the figures. At D is an arc
divided into 29. equal parts. The interior part is cut away,
showing the moon in full phase as painted on the wheel Z , of 90
teeth. Over the figure of the moon is an index, and both are
repeated at the opposite diameter of the wheel, so that one appears
at the first division as soon as the other disappears at the end .
The face of the annual wheel has engraved upon it the sun's
place in the ecliptic, the names of the months, and the time of
the sun's rising and setting for each day. These appear through
apertures of the dial, shown by the blackened spaces.
When the wheel X has returned to its original position, the
pallet at V goes on ; and when it has made half a revolution, it
touches the end of the lever 6 , and discharges the tail 3 from the
click 2, which falls back into the teeth of the wheel X , to perform
its office until again disengaged at the end of the month. The
annual wheel revolves in 3654 days, therefore the fractional portion
of a day will amount to unity every fourth year , and it will then
be required that February should have 29 days. This is effected
by a piece of brass 15, 16 , 17 , 18 , shown by dots, being hidden
behind the annual wheel . It is movable on the point 15, and has
marked on the concealed flat part the four years successively
leap year, and the first, second , and third after, which are brought
yearly in succession to an aperture in the dial above VI . in Fig. 62 .
This is effected by the star 20 with eight angular points. Two of
these points are carried forward by pins in the annual wheel, one
I
on the night of the last day in December, and the other on that of
the last day in February. The star is kept in its place by the
click or leg. A snail of four steps is fastened to the star, and
regulates the position of the piece 15, 16 , 17 , 18, by supporting
the end 18 ; thus the number 1 , 2, 3 , or leap year, will appear in
the dial according as step 1 , step 2 , step 3, is presented to the
projection 18 of the plate having the four years marked on its
face . The piece 11 is movable on the centre of the annual wheel
with a spring, pressing it so as to make it rest on a second snail
behind the star. The lever 10 is pivoted to this rack , and is thus
made to meet the pins, or recede from them, a space corresponding
to one day, or more if required. The concealed snail, having a
contrary spiral, removes the lever at the last day in February so
far from the corresponding pin in the annual wheel that the hand
Darrives at the 29th day before it is released, thus giving
February 29 days once in four years.
The Equation Movement. — On the point D, in Fig . 61 , the
rack E moves its tail c, resting on the circumference of the
equation curve. At o is a box with a spring , which keeps the cord
15 always stretched . This cord surrounds a pulley on the plane
of a concealed wheel N, under K, but not attached to it. This
wheel acts into the rack which is always resting on the equation
curve . The pinion I , of 30 teeth, revolving in 60 minutes and
carrying the minute hand, turns the wheel K, of 60 , which drives
a pinion L, of 30, also in 60 minutes . To L is attached a wheel
H, of 48 teeth, which turns a similar wheel F, and this again a
third similar wheel G, the tube of which surrounds the arbor of I ,
and carries the equation hand with a little sun on it pointing to 30 ,
in Fig. 62. The wheel N, below K, is pinned to a bar, which is
not seen, but which carries the wheel H and pinion L ; and as the
teeth of the rack are acting in the wheel N, the concealed bar
moves alternately towards I and 15 as the radius of the equation
cam varies. This motion makes the pinion L sometimes advance
and sometimes retrogade a few teeth, independently of the motion
it receives from the rotation of K ; and this additional motion is
also communicated to the wheel H in consequence of its connection
with L, and hence to both F and G, the latter bearing the
equation hand .
Altogether this is an interesting example of the mechanism of
early complicated clocks. The perpetual calendar work is now

done with more simplicity, as will be seen from a drawing given
later on ; and the equation indicator of Tompion's Bath clock, of
which a detailed description is also given , is actuated in a more
direct way, as will be seen from comparison .
John Harrison . John Harrison was born at Faulby, near Ponte

fract, in Yorkshire, in 1693. He was the son of a
carpenter, which business he followed for several years of his life.
In 1700, the family removed to Barrow, in Lincolnshire. At a
very early age Harrison showed a great predilection for mechanical
pursuits, and particularly directed his attention to the improve
ment of clocks.
One of his early efforts with wheels and pinions of wood is at
the British Museum, and in the Guildhall Museum may be seen
a very similar relic .
The offer, by Act of Parliament, of large sums for the pro
duction of a timekeeper sufficiently accurate to ascertain the longi
tude at sea, induced him to turn his attention to the subject of
compensation for temperature, and he suceeeded in constructing a
pendulum in which the effects of heat and cold in lengthening
and shortening the pendulum were neutralized by the use of two
metals, having different ratios of expansion . Harrison's pen
dulum , called the gridiron , will be illustrated under the head of
Pendulum .
He then proceeded to devise an escapement for a longitude
clock, and in 1728 he journeyed to London, taking with him his
pendulum , his escapement, and drawings of his proposed timekeeper,
hoping to obtain the approbation and aid of the Board of Longi
tude. Before, however, submitting them to the notice of that
body, they were inspected by Graham , whose maturer advice was,
to first make the timekeeper, and then ascertain , from its actual
going, what claims it might have to further notice.
Harrison continued plodding on in the country, repairing
watches and clocks, and making a variety of experiments, till his
forty-second year, when in 1735 he came up to London with a
timepiece he had invented and constructed . It was a cumbersome
affair in a wooden frame, and had two balances. He obtained
certificates of the excellence of his timekeeper from Halley,
Graham , and others, and on their recommendation he was allowed ,

in 1736 , to proceed with it to Lisbon in a king's ship, and was
enabled to correct the reckoning to within 1 ° 30' .
On this result, the Board of Longitude gave him £ 500 “ to
proceed with his improvements." From this it appears that the
performance of his first timekeeper failed to attain the precision
required by that Board ; for had it determined the longitude to
a degree, Harrison would have been entitled to £ 10,000 . The
rewards were £ 20,000 for any invention which would determine
the longitude to half a degree, £ 15,000 to two-thirds of a degree,
£ 10,000 to a degree. In 1741 he finished another timekeeper,
smaller than either of the preceding ones, and which appeared to
the members of the Royal Society more simple, and less likely to be
deranged ; and in 1749 he received the gold medal which was
annually awarded by the Royal Society to the most useful discovery.
Having improved and corrected this third chronometer, Har
rison applied to the Commissioners of the Board of Longitude in
order to obtain a trial according to the Act of Parliament. This,
after much delay, was granted, and his son was allowed to take a
voyage to Jamaica instead of himself. William Harrison em
barked in the Deptford, at Portsmouth, on November 15 , 1761 .
After 18 days' navigation the vessel was supposed to be in 13° 50'
west of Portsmouth by ordinary calculations, but the watch
marked 15° 19 ', and was at once condemned as useless. Harrison ,
however, maintained that if a certain island were correctly marked
on the chart, it would be seen on the following day ; and in this
he persisted so strongly, that the captain was induced to continue
in the same course, and accordingly the island was discovered the
next day at seven o'clock. In like manner Harrison was enabled
by his watch to announce all the islands in the order in which
they would fall in with them. When he arrived at Port Royal ,
after a voyage of 81 days, the chronometer was found to be about
nine seconds slow ; and finally, on his return to Portsmouth, after
à voyage of five months, it had kept time within about one minute
five seconds, which gives an error of 18 miles. This was much
within the limits of the 30 miles prescribed by the Act of 1714 ;
yet, several objections being raised (chiefly, it is supposed, by
Dr. Maskelyne, the Astronomer Royal , who gave preference to
lunar observations ), William Harrison was obliged to undertake
a second voyage, the proof from the first not being considered
sufficiently decisive by the Board , although they advanced £ 5000
on account of the reward .
William Harrison embarked on board the man-of-war Tartar,
on March 28 , 1764, and arrived in Barbadoes on the 13th of May,
and the return to England is recorded on the 18th of September
Fig. 63.-Yohn Harrison, 1693–1776 .

the same year . In order to obviate any doubts as to the
definition of correct longitude , or undue meddling with the
correction of the instrument, Dr. Maskelyne defined the longitude
of Barbadoes by observation of the eclipse by the transit of
Jupiter before starting for Barbadoes ; and the instrument was
kept under three different locks and keys, one in care of Harrison,
and the two others in the hands of the captain and the official of
navigation on board . Whenever Harrison had occasion to observe
the instrument, or to re-wind it, the two officers had to be present.

The result of this second voyage was so satisfactory, that the
Board unanimously declared that Harrison had really exceeded all
expectations and demands of the Act of Parliament, and paid a
further advance of £ 5000, with the condition that Harrison
explained the construction of his timekeeper. A sub -committee ,
consisting of Maskelyne, John Mitchell, Ludlam, Bird, Mudge,
Motheu, and Kendal, were appointed, and instructed to make them
selves acquainted with the mechanism of the instrument. But
even after the committee reported themselves satisfied, considerable
delay occurred , and the final payment was not made to Harrison
till 1769 .
Harrison's timekeeper is in the form of a large silver pair - case
watch, with a centre seconds hand . It is not in gymbals, but
reposed on a soft cushion, and on its trial voyages was carefully
tended by William Harrison, who avoided position errors as far
as possible by shifting the timekeeper to suit the lie of the ship.
The plates are 3.8 in . in diameter, the balance 2.2 in. in
diameter, the fusee makes 64 turns. The escapement beats five
times in a second. The pivot holes are jewelled with rubies.
One of the chief features is a bimetallic arm fixed at one end,
and carrying at its free end two pins, to embrace the balance
spring near its outer point of attachment . 6. The thermometer
kirb is composed of two thin plates of brass and steel riveted to
gether in several places, which , by the greater expansion of brass
than steel by heat, and contraction by cold, becomes convex on
the brass side in hot weather, and convex on the steel side in cold
weather ; whence, one end being fixed , the other end obtains a
motion corresponding with the changes of heat and cold, and the
two pins at this end, between which the balance spring passes,
and which it touches alternately as the spring bends and unbends
itself, will shorten or lengthen the spring . "
Harrison at first provided additional curb pins for mean time
adjustment, but had to abandon them ; for it is clear, if they
were placed behind the pins on the compensation curb, they would
not act, and, if placed in front, the movement of the temperature
pins would be ineffective.
It is, of course , easy to be wise after the event ; but, on exa
mining the remontoire and escapement of Harrison's chronometer
in the presence of the simple detent escapement introduced shortly

after, it seems marvellous that Harrison should have spent so
1 many years over such complicated and by comparison inefficient
contrivances. Harrison's drawings are most difficult to under
stand, but I venture to reproduce some contributed to the
Horological Journal by Mr. H. M. Frodsham , which were made
Fig. 7 Fig 3 .
S
W
ü
C2
al
529.2 .
Fig.4 .
e
f
I
Fig. 64. - Harrison's remontoire escapement.
from Kendal's duplicate of Harrison's timekeeper at the Greenwich

Observatory .
Fig. 1 is a section through the fourth wheel. Fig. 2 a plan
of the remontoire and contrate wheel. Fig. 3 a plan of the
remontoire and escapement. The pinion at the top of Fig. 1 is
driven by internal teeth on the third wheel of the train. The
wheel immediately below the pinion in Fig . 1 is the fourth wheel,

which drives a pinion X ( Fig. 3) . The dished wheel below the
fourth wheel in Fig. 1 is the contrate wheel (C Figs. 2 and 3) .
In the recess of the contrate wheel is contained the remontoire
spring which is wound eight times in a minute. The wheel at
the bottom of Fig. 1 is the seconds wheel . This and the contrate
wheel move continuously, while the fourth wheel and the other
part of the train are locked by the lever D catching the stop P on
the wheel P X, except during the winding of the remontoire. On
the collet of the contrate wheel are eight pins shown in Fig. 1 ,
and at Q in Fig. 3. The eight pins in the contrate wheel in
succession push the arm H (Fig. 3) , and so unlock the train .
The locking wheel P X drives a fly pinion and fly, V, to moderate
the velocity with which the remontoire was wound. The seconds
arbor is in the centre of the watch, and is driven by the seconds
wheel below the contrate wheel . The projections P P' on the
barrel of the remontoire are to prevent the remontoire running
down.
Fig . 4 shows the pallets, which, instead of forming an angle of
95° or so, as is usual, are set parallel to each other, and in this way
there is very little recoil , but increased tendency, to set. These
acting surfaces of the pallets are diamonds set in brass collets.
On Harrison's tomb in the south-west corner of Highgate
churchyard is the following inscription :
“ In memory of Mr. Jolin Harrison, late of Red Lion Square, London,

inventor of the timekeeper for ascertaining the longitude at sea. He was
born at Foulby, in the county of York , and was the son of a builder at that
place, who brought him up to the same profession . Before he attained the
age of twenty-one, he, without any instruction, employed himself in cleaning
and repairing clocks and watches, and made a few of the former, chiefly of
wood . At the age of twenty -five he employed his whole time in chrono
metrical improvements.
“ He was the inventor of the gridiron pendulum and the method of
preventing the effects of heat and cold upon timekeepers by two bars fixed
together ; he introduced the secondary spring to keep them going while
winding up ; and was the inventor of most (or all) the improvements in
clocks and watches during his time. In the year 1735 his first timekeeper
was sent to Lisbon, and in 1764 bis then much-improved fourth timekeeper
having been sent to Barbadoes, the Commissioners of Longitude certified
that it had determined the longitude within one- third of half a degree of a
great circle, having not erred more than forty seconds in time. After sixty
years' close application to the above pursuits, he departed this life on the
24th day of March, 1776, aged seventy -three. This tombstone was put up
many years after his death .”
In 1878 the tomb had become very dilapidated, the inscription
being barely decipherable, and I then suggested to Mr. W. H.
Prosser that he should obtain subscriptions, and have it restored .
This he proceeded to do ; but on applying to the Clockmakers '
Company they suggested the desirability of the matter being
placed in their hands, and the restoration was accordingly made
under their direction forthwith .
Among the celebrated clock and watch makers of

Pinchbeck .
the last century must be reckoned Christopher Pinch
beck, known principally as the discoverer of an alloy of metals,
called after him Pinchbeck , and as an inventor of “ Astronomico
Musical Clocks." He was born in, and resided at, Clerkenwell, in
a turning out of St. John's Lane called Albion Place ; but prior to
1822, when it was rebuilt, it was known as St. George's Court.
From here he removed to Fleet Street, as is shown by the
following advertisement which appeared in Applebee's Weekly
Journal of July 18 , 1721 :
“ Notice is hereby given to Noblemen, Gentlemen , and Others, that Chr.
Pinchbeck, Inventor and Maker of the famous Astronomico -Musical Clocks, is
removed from St. Georges Court, St. Jones's Lane, to the sign of the
Astronomico -Musical Clock in Fleet Street near the Leg Tavern . He
maketh and selleth Watches of all sorts and Clocks, as well for the exact
Indication of Time only, as Astronomical, for showing the various Motions
and Phenomena of planets and fixed stars, solving at sight several Astrono
mical problems, besides all this a variety of Musical performances, and that
to the greatest Nicety of Time and Tune with the usual graces ; together
with a wonderful imitation of several songs and Voices of an Aviary of Birds
so natural that any who saw not the Instrument would be persuaded that it
were in Reality what it only represents. He makes Musical Automata or
Instruments of themselves to play exceeding well on the Flute, Flaggelet or
Organ, Setts of Country dances, Minuets, Jiggs, and the Opera Tunes, or the
most perfect imitation of the Aviary of Birds above mentioned, fit for the
Diversion of those in places where a Musician is not at Hand. He makes
also Organs performing of themselves Psalm Tunes with two, three, or more
Voluntaries, very convenient for Churches in remote Country Places where
Organists cannot be had , or have sufficient Encouragement. And finally he
mends Watches and Clocks in such sort that they will perform to an Exact
ness which possibly thro' a defect in finishing or other Accidents they
formerly could not.”
His reputation was world-wide, to judge from the appended

extract from a letter of the period :
“ Mr. P. has finished a fine musical clock, said to be a most exquisite
piece of workmanship, and worth about £ 1500, wch is to be sent over to ye
King of France ( Louis XIV .) and a fine organ to ye great Mogul, worth
£ 300.”
It is recorded that Pinchbeck exhibited his “ astronomico
Fig. 65. - Christopher Pincbbeck, 1670–1732.
musical clocks, " together with a variety of curious automata at

Bartholomew Fair. He also attended Southwark Fair, and with
Fawkes, a celebrated juggler and conjurer of that day, had a
united “ show .” This may shock many who avail themselves of
the fine arts of advertising in vogue to-day ; but, however un
dignified it may have been , it cannot detract from his ability as a
horologist.
Pinchbeck gold was much used for watch cases and the like.
It is an alloy of three parts of zinc to four of copper ; but its
composition was jealously guarded by the inventor, as the following
will show.
“ Mr. Xtopher Pinchbeck had a curious secret of new - invented metal wch
so naturaly resembles gold (as not to be distinguished by the most experi
enced eye ), in colour, smell, and ductibility. Ye secret is communicated to
bis son .”
He died in 1732 , at the age of 62 years .

Edward Pinchbeck, son of Christopher, succeeded his father in
the business, as is evident from a “ Caution to the Public ” which
he inserted in the Daily Post of July 9, 1733 .
“ To prevent for the future the gross imposition that is daily
put upon the publick by a great number of shopkeepers, hawkers,
and pedlars, in and about this town, Notice is hereby given, that
the ingenious Mr. Edward Pinchbeck, at the Musical Clock, in
Fleet Street, does not dispose of one grain of his curious metal,
which so nearly resemble gold in colour, smell, and ductility, to
any person whatsoever ; nor are the toys made of the said metal
sold by any one person in England except himself.” After re
counting the various articles he makes from the alloy, the notice
continues : “ And in particular watches, plain and chased in so
curious a manner as not to be distinguished by the nicest eye from
real gold , and which are highly necessary for gentlemen and ladies
when they travel, with several other fine pieces of workmanship of
any sort made by the best hands . The said Mr. Pinchbeck like
wise makes astronomical and musical clocks ; which new invented
machines are so artfully contrived as to perform on several instru
ments great variety of musick composed by the most celebrated
masters, with that exactitude, and in so beautiful a manner that
scarce any hand can equal them. They likewise imitate the sweet
harmony of birds to so great a perfection as not to be distinguished
from nature itself. He also makes repeating and all other sorts
of clocks and watches ; particularly watches of a new invention ,
the mechanism of which is so simple, and the proportion so just,
that come nearer truth than any others yet made.”
In the Gentleman's Magazine of June, 1765, it is stated that
Pinchbeck and Norton “ had just set up at the Queen's House a
new complicated clock . It had four dials, and amongst them it
denoted clock and sun time , sunrise and setting for every day in
the year in various places of the world , the Copernican motion of
the planets, the ages and phases of the moon , high water at thirty
two different seaports , and the days of the week and the months
of the year.” But the fact is , there are two astronomical clocks
at Buckingham Palace, one by Pinchbeck and one by Norton , and
it is doubtful if they were ever in partnership. Each of these
clocks has four dials , one on each face of the square case closely
resembling the dials on the old clock in the South Kensington
Museum , which is represented on p . 43. Pinchbeck's clock is the
larger of the two, and has a handsome tortoiseshell case with silver
spandrels at the corners of the dial.
At about this time there was in Cockspur Street a Christopher
Pinchbeck, clockmaker to George III. In 1766 he is said to have
bought from Ferdinand Berthoud for George III, the first pocket
watch made with a compensation curb.
Thomas Mudge was born at Exeter, in 1715 ; his

Thomas
Mudge. father was a clergyman, and kept a school at Bideford .
Young Mudge showed great taste for mechanics, and
his father, noticing his extraordinary inclination for horology,
placed him, at the age of fourteen , as an apprentice with Graham .
Mudge here made great and rapid progress in his art, and soon
had confided to his charge many difficult and delicate pieces of
workmanship. After Graham's death Mudge succeeded to his
business, and at this time one of the best English watchmakers
had been ordered by King Ferdinand the Sixth , of Spain , to
obtain him an equation watch, and this artist had recourse to
Mudge. King Ferdinand, who was a great amateur in mechanical
works , hearing of this circumstance, sent an order direct to
Mudge to construct for him any piece of work which he thought
the most curious, and to charge for it whatever he choose. The
artist constructed for this monarch a repeating watch, which
showed true and apparent time, struck and repeated not only the
hours and quarters, but the minutes also. The king set great
store by this piece of workmanship, for which Mudge charged him
480 guineas . In 1750 he entered into partnership with Mr.
Dutton, another apprentice of Graham's . In 1765 he published
Thoughts on the Means of Improving Watches, particularly
those for Use at Sea ," and in order to better bestow his attention
on the making of chronometers, he quitted London in 1771 , and
went to reside at Plymouth, where he was for many years occupied
in constructing his first chronometer, which was sent to Greenwich
Observatory, and afterwards to Baron Zach (who was astronomer
to the Duke of Gotha), and lastly to Admiral Campbell, who took
it a voyage to Newfoundland, when its performance was pro
T1
Fig. 66.— Thomas Mudge, 1715-1794.
nounced to be satisfactory. The Board of Longitude sent him

£ 500, requesting him to continue his researches.
Dr. Maskelyne and Mudge could not agree. Maskelyne, who
was Astronomer Royal, carried the Board of Longitude with
him . It was asserted that chronometers of Arnold's performed
better than those of Mudge. Arnold had not submitted his
chronometers for the Government reward, and therefore Mudge
objected to the comparison. On the petition of Mudge, the House

of Commons, in 1791 , appointed a committee to investigate the
performance of Mudge's chronometers, the Bishop of St. David's,
Mr. Atwood , Mr. D. Luc, Mr. Ramsden, Mr. Edward Troughton ,
Mr. Holmes, Mr. Haley, and Mr. Howells , the three last - named
being watchmakers. After much bickering, Mudge, in 1793 , was
paid £2500, in addition to £ 500 he had already received as
encouragement, although the Board of Longitude dissented from
the course .
Mudge invented the lever escapement about 1765 , but it
appears only constructed two watches on this principle : one for
Queen Charlotte, which performed admirably, the other for Count
Bruhl, which, after several journeys, subjected to all the incon
veniences of changes of position and quick travelling, kept time
within a few seconds during several weeks . Mudge showed this
escapement to Berthoud, when he was in London in 1766 , but he
did not think so favourably of it as Margetts, Emery, and other
English horologists did . Mudge was in 1777 named the king's
clockmaker by George III . , who often employed him on delicate
pieces of work.
Mudge died, at his son's house in Walworth, on November 14 ,
1794.
Mudge junior engaged Messrs. Howells, Barraud, and Jamison
to produce chronometers on his father's plan ; but they were too
costly, and not successful . One of these instruments is in the
Horological Institute and another at the Guildhall Museum.
That an accomplished horologist and sound mechanic as
Mudge seems to have been should, after his invention of the
lever escapement, have persisted in the complication of a remontoire
and vertical escapement for his marine ' timekeepers, must be
ascribed to the perversity of genius .
The salient features of his chronometer are shown in the
accompanying drawings. To obviate the difficulty of the com
pensating curb action interfering with the action of the regulating
curb pins there are two balance springs. The upper one for
regulating has its stud C screwed to the balance cock, the stud D
of the lower spring, with which the pins of the compensation curb
engage, being fixed to the upper plate of the chronometer. There
are two remontoire springs, H and I , which are wound by the
+
escape wheel G, and which alternately impel the balance through
the pins a, b, connected with the upper, and e, f with the lower
one. The wheel and pallet actions will be understood from an
examination of the lower figure, which is a plan . After the
wheel tooth has given impulse to the pallet, and thereby wound
the remontoire, it is locked on the projecting nib of the pallet till
the balance in its excursion unlocks it, and allows the tooth on the
Н. B
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F
Fig. 67. - Mudge's remontoire .
opposite side of the wheel to impel the other pallet . The balance
staff is cranked , and the pallets with the remontoires are pivoted
partly in the balance staff and partly in separate cocks, so that
there are six pivots moving from the balance staff centre.
John Arnold . This famous horologist was born in 1734, at Bod

min , in Cornwall, where he was apprenticed to his
father, a watchmaker . While a youth he left home, and after a
stay of some time in Holland, he determined to try his fortune in

London . At first he worked as a journeyman , but soon found an
opportunity of establishing himself at Devereux Court, Fleet
Street. One of his earliest acts here was to make an exceedingly
small half - quarter repeating watch, which he had set in a ring
and presented to his Majesty George III . in 1764. When it is
stated that the whole movement measured but little more than
one -third of an inch across, his ability as a fine workman and his
marvellous sense of touch will be appreciated . * The escapement
selected was a cylinder one, the cylinder, made of ruby and
measuring one fifty -fourth of an inch in diameter, being the first
one made of that material. The king accepted the repeater, and
in return presented the clever watchmaker with five hundred
guineas as an acknowledgment of his surpassing skill .
Arnold's achievement at once brought him into notice, and
from that time his future success was assured .
It is said that the Emperor of Russia offered Arnold a thousand
guineas for a duplicate of the repeater made for George III . , but
the offer was declined , not that Arnold doubted his ability to
produce it, but because he desired the miniature timekeeper to
remain unique .
Arnold now turned his attention seriously to the problem
which was engaging the thoughts of leading horologists here and
in France. John Harrison had already fulfilled the conditions
laid down by the Board of Longitude, and thus practically secured
the £ 20,000 offered by Parliament in 1714 for a timekeeper
sufficiently exact to ascertain the longitude within certain limits .
* According to the Annual Register for 1764, the whole of this repeater,
composed of 120 parts, weighed but 5 dwts. 7 gr ., the following being the
weight of the principal items : The movement, complete, is 2 dwts. 2; gr.; great
wheel and fuzee, 2 gr.; second wheel and pinion, i gr.; barrel and mainspring,
3. gr.; third wheel and pinion, 5 gr. ; fourth wheel and pinion , to gr.; cylinder,
wheel, and pinion, to gr.; balance spring, cylinder, and collet, gr.; the
balance spring, sto gr.; the chain , į gr.; barrel and mainspring, 1 gr.; great
wheel and ratchet, 1 gr.; second wheel and pinion , 1 gr.; third wheel and
pinion, $ gr.; fourth wheel and pinion, ý gr.; fly -wheel and pinion, 17 gr.; fly
pinion, 2o gr.; hour hammer, į gr.; quarter hammer, į gr. ; rack, chain, and
pulley, 14 gr.; quarter and half- quarter rack, gr.; the quarter and half
quarter snail and cannon pinion , gr.; the all-or-nothing piece, į gr.; two
motion wheels, 1 gr.; steel dial-plate with gold figures, 3 gr.; the hour
snail and star, į and jo gr .
A subsequent Act of Parliament, however, devoted a further

£ 10,000 as a stimulus to continued research and improvement .
Mudge was already in the field, and seemed bent on adhering to
the remontoire principle somewhat on Harrison's plan . But it
was clear to other minds that a nearer approach to perfection
might be attained by a chronometer of altogether a different
construction to the one invented by Harrison .
One of Arnold's first essays was a chronometer which Captain
Cook took with him in the Resolution on his second voyage, in
1772. Two other timekeepers of Arnold's were on board the
Adventure. Mr. J. U. Poole, who has examined these early
examples, two of which are the property of the Royal Society,
states that they have plain circular balances with flat balance
springs acted on by a compensation curb ; the escapements are a
compound of the lever and the spring-detent, and they beat half
seconds, the workmanship being very rough compared with the
finish exacted in the present day. It seems certain that a time
keeper of Larcum Kendal, which was also carried on the Resolution ,
performed better than those of Arnold did .
Arnold was not to be daunted. He profited by experience,
and devised the helical form of balance spring, and a form of
compensation balance . The spring, as shown in the sketch, is
very similar to the one now in most general use
for marine chronometers, but the balance was rather
a complicated affair. These components he patented
in 1775 (Patent No. 1113) , and his specification
describes compensation to be effected by a brass
and steel volute fixed at its inner end to the collet
of the balance, and actuating weighted rods by means
of a lever attached to its outer end . Some years
later he adopted the simple circular bimetallic-rim
balance practically as now used , except that he
soldered the brass and steel together and formed the Fig. 68.
circular rim with pliers, whereas Earnshaw first turned
a steel disc and then melted the brass on to its periphery in the
way that has survived .
In May, 1782, Arnold patented his improved detent escapement
( Patent No. 1328 ). This is practically the chronometer escape
ment of to-day, which was almost simultaneously invented by
K
Thomas Earnshaw , except that in Arnold's escapement the escape

wheel teeth, instead of being flat where they gave impulse, were
epicycloidal curves, as shown in Fig. 69 ; but they required
oiling, and were consequently abandoned . While Earnshaw's
wheel is locked on the points of the teeth and the detent moves
away from the centre of the wheel to unlock, Arnold's locked on
the heel of the tooth and the detent moved towards the centre of
907
Fig. 69.
the wheel to unlock, the sunk part of the body of the wheel
allowing the locking stone to pass.
Arnold was now admitted to be a very successful chronometer
maker, but he still continued his investigations, and made count
less experiments with a view to improvements. He constructed
compensation balances of various materials. Among others may
be mentioned balances insensible to the influence of magnetism ,
which were composed of platinum and silver laminæ.
About 1778 Arnold removed to 112 , Cornhill, where the
business was carried on until his death, his son being admitted
into partnership during the latter part of the time. Arnold
and Son also had a chronometer manufactory at Chigwell, in
Essex.
The rival claims of Mudge, Arnold, and Earnshaw to the
rewards offered for the best chronometer were submitted to a
Select Committee of the House of Commons, assisted by a com
mittee of experts, and eventually each was awarded £3000 ;
but a moiety of Arnold's portion was not paid till after his
death , when it was received by his son. Arnold had not laid
claim to the reward when depositing his chronometers at the
Greenwich Observatory ; but their good performance was made
use of by Maskelyne as a reason why Mudge's claim should not

be recognized.
John Arnold was admitted as a member of the Clockmakers
Company in 1783 , and chosen on the livery 1796. He died at
Well Hall, near Eltham, Kent, in 1799 .
John Roger Arnold, his son , seemed to have inherited neither
the horological ability nor the commercial aptitude of his father.
Fig. 70.—John Arnold, 1734-1799.
He subsequently removed from Cornhill to 84, Strand, where he

entered into a partnership agreement for ten years with E. J.
Dent, and during this period the business flourished ; but immedi
ately the term expired Dent set up for himself at 82, Strand,
carrying with him the confidence of most of the customers of the
late firm .
Thomas Earnshaw was born at Aston-under-Lyne,

Thomas
Earnshaw . in 1749. To him must be ascribed the merit of having
devised the chronometer escapement and compensa
tion balance precisely as they are used to-day .
That he was a true horologist by intuition is evident. He
rs the reputation of being honest, rugged, and straightforward.
There are, however, but few details of his life to be obtained.
Fig. 71. — Thomas Earnshaw , 1749–1829.

The comparison of Arnold's and Earnshaw's escapement and
balance just given in the sketch of the former's career need not be
repeated . Several years younger than his rival, Earnshaw came
to London when a young man, and opened a shop at 119 , High
Holborn, one door east of the turning now called Southampton
Row. He died at Chenies Street, in 1829 .
The committee of investigation appointed to consider the
claims of chronometer improvers awarded Earnshaw £3000 .

Rightly or wrongly, he was of opinion that he was not well
treated , and in 1808 issued “ An Appeal to the Public , ” declaring
he was entitled to a more pre -eminent recognition.
1
This noted family of clockmakers was of Swiss

Valliamy
origin. Justin Vulliamy emigrated from Switzerland
and settled in London about 1730. He became connected with
Benjamin Gray, of Pall Mall, whose daughter he married, and
with whom he subsequently entered into partnership. . Watches
of very fine quality, inscribed “ Benj. Gray, Just. Vulliamy, ” are
occasionally to be met with . At Mr. Gray's death the business
was carried on by Justin Vulliamy. Mr. Gray was appointed as
clockmaker to George II. , and the family of Vulliamy held the
office of clockmaker to the reigning sovereign till the death of
Benjamin Lewis Vulliamy, in 1854.
Benjamin Vulliamy, the son of Justin, was much favoured and
consulted by George III . on mechanical subjects, especially in con
nection with the Kew Observatory, which was a hobby of the king.
Benjamin Lewis Vulliamy, born in 1780, was noted for the
exactness and excellent finish of his work, in both clocks and
watches. The large clock at the old Post Office, St. Martin's-le
Grand, turret clocks at Windsor Castle, and at Christ Church,
Oxford, are among the public timekeepers by him . He took an
active interest in the Clockmakers' Company, of which he was five
times master. He wrote several pamphlets on trade subjects. One
of them , on the construction of the dead -beat escapement for clocks,
advocated the turning of the pallets for ensuring greater exactness.
When the new Houses of Parliament were being built, the
architect, Mr. Barry, applied to Mr. Vulliamy for information
respecting the construction of the clock-tower, and this circum
stance, together with Mr. Vulliamy's influential position in the
horological world, led people to think he would make the clock,
as indeed it was intended by Mr. Barry and others that he should.
But Mr. Vulliamy objected to the conditions laid down by Mr.
Denison, who was commissioned by the Government to draw up a
specification in conjunction with the Astronomer Royal, and ,
backed by the Clockmakers' Company, declared the stipulations
to be too onerous and unnecessary. Mr. Vulliamy submitted
drawings of what he considered the clock should be like, and this

design Mr. Denison ridiculed as being merely suited for a village
clock of the old style, and quite unworthy of the national time
keeper. Mr. Denison's masterful attitude prevailed , and Mr.
Vulliamy had to succumb, feeling, there is no doubt, the keenest
mortification at being ousted from the proud position of leading
clockmaker. It must be admitted that his talent lay rather in
the perfection of details than in comprehensive departures from
the beaten track. He died in January, 1854 .
James Ferguson , born 1710 ; died and buried in

James
Ferguson . Marylebone churchyard, 1776. Among other con
ceptions of this celebrated astronomer and mechanician
is the clock here shown, which is contrived with only three
FIC.I. 60 FIC 2..
-to 120
120
OE FUN OF WHCE LWCRK

DIAL PLATL .
Fig. 72.
wheels and two pinions. The hours are engraved on a plate

fitting friction -tight on the great wheel arbor ; the minute hand
is attached to the centre wheel arbor, and a thin plate divided
into 240 equal parts is fitted on the escape wheel arbor, and shows
the seconds through a slit in the dial . The clock has a seconds
pendulum . The number of teeth in the escape wheel is higher
than is desirable, and the weight of the thin plate or ring in the
escape wheel arbor is objectionable, though it might now be made
of aluminium , vulcanite, or other very light material.
Ferguson also designed a curious and useful clock for showing
the time of high and low water , the state of the tides at any time
of the day, and the phases of the moon. The outer circle of the
60
55
60
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02 HO
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FLOO HICH WAT WALceg 59
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70
WATLOW MAS
HICIST 892
J.FERGUSON . 1VA
TIT
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INVET DELA . LVM MSIM

FIG. 73. FIG. 74.
dial in the left -hand corner of Fig. 73 is divided into twice 12

hours, with halves and quarters, and the inner circle into 29.5
equal parts for showing the age of the moon , each day standing
under the time of the moon coming to the meridian on that day.
There are two hands on the end of the arbor coming through
this dial, which go round in 29 days 12 hours 45 min. , and these
hands are set as far apart as the time of high water at the place
the clock is to serve differs from the time the moon comes to the
meridian ; so that, by looking at this dial, one may see at what
time the moon will be on the meridian and at what time it will
be high water. On the dial in the right -hand corner all the
different states of the tide are marked . The highest points on
the shaded eclipse represent high, and the lowest, low water . The
index travels round this dial in the time that the moon revolves
from the meridian to the meridian again. In the arch above
the dials a blue plate, to represent the sea , rises and falls as the
tides do, and over this a ball, half black and half white, shows the
phases of the moon.
The mechanism as it would appear at the back of the dial is
shown in Fig. 74. A wheel of 30 fixed to the hour wheel on the
centre arbor goes round once in 12 hours, and gears with a
wheel of 60, on whose arbor a wheel of 57 drives a wheel of 59 ,
the arbor of which carries the hand for the right -hand dial.
On this arbor is an elliptical cam which carries and lets down
the tide plate twice in 24 hours 50.5 min. On the arbor of the
wheel of 57 is a pinion of 16 , driving a wheel of 70, on whose
arbor is a pinion of 8 , driving an idle wheel of 40. This idle
wheel is merely to reverse the direction of the wheel of 54 with
which it gears, and which carries the hands for the left-hand dial .
The moon is driven from this last arbor by means of a pair of
mitre wheels.
Henry Jenkins, who flourished from 1760 to 1780,

Jenkins'
Astronomical first at 46 , Cheapside, and afterwards at 68 , Aldersgate
Clock . Street, must be reckoned among the celebrated clock
makers of his time. The drawing opposite shows
one of several astronomical clocks he contrived and produced .
There are concentric second and minute hands, and among other
motions are shown : equation of time, days of the month, age and
phases of the moon, time of high water at many seaports, the
apparent motion of the fixed stars, motions of the planets, etc.
The lunar and other motions, except the rotation of the planets,
are nearly as in Enderlin's clock, and need not be recapitulated .
From the earth's diurnal motion wheel, rotating once in twenty
four hours, is driven a worm which carries forward an annual
wheel , and the representation of the fixed stars one tooth each
day. From thence is a communication to the planetary system
dial above, and the motions of the planets are obtained by six
wheels fixed together on one stud and driving six other wheels
whose sockets are circles and represent their respective orbits.
On the stud are wheels of 108, 78 , 84, 40, 8, 5 , driving on sockets
26 , 48, 84 , 75 , 95, 147 .
FIG. 75. - Jenkins' astronomical clock .

St. Dunstan's Clock .

BOVE the main entrance at the western end of the old
church of St. Dunstan's in the West, in Fleet Street,
were erected in 1671 two gilt clock dials, placed back
to back, and mounted in a handsome square case, with circular
pediment, which projected well out over the footway, the tube
containing the rod for actuating the hands being supported by a
well -carved figure of Time. An alcove was built on the roof of
the gateway, and within were large gaudily painted and gilt
BAINE
TH
Fig. 76.
figures of Gog and Magog, which struck “ ting tang ” quarters
with clubs on two bells suspended above them . The clock and
figures were designed and erected by Thomas Harrys, a clock
maker, then living at Water Lane, Blackfriars. Harrys submitted
a statement of what he proposed to do, and, after describing the
“ two figures of men with poleaxes to strike the quarters,” con
tinues, “ I will do one thing more, which London shall not show
the like ; I will make two hands show the hours and minutes with
out the church , upon a double dial, which will be worth your
observation, and to my credit. ” The figures of Gog and Magog
proved to be a great attraction ; they speedily became one of the
sights of London , and their removal, in 1830, when the church
was rebuilt, elicited many expressions of regret. Fig . 76 , taken
from an old print of the church in my possession, represents the
clock as it was in 1737 .
In 1830, when the old church was in course of demolition, the
Marquis of Hertford bought for two hundred guineas the clock,
the quarter figures, and three old statues representing King Lud
and his sons .
The Marquis of Hertford was at that time building a residence
at the north-west corner of Regent's Park . This he called St.
Dunstan's Lodge, and in the grounds thereof the clock and
accessories are still to be seen from Regent's Park. The dials are
now in a circular case ; but the movement, though it has of course
undergone repair from time to time, is still substantially the one
Harrys supplied over two centuries ago.
Lyons Clook . In the cathedral of Lyons is a remarkable specimen

of complicated horological work . The clock was
originally constructed by a mechanician named Nicholas Lippius,
of Basle, who completed it in 1598 , but during the last century
Nourisson, a well-known clockmaker of Lyons, entirely remodelled
the interior. A view of the original exterior is given on page 140.
On different dial plates are exhibited the diurnal and annual motion
of the earth, the course of the moon, the day of the year with its
length from sunrise to sunset, and a calendar of remarkable feasts .
There are seven figures, to represent the seven days of the week ,
and on the morning of his particular day each one of the figures
takes his place in a niche , and remains there till midnight.
Strasburg Clocks .
HE first clock set up in the interior of the cathedral at

Strasburg was begun in 1352 , and completed two years
after, under John , Bishop of Lichtenberg. It consisted
of a calendar, representing in a painting some indications relative
to the principal movable feasts. In the middle part there was an

astrolabe, whose pointers showed the movements of the sun and
IL NININ
1
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ini : :
Fig. 77.—Lyons clock.
moon , the hours, and their subdivisions. There was placed at the
same elevation the prime mover, and the other wheel work which
caused the clock to go. The upper compartment was adorned with
a statuette of the Virgin, before which, at noon, the three Magi
( wise men of the East) bowed themselves. An automaton cock,
placed upon the crown of the case, crew at the same moment,
moving its beak and painfully flapping its wings . A small set of
himes, composed of several cymbals, formed a part of this work.
The second clock, of which an exterior view is given on page
142 , was certainly a triumph of ingenuity. It was projected in
1547 ; but though the designs appear to have been then ready, the
execution went no further than the building of the chamber, and
the preparation of some of the heavier ironwork, till 1570, when
Conrod Dasypodius, a native of Strasburg , undertook to supervise
the completion of the horologium . By his advice the mechanical
works were confided to Isaac and Josiah Habrecht, clockmakers of
Schaffhausen, in Switzerland, while Tobias Stimmer, of the same
place, was employed to do the paintings and the sculpture which
were to serve as decorations of the achievement.
Before, and at the foot of the clock, there was a celestial globe
supported on four columns of wood richly carved . It performed
a revolution on its axis, showing the stars known in the time of
Ptolemy, about A.D. 140. These stars, to the number of 1020,
were grouped in 48 constellations, represented by as many figures.
Two circles, one carrying the sun and the other the moon, turned
round the globe, the first in 24 hours, the second in the space of
about 25 hours.
Immediately behind the celestial globe there was a large
wooden disc, in which was painted a calendar for the space of a
century, the months, the days, the Dominical letter, the names of
the saints, and the dates of the principal movable feasts . This
calendar, of which one of the least defects was to make all the
years bissextile, or of 366 days, made an entire revolution every
year. The statues of Apollo and Diana, placed on two sides of
the disc, pointed out, with their sceptres, the one the day of the
year, the other the corresponding day at the end of six months .
The central part of the calendar was immovable ; on it were
represented the countries of Germany situated along the Rhine
and the topographical plan of the city of Strasburg.
The compartments situated on the two sides of the calendar
were occupied by the large panels upon which were painted the
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11
Fig. 78.—The second Strasburg clock..

principal eclipses of the sun and moon visible in the northern

hemisphere, and answering to an interval of thirty -two years only ;
that is to say, the period from 1573 to 1605.
Above the calendar there were seen in the clouds the seven
pagan divinities that have given their names to planets, and
afterwards to the days of the week . These allegorical figures,
seated in chairs drawn by the divers animals which mythology
assigns to each of these divinities, showed themselves successively
on the days which were sacred to them .
On Sunday, Apollo was seen , this day being dedicated to the
sun. The ancients named it Dies solis (the day of the sun ), and the
Christians the Lord's day ( Dies Dominica ), whence is derived
the French word, Dimanche, for Sunday. Diana showed herself on
the second day, which was called Dies luna ( day of the moon )
Lundi — Monday. Mars, the god of war, appeared on ( Mardi)
Tuesday, the English word being derived from Tuesco, the Saxon
name of the god of war. The fourth day was represented by
Mercury, the messenger of Olympus ; French, Mercredi ; English,
Wednesday ( the latter being derived from Wodin , the Saxon name
of the same deity ). The following day Dies Jovis, Jupiter's day ;
French , Jeudi ; English, Thursday (derived from Thor, the Saxon
name for Jupiter). The beautiful Venus showed herself on
Friday (which in English is derived from Friga, the Saxon name
of the goddess Venus ). Last of all, Saturn , the god of time, came
on Saturday, to close the Olympian procession.
Immediately above the divinities of the week was a gallery.
The middle was occupied by a small dial plate which indicated the
quarter -hours and the minutes, the hours being represented upon
the astrolabe ; at the sides of the dial plate were seated two genii ,
of which the one placed on the right raised a sceptre each time
the hour was to strike, and of which the other at the same moment
turned upside down an hour-glass which he held in one hand,
turning it always in the same direction . An astrolabe, constructed
according to Ptolemy's system , occupied the greater part of the
middle story, in the interior of which was contained the wheel
work of the clock. Six pointers, bearing the same number of
planets, pointed out, upon twenty-four divisions of the astrono
mical day, the movements of these heavenly bodies ; one pointer,
larger than the others and terminated by a sun , finished in twenty
four hours an entire revolution round a small map of the world

placed in the central part of a large dial plate, which was orna
mented at the same time by the circles of a horoscope and by the
twelve signs of the zodiac.
The upper part of the astrolabe was crowned with the phases
of the moon . There was visible a small dial plate cut in its lower
part by two semicircles, behind which the moon, represented by
a gilded disc, disappeared at the time of the new moon, and came
out from day to day to show successively a quarter part of its orb ,
till it presented to view its entire disc, at the time of full moon .
At the third story of the clock there was a platform , upon
which were fixed four small statues representing the four ages
(periods of life ) -infancy , youth, manhood, and old age ; these
figures struck the quarter-hours upon cymbals.
Above this platform was suspended the bell intended for
sounding the hours. Two figures stood beside this bell ; the one
was Death under the form of a skeleton, the other represented
Christ, having in one hand the cross and the palm branch . At the
instant the hour ought to strike, the Saviour came forward , and
the skeleton drew back ; but hardly had this movement taken
place when Christ retreated precipitately, and Death advanced in
the same way, to strike on the bell the number of strokes required .
This movement was repeated as many times as there were strokes
in the hour.
The structure is over twenty feet in height , and is surmounted
by a remarkably handsome dome . On the right is a spiral
staircase, by means of which the various galleries are reached .
The turret, placed on the left of the principal edifice, contained
the weights of the clock , as well as the machinery intended for
the cock which was perched on the summit of this turret. This
cock (the only piece which was preserved from the first clock,
called the clock of the three kings) crowed at first daily, at noon ,
flapping its wings and opening its beak ; but having been struck
ith lightning in 1640, it was not made any longer to crow, except
on Sundays and feast days. It ceased crowing entirely in 1789 ,
at the time when overwhelming attention bestowed upon the great
events that were taking place caused it to be completely forgotten.
Third Strasburg clock . At length it was evident that some
reconstruction was necessary . After considerable debate, the
necessary work was entrusted to Charles Schwilgue, who entered

on his task in 1838 , and completed it about the middle of 1842 .
On the 2nd of October of that year the life of the resuscitated
marvel was solemnly inaugurated . Some of the former actions
were altered or omitted , and fresh ones added , the greater part of
the movement being entirely new, for only in some few cases was
a restoration of the former mechanism practicable. The motions
now are briefly as follows :
On the floor-level is a celestial globe, indicating sidereal time.
In its motion round its axis the globe carries with it the circles
that surround it - namely, the equator, the ecliptic, the solstitial
and equinoctial colures, while the meridian and horizon circles
remain motionless, so that there are shown the rising and setting ,
as well as the passage over the meridian of Strasburg , of all stars
that are visible to the naked eye, and which appear above the
horizon . Behind the celestial globe is the calendar ; on a metallic
band , nine inches wide and thirty feet in circumference, are the
months, days of the month, Dominical letters, fixed and movable
feast days. The band is shifted at midnight, and a statue of Apollo
points out the day of the month and the name of the saint
corresponding to that day. The internal part of the annular band
indicates true solar time ; the rising and setting of the sun ; the
diurnal motion of the moon round the earth, and its passage over
the meridian ; the phases of the moon , and the eclipses of the sun
and moon . Adjacent compartments are devoted to a perpetual
calendar, solar and lunar cycles, and other periodic recurrences,
solar and lunar equations, etc. Above the calendar appear
allegorical figures, seated in chariots, and representing the days
of the week. These chariots, drawn by such animals as are
assigned as attributes of the divinities, run on a circular iron
railway, and appear each in order.
The dial for showing mean solar time is in the gallery above,
called the Gallery of Lions . A genius stands on each side of the
dial. The one on the left strikes the first note of each quarter
hour with a sceptre he holds in his hand, the second note being
struck by one of the four ages in a still higher gallery, as will be
described presently. At the completion of each sixty minutes the
genius on the right of the dial reverses an hour -glass filled with
red sand.
L
The story above is occupied by a planetarium , in which the

revolutions of the planets are represented upon a large dial plate.
Above the planetarium , and upon a star -decked sky, is a globe
devoted to showing the phases of the moon.
Next come movable figures representing the four ages, one of
which in turn appears and gives upon a bell the second stroke of
each quarter of an hour. At the first quarter a child strikes the
bell with a rattle ; a youth in the form of a hunter strikes it with
an arrow at the half-hour ; at the third quarter the blows are
given by a warrior with his sword ; at the fourth quarter an old
man produces the notes with his crutch . When he has retired a
figure of Death appears and strikes the hour with a bone.
In the upper apartment is a figure of Christ ; and when Death
strikes the hour of noon the twelve Apostles pass before the
feet of their Master, bowing as they do so. Then Christ makes
the sign of the cross.
During the procession of the Apostles, the cock perched at the
top of the weight-turret flaps his wings, ruffles his neck, and crows
three times.
In addition to the mean time dial in the gallery, there is one,
seventeen feet in diameter, above the principal entrance to the
cathedral
The foregoing particulars are extracted from a descriptive
pamphlet issued by the sons of Charles Schwilgue, who refer with
pardonable pride to the arduous labours incidental to the pro
duction of this extraordinary piece of mechanism .
Beauvais Cathedral possesses a clock bearing a strong re
semblance to the Strasburg one . It is thirty-six feet high , and
contains no less than fifty dials , recording the movements of
planetary bodies and other recurring intervals.
Clock at the Church of St. Mary , Lübeck .

MOST remarkable clock was in 1405 erected in the church
of St. Mary, at Lübeck. Doubtless it has been much
altered since that time ; but in 1820, from the description
of Downes, it was in good order. It consists of three compart
ments, the lowest of which contains the original inscription :
“ Hoc horologium factum est primum,* Anno MCCCCV.

Hanc rempl. gubernantibus Dn. Proconsulibus Henrico
Westof et
Goswino Clingenberg, Provisoribus hujus ecclesiæ. Ipso die
purificationis Mariæ.
Aspectum coeli, Solis Lunæque nitorem,

Lumina per certos ignem ducentia cursus,
Ut fluat hora fugax, atque irrevocabilis annus,
Hoc tibi, conspiciens ! oculis haurire licebit.
Sed resonos quoties modulos campana remittit,
Pronus astripotens Numen laudare memento . ”
These lines may be translated as follows :

“ This horologe (clock] was first made
in the year 1405. The lord pro -consuls of this state,
H. Westof and G. Clingenberg, being overseers of
this church. In the very day of the Purification
of the Virgin Mary.
“ The aspect of the heavens and the gleam

of the Sun and Moon- luminaries drawing
their light through certain courses,
as flows the swift hour and irrevocable year,
to thee, O beholder, will it be permitted
to take in with thine eyes.
But as often as the bell with resonant sounds
[beats upon thine ears] remember in reverent
attitude to praise the starpotent deity . "
There are also several other inscriptions recording the different

dates at which the clock underwent repair.
The principal division of the compartment is occupied by a
plate, on which several concentric circles are described. This has
a progressive motion , and is calculated to exhibit the various
details of the calendar from 1753 to 1875 , such as the Sunday
letters, the days of the week and month , the hours of sunrise , the
golden number, the solar circle, the day of Easter full moon, and
the number of weeks intervening between Christmas and Shrove
Tuesday. The centre plate contains a specification of all the
solar and lunar eclipses visible at Lubeck between the years 1811
and 1860, drawn up by the celebrated Bode, of Berlin .
In the middle compartment another plate is inserted, contain
*
“ Factum est primum ” may possibly mean the first made [of its kind).
ing an hour circle, a movable zodiac, and a dial which points out
the hours and the solar place in the ecliptic. A gilt represen
tation of the sun, accompanied by the inferior planets Venus and
Mercury, appears on the dial. There are four other dials, respec
tively calculated for Saturn, Jupiter, Mars, and the moon. On
two side columns the planetary hours are marked .
The highest compartment contains a small tower, with a set of
bells which play every hour, and a clock which is struck by a
figure of Time, while , on the opposite side, that of Transiency,
which , as here personified, reverts its face at every stroke. Under
this tower is the figure of our Saviour, before which a procession ,
representing the emperor and the seven electors , passes at twelve
every day, entering at one side, and retiring at the other. The
first -mentioned figure bestows a blessing on those of the potentates
as they move by, which express adoration by bowing the head .
Two angels always announce the ceremony by sound of trumpet .
An attendant stands before each of the little doors through which
the train appears and disappears, and pays obeisance as they pass.
The number of figures amounts to twelve ; hence some people have
considered that they represent the Apostles.
The sides of this stupendous horologe, which is enclosed by an
iron railing, exhibit various scenes from the narrative of Christ's
sufferings ; and carved in the corner of the framework surrounding
one of these scriptural pieces is the figure of a mouse , which is the
work-mark of Lubeck.
Clock at the Dome Church , Lübeck ,
OWNES describes another extraordinary clock at Lübeck,

in the Dome Church. This is of a much later date .
D
The dial plate represents the face of the sun, the eyes of
which, turning alternately to the right and left with the oscilla
tion of the pendulum, produce a most hideous effect . Above
are two figures, one of which personifies Faith, and beats the
quarters ; the other, a skeleton , said to represent Time, exhibits
rather the lineaments of Death. In the left hand it holds an
hour-glass, and in the right a hammer, with which it strikes the
hours, slowly moving the head to the right and left during the
process.
Curious Clock by Isaac Habrecht at the British

Museum ,
T the top of the main stair

case of the British Museum
is a most curious clock,
which was bequeathed to the nation
by Mr. Octavius Morgan . It was
made in 1589 by Isaac Habrecht,
one of the two ingenious brothers
who made the second famous clock
at Strasburg. It is about four feet
in height, and the general design is
the same as that of the left tower of
the Strasburg clock, and on the sides
of both are figures of the three
Fates, Clotho, Lachesis, and Atropos,
and each is surmounted by a figure
of the cock of St. Peter, which at
the stroke of the hour flaps its wings ww
MAIAN
1
and crows . It had originally a
ΠΛΙΔ
balance as a controller, for which a

pendulum was subsequently substi
tuted . The quarters are struck by
four figures representing the ages of IX
man , and the hour by a figure of
QUON
Death . On a lower balcony is a

Won
seated figure of the Virgin and Child,

before whom passes a circle of angels,
who, as they are set in movement
by the striking of the clock, are
caused to make an obeisance in front
of the Virgin . Below this the gods
of the days of the week perform
their circuit, each driving in a
chariot, while the dials on the lower
stages fulfil the more useful functions
FIG. 79.
of indicating the hour, the phases
of the moon, the feasts of the Church , etc. The case is of gilt
copper, with well-engraved figures and ornamental designs, per

haps by Tobias Stimmer, who was employed to decorate the
original clock at Strasburg. The history of this clever piece of
MUD
CHUTE
LITHAILA
ՓառնասնԱրոյգրեր unmuutum
mo
Gummmmm
FIG. 80. – Venice Clock.
mechanism is somewhat curious , though it rests upon slender

foundations. It is stated that Pope Sixtus V. was so pleased
with the Strasburg clock that he ordered Habrecht to make one of
the same kind . This was made, and remained at the Vatican for
two hundred years. Its next appearance was in Holland, where

it was in the possession of the king ; from Holland it was
brought to London and exhibited about 1850.
Venice Clock.
N page 150 is shown a monumental timekeeper erected at

the Grand Piazza at Venice early in the seventeenth
century. There is a large dial showing the hours, and
above is a balcony of gilt lattice surrounding an image of the
Blessed Virgin , seated between two doors overlaid with gold .
Evelyn , in his “ Memoirs, ” under date 1645, speaks of this
“ admirable clock, celebrated next to that of Strasburgh for its
many movements ; amongst which abound twelve and six - which
are their houres of Ave Maria, when all the towne are on their
knees-come forth the 3 kings led by a stair, and passing by ye
image of Christ in his Mother's armes do their reverence, and
enter into ye clock by another doore .” Another writer in 1841
remarked that at a certain period of every year, on the Feast of
the Ascension, and fourteen days afterwards, as the hour struck,
the door on the right hand opened and an angel with a trumpet
issued forth, followed by three Eastern kings , each of whom, as
he passed the Virgin , raised his crown , bowed , and then dis
appeared through the other door. The hours are struck by two
bronze giants on a large bell which surmounts the structure,
Falling Ball Timekeepers .
N the British Museum are two specimens of this remark

be ably clever and elegant piece of seventeenth-century
mysterious horology. One of them is inscribed “ Jacob
Behan, Vienna." It is a sphere of brass four inches in diameter,
to be suspended from a bracket, or the ceiling of a room. The
upper and lower portions of the ball are gilt, while around a
silvered band in the middle are marked two series of Roman
numerals from I. to XII . , and subdivisions for the quarter-hours.
The extremity of one of the wings of a Cupid on the lower part of
the ball points to the hour of the day or night. The construction
may be gathered from the vertical and horizontal sections which
are given in Fig. 81. The suspending cord is coiled round a
barrel, with which is connected a train of wheels terminating in
an escapement and balance. While the top and bottom of the
ball are rigidly connected , the middle is free to move, and is
SECOFORT
WXNWL
ninm OAD |
ILOTI ilinih lu nii wetu
y!
Fig. 81.
furnished with a ring of teeth projecting inside, through which

the middle is rotated once in twenty-four hours, the weight of the
ball acting as a driving force. The mechanism is wound by
simply raising the ball with the hand, there being a weak spring
in the barrel, which causes it to turn and coil the suspending cord
on to itself.
French Pedestal and Bracket Clocks,
HREE elegant examples of French pedestal clocks are

shown below. Fig. 82, of Louis XIV. period, does not
show the minutes ; it has an hour hand and a hand
WWWWWW
TIE
Fig. 82. Fig. 83. Fig. 84.
for pointing to the day of the month on a circle outside of the

hours. Fig. 83 is of a slightly later period. Fig. 84 is a specimen
of the buhl work popular in the time of Louis XV. The style
of this clock , apart from the pedestal, was long in favour with
French manufacturers. The hour figures were usually on plaques
of enamel.
Urn and vase timekeepers with a revolving band, and with
varied exteriors, were favoured in France at the latter end of the
last century. The one represented by Fig. 85 belonged to Marie
Antoinette. The movement was covered by the handsome carved
(141 21113
FIG. 85. FIG. 86.
marble pedestal, the urn being of porcelain with bronze mountings.

A serpent curled round the foot of the vase had its head erect to
point to the hour on the double polygonal band.
Fig. 86 represents a magnificent design by Falconet, wherein
the three Graces are portrayed, one of whom indicates the hour
with her finger. The vase is supported by a column standing
on a handsome plinth ; the panels of the plinth show very choice
carvings of groups of children at play. The upper and lower
portions of the vase are stationary ; the hour band alone revolves
once in twelve hours.
The superbly designed bracket clock shown in Fig. 87 is also
60
I XII
X
TIS
съ
08
Fig. 87.
of French origin , in the style of Louis XIV . The original draw

ing of it is in the Bibliothèque Nationale de Paris.
Among the eccentricities of French horology is

Negress -Head
Clock . one at Buckingham Palace in the form of the head of
a negress, figures corresponding to the minutes appear
ing in proper order in one of the eyes of the negress, the hours
being denoted in the other eye in a similar way . By closing the

eyelids the figures may be rendered invisible.
Henry Bridges.
ENRY BRIDGES , who lived at Waltham Abbey, and was
IN brought up as an architect, seems to have obtained a

greater reputation abroad than at home as the pro
ducer of clocks with motions representing the heavenly bodies .
The specimen of his work delineated in the accompanying
figure was publicly exhibited in about 1770 by Edward Davis,
who wrote a pamphlet describing it. It is a monumental clock
ten feet high and six feet broad at the base. Within the
pediment at the top of the structure is a scene representing the
Muses on Parnassus ; this changes periodically to a forest with
Orpheus and wild beasts , which in its turn gives place to a sylvan
grove with birds.
On the upper large dial and the four small ones are indicated
the seconds , minutes, and hours ; the rising and setting of the
sun ; equation of time, the age phases of the moon, and signs of
the zodiac. On the lower of the large dials is exhibited the
Copernican system of time, consisting of seventeen bodies, the
sun being in the centre and the planets moving round it. On
a panel below are a landscape and the sea with representations
of moving persons and vessels, and on a second panel men at work
in a carpenter's yard . These automata were very popular, and
quite suited to the taste of the period. Besides these, the edifice
contained an organ , which was played at intervals. Altogether
there were, it is stated, over a thousand wheels and pinions in the
composition of the mechanism .
It is remarkable how little is to be gathered respecting Henry
Bridges among English horological records . Dubois, quoting from
the Bibliothèque Nationale de Paris, says he was clockmaker in the
court of Charles I. , and that the identical clock illustrated on
p. 156 was made for the Duke of Buckingham . But this account
cannot be accepted, for seconds and minute hands were not usual
in the time of Charles I.
The wig and dress of Bridges, as given in the same repository,

are of the style in vogue at the beginning of the eighteenth
!! ED
Peielina
>
Fig . 88.- Bridges' clock .
century, and we may conclude that this was about the period he
flourished .
Weighted Lever Timekeepers.
Rolling HIS ingenious device appears to have been

Clock. patented by that universal genius the
Marquess of Worcester, in 1661 (No. 131 ) .
It was also made by Nicholas Grollier about 1670. The con
FIG. 89.
struction of it will be understood from the uncovered view of

the front. There is a train of wheels and an escapement as in
* IX IX
Fig . 90.
a watch. The great wheel a carries the hand and also the
weight b. The clock never requires winding. It is every
morning simply placed at the top of the inclined plane, down
which it gradually rolls during the day, the hand pointing to the
hour marked on a dial, which of course covers the mechanism .
The length of the plane had better be more than twice the circum
ference of the clock case c. Its inclination may be regulated by
the screw g. The hand may be in the form of a figure of Time,
as in Fig . 90, a serpent's head, or other grotesque design .
The controlling principle of the rolling clock, as

Schmidt's
shown in Fig. 89 , has been utilized in another form
Mysterious
Clock of mysterious timekeeper, an exterior view of which
is appended. It was patented in 1808 (No. 3185) by
John Schmidt, a watchmaker, living in St. Mary Axe . He called
it “ The Mysterious Circulator, or Chronological Equilibrium .”
E C
FIG . 91 .
The ring A is divided into hour and five -minute spaces. The
watch movement, with the weighted lever, is contained in the
box, C, but it is now driven by a mainspring in the usual way.
The hand is pivoted to the tail of the dolphin . D is a
counter -weight. The weighted lever revolves once in 12 hours ;
it would be nearest to the centre of motion of the band at
6 o'clock, and furthest from it at 12 o'clock ; it is easy, there
fore, to see that by this displacement of the centre of gravity
the weighted lever would cause the hand to revolve and point
to the time. It appears that Schmidt was a German, who was
taken prisoner at Copenhagen, and brought to England. The
clocks were sold by Rundle and Bridge, whose shop was in
Ludgate Hill. Several distinguished persons are stated to have
become purchasers.
This device has been several times re-invented, but never , I
think, in so elegant a form as the original.
Curious Dial by Hogarth .
N 1727 William Hogarth , the eminent satirical artist,

published a curious print called “ The Masquerade
Ticket.” On the top of it was shown a clock dial like
60
65
t
Wi
CU
Nonsense
FIG. 92.
Fig. 92 , which was thus described in John Ireland's “ Hogarth
Illustrated ," where it was also represented : “ The head of the
renowned Heidegger, master of the mysteries and manager in
chief, is placed on the front of a large dial, fixed , lozenge
fashion, at the top of the point, and, I believe, intended to

vibrate with the pendulum ; the ball of which hangs beneath,
and is labelled Nonsense. On the minute finger is written Im
pertinence, and on the hour hand Wit ; which seems to intimate,
nonsense every second, impertinence every minute, and wit only
once an hour ! The time is past one — the witching hour is
gone. 1727 , the date of the year this print was published , is on
the corners of the clock. Recumbent on the upper line of the
print, and resting against the sides of the dial, the artist has
placed our British lion and unicorn , lying on their backs, and
each of them playing with its own tail. The lion sinister, and
the unicorn dexter ; the supporters of our regal arms being thus
ludicrously introduced , may perhaps allude to the encouragement
King George II . gave Heidegger, who at that period might
be said to ' teach kings to fiddle, and make senates dance,' who,
by thus kindly superintending the pleasures of our nobles, gained
an income of £5000 a year, and, as he frequently boasted, laid
out the whole in this country.”
Lovelace's Exeter Clock .
ACOB LOVELACE was born at the beginning of the

eighteenth century, in the city of Exeter, where he
ended his days in great poverty, aged 60 years, having
been 34 years engaged in constructing the monumental clock
shown in the accompanying engraving. The mechanism is en
closed in an elegant cabinet 10 ft . high, 5 ft. wide, and weighing
half a ton, ornamented with Oriental figures and finely executed
paintings, bordered by richly carved fretwork . The movements
are : 1. A moving panorama descriptive of day and night.
Day is represented by Apollo in his car drawn by four spirited
coursers, accompanied by the 12 hours ; and Diana in her car
drawn by stags, attended by the 12 hours, represents Night.
2. Two gilt figures in Roman costume, who turn their heads and
salute with their swords as the panorama revolves, and also move
in the same manner while the bells are ringing. 3. A perpetual
almanack, showing the day of the month on a semicircular plate ,
the index returning to the first day of every month on the close
M
of each month, without alteration even in leap years, regulated

only once in 130 years. 4. A circle, the index of which shows
the day of the week, with its appropriate planet. 5. A perpetual
almanack, showing the days of the month and the equation of
Fig. 93. - Lovelace's clock.
time. 6. A circle showing the leap year, the index revolving

only once in four years . 7. A timepiece that strikes the hours and
chimes the quarters, on the face of which the whole of the 24
hours (12 day and 12 night) are shown and regulated ; within
this circle the sun is seen in his course, with the time of rising
and setting, by an horizon receding or advancing as the days
lengthen or shorten , and under is seen the moon, showing her

different quarters, phases, age, etc. 8. Two female figures on either
side of the dial-plate, representing Fame and Terpsichore, who
move in time when the organ plays. 9. A movement regulating
the clock as a repeater, to strike or to be silent. 10. Saturn , the
god of Time, who beats in movement when the organ plays.
11. A circle on the face shows the names of eight celebrated tunes
played by the organ in the interior every four hours. 12. A belfry
with six ringers, who ring a merry peal. The interior of this part
of the cabinet is ornamented with beautiful paintings, representing
some of the principal ancient buildings in the city of Exeter.
13. Connected with the organ is a bird organ , which plays when
required . Beside the dial is the inscription , Tempus rerum
Imperator.
According to an advertisement in the Flying Post, July 5 ,
1821 , this clock was about to be publicly exhibited ; and in the
same publication for September 8, 1834 , it was announced that
“ Lovelace's celebrated clock , ” which for several years was in the
collection of Mr. James Burt, had the previous week been sold by
auction for 680 guineas by the noted George Robins.
At the International Exhibition, 1851 , it was a prominent
feature in the Western Gallery. It then belonged to Mr. Brutton ,
who had it put in order by Mr. Frost, of Exeter, after being
deranged for some years. In 1888 a suggestion was made in the
Exeter Press that the clock should be purchased for the Imperial
Institute.
Green's Lichfield Clock ,
N the Universal Magazine for 1748 is illustrated a singular

clock with a peculiar outer case, about 4 ft. high, built
in three tiers, and shown on p. 164. The early history
of the clock does not appear to be known, but at the date quoted
it belonged to Mr. Richard Green, of Lichfield .
On the lowest section and under a cornice are two tables of
brass, plated with silver, containing the Decalogue . Above, in a
niche, stands a crucifix of pearl, studded with crystals set in silver.
In a square compartment on one side of the tables is engraved, on
161 FORMER CLOCK AND IVATCHMAKERS
à plate of brass, the Lord's Prayer, and on the other side the
Creed, both of which, as well as the Commandments, are in Latin .
On a panel between each plate is a festoon of fruit and flowers,
over which, on each side, is seen a cherubim , with several other
ornaments neatly gilt.
Above this cornice, and immediately in front, is the face of
the clock , which shows the day of the month , day of the week ,
USA :69 : NAMA
LIGHHH
33
LG
BRO
FIG. 94.-Lichfield clock.
the hour of the day, and age of the moon. In a niche on each
side of the dial is placed a brass statue, gilt ; that on the right of
St. John the Evangelist, on the left, of St. Peter. In the middle
of the second cornice, and over the dial, stands a cock, alluding to
St. Peter's denying his Master.
The upper part represents a stately pavilion, adorned with four
angels, cherubims, vases, etc. , supported by pilasters of the Tuscan
order, and terminating at the top in a lofty pinnacle, upon which

stands a brazen statue of Fame with wings expanded, holding a
trumpet in each hand. Within the pavilion, in the centre, appears
Pontius Pilate, having a basin of water before him, as washing his
hands ; and round him move continually three images, represent
ing our Saviour as going to His crucifixion , the Virgin Mary, and
Simon the Cyrenian bearing the cross. These three last-mentioned
figures make one entire revolution every minute.
The musical part of this clock executed eight different tunes,
any one of which it played several times over every three hours,
with provision also to play it occasionally.
The outward case of this horological machine occupies the left
of the engraving. It represents a high finished tower steeple of
Gothic architecture, with pinnacles, battlements, windows, mould
ings, images, buttresses, etc., admirably painted and well carved.
This perspective view of the outward case is so contrived that no
part of the inner structure but the dial appears to view, except the
front of this case (which consists of an upper and lower door) is
thrown open . The clock may be then taken out, appearing then
as is shown on the right of the engraving, and placed on a table
or elsewhere . The height of the outside case is 5 ft. 2 in.
Watch with Changing Hour Figures.
N the celebrated Marfels Collection of antique watches was

one in which the hour figures are caused to appear as
required on the dial, a principle favoured in recent years
by several inventors, who have devised means of accomplishing
this end. This watch of Marfels was made in the last century by
M. Lögg, of Vienna. It has no hands ; the time is shown upon
the dial in an ingenious as well as a very simple arrangement. It
has an upper silver dial on which is chased a group, said to be
a representation of Saturn dragging the car of Helios . As may
be seen by the illustration ( Fig . 95 ), there is above the group on
the silver dial a semicircular slit or opening, through which is
visible a second dial lying under it . This second dial is gilt, for
contrast. Above the opening of the silver dial are engraved the
minutes from 1 to 60, and underneath it the quarter -hours I.

to IV . The lower dial is movable, and revolves once in two
hours. This dial has two circular openings lying exactly opposite
to each other, through which the figure of the hour appears upon
a silver disc. For this purpose a fixed pin is fastened upon and
near the edge of the front plate, over which the dial revolves. The
dial passes freely by it, while the projecting teeth of the two figure
wheels in turn strike against the pin, and as the dial revolves the
figure wheels are each time advanced one hour ( see Fig. 96) . As
F
O
G
3
301 33
3
20 25
1
0
DA
TIE
Fig. 95. FIG. 96.
the dial with the two discs revolves once in two hours, one of the
discs passes each hour by the stationary pin upon the plate, and,
as already explained, is pushed forward one hour. Let us suppose,
for instance, in the opening under which is located the disc with
the even figures, we see the number II . , as in the engraving,
Fig. 95. This number has entered from the left into the semi
circle of the silver dial, through which it slowly passes in one
hour, while the other figure wheel (which is during the same time
under the Saturn group, and therefore invisible), with the odd
figures, passes by the stationary pin, and is by it turned one tooth,
or from I. to III. When the number II. has passed its course
through the semicircle it disappears to the right under the Saturn
group, and the number III. enters from the left into the semi
circle, in order to pass through its course in the same manner .

The disc with the escaped hour II. meanwhile keeps on its way
invisibly, passes the stationary pin, and is also turned one tooth
further on, so that at the next hour it enters again with the
number IV. from the left into the semicircle of the silver dial.
This procedure is, of course, repeated every hour in the same
manner . It is but just to say that the mechanism of the old
master will bear comparison with the devices of later date.
“ Fencing Soldiers' ” Watch .
HE subjoined engravings show a watch of very peculiar

construction, which was made during the last century,
and was at one time in the Marfels Collection . The dial
is metal plate, blue enamelled , with thin white lines, upon which is
fastened two quadrants. Upon one of them is marked the hours
from I. to XII., and upon the other the minutes from 1 to 60.
It also bears two chased figures of soldiers in a fencing attitude,
one on each side of the quadrants. By pressing upon the crown,
the soldiers draw their swords, the one to the left pointing with
his sword to the hour, while the one to the right points to the
minute upon their respective quadrants. The construction is
shown in Fig. 98 , where the movement is shown without the
dial. Upon the arbor of the wheel, which is usually in the centre,
is the cannon a, upon which is fixed the snail used for determining
the minutes. The cannon drives in the ordinary manner a minute
wheel, the pinion of which depths in a wheel located to one side,
which it rotates once in twelve hours. Upon the latter wheel
is fastened a snail for determining the hour. When the pendant
is pressed down , the two levers b b are first unlocked , which
unlocking actuates the four racks c c and e e, each two of which
depth together into pinions f f. Upon the arbors of the two
pinions f f are placed the arms of the soldiers. By the unlocking
of the levers b b, the racks e e (situated above the centre of the
plate ), freed from the arm d d , are then moved upward by
springs operating on them . The pinions ff, into which the racks
depth , turn an appropriate distance, and with them the arms
of the soldiers, which are located on the pinions, and thereby
carry with them downward at the same time the lower stationary
racks c c . These racks c c are provided with projections, which
in their downward motion finally strike upon the snails, the one
to the left lying upon the hour rack , and that to the right upon
the minute rack. When the pressure upon the pendant is removed ,
all the parts of the motion work, and with them also the arms of
the soldiers, are by a spring brought back to a position of rest .
1[2
12
3
6
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FIG. 97. Fig. 98.
The cannon pinion a, fitting with gentle friction upon the centre
wheel arbor, is provided with a setting square passing through the
dial , for the purpose of setting the motion work mechanism .
The Progression of English Domestic Clocks.
HE manufacture of chamber clocks for domestic use , as

distinguished from the costly and highly decorated
timekeepers made for public buildings, or to gratify the
tastes of the wealthy, seems to have commenced about 1615 or 1620.
These chamber clocks were of the pattern known as “ lantern ,

" birdcage," or " bedpost." They were supported on a bracket,
WM
3
The Hosp
Top of Bell
Front Elevation
Side Elevation
FIG. 99. - Lantern clock, 1670.
and wound by pulling down the opposite ends of the rope to that
from which the driving weights were hung. In some instances
all the hours were struck in regular progression on the bell
surmounting the structure, and sometimes the bell was only

utilized as an alarum . In all cases the second train, for actuating
the hammer, was placed behind the train for the watch, or going
part. The framing was composed of four corner posts connecting
top and bottom plates, the pivots of the trains being supported in
vertical bars. All had trains calculated for going 30 hours . At
first the escapement with vertical verge and a balance as in
De Vick's clocks was used as the controlling medium , the verge
being usually suspended from a string.
About 1661 the pendulum was introduced , and quickly super
seded the balance . The escape wheel was then as a rule planted
to work in a horizontal plane, the pendulum being attached to the
verge. The pendulum was arranged either between the two trains
of wheels or behind, according to the fancy of the maker. The
alternate appearance of the pendulum weight at each side of the
case led to its being called a “ bob " pendulum , and pendulums of
this kind as still known as bob pendulums, in contradistinction to
the longer variety which at a later period, and with the anchor
ecapement, vibrated in a much smaller arc.
The movement was enclosed at the back with a brass plate ;
at the front with the dial, also of brass, with silvered hour circle
and engraved numerals ; at the sides with brass doors, and when
the pendulum was between the trains, a slit was cut in each door
for the pendulum to “ bob ” in and out of.
The size of the lantern clocks varied from about three inches by
two and a half inches to five inches square . The engraving
on page 169 , taken from a small specimen made about 1670, is
drawn to one-half of the real size. The larger movements were
more favoured at the end of the seventeenth and beginning of the
eighteenth century ; but no absolute rule can be laid down , for I
have seen a splendid specimen, five inches square, by William
Bowyer, who appears to have been one of the first members of the
Clockmakers' Company, and probably was a maker even earlier.
It is inscribed , “ William Boyear, in Ledenhall Streete, fecit.”
The movement of this clock is arranged in the usual manner, the
striking train behind the going, and working in three upright
bars. It requires a great length of rope to go thirty hours, as
each of the main wheels makes one rotation per hour. The
original vertical escapement, as usual, has been removed ; but
from parts remaining it can be seen that it was identically the

same as the drawings of De Vick's. The wheels and pinions, as
one sometimes finds, are very little cut, and though evidently
rounded by hand, seem beautifully correct, and run easily without
chattering. The hour wheel is driven by a pinion of four, the
end of the main wheel staff being filed up into four pins to serve
the purpose. The doors of the case, which seem to be the original
ones, are made of old sun -dial plates, which were, as is generally
known, common previous to the introduction of clocks. The dial
is very quaintly engraved and thickly coated with gold , having
stood unimpaired until the present time, being a great contrast to
the other parts of the case, which are green with age.
In the history of the Clockmakers' Company it is recorded
that in July, 1642 , "Mr. Bowyer did present one great chamber
clocke to the Company.” This gift is not among the Guildhall
Collection, and it would be interesting to know what has become
of Bowyer's " great chamber clocke."
In the earliest of these clocks it will be noticed that the hour
circles are narrow and the numerals stumpy , the frets round the
bell at top usually having a shield for the crest or initials of the
owner . About 1630 the maker's name was often engraved along
the base of the fret ; later, the name was inscribed at the top or
bottom of the centre of the dial, just within the hour ring ; or
placed out of sight under the alarum plate, the latter practice
leading to the assumption that the clockwas to be sold by some
one other than the maker. Then the hour circles were made
wider, and the numerals longer, and the fret with the crossed
dolphins came into use . It is probable that nearly all the ordinary
makers had their materials from the same foundry, or imitated the
original design very closely. Occasionally a maker seems to have
had frets of an exclusive design, of which one or two examples are
given.
The next alteration in lantern clocks, which was certainly no
improvement to their appearance, was to increase the size of the
dial, so that it projected as much as from two to three inches each
side of the frame. Clocks of this form are commonly termed
" sheep's -head." A great number of them appear to have been
made in the latter part of the reign of William III ., and in the
time of Queen Anne.
With such little variations in the style, these brass clocks seem
to have been made from the time of Elizabeth until about the
beginning of the reign of George III ., the later specimens being
11630
FIG. 100.-- Heraldic .
Fig. 101.—The fret of William Bowyer.
principally of provincial manufacture, and with square arched -top

dials.
They are still often to be met with in the country, enclosed in
a wooden hood as a protection from dust, with pendulum and
weights hanging below . Sometimes they are without any extra
case, and instead of being placed on a bracket, are simply attached

to the wall by means of an iron loop and two prongs.
The “ fret ” at the top of the case may in many instances be
PeterClofon at London fecit

FIG. 102.
FIG. 103.—The fret of Thomas Pace at the Crown.
somewhat of a guide in estimating the period of a lantern clock .

Appended are some examples, for which, and for much other
information, I am indebted to Mr. Percy Webster, of Loudoun

Road , St. John's Wood, who is an authority on ancient clocks
and watches.
FIG . 104. - The fret of Thomas Loomes.
Fig. 105.—Dolphin fret.
The heraldic was in use at the earliest period up to 1630 or

1640. William Bowyer and Peter Closon are diverse styles
between 1625 and 1650, while Thomas Pace and Thomas Loomes
may be taken to represent the period between 1630 to 1660. The

crossed dolphins came into use about 1650 , and were a favourite
FIG. 106. - Late period fret used especially in the Eastern Counties.
pattern from then as long as lantern clocks were made. Fig. 106
is found upon later specimens, particularly those made in the
Eastern Counties.
Long- case Clocks.
HE brass chamber clock with the wooden hoods developed

into the long -case eight-day clock now familiarly termed
“ grandfather " towards the close of the reign of Charles
II .; and although veritable specimens of that period are very rare,
examples, between then and the close of the seventeenth century,
are occasionally to be seen .
Some of these primitive " grandfathers' were exceedingly
narrow in the waist, only just sufficient width being allowed for
the rise and fall of the weights. The escapements were either of
the ancient balance or bob pendulum description. A curious
addition to these cases is sometimes seen in the form of wings or
projections on each side of the waist, to permit the swing of a
long or “ royal ” pendulum , when it came into general use about
1680. As the conversion was a simple process, it is now very
difficult to meet with an example having the original balance

escapement.
But for a few exceptions that mark the rule, the long -case
clocks have the movement contained between two brass plates held
together by horizontal pillars. This change came with the rearrange
ment of the trains side by side, to allow of winding with a key
from the front of the dial. The earliest were small in size, with
square dials, and had no door to the hood, which had consequently
to be taken off completely before the clock could be wound. The
cases were frequently covered with marqueterie work of more or
less artistic merit, most likely the production of the many Dutch
artists who were settled in London at that time. Corkscrew
pillars at the angles of the hood were also a distinguishing mark
of the period, and were often used in the reign of Queen Anne.
Sometimes these cases had a bull's -eye of bottle- glass let in the
door opposite the pendulum bob , causing a peculiar appearance as
' it swung to and fro, the bob being magnified and distorted in
appearance when seen through the glass.
The hour circles on the dials have many distinguishing marks.
To a close observer particularly it will be noticed that in the
earliest, specimens the inner circle is retained , dividing the hour
into quarters, the half -hour being shown by a longer stroke, ter
minating in a " fleur-de-lys " or similar ornament. This form of
circle was used before the adoption of the minute hand, but, being
found unnecessary, was soon abolished ; the minute divisions on
the outer edge had, besides the numerals denoting the number of
minutes, a cross or dagger marking the half -quarters. There was
no lack of engraving on the early dials, especially on those of the
William III. and Queen Anne periods. Round the edge was often
a “ herring -bone " or laurel-leaf border, and on the " matting " in
the centre, something in the form of birds and foliage bordered the
aperture showing the day of the month ; this had a very good
effect when burnished bright in contrast to the matting. Further
relief was given by turning a number of rings round the winding
holes. On the early clocks of the seventeenth century the maker's
name will be found in Latin under the circle on the bottom of the
dial, thus , — “ Henricus Jones, Londini, fecit ; " later it was en
graved on the cirele between the figures VII . and V. About 1715
name plates appear to have been first used, and individual makers
used their own discretion in the matter, the Latin inscription

going out of use excepting for such popular mottoes as Tempus
fugit, Tempus edax rerum , etc.
The addition of the arch to the dial was a great improvement
to its appearance. It is first seen in some of Tompion's later
clocks, and was very generally adopted for the better class of work
in the time of George I. Old square dials will often be found to
have had the arch added, the square and arch being made in
separate pieces and riveted together. The idea may have come
from the old lantern clocks, for the form and decoration of the
arch resemble the fret at the top in front of the bell, which
was used in some of them, especially those with the favourite
dolphin pattern. Why the old clockmakers were so attached to
this conventional device does not appear to be recorded , but
dolphins were for a long time retained as an ornament to the arch
dial, one being engraved on each side of a domed plate on which
was inscribed either the owner's or the maker's name, occasionally
with a crest or motto. The strike - silent hand was a later addition.
During the latter part of the eighteenth century there was a
great taste for moving figures placed in this part of the dial, such
automata as see -saws, heaving ships, time on the wing, etc., being
especially favoured .
The date of the introduction of plain silvered and painted dials
may be put down as about 1780 ; those having engraving instead
of matting in the centre are earlier, and will be found on clocks
made about 1740.
Calendar circles in the arch of the dial were very popular. The
hands for these were generally worked as shown on p. 178 .
Gearing with the hour wheel is the wheel having twice its number
of teeth, and turning therefore once in 24 hours. A three -armed
lever is planted just above this wheel ; the lower arm is slotted, and
the wheel carries a pin which works in this slot, so that the lever
vibrates to and fro once every 24 hours. The three upper circles
in the drawing represent three star wheels. The one to the right
has seven teeth corresponding to the days of the week ; the centre
one has 31 teeth for the days of the month ; and the left-hand one
has 12 teeth for the months of the year. Every time the upper
arms of the lever vibrate to the left, they move forward the day
of the week and day of the month wheels each one tooth . The
N
extremities of the levers are jointed , so as to yield on the return

vibration, and are brought into position again by a weak spring,
as shown. There is a pin in the day of the month wheel which ,
by pressing on a lever once every revolution, actuates the month
of the year wheel. This last lever is also jointed, and is pressed
on by a spring, so as to return to its original position . Each of
the star wheels has a click or jumper kept in contact by means of
a spring
Fig. 107.-Simple calendar work.
For months with less than 31 days the day of the month hand
has to be shifted forward .
The phases of the moon, usually accomplished by a disc
turning once in two lunations, as shown in Enderlin's clock on
p. 112, was also a favourite device for the arch of the dial.
The raised ornamental spandrels or corners are another sign
of the times in connection with the dial . The earliest were the
cherubs or angels' heads (Fig. 108 ) . This pattern will be seen on the
clock represented in the coat -of - arms granted to the Clockmakers'
Company in 1671, and was largely used until the end of the
century. It was succeeded by the larger and more elaborate
FORMER ÔLOČK AND WATCHMAKERS. 179
pattern ( Fig. 109 ) . Then more ambitious designs came into use,
notably two Cupids or nude boys supporting a crown in the
FIG. 108. Fig. 109.
midst of ornamental scroll- work ( Fig . 110 ) ; or a crown with

crossed sceptres and foliage, as in Fig. 111. This is an unusually
Fig. 110 .
fine specimen taken from a clock by W. Draper, tempo Queen

Anne. These well-known patterns were followed later in the
FIG. 111 .
eighteenth century by various combinations and those of a rococo

character, such as Fig . 112 , until we come to the degenerate patterns
of the George III . period (Fig. 113 ), when many were rough
castings never touched by a chasing tool after leaving the sand .

Traces of water - gilding will often be found on those first made,
clearly showing that such clocks were only for the wealthy.
Soon after the pendulum was introduced, concentric minute
hands were commonly applied, although one-hand clocks con
FIG. 112 .
tinued to be made to a much later date, especially by makers in

country districts.
The hands on eight -day clocks of the William III. period are
most artistic, not only being elaborately pierced, but also carved
and shaped on the surface.
Fig. 113.
The success of eight-day movements induced clockmakers to

calculate trains to go for a month and even a year, of which there
are several examples by Tompion and Quare.
It will be noticed in the striking part of the eight -day clocks
made before the invention of the rack , about 1675 , the locking
plate or count wheel was on the outside of the pillar plate ; those
fixed on the great wheel, though later, cannot be dated from
any particular period. When the rack was first introduced it was
placed between the plates and lifted by a pin in the arbor, instead
of a gathering pallet. This method does not seem to have been

used later than 1700, the outside rack being found so much more
convenient.
As material for the cases, oak has been used from first to last,
but rarely for high - class work . Walnut cases, both plain and
inlaid , were largely made during the latter part of the seventeenth
and beginning of the eighteenth centuries . Numbers of cases
with the English copy of quaint-looking Japanese or Oriental
lacquer work were made about 1745 , but the most highly prized
cases are those of mahogany in the Chippendale and Sheraton
styles, inlaid with satinwood , etc.
As an example of the better class of early long -case clocks, a
drawing of one by Tompion is given on p. 182. The case is of
walnut, and has a rather tall plinth and narrow body ; on each
side of the dial the fluted pillars which distinguished the period ,
and a handsome carved ornament surmounting the entablature.
An unusually fine specimen of a square-headed clock - case with
the Oriental lacquer work decoration in relief, is also shown on
p. 182. The clock is by Anthony Marsh, who was free of the
Clockmakers' Company in 1726 , and it may be assumed to have
been made about 1746 ; that is, twenty years after he took up his
freedom .
An example of what is generally accepted as an

Chippendale.
orthodox Chippendale case is represented on p. 183 .
It is not easy to define exactly what constitutes a Chippendale
case, nor why cases of this pattern should be ascribed to Chippen
dale . Thomas Chippendale was a noted upholsterer and cabinet
maker in St. Martin's Lane. He published a splendid folio book
of designs, of which three editions appeared between 1755 and
1763. In it there are representations of two long -case clocks, two
bracket -clocks, a cartel case, and two other small wall timepiece
cases. They are all of a very ornate description , the long ones
carved very much in the French style, as Figs. 82, 83 , delineated
on p. 153. One of the bracket-cases is domed, and resembles the
Elizabethan example on p. 43 ; the top of the other is pyramidal
with hollow curved sides. The characteristics of the cases now
generally known as “Chippendale” are the pillars or pilasters
rising at the front corners of the case, from the plinth to the
entablature under the hood, and the corresponding pillars at the

front corners of the hood . Generally the bases and caps are of
Fig. 114. - Early long-case clock by Fig. 115.—Oriental lacquer -work

Tompion , about 1680. case, about 1746.
metal, and the shafts fluted. The case is much higher than the
dial, and may be of the pattern shown in the engraving, which
is considered the more correct, or of the horn -top kind, in
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Fig. 116.—Chippendale case. Fig. 117. - Sheraton case,

which the upper part terminates in two carved “ horns,” curving

inwards.
Sheraton . In 1803 was published “ The Cabinet Dictionary ,"

by Thomas Sheraton, of which another edition ap
peared in 1808. No mention is made of clock cases in this work,
but the ornate style and beautiful inlaid work associated with
Sheraton have been very successfully applied by clock-case makers .
The popularity of Sheraton cases has never waned. A very good
idea of an elegant example may be gathered from the drawing
on p. 183.
Duties on Clocks and Watches.
" Act of N 1797 a tax was imposed on all persons in

Parliament
respect of the possession and use of clocks
Clocks."
as well as watches.
The Act ordained that
“ For and upon every Clock or Timekeeper, by whatever name
the same shall be called, which shall be used for the purpose of a
clock and placed in or upon any dwelling house , or any office or
building thereunto belonging, or any other Building whatever,
whether private or publick , belonging to any person or persons,
or Company of Persons, or any Body Corporate, or Politick, or
Collegiate, or which shall be kept and used, by any Person or
Persons in Great Britain, there shall be charged an Annual Duty
of Five Shillings. For and upon every Gold Watch, or Watch
enamelled on Gold, or Gold Timekeeper used for the purpose of
a Watch by whatever Name the same shall be called, which shall
be kept, and worn , or used, by any Person or Persons in Great
Britain, there shall be charged an Annual Duty of Ten Shillings.
And for and upon every Silver or Metal Watch , or Silver or Metal
Timekeeper used for the purpose of a Watch or any other watch,
or Timekeeper used for the like purpose, not before charged,
of whatever materials the same shall be made, and by whatever
name the same shall be called, which shall be kept and worn,
or used , by any Person , there shall be charged an Annual Duty
of Two Shillings and Sixpence."
It requires an effort to realize that such an impost prevailed

here less than a century ago . Among the other provisions of the
Act was one declaring that every watch or clockmaker or dealer
in the cities of London and Westminster, the parishes of St.
Marylebone and St. Pancras, the Counties of Middlesex and Surrey,
shall pay an annual duty of two shillings and sixpence. In any
other part of the country such a maker or dealer was let off by
paying a shilling duty.
The produce was far from reaching the estimated yield, while
the operation of the tax was such as nearly to ruin the manu
facturers. The demand for clocks and watches decreased to such
an extent , that in less than a year the general manufacture of
these articles in the kingdom , and the various branches of trade
connected therewith , had diminished by half, and thousands of
persons were deprived of employment. It is not therefore
surprising that the Act was repealed in April, 1798 .
A writer in Notes and Queries mentions that he met with a
printed form of receipt for a half -year's taxes, due from a small
farmer in Essex, in which occurred the item, “ For clocks and
watches, 5.71 ." The receipt was dated April 10 , 1798 , the
month in which the Act was repealed.
* Although the imposition of this obnoxious tax paralyzed the
horological trades, it had the effect of creating one new kind of
timekeeper, for tavern keepers, anticipating a scarcity of time
keepers among individuals, with one mind seem to have adopted
a bold mural timepiece for the benefit of those who visited their
public rooms. These “ Act of Parliament Clocks, " as they were
called , had a large dial of wood painted black, with gilt figures,
not covered by a glass, and a trunk long enough to allow of a
seconds pendulum . In country inns an Act of Parliament Clock
may still occasionally be seen .
Bracket or Pedestal Clocks.
RACKET or pedestal clocks, with enriched cases, as dis

tinguished from the plain metal covering of the ordinary
B
chamber clock, were in favour before the advent of the
long -case variety.
The earliest English wooden bracket clock cases were of the

square pattern , at first usually with a flat top, and afterwards with
a pediment, as in the arms of the Clockmakers' Company, or else
surmounted by a rounded projection of wood, into which was
fixed a brass handle, generally more or less enriched .
Then came the domical top, occasionally varied into the
“ basket " form , which consists of a flat domical top of perforated
metal .
Next in order are the “ bell ” shape, from the hollow curved
character of the top , which was surmounted usually by a rather
plain brass handle, and the “ lancet," in the form of a Gothic
arch , and named from its resemblance to the well -known cutting
instrument used by surgeons.
These were succeeded by the “ broken arch ,” in which the
upper part is a semicircular arch less in diameter than would be
required to reach the piers on each side of the dial, and therefore
connected therewith by short horizontal bands.
It is remarkable with what pertinacity some people cling to old
customs. Lantern clocks were made long after the long case was
introduced. Indeed, one occasionally sees an adaptation of the
bedpost movement to the needs of the later construction, the two
trains being placed side by side to allow of winding with a key
from the front, but with six pillars instead of the more simple
and convenient back and front plates.
Then, in the old four-post Dutch movements, made at the
beginning of the last century, a long while after the adoption of
the pendulum , the crown wheel and verge were retained in a
vertical position , and the pendulum was suspended above the
movement at the back of the case, quite detached, and connected
with the escapement only by means of a light wire crutch, working
horizontally over the frame. Owing to this peculiarity, clocks of
such a construction are often supposed to be much older than they
really are, especially if, as occasionally happens, the pendulum
gets removed or lost ; for when this occurs, the remaining part of
the movement almost identically resembles the drawings of De
Vick's clock.
Another instance of the slow appreciation of improvement is
the very gradual acknowledgment of the minute hand . Clocks
with an hour hand only were produced by country makers till
quite the end of the eighteenth century. The demand for verge
watches continued till late in the present century. Verge watches
7 were made in Clerkenwell till 1882, and then only ceased because
the verge finishers died out. The last specimens had lever balance
cocks, only because there was no one left to make the orthodox
pattern.
Electric clocks may be divided into four classes.

Eleotrio
Clocks. ( 1 ) Clocks in which electricity is used to impel the
pendulum or turn the hands, so that periodical wind
ing of a spring or weight is dispensed with ; ( 2) clocks that are
driven by a weight or spring and wound in the usual way, but in
which the vibrations of the pendulum are controlled by currents
transmitted automatically from a standard timekeeper ; (3) clocks
wound by electricity ; and (4) clocks in which the mechanism is
quite uncontrolled, but the proper position of the hands is ensured
by periodical electric currents from a standard.
Alexander Bain , in 1843 , invented (patent 9754) a system of
driving clocks and keeping a number of them in circuit going to
time by an electric current applied to the pendulum .
Sir Charles Wheatstone also devoted attention to the subject,
and patented, in 1858 (No. 1241 ) , a system of synchronous
clocks in circuit.
Mr. Charles Shepherd , Mr. F. J. Ritchie, and many others,
have also elaborated methods for attaining the same end.
Mr. Henry Campiche, one of the latest inventors in this
direction, dispenses with the clock train altogether. On the
pendulum rod , just above the bob, he places an arm , which, once
a minute or at other prearranged intervals, receives, through the
armature of an electro -magnet, a sufficient impulse to maintain its
vibrations. On the pendulum rod, but near the suspension, is a
springy arm or detent, which at each vibration of the pendulum
in that direction moves forward one tooth of a ratchet wheel.
This wheel carries an arm, which completes the electric circuit
once or more every revolution, and so causes the movement of
the impulse armature . This ratchet wheel may carry a hand to
show seconds and other indicators, and motion work may of course
be added. A battery is used to provide the current, and other
clocks in circuit may be actuated by means of a ratchet wheel on
the hand arbor moved round by the armature of an electro -magnet

acting on a click.
It is clear that if the current fail in clocks of the first class,
not only do they cease to register, but on the resumption of the
current they start with the error accumulated during its cessation .
Mr. R. L. Jones, recognizing the difficulty of driving clocks by
electricity, proposed to control the vibrations of the pendulum by
attaching to its lower end a magnet which passed through a coil
at each vibration. A standard clock with the same length of
pendulum as those controlled was caused to transmit currents
which accelerated or retarded the motion of the controlled
pendulums according as their vibrations were a little too slow or
a little too fast. This system works very well in the Greenwich
Observatory, where the circuit is short, and constant attention is
paid to the electric apparatus ; but the late Mr. C. V. Walker, after
many years' trial with a clock at London Bridge, controlled from
Greenwich , pronounced it to be impracticable. If the current
failed long enough for the controlled pendulum to get one beat
out, the controlling apparatus had no means of setting the clock
right again .
In Pond's electric clock a motor attached to the frame winds
the weight or spring once an hour or after other periodical
intervals, the motor being started by an arm, which, carried
round by the train, completes the electric circuit on arriving at
à certain point ; when the barrel has made nearly a rotation a
projection from it strikes the arm away, breaking the contact and
stopping the motor. The motor is actuated by one or more
Leclanche or other cells. This invention , though regarded
favourably when introduced , a few years ago, does not seem to
have been largely adopted in England.
In London the Standard Time Company adopted a system ,
invented by Mr. John A. Lund, of setting clocks right by sending
an electric current from a master clock which causes two clips to
close on the minute hand of each clock in the circuit exactly at
each hour, so that if the hand is in advance of or behind the
twelve on the dial, the clips adjust it to its proper position.
Another means used to bring the hand to the twelve is a
heart -shaped cam attached to the pipe that carries the minute
hand, against which a lever with a pointed end is made to press
exactly at the hour. This forces the cam into its lowest position
and the minute hand to the twelve.
In the Popp - Resche system used in Paris for

Pneumatic
public clocks, air, dried by passing over lime, is
Clocks.
pumped into strong iron reservoirs to a pressure of
about 40 lbs. per square inch . From these reservoirs a constant
pressure of 10 lbs . per
square inch is maintained
in a closed vessel from which IIX
IX
the air is used for driving
-
the clocks. Behind the
dials of the public clocks is
-
a ratchet wheel fixed to the 00
$
arbor of the minute hand,
as in the appended sketch .
XI
A click , working into this
ratchet wheel, is pivoted to
a lever whose extremity is
attached to a bellows of
thin metal. Pipes are laid
to all the public clocks, and
at the completion of every
AT
minute a master clock at
the central station opens
communication between the
FIG. 118.
supply vessel and the bel
lows, the pressure of air expands the bellows, and the ratchet
wheel is advanced one tooth.
Compressed air is probably more reliable in its action than
electricity, and the mechanism needed is simple ; but the time
occupied by the transmission of signals appears to preclude its
use for clocks at any considerable distance from the central
station , if absolute exactness is required.
Fan or Wind Fans actuated by currents of air have been from

mill Clocks. time to time used as motors for actuating time
keepers. In Dardenne's patent the weight is wound
up by the current of air in a chimney acting upon the blades of
a fan, which is stopped by a self-acting brake as soon as the

weight nears the top of its course.
A clock on this plan was at work in London a few years ago,
and seemed to perform satisfactorily.
Horstmann's Here the expansion and contraction of a liquid

Self-winding are used to wind the clock .
Clock .
A strong metal vessel, A in the figure, is filled
with an easily expanding fluid, such as benzoline, mineral naphtha,
etc. Connected to this vessel by a strong tube with a very small
bore are a cylinder and piston, B and C.
Owing to the fact that most expanding
fluids are incapable of driving a piston ,
being too volatile and thin, the cylinder
and tube are charged with a thicker and
more of a lubricating fluid , such as
glycerine. The vessel containing the
expanding fluid is on a higher elevation
than the piston and cylinder. This is
done to prevent them mixing, as benzoline
is lighter than glycerine, and , therefore,
BВ rises to the top. It is easy now to see
how that when the temperature rises the
expanding liquid will force the piston
upward , and, by means of a slight coun
terforce, the piston will fall on the tem
perature lowering.
The piston terminates in a cross -bar,
to each end of which is attached a steel
FIG. 119. ribbon like a wide watch mainspring. These
two bands are brought down over pulleys at D, fixed on each side
of the cylinder, and then carried direct to the winding mechanism ,
E, of the clock, which is all fixed on the back of the case and
independent of the movement. The two bands join into one a
little before they reach the winding. A large pulley, E, is fitted
on a stud at the back of the case, and is driven by means of a
ratchet and click . The pulley E has a flat groove, and is studded
with short pins at equal distances apart, over which works a
long steel ribbon perforated with oblong holes. This chain passes
down through the weight pulley F, which also has a flat groove,
but no pins, and is carried over the main wheel pulley G, which
is supplied with pins, the same as the winding pulley. It then
passes under the pulley of the counterweight H , and is then
joined to its other end, thus forming an endless chain . As the
piston falls a coiled spring causes the smaller pulley at the top of
the case to turn independently of E, and to coil the band J on
to itself ready for the next rise of temperature.
The Pendulum.
T is not certain who first used the pendulum as a con

troller for clocks. Galileo, the famous astronomer in
E
1582, remarked the synchronous vibrations of the lamps
suspended by long chains from the roof of the cathedral at Pisa,
and it is said that when blind he dictated to his son Vincent a
method of using the pendulum as a timekeeper, which the latter
carried out in 1649. From the drawing of this contrivance it
seems to have been merely a train of wheels and a rude escape
ment to keep a pendulum in motion, in order to determine the
time by counting its vibrations. A working model of it is to be
seen at South Kensington Museum.
Then it is stated that Richard Harris constructed a turret
clock with a pendulum for the church of St. Paul's, Covent Garden ,
which has since been burnt down. The authority for this state
ment rests chiefly on an engraved plate affixed in the vestry -room
of the old church, with the following inscription on it :
“ The turret clock and bells of this church were made, A.D. 1797 ,
by Thomas Grignon , of Great Russell Street, Covent Garden, the
son and successor of Thomas Grignon , who ( A.D. 1740) brought
to perfection what the celebrated Tompion and Graham never
effected , viz. the horizontal principle in watches and the dead beat
in clocks, which dead beat is a part of the mechanism of the
turret clock. Thomas Grignon, senior, made the time-piece in
the pediment at the east end of this parish church, destroyed by
fire A.D. 1795. The clock fixed in the turret of the said church
was the first long pendulum clock in Europe, invented and made
by Richard Harris, of London, A.D. 1641 , although the honour of

the invention was assumed by Vincenzio Galilei, A.D. 1649 , and
also by Huygens in 1657. This plate is here affixed by Thomas
Grignon, of this parish, the son of the above Thomas Grignon,
as a true memorial of praise to those two skilful mechanicians,
his father and Richard Harris, who, to the honour of England,
embodied their ideas in substantial forms that are most useful
to mankind .”
It would be idle to treat this as conclusive evidence in favour
of Harris ; still it is entitled to consideration, for the elder Grignon
alluded to was regarded as a man of integrity. He was a con
temporary and friend of James Ferguson, and one of the first
members of the Society of Arts, to which society he presented
a regulator in the year 1759 , which is yet to be seen at the house
of the society in the Adelphi . Besides , that Galileo's observation
would be followed by the application of a pendulum to a clock
is only just what might have been expected. The weak part of
the claim on behalf of Harris is that his application of a superior
controller should have remained a solitary instance for twelve
years or so, and have evoked no attention from scientists and
others interested in the subject.
Huygens, it is certain , studied the action of the pendulum
between 1650 and 1655 , and demonstrated the fact that the path
described at the centre of oscillation should be a cycloid for vibra
tions of varying extent to be passed through in the same time.
Dr. Hooke also saw the advantage of the pendulum about the
same time, and proceeded to apply it.
Fromanteel and others have also been named with confidence
by their respective admirers as being entitled to the honour of
introducing the pendulum ; but indisputable proof of any one's
claim to originality in the matter there is none, and it is therefore
useless to pursue this part of the subject further .
A pendulum drawn aside from its point of rest and then
released, is impelled by gravity to fall at once to its lowest
possible point, and but for the momentum acquired in falling it
would remain there at rest, but its momentum carries it up as far
on the other side as it fell at first through the action of gravity.
The length of the pendulum determines the time occupied in its
vibrations ; a long pendulum moving slowly, and a short one
quickly, because with a long pendulum the curve described at

the centre of oscillation is flat, and with a short pendulum it is
steep. The course of the pendulum bob attached to a long sus
pending rod, and that of one attached to a short suspending rod,
may be compared to rolling a ball first down a slight decline, and
then down a steep hill.
Gravity, a constant force, requires to act through four times
the distance to impart twice the velocity to a body, and therefore
a pendulum to vibrate twice as fast as another must describe a
path four times as steep, and to attain this condition it must be
but one -fourth the length of the first.
In estimating the time that a pendulum takes to vibrate, it
must not be forgotten that after gravity has impelled it to its
lowest position it takes just as long to rise on the other side as
it did to descend, so that each vibration takes twice as long as
it might be expected to do if the influence of gravity on it, as it
descended, were alone considered . Then as the pendulum swing
ing freely describes nearly a circular arc, the time in which a
pendulum vibrates bears the same relation to the time in which a
body would fall through a distance equal to half the length of the
pendulum , as the circumference of a circle bears to its diameter.
The mathematicians' simple pendulum , in which all the mass is
supposed to be collected in a point at the centre of oscillation , and
in which the suspending cord has no weight, does not, of course,
exist in connection with clockwork. Clock pendulums are now sus
pended from a weak spring, and are adjusted to the exact length
required by raising or lowering the spring at its upper attachment,
or by varying the position of a rating nut screwed to the bottom
of the rod, and on which the bob rests.
A clock has only to overcome the resistance of the air and the
slight friction of the suspending spring in order to keep the
pendulum going when it is once started ; and although a heavy
pendulum requires a greater force to start it than a lighter one ,
the retardation afterwards, due to the extra resistance of the
air on the larger surface, is insignificant. As inaccuracies in the
clockwork, currents of air, and other disturbing influences are
likely to interfere with the regularity of a light pendulum , it is
desirable always to use as heavy a pendulum as possible in reason .
The theoretical length at the sea level in London of a seconds
O
pendulum for mean solar time—that is, the distance between the
point of suspension and the centre of oscillation *—is approximately
39:14 in. ; the length of pendulum for vibrating sidereal seconds
in the same latitude is 38.87 in .
As the force that gravity exerts on a body depends on the
distance of the body from the centre of the earth, the length of a
pendulum varies in different latitudes . A seconds pendulum is
39 in . long at the equator, and 39.206 in . at the poles.
At Rio Janeiro it is 39.01 inches. At Paris it is 39:13 inches.
At Madras 39:02 At Edinburgh 39.15
At New York 39:10 At Greenland 39:20
The long and short vibrations of a free pendulum will only be

isochronous if the path described at the point of oscillation is a
cycloid , which is a curve described by rolling a circle along a
straight line. But a pendulum swung freely from a point travels
through a circular path, and the long arcs are performed slower
than the short ones . The divergence from the theoretical cycloid
was of importance when the arc described was large, as it was of
necessity with the verge escapement, and many devices were tried
to lead the pendulum through a cycloid. With an arc of about 3°
only, such as regulator pendulums describe now, the divergence is
very small .
With increase of temperature, the pendulum , in

Compensated
Pendulums. common with most other substances, lengthens ; with
decrease of temperature the contrary effect is produced.
The object of the compensation pendulum is to meet the error
arising from change of temperature by keeping the distance between
the point of suspension and the centre of oscillation constant.
The admirable paper of Graham (pp. 92–95) proves that he
* The centre of oscillation is that point in a vibrating body in which, if
all the matter composing the body were collected into it, the time of the
vibrations would not be affected. In a straight bar suspended at one
extremity, the centre of oscillation is at two -thirds of its length, and in a
long cone suspended at the apex, at four- fifths of its length from the apex .
From the irregular form of the pendulum , the position of its centre of
oscillation is not easy to calculate, but it is always situated below the centre
of gravity or centre of mass of the pendulum. Although not absolutely
correct, it will be a close estimate to assume the centre of oscillation to be
coincident with the middle of the bob.
thoroughly tested the ratios of expansion of most materials suit

able for the construction of such a controller, and his ultimate
selection of mercury as a compensating medium is quite justified
by experience, though the zinc tubular construction has proved to
be equally good .
Zino Tube Fig. 120 is a longitudinal section of a zinc tube com

Compensa pensation pendulum, similar in principle to those em
tion . ployed in the Westminster clock, and in the Standard
sidereal clock at Greenwich. In the Greenwich clock the central
rod and the outer tube are of steel, and the bottom half of the
hole in the bob is enlarged to bring the seat to the middle of the
bob, as in Fig . 120 ; the idea being that, as the bob by reason of its
greater bulk answers more slowly to changes of temperature than
the other members of the pendulum , it should be neutral as far
as the compensation is concerned . In the Westminster clock the
rod and outside tube are of iron, and the bottom surface of the
bob rests upon the collar of the outer tube. Preference is now
generally given to the centrally supported bob. Resting on the
rating nut at the bottom of the rod is a drawn zinc tube, just
large enough to slip easily over the rod. Outside the zinc tube,
slipping freely over it, is a thin iron or steel tube, having at the
top a cap recessed to fit the end of the zinc tube, with a hole in
the centre of a size to slip freely over the central rod, and at
the bottom an outer collar to form a seat for the bob.
The zinc tube is of such a length that, however much the
central rod and outer tube expand downwards with an increase of
temperature, the zinc tube expands upwards the same, and so the
centre of oscillation remains unchanged. The usual length of
zinc tube for a seconds pendulum is twenty-eight inches, the
central rod of steel, and outer tube of iron .
Fig. 121 shows two side rods of steel substituted for the outer
iron tube. They are of the same diameter as the central rod, and
pass through a brass cap at the top, as shown. At their lower
ends is a collar fitting loosely round the zinc tube, to form a
seat for the bob. In other respects the pendulum is similar to
Fig . 120.
In the foregoing description it will be observed that there is
no means of adjusting the zinc tube to length, except by having
it long, and then cutting it shorter as may be required. I have

lately seen an old pendulum by Arnold on the plan of Fig 121 ,
except that a thread was formed on the outside of the upper end
of the zinc tube, and the collar supporting the outer rods had a
101
с
be
OH
Fig. 120. Fig. 121 . Fig. 122. Fig. 123.
corresponding internal thread, and was screwed on to the zinc

tube, so that the acting length of zinc tube could be adjusted by
screwing the collar on or off. This seems a more rational way of
proceeding.
Mercurial In the mercurial pendulum with a glass jar, as

Compensa originally constructed by Graham , the mercury does not
tion. answer so quickly to a change of the temperature as
the steel rod ; there is difficulty, also, in obtaining glass jars perfectly
true. Preference is therefore now generally given to thin metal
jars for precision clocks, although the elegant appearance of the
glass jar in a stirrup causes it to be retained for regulators when a
showy appearance is desired . In Fig . 122 is represented Graham's
arrangement, with a little addition by Mr. Adam Reid for regulating
the time without altering the position of the outer frame CC, DD ,
or the index, H ; a second frame sliding within the first, and
carrying the jar of mercury, F, is adjusted by means of the screw E.
Harrison's This, shown in Fig. 123, is still the form of com

Gridiron pensation adopted in many foreign regulators. It is
Pendulum . composed of nine parallel rods, five of steel and four
of brass, the total length of each kind being nearly as 100 to 60,
that being the ratio of expansion of the two metals. Depending
from the cross frame A are two rods of steel a a. The frame B,
to which they are fixed at their lower extremities b b, carries also
two brass rods c c, which at their upper ends, d d , are carried in
the frame C , together with two other steel rods e e. Those at
their lower extremities f f, are fastened in the frame D , which
also carries the brass rods I g . The frame F carries the upper
ends of this last pair of brass rods at h h, and also the central
steel rod to which the bob is attached .
Wood Rod A cheap and good compensated pendulum may be

and Lead made with a wood rod and lead bob. For a seconds
Bob.
pendulum the rod should be of thoroughly well
seasoned straight-grained deal , and coated with something to
render it impervious to the atmosphere. It may be either gilded ,
varnished, or polished ; but painting answers the purpose well.
The bob, in the form of a hollow cylinder with the hole just large
enough to go freely over the wood rod, rests on a washer above
the rating nut.
Shorter pendulums for chime and other clocks are made of
teak, mahogany, and ebony, simply because in such small sizes
deal does not allow of sound attachments to the ends. These
pendulums have generally lenticular-shaped bobs. Such rods cost

scarcely any more than brass or iron, and are infinitely preferable.
It is essential that the grain of a wood pendulum rod should
be perfectly straight, for if the grain is not straight, the rod is
likely to bend, causing the clock to go very irregularly.
Importance Whatever kind of pendulum is used, it will not

of Fixing . keep time unless it swings from a rigid attachment.
One-second pendulums are long enough for all but

Length of
Pendulums. turret clocks, and longer than two -seconds pendulums
should not be used. The very long pendulums used
by foreign clockmakers for turret clocks, in order to get, as they
expressed it, " a dominion over the clock ,” were very unwieldy
and unsteady, from the action of the wind and other causes.
Vulliamy was the only English maker of repute who favoured
long pendulums . The requisite “ dominion ” is better obtained
by making the bob heavy, as was the practice of Graham .
Barometric error is the alteration in the timekeeping of a clock
due to changes in the density of the atmosphere through which
the pendulum has to move. It has been stated to be about a
third of a second a day for a change of one inch in the barometer,
but its effect is dependent on the arc of vibration of the pendulum
and other circumstances. Chronometers and watches are doubt
less affected from the same cause to a lesser extent. Experiments
by Mr. Ellis showed that if a magnet were fixed vertically to a
pendulum , just above the pole of another magnet attached to the
clock case, the rate of the clock could easily be altered by causing
the magnets to recede from or approach each other, as the
attractive power of dissimilar poles caused it to gain . Taking
advantage of this fact, he devised a barometric compensation (as
shown in the engraving) for the standard sidereal clock at the
Greenwich Observatory, where, I believe , it answers admirably.
Two bar magnets, each about six inches long, are attached to the
pendulum bob, one behind and one, a, in front, with their dis
similar poles towards a horseshoe magnet b, carried by a lever
resting at A on knife edges, so that the horseshoe is always
attracting the pendulum and increasing the acceleration due to
gravity, having of course its least effect when most distant. The
poles of the horseshoe are exactly under the bar magnets and
about 3.75 in. below them. At the other extremity of the
lever is a rod d carrying a float e, which rests on the mercury in
the short leg of a barometer, as shown. The area of the cistern
part of the short leg is four times the area of the upper part of
a
31
0
30
29
28
CO с
30 Fig. 124. - Barometric compensation.
the barometer tube, so that a variation of one inch in the barometric

pressure would affect the height of the mercury in the cistern but
Ö• 25 of an inch . As the clock gained with a falling barometer,
the bar magnet over the south pole of the horseshoe magnet is
placed with its north pole downwards, and the bar magnet over
the north pole of the horseshoe magnet with its south pole down
wards, so that there should be attraction between the bar magnets
and the horseshoe magnet. The bracket supporting the knife
edges can be shifted to increase or diminish the action of the

magnet, and the lever is balanced by placing weights in the pan f.
In the Westminster clock the pendulum vibrates 2.75° on each
side of zero, and Sir Edmund Beckett pointed out that with this
large are the circular error just compensates for the barometric
error . Where the escapement is suitable, this is doubtless the
best way of neutralizing the barometric error ; but it is not
applicable to the dead beat, for extra run on the dead faces of the
pallets or larger angle of impulse than usual is found to be detri
mental as the oil thickens .
Striking Work .
ECORDING the completion of each hour by strokes on a

bell has always been regarded as an important function
R
of public timekeepers. In some of the early clocks,
notably the first one at St. Paul's Cathedral, the sound of the
striking was the sole indicator of time provided , and in many
later edifices, where the exhibition of dials was considered to be
incongruous with the general design, timekeepers similarly re
stricted have been adopted and their convenience appreciated.
Clocks striking the quarters as well as the hours are common
enough, but Westminster Abbey furnishes a solitary instance of
striking work for the quarters only. This is done, not by the
turret clock with the well-known exterior dial , but by the time
keeper in the Poets ' Corner, which is also peculiar in being
probably the largest spring clock ever made, for the barrels and
fusees are each over seven inches in diameter.
Some of the early Dutch and German clocks were furnished
with two bells, one larger than the other, mounted on the top of
the case . The hour was struck on the larger bell ; the first quarter
noted by one stroke on the smaller bell ; at the half-hour strokes
corresponding in number to the previous hour were given on the
smaller bell, and the third quarter was proclaimed by one stroke
on the larger bell . This plan has the advantage of giving fuller
information than modern methods . Where one stroke is given at
the half -hour, as in most modern French clocks, half-past twelve,
one, and half-past one convey the same unmeaning sound.
The earliest device for causing the hours to be struck appears

to be the locking -plate construction , as shown in De Vick's clock .
The modern modification of this principle, to ensure greater exact
ness by using quicker moving parts to unlock the striking -train,
may be seen in the description of the Westminster clock .
Rack Fig. 125 is a view of the front plate of an English

Striking striking clock on the rack principle , the invention of
Work .
Barlow, which is the most reliable and the most gene
rally used now, except by turret - clock makers, the majority of
whom still prefer the locking plate. The going train occupies
the right and centre, and the striking train the left hand on the
other side of the plate. The wheels of the striking train are
indicated by dotted circles. The connection between the going
train and the striking work is by means of the motion wheel on
the centre arbor, and connection is made between the striking
train and the striking work by the gathering pallet, which is fixed
to the arbor of the last wheel but one of the striking train , and
also by the warning piece, which is shown in white on the boss of
the lifting piece. This warning piece goes through a slotted hole
in the plate, and during the interval between warning and striking
stands in the path of a pin in the last wheel of the striking train ,
called the warning wheel. The motion wheel on the centre arbor,
turning once in an hour, gears with the minute wheel, which has
an equal number of teeth . These two wheels are indicated by
dotted circles. There is, projecting from the face of the minute
wheel, a pin which in passing raises the lifting piece every hour.
Except for a few minutes before the clock strikes, the striking
train is kept from running by the tail of the gathering pallet
resting on a pin in the rack . Just before the hour , as the boss
of the lifting piece lifts the rack hook , the rack , impelled by a
spring at its tail , falls back until the pin in the lower arm of the
rack is stopped by the snail . This occurs before the lifting piece
is released by the pin in the minute wheel, and in this position
the warning piece stops the train . Exactly at the hour the pin
in the minute wheel gets past the lifting piece, which then falls,
and the train is free. Forevery hour struck the gathering pallet,
which is really a one-toothed pinion, gathers up one tooth of the
rack . After it has gathered up the last tooth , its tail is caught
up by the pin in the rack, and the striking ceases . The steps of
the snail are arranged so that at one o'clock it permits only suffi
cient motion of the rack for one tooth to be gathered up, and at
every succeeding hour additional motion equal to one extra tooth .
i.L
J
A
A
E
к
с
G
O
WEIGH T
D
:
.CORD
TO
Fig. 125.-Rack striking work.

A, Lifting piece. D , Hour snail. H, Pin wheel .
B, Rack hook . F, Tail of gathering J, Third wheel.
C , Rack , pallet. K , Warning wheel.
G, Great wheel. L , Fly.
The lower arm of the rack and the lower arm of the lifting
piece are made of brass, and thin, so as to yield when the hands
of the clock are turned back ; the lower extremity of the lifting
piece is a little wider, and bent to a slight angle with the plane
of the arm, so as not to butt as it comes into contact with the
pin when this is being done. If the clock is required to repeat,
the snail is placed on a stud with a star wheel and jumper ; the
movement of the star wheel being begun by a pin in the motion
wheel and finished by the jumper, so that the surface of the snail
corresponding to the previous hour is presented to the rack tail
as long as possible.
The usual way of getting the clock to strike one

Half-hour
Striking. at the half - hour is by making the first tooth of the
rack lower than the rest, and placing the second pin
in the minute wheel a little nearer the centre than the hour pin,
so that the rack hook is lifted free of the first tooth only at the
half- hour.
Clocks may be made to strike one at each hour

Striking One
tail lifted by a
each Hour. very simply by having the hammer
snail on the minute wheel.
Three Train The engraving on p . 204 is a front elevation of

Quarter the mechanism of a quarter clock, as arranged by Mr.
Chime Clock. Barnsdale. The going train occupies the centre of
the plate ; the striking train is planted on the left, and the
chiming on the right hand. All the train wheels are represented
by circles, except the fusee wheel of the going train.
GOING TRAIN.
Fusee wheel 96 Pinion 7
ง
Pinion Third wheel 78

: : :
Centre wheel 84 Pinion
STRIKING TRAIN .
Fusee wheel ... 84 Pallet wheel 70
Pinion 8 Pinion 7
Pin wheel 64 Warning wheel 60
Pinion 8 Fly pinion 7
Pins in pin wheel ... 8
204 FORMER CLOCK AND WATCIMAKERS .
tu
FIG. 126.-Striking mechanism of quarter-chime clock.

As the gathering pallet makes one complete revolution for

every blow struck, the pin wheel must contain as many times
more teeth than the pinion on the gathering pallet arbor as there
are pins in the pin wheel. The number of teeth in the pallet
wheel must also be a multiple of the teeth in the pinion on the
warning wheel arbor.
CHIMING TRAIN.
Fusee wheel 100 Pinion 8
Pinion ... Chime wheel 40
Second wheel 80 Warning wheel 50
Pinion 8 Fly pinion 8
!
Pallet wheel 64
The barrels for the going and striking parts are each 2 in .
in diameter, and the barrel for the chiming part 2 in ., and the
rough rule for the size of the fusee wheel is that it should freely
go into the barrel.
There are four pins in the minute wheel for raising the quarter
lifting piece, and, therefore, the quarter rack hook every quarter
of an hour. One, two, three, or four quarters are chimed accord
ing to the position of the quarter snail, which turns with the
minute wheel. At the hour when the quarter rack is allowed to
fall its greatest distance, it falls against the bent arm of the hour
rack hook, and releases the hour rack . As the last tooth of the
quarter rack is gathered up, the pin in the rack pulls over the
hour warning lever, and lets off the striking train . The position
of the pieces in the drawing is as they would be directly after the
hour was struck.
Turret Clocks.
HE noted clock of St. Paul's Cathedral made

St. Paul's.
by Langley Bradley when the cathedral
was built, and which did good service till
1893 , deserves a notice, for until the giant dials and Big Ben at
Westminster took the popular favour, the St. Paul's clock was
regarded as the standard timekeeper of the metropolis. The
frame consists of a cast - iron rectangular base plate, from which
rise cast - iron columns supporting an entablature of the same
metal. The going train occupies the centre of the space between
the base and entablature, the wheels being arranged vertically ;
while the gun-metal bushes for the pivots are carried in wrought
iron straps bolted to the base plate and entablature. On one side
of the going train is the quarter part, and on the other side the
hour-striking part, similarly arranged. All the wheels are of
gun-metal, the great wheels being 2 ft. 8 in . in diameter, 1 in.
pitch , and 14 in. wide. For the original recoil escapement was
substituted the present half-dead one in 1805 , but with this
exception it may be said that the whole of Bradley's mechanism
remained in good working order till the clock was taken down .
The two-second pendulum had a wooden rod and a cast - iron
bob, weighing nearly 180 lbs. The striking work was on
the rack principle. The mitre wheels for driving the dial
works were commendably large, being 20 in. in diameter, and for
supporting the dial end of the minute-hand arbor there were three
friction wheels placed at equal distances apart round the outside
of, and carried to the hour-hand tube. Slits were cut in the tube
to allow a portion of the circumference of the friction wheels to
enter, and the wheels were of such a size that they projected into
the tube just sufficient to meet the minute -hand arbor. This
ingenious contrivance is also applied to the Westminster clock,
and is generally supposed to have been invented for it. As is well
known , the St. Paul's clock tower has two dials, one facing down
Ludgate Hill, and the other looking towards the south side of the
churchyard. They were formed by black rings painted on the
stonework, on which the hour circles and the numerals were
engraved and gilt. Each dial is a trifle over 17 ft. in diameter,
and the central opening measures about 10 ft. 6 in., the hour
numerals being about 2 ft. deep. The clock was a 30 - hour one,
and therefore required winding daily. Though but two sets of
dial-work were used, the stonework of the four faces of the tower
is alike, and on the eastern side, which faces down Cannon Street,
although the dial was not painted, the hour numerals were cut in
the stone ; this suggests the inference that it was at one time
intended to show the time there ; it was probably found that the
pediment over the southern entrance to the cathedral so obscured
the view as to render the third dial comparatively useless. On
the roof, just outside of this dial aperture, is a horizontal sun -dial,
with a plate over 2 ft. in diameter. This was fixed for the purpose
of regulating the clock by the sun .
From the clock room the upper part of the belfry is approached
by a stone staircase formed in the wall of the tower itself, which
is five feet thick, composed of two stone shells, with a space of
fifteen inches between them. Here, forty feet from the clock floor,
was hung the celebrated hour bell which , in addition to its primal
duty of recording the hours, was tolled when the Sovereign, the
Bishop of London, the Dean of St. Paul's, or the Lord Mayor of
London passed away . It was 6 ft . 9. in . in diameter at the mouth,
and weighed 5 tons 4 cwt . Round the waist was the inscription,
“ Richard Phelps made me, 1716 ," and though the clock is said to
have been completed in 1709 , these figures may be taken to fix the
date when the clock and bells were dedicated to the public service.
For tolling it had a clapper weighing 180 lbs. The hammer
head which struck the hours on the outside of the sound bow
weighed 145 lbs. Just below the hour bell were two bells on
which the “ ting -tang ” quarters were struck ; the larger of these
weighed 1 ton 4 cwt., and the smaller 12 cwt. 2 qrs. 9 lbs.
The commissioners appear to have had just as much trouble
with their hour bell as was experienced over the casting of Big
Ben for the Houses of Parliament. In the year 1700, when the
cathedral was approaching completion, they purchased , for 10d. a
pound, from the church wardens of St. Margaret's, Westminster,
the celebrated Great Tom, which formerly hung in a clock
tower facing Westminster Hall, and which appears to have been
given to the churchwardens by William III . They then entered
into a contract with William Whiteman to recast the bell, and
when the work was done the bell was temporarily hoisted into the
north-west tower of St. Paul's and exhibited to the public,
Whiteman being paid £ 509 19s. for his labour. But lo ! after
sustaining many blows for the delectation of the ears of the
citizens, Great Tom the second exhibited a crack which rapidly
developed, so that the bell was pronounced to be useless. The
commissioners suggested that of course Whiteman would make
good his work by recasting the bell . “ Not so , " rejoined Whiteman .
“ I delivered to you a sound bell for which I was paid, and since
it has been in your possession it has been cracked .” So to make
the best of a bad job a very stringent agreement was entered into
with another founder - Richard Phelps to wit — in which he

covenanted for a certain consideration to cast a bell of similar
dimensions to the fractured one of all new metal, to deliver the
same to the Commissioners, and when they expressed themselves
satisfied he was to be paid, then , and not till then, removing the
old bell and allowing the value thereof. This accident with the
first hour bell accounts for the difference between the date of the
finishing of the clock and the time when the present hour bell was
cast.
The new St. Paul's clock is as nearly as possible a counterpart
of the one at Westminster .
Westminster Clock.
ERHAPS no part of the new Houses of Parliament gave

rise to more discussion and correspondence than the
grand clock in the north -eastern tower. The parlia
mentary papers referring to it extend from 1844 , when the
building was in course of erection, till 1862, some years after the
clock was finished .
In 1851 Mr. Denison, a barrister holding a good position at
the parliamentary bar, was requested by the Government to draw
up, in conjunction with Mr. G. B. Airy, the Astronomer Royal, a
specification for its construction . Vulliamy and some other
leading clockmakers who were invited to tender for the work ,
demurred to a stipulation that the clock should be guaranteed to
perform within a margin of a minute a week, which they declared
to be too small. Mr. Denison would not yield, and the clock
makers were equally firm . Eventually it was decided to entrust
the work to Mr. Dent, who was to make a clock from designs to
be furnished by Mr. Denison. Shortly afterwards the Astronomer
Royal declined to act further, and Mr. Denison acted alone,
furnishing the plan and superintending the construction of the
clock, which was finished in 1854, fixed in the tower in 1859, and
permanently set going in 1860. His temerity was justified by his
success, for the Westminster clock turned out to be the finest
timekeeper of any public clock in the world .
There are four dials, 180 ft. above the ground level ; each of
them is 221 ft . in diameter, or nearly 400 square ft. in area .

They are formed of cast-iron framework which forms the divisions
and figures, the spaces being filled in with opalescent glass . The
hour figures are 2 ft . long and the minute spaces 1 ft. square .
The hour hands are solid , and cast of gun-metal. For lightness
the minute hands are tubular ; they are of copper, the shells being
thin, but strengthened by diaphragms at intervals. The copper
tubes are tapered and closed at the tips, their open ends being
fitted to gun -metal centres, which also form the outside counter
poises. Each minute hand measures 11 ft . from its centre of
motion to the point, besides the counterpoise of 3 ft., so that the
load on the clock when the hands are subjected to a high wind or
covered with snow can be appreciated .
Between the backs of the dials and the walls of the clock
room is a passage about three feet wide, and here are fixed a
number of gas-jets to illuminate the dials at night. When the
gas is alight, this passage is very hot, but the clock -room is so
isolated , that the heat and products of combustion cannot enter.
It has been suggested that the electric light should be substituted
for gas, but it has been tried and found to be not so suitable.
The fact is, the dead whiteness of the glass, that is such an
admirable ground by day, militates against the complete success
of artificial illumination from within .
The driving weight of the clock being sufficiently heavy to
carry the hands round, even under the most adverse circumstances,
the force transmitted to the escapement would clearly be excessive
when the wind or snow happened to be helping instead of retarding
the hands in their course. Hitherto, the practice had been in
such cases to interpose a remontoire consisting of a small spring,
which was wound by the train and discharged at intervals.
However great the force which wound the spring, its pressure
in unwinding would be constant, so that by using this spring to
drive the escapement, the impulse given to the pendulum could be
maintained nearly at the required amount. Mr. Denison at
first tried a remontoire of this kind, but discarded it in favour of
the double three -legged gravity escapement, which he invented
for the purpose. The action of this is described fully under
the head of escapements. The movement is contained in a
frame made up of two cast - iron girders, 151 ft . long, placed
Р
side by side 4 ft . apart, and braced together. There are three

trains or sets of wheels, each one driven by a separate weight.
The " going " or " watch " train , that drives the hands, and is
controlled by the escapement and pendulum , occupies the centre of
the frame ; on the left hand in the drawing on p. 211 is the hour
striking train, which only moves once an hour when it is released
by the going train , and locks itself after it has struck the number
of blows corresponding to the hour of the day ; on the right is the
quarter train , which is released by the going train every fifteen
minutes, and chimes either one, two , three , or four quarters as
required, and again locks itself.
As it has less to do, the going train is lighter than either of
the striking trains ; and in all three the strength of the wheels
and other parts is greatest near the weight barrels, and is
gradually diminished as the velocity of the parts increases. In
the going train the parts near the escapement can hardly be too
light, for it is necessary that they should get into action quickly
directly they are unlocked, and to give as light a blow or shock
as possible when they are locked again. The four pairs of hands
are driven by four horizontal minute arbors placed high above
the movement, and leading each one to the centre of one of the
dials. These carry the minute hands. Each dial has separate
motion wheels for reducing the rate of travelling of the hour
hand, the motion work being carried on the walls of the clock
room. Connection between the movement and the minute arbors
is made by means of the oblique shaft a, p. 211 , and the mitre
wheels b, c, d , and e.
The numbers of the watch train are, great wheel 180, driving
a pinion of 48 on the right for the hand work, and one of 12
on the left ; on the arbor of the latter is the second wheel of 120
driving a pinion of 12 , which carries the third wheel of 90,
driving the escape pinion of 9. The great wheel is 2 ft . 3 in . in
diameter.
For striking the quarters the four -armed cam or snail , g, turns
once in an hour. It is gradually pressing down the lever h, and
allows it to escape once every fifteen minutes. The quarter train
is held by the locking lever j, which rests on the upper one of two
blocks on the lever k. The lever h acts on the lever k, and as the
quarter hour approaches the lever k rises and allows the locking
.
1
Fly for
hour striking
Wire rope to
bell hammer.
bell .
Wire rope to
hammer of hour
F
[ BO
FORMER CLOCK AND WATCHMAKERS.
Wire
rope Pend
. ulum Wire
rope Wire
rope
to
weight
.
hour
to .
weight
going
to .
weight
quarter
211
M ovement
–Fig
.1of
great
the
clock
at27.
Houses
Parliament
lever j to escape from the first locking block to the second one,
which is rather lower on the lever ; this allows the train to move
a little, and causes the noise generally known as warning. Exactly
at the quarter, the lever k falls free of the locking lever j, and the
train of wheels begins to run , the lever k being lifted sufficiently
high by the cam I to disengage the tongue m from the notch of the
locking plate or count wheel n , in which it is resting. If one
chime only is to be struck , the tongue m descends into the same
notch of the locking plate, for that notch is wide enough to receive
the tongue again after the small angular movement made by the
plate, and the upper block on the lever k catches the locking lever
j as it comes round. But at the next quarter, after one chime has
been sounded , the tip of the tongue rests on the periphery of the
locking plate till another chime is struck , when it falls into the
next notch. The locking plate makes one rotation in three hours,
and it will be observed that it is spaced out to allow of three sets
of quarters. The intervals between the notes of the quarters is
kept constant by the resistance of the air against the revolving fly
0, which is composed of two large blades of sheet iron.
The action for letting off the hour striking is very similar to
that for discharging the quarters, except that there is a double
warning before the clock strikes. The hour striking train is held
by a stop on the locking lever, resting against the upper of two
blocks on the lever t. A few minutes before the hour the locking
lever falls on to the lower block and is released thirty seconds
before the hour by the snail r, which revolves once in an hour. *
The locking lever is then held by a small independent lever till
two seconds before the hour, when a snail on the second wheel
arbor, which rotates once every fifteen minutes, allows one extremity
of a rocking lever to fall , and the other extremity then hits up the
independent lever and releases the locking lever. By the time the
two seconds have elapsed the first stroke is sounded on the bell.
While one o'clock is striking, the lever t is held clear of the
locking lever by the cam w ; the tongue on the lever then descends
into the wide notch of the locking - plate s ; at two o'clock it is 1
retained on the edge of the plate till two blows have been struck ,
* The four-armed snail attached to the hour snail is for actuating a lever
which stops the winding of the quarter part when the time for striking the
quarters approaches.
and so on, the locking plate, which turns once in twelve hours,
being divided so as to allow all the hours to be struck in rotation.
Around the side of the great wheel, x, of the hour part, are
ten cams for pressing down the lever, which through the inter
vention of the wire rope, shown on the drawing, raises the hammer
of the great bell in the chamber above. This wheel is 3 ft. in
diameter, has 140 teeth, and gears with a pinion of 21 ; the
second wheel has 90 teeth, and gears with a pinion of 15 or the
arbor of the locking lever. The great wheel of the quarter part, y,
is 3 ft. in diameter, and the side of it is spaced out for 60 cams .
This wheel has 150 teeth, gearing with a pinion of 20 ; the second
wheel of 90 teeth gears with a pinion of 15 on the arbor of the
locking lever.
Attached to the clock frame over the hour striking lever is
a strong curved spring, as shown in the drawing, to check the
upward motion of the lever. The length of the wire rope connect
ing this lever with the bell hammer lever is so adjusted that the
hammer is lifted after the last blow is struck ; when the train is
again released, the lifting arm is disengaged from the cam at once ,
and the hammer immediately falls.
To maintain the vibration of the pendulum during the twenty
minutes or so that it takes to wind the going part of the clock, Mr.
Denison invented a special kind of maintainer. The back bearing
of the winding-pinion arbor is carried in a loose link slung from
the barrel arbor. To obtain a resisting base so that the winding
pinion should not run round the wheel with which it gears, a click
presses against the ratchet - teeth on the side of the great wheel ,
and so drives the clock. But as the great wheel travels on , the
back end of the winding arbor in following it is taken out of the
horizontal line and soon becomes so oblique that the winder has to
stop and let it down to its normal position again . Though this
maintaining work is ingenious, it is not in my judgment so good
as the continuous sun and planet maintainer. For clocks of
moderate size, that take but a few minutes to wind, I would prefer
a spring maintainer.
To obtain a sufficient purchase in winding the hour and quarter
parts there is an intermediate wheel and pinion to each, and the
bearing of the arbor of the intermediate pinion is formed of an
eccentric bush, so that the pinion may be readily disengaged from
the wheel when the time for striking approaches, or when the
winding is completed . The hour pinion is shown out of gear, the
lever attached to the eccentric being pushed away from the spring
catch, while the one for the quarter winding is shown in gear
ready for winding
The weight for the going part is comparatively light, and
requires winding once a week only. The hour and the quarter
weights have to be wound twice a week, the operation taking about
five hours in each case . The weight for the quarters is just upon
a ton and a half, and the hour weight is over a ton.
The clock frame is not in the centre of the room, but placed so
as to allow a space of about two feet clear from one of the walls,
to which a very strong cast-iron bracket is fixed , and from this
bracket the pendulum is hung. The pendulum , 131 feet long from
the point of suspension to the centre of oscillation, vibrates once
in two seconds. It weighs nearly 700 lbs., and is compensated by
a zinc tube ten feet long in the way shown under the head of
pendulum .
The bells are arranged in a chamber above the dials, and hung
from massive wrought - iron framing. The hour bell is 9 ft . in
diameter ; is 8: in , thick at the sound bow , and it weighs 13
tons 11 cwt . It is struck by a hammer with a cast-iron head
weighing 4 cwt. , which is lifted 9 in . vertically, and 13 in.
altogether from the bell before it falls. There are four quarter
bells weighing respectively 78 cwt ., 33 cwt . , 26 cwt. , and 21 cwt.
The hammers for the quarters are each about one-fortieth of
the weight of the bell it strikes. To prevent the hammers jarring
on the bells, they are kept from contact by indiarubber buffers, on
which the shanks fall .
The following is the notation of the chimes . They are founded
on a phrase in the opening symphony of Handel's air, “ I know
that my Redeemer liveth ," and were arranged by Dr. Crotch for
the clock of Great St. Mary's, Cambridge, in 1793 ; they are in
consequence often spoken of as the Cambridge Chimes.
The first hour bell that was cast weighed 16 tons, or two tons
over the prescribed weight. It was called “ Big Ben ,” after Sir
Benjamin Hall, who was first Commissioner of Works when the
order for the clock was given . Shortly after the clock was started
the bell cracked . As in the case of the St. Paul's bell, a century
and a half earlier the question arose, who was to pay for recasting it ?
The founder would not, as he declared too heavy a hammer had
been used ; but the authorities averred that the hammer was only
of a weight sufficient to bring out the tone of the bell. Eventually
the present bell was obtained from another founder, duly hung and
approved . But after being in use a few months, its tone altered,
and it was found to have developed a crack on its inside three
inches deep. For three years afterwards the hours were struck on
the largest of the quarter bells, and then some one suggested turn
Ist
Quarter
2nd
Quarter.
3rd
Quarter.
Hour.
HSHI
The Cambridge Chimes.
ing “ Big Ben the Second ” round, so as to present a fresh place

for the hammer to strike on. This was done, and a lighter
hammer provided , with a result so far satisfactory that during the
twenty -six years that have elapsed the fissure does not seem to
have increased .
From first to last £22,000 were spent on the clock and bells .
The clock movement cost about £ 4000 ; £ 5500 were paid for the
dials and hands ; the bells absorbed £ 6500, including £ 750 for
recasting Big Ben ; and the iron framing for the bells, which at
first was too weak and had to be strengthened , took the remaining
£ 6500 .
There is electrical connection between the clock and Greenwich
Observatory, not for controlling the clock , but that its performance
216 FORMER CLOCK AND WATCIMAKERS.
may be ascertained . Two signals a day are sent automatically by

the clock, and , from the reports of the Astronomer Royal, its error
is rarely over a second a week.
Many people take the time from the first note of Big Ben at
the hour ; but to be exact, allowance should be made for the in
terval which has elapsed between the striking of the bell and the
reception of the note. Sound travels at the rate of 1110 feet a
second , and Big Ben can sometimes be heard at Greenwich Park ,
the sound taking 26 seconds to get there.
Balance and Balance Spring,
HE annexed figure shows the simplest form of

Balance.
the balance or vibrating wheel of a watch
or chronometer which , in conjunction with
the balance spring, regulates the progress of the hands. The time
in which a balance controlled by a spring will vibrate cannot be
predicated from the dimensions of the balance alone. A pendulum
of a given length always vibrates in the
same time as long as it is kept at the
same distance from the centre of the earth,
because gravity, the force that impels it ,
is always the same ; but the want of con
stancy in the force of the balance spring,
that in watches and chronometers takes
the place of gravity and governs the
vibrations of the balance, is one of the
Fig. 128.
chief difficulties of the timer. There is
another point of difference between the pendulum and the balance.
The time of vibration of the former is unaffected by its mass,
because every increment of mass carries with it a proportional
addition to the influence of gravity ; but by adding to the mass
of a balance, the strength of the balance spring is not increased at
all , and therefore the vibrations of the balance become slower.
There are three factors upon which the time of the vibration
of the balance depends :
1. The weight, or rather the inass, of the balance.
2. The distance of its centre of gyration from the centre of
motion, or, to speak roughly, the diameter of the balance. From

these two factors the moment of inertia may be deduced .
3. The strength of the balance spring, or, more strictly, its
power to resist change of form .
There is no exact rule for the diameter of a balance to a given
movement, but the practice is generally to make the diameter of
the balance equal to the diameter of the mainspring barrel . But
though the diameter of a balance is not absolute, it may not be
varied indefinitely even if the moment of inertia is kept the same.
With a very large, light balance, there is but little friction at the
pivots, and the variation between the hanging and lying positions
is small, but it is not so alert, and is more susceptible to external
motion than a smaller one. On the other hand, an unduly small
and heavy balance, though it is less affected by external influence,
has excessive friction at the pivots, and correspondingly large
variations between hanging and lying, besides which a fall or
jerk is very likely to damage the balance pivots.
Gold balances are preferable to steel . Steel has the advantage
of being less affected by alterations of temperature, but, on the
other hand , gold is denser than steel, and is not liable to rust nor
to be magnetized .
This is a long, fine spring that determines the time

The Balance
of vibration of a balance. One end of the balance
Spring.
spring is fixed to a collet fitted friction tight on the
balance staff, and the other to a stud attached to the balance cock
or to the watch plate. The most ordinary form of balance spring
is the volute or flat spiral, like Fig . 130. A Breguet spring is a
29
volute with its outer end bent up above the plane of the body of
the spring, and carried in a long curve towards the centre, near
which it is fixed. M. Phillips, a distinguished French mathema
tician, laid down certain rules for the form of curve best suited
for overcoils, and springs made in accordance with these rules are
sometimes spoken of as Phillips' springs ; but among English
watchmakers overcoil springs are generally called “ Bréguet,”
whatever the form of curve employed . For marine chronometers
helical springs, in which both ends (A and B) curve inwards, are
universally used. Either helical or Breguet springs are as a rule
applied to pocket chronometers, although a form of spring called
" duo in uno " is sometimes preferred . The bottom of this spring
is in the form of a volute, from the outer coil of which the
spring is continued in the form of a helix ; the upper end is
curved in towards the centre as in the ordinary helical spring.
A very generally accepted rule is that the diameter of a
balance spring for a watch should be half the diameter of the
balance (rather under than over ).
The dimensions of the spring, its form at the attachments,
the position of the attachments with relation to each other, are
all factors affecting its controlling power .
The length is important, especially in flat springs without
overcoils . By varying the thickness of the wire two flat springs
may be produced , each of half of the diameter of the balance, but
Fig. 129.–Ordinary Elevation. Plan.

balance spring. Fig . 130. — Helical spring.
of very unequal lengths, either of which would yield the same

number of vibrations as long as the extent of the vibration
remained constant ; yet if the spring is of an improper length ,
although it may bring the watch to time in one position, it will
fail to keep the long and short vibrations isochronous. Then ,
again , a good length of spring for a watch with a horizontal
escapement vibrating barely a full turn would clearly be insufficient
for a lever vibrating a turn and a half.
The great advantage of an overcoil spring is that it distends
in action on each side of the centre, and the balance pivots are
thereby relieved of the side pressure given with the ordinary flat
spring. The Bréguet spring, in common with the helical and all
other forms in which the outer coil returns towards the centre,
offers opportunities of obtaining isochronism by slightly varying
the character of the curve described by the outer coil , and thereby
altering its power of resistance .
The position of the points of attachment of the inner and

outer turns of a balance spring in relation to each other has an
effect on the long and short vibrations quite apart from its length .
For instance, a very different performance may be obtained with
two springs of precisely the same length and character in other
respects, but pinned in so that one has exactly complete turns, and
the other a little under or a little over complete turns. This
property, which is more marked in short than in long springs, is
depended upon by many for obtaining isochronism .
In ordinary watches provision is made for varying the con
trolling power of the balance spring by means of two short fingers
or curb pins, which embrace the spring near its outer attachment.
This method seems to have been adopted very soon after the
introduction of the volute spring. The pins were carried in a
circular slide, which had teeth on its outside edge . A pinion
geared into these teeth, and by turning the pinion with a watch
key, the acting length of the spring could be increased or
diminished. In 1755 Bosley patented the sliding index, which is
now preferentially used to carry the curb pins . Its action is more
certain because it avoids the backlash incidental to a wheel and
pinion when their motion is reversed . In marine chronometers
and the very finest watches curb pins are dispensed with .
In this form of balance the centre of gyration is

Compensa
tion Balance. caused to approach or recede from the centre of motion
in different temperatures, so as to compensate for the
effect of such variation , not only on the balance itself, but upon
the balance spring.
Berthoud, in 1773 , tabulated the effect of temperature upon
one of his marine watches. He reckoned that in passing from
32° to 92° (Fahr.) it lost per diem by
Expansion of the balance 62 secs.
The loss of spring's elastic force ... 312 99
Elongation of the spring ... 19
393 or 6 m. 33 s.
Doubtless Berthoud's observation was correct as far as the total

amount of the temperature error goes, but there appears to be no
warrant for assuming that a part of the loss was due to elongation
of the spring. The thickness and the width of the spring would
be increased in precisely the same proportion as the length ; and
as the strength of a spring varies as the cube of its thickness, the
spring would be absolutely stronger for a rise of temperature if
the relative dimensions only were considered . *
Sir G. B. Airy, by experiment in 1859 , showed that a chro
nometer with a plain uncompensated brass balance lost on its rate
6:11 secs. in 24 hours for each degree of increase in temperature.
To counteract this effect of change of temperature is the
function of the compensation balance. The halves of the rim are
free at one end and fixed at the other to the central arm, which is
of steel . The inner part of the rim is of steel, and the outer part,
which is of brass twice the thickness of the inner, is melted on to
the steel. As brass expands more than steel, the effects of an
increase of temperature is that the brass in its struggle to expand
bends the rim inwards, thus practically reducing the size of the
balance. With a decrease of temperature the action is reversed .
The action , which is very small at the fixed ends of the rim ,
increases towards the free ends, where it is greatest. In a marine
chronometer there is one large weight at about the middle of each
half rim, which is shifted to or from the fixed end, according as
the compensation is found on trial to be less or more than is
desired. In pocket chronometers and watches a number of holes
are drilled and tapped in the rim , and the compensation is varied
by shifting screws with large heads from one hole to another, or
by substituting a heavier or a lighter screw . In the marine
balance there are two screws with heavy nuts on opposite sides of
the rim , close to the central arm , for bringing the chronometer to
time. These nuts are slit, as shown in the drawing, to clasp the
screw spring -tight and so avoid backlash. In watch balances
there are four such screws placed at equal distances round the rim .
These, of course, are not touched for temperature adjustment.
Although approximately correct in its action and sufficiently
near for the requirements of all pocket watches and most marine
chronometers , it is yet noticed that the compensation balance fails
to meet the temperature error with mathematical exactness : the
* It is curious that Berthoud's statement should have been accepted

without question by all authorities and writers till Mr. Wright, the able
theoretical teacher at the Horological Institute, pointed out its fallacy in 1882.
rims expand a little too much with decrease of temperature, and

with increase of temperature the contraction of the rims is
insufficient ; consequently a watch or chronometer can be correctly
adjusted for temperature at two points only. A marine chro
nometer is usually adjusted at 45 ° and 90 °, unless special adjust
ment is ordered to suit particularly hot or cold climates ; pocket
watches at about 50° and 85°. In this range there would be
what is called a middle temperature error of about 2 secs. in 24
hours with a steel balance spring. The amount of the middle
temperature error cannot be absolutely predicated, for in low
temperatures when the balance is larger in diameter, the arc of
Fig . 131. — Marine chronometer Fig. 132.—Compensation balance

balance. for watches.
vibration is less than in high temperatures when the balance is

smaller, and consequently its time of vibration is affected by the
isochronism , or otherwise, of the balance spring. And advantage
is sometimes taken of this circumstance to lessen the middle
temperature error by leaving the piece fast in the short arcs. To
avoid middle temperature error in marine chronometers, various
forms of compensation balances have been devised, and number
less additions or auxiliaries have been attached to the ordinary
form of balance for the same purpose .
Molyneux's and Poole's may be taken to represent the two
principles on which most auxiliaries are constructed . Molyneux's
( Fig. 133) is attached by a spring to each end of the central arm ,
and is acted on by the free ends of the rim in high temperatures
only . A screw in the end of the rim and another in the auxiliary
serve to adjust the action as may be required. Molyneux's patent

also covered the use of a short laminated arm instead of the
spring by which the auxiliary is attached to the central arm , and
many successful auxiliaries are now made in that way. Poole's
( Fig. 134) consists of a piece of brass attached to the fixed ends of
the rim , and carrying a regulating screw , the point of which
checks the outward movement of the rim in low temperatures.
Fig . 133. FIG. 134.
William Hardy attempted to avoid the middle temperature

error without using an auxiliary by altering the form of the
balance. Abandoning the cylindrical laminæ used by Arnold and
Earnshaw, he used a straight laminated bar of brass and steel, the
brass being underneath . A hole in the centre of the bar served
to attach it to the staff, and at each end of the bar was a stalk
carrying a spherical weight. These
weights could be made more or less
active as compensators by screwing
them up or down on the stalks which
FIG. 135 . had threads cut on them . By slightly
curving the laminated bar upwards
or downwards, the weights could be caused to approach or recede
from the centre of the balance more or less as desired . At first
sight it appeared that the difficulty of the middle temperature
error had been overcome. But to obtain sufficient compensation
the laminated bar must be so thin and the stalks so long as to
leave the balance wanting in rigidity. Nevertheless, Hardy's
attempt led to the invention of many other balances on the
same principle .
Massey, in 1814 , patented ( No. 3851 ) a balance very much
resembling Hardy's in appearance, but in which the central arm
was solid, and the upright stalks formed of brass and steel .
In 1849 Mr. John Hartnup, Director of the Liverpool
Observatory, invented the balance shown in Fig . 136. The
rims are composed of brass and steel, as usual, but they are neither
upright nor flat, but bevelled, or placed at an angle midway
between these two positions. The central arm a is . also bi
metallic, the brass being uppermost, and connecting the arm with
the sections of the rim are two other bimetallic strips b C, the
brass of these being underneath , and the steel on top ; e e are
the weights, and at the ends of the rim the screws for timing and
poising.
Subsequently Mr. Victor Kullberg constructed a flat -rimmed
Fig . 136. -Hartnup's balance. Fig. 137. - Kullberg's balance .
balance, as shown . Here the central arm A, and the rim B ,

composed of brass and steel, are in one piece, but in the arm the
brass is on top and in the rim underneath , so that with a rise of
temperature the ends of the arm bend down and the free ends
of the rim are lifted upwards and inwards. The weights C are
carried on stalks, which also afford a support for the timing
nuts D.
E.T. Chronometers with this balance were remarkably

Loseby's successful at the Greenwich trials from 1846 to 1853 .
Balance.
The rims are bimetallic of brass and steel, shorter
than usual ; at the end of each segment of the rim is a cup-joint
in which is placed a glass vessel consisting of a curved arm and a
bulb, which contains mercury . The curved arm is sealed with
a little air in it to ensure the continuity of the thread of mercury
when it contracts. It is apparent that by bending the cup -joint,
the direction of the glass arms may be altered, and in this way a
very exact temperature adjustment obtained .
Loseby's invention was admitted by the Greenwich authorities

to be an improvement, but his application for a reward was
refused , the Admiralty, as a sort of recompense, buying a larger
number of his chronometers than they otherwise would have done.
This rather shabby treatment disgusted Loseby, who gave up
FIG. 138. – Loseby's balance.

chronometer -making and returned to Warwickshire, where he
died in 1890 ; but the manufacture of balances on his principle
has been occasionally revived, with, I believe, encouraging results.
This is one of the latest adaptations of Molyneux's

Mercer's
Balance. principle. The balance itself is of the ordinary kind,
the special feature being the auxiliary, which consists
of a laminated arm of brass and steel fixed at one end to the
central bar of the balance. The auxiliary may be arranged to act
in either extreme of temperature. For low temperatures the
Fig . 139.-Mercer's balance.

steel would be the outer of the two metals composing the arm ,
and for high temperatures it would be the inner one . The free
end of the arm carries two screws, the weight and position of
which may be varied as required . A banking screw tapped
through the rim of the balance serves to regulate the action of
the auxiliary.
Ascertaining the Longitude at Sea. Development and

Use of the Marine Chronometer.
HE discovery of America , in 1497, caused some attention

to be paid to the question of finding the longitude at
sea, for it was evident that if ocean navigation was to
be carried on with anything like safety, some more certain means
of ascertaining the position of a ship than was possible by dead
reckoning would have to be provided .
Columbus had not an azimuth compass, nor a sextant, nor a
chronometer, nor a patent log, and he, and his immediate
successors, were several months making the voyage across the
Atlantic, while the early voyagers took about three years to
circumnavigate the globe . Even in the middle of the last century
Commodore Anson , in his celebrated voyage round the world , had
no safe guide. When he rounded Cape Horn he unexpectedly
made the land on the western side, and found himself in conse
quence three hundred miles more to the east than he expected ,
and so his voyage was delayed . Then , again, he wanted to make
the island of Juan Fernandez to recruit the crew. He got into
the latitude of the island and thought he was to the west of it,
but he was really to the east ; he ran eastward and made the
mainland of America, and turned round and had to sail westward
again before he got to the island.
With a sextant the latitude may be readily ascertained by
measuring the altitude above the horizon of certain of the heavenly
bodies and reducing the observations by reference to tables.
Finding the longitude is not so simple a matter, owing to the
rotation of the earth on its axis, and the apparent change of places
of the stars. As early as 1530 Gemma Frisius suggested solar
observations and a timekeeper as a possible solution of the problem .
As the captain of a ship can readily ascertain the instant of noon
at any place by observation of the sun, it is clear that if he had
an instrument that could be depended on to show him the time at
Greenwich or any other starting -point, the calculation of his
longitude would be an easy one. But the most important
adjunct , an accurate timekeeper , was wanting .
In 1598 the matter had risen to such importance that the
Q
King of Spain offered a reward of one hundred thousand crowns

for any invention which should gain that object . The rulers of
one or two other maritime states followed his example, but all
without effect.
Early in the seventeenth century John Baptist Morin proposed
the preparation of tables with a view of making lunar observations
available . Although Morin's suggestion was ridiculed at the
time, it has become a perfectly practicable method. The moon
is nearer the earth than the stars, and consequently appears to
occupy a different position with regard to them when viewed from
different points on the surface of the globe. And as the moon
moves so swiftly from night to night through the sky, she shifts
her position with respect to the stars very rapidly. If the sailor
be provided beforehand with a book giving the distances of the
moon from certain fixed stars for certain hours of say Greenwich
time on every day of the year, he can, in any position in which
he may be, by observing the position of the moon, secure a datum
from which the longitude may be deduced . But even after the
position of the moon with relation to these fixed stars has been
ascertained, and the voluminous tables provided , somewhat
tedious calculations are necessary to reduce the elements afforded
by the observations obtained ; besides which, if the lunar method
alone is relied on, there is the disadvantage that the moon is not
always visible. However, Morin's suggestion led to nothing at the
time , and the greater simplicity of solar observations induced
most investigators to consider the possibility of providing a
correct timekeeper. The first attempts to supply the want seems
to have been made by Huygens and Hooke.
Huygens' marine clock, constructed about 1660, suspended in
gymbals and actuated by a spring, was controlled by a pendulum .
It was tried at sea by a Scottish captain named Holmes, with but
moderate success . A marine pendulum clock constructed under
the direction of Dr. Hooke , was tried by Lord Kincardine, in
1662, only to demonstrate the futility of relying on the pendulum
as a regulator when tossed about in a ship on the ocean.
In the course of a paper he read before the Royal Society in
1662 , Dr. Hooke said , “The Lord Kingcardine did resolve to
make some trial what might be done by carrying a pendulum
clock to sea, for which end he contrived to make the watch to be
FORMER CLOCK AND WATCHMAKERS . 227
moved by a spring instead of a weight, and then , making the

case of the clock very heavy with lead , he suspended it under
neath the deck of the ship by a ball and socket of brass , making
the pendulum but short, namely, to vibrate half seconds ; and that
he might be the better enabled to judge of the effect of it, he
caused two of the same kind of pendulum clocks to be made, and
suspended them both pretty near the middle of the vessell under
neath the decks. Thus done, having first adjusted them to go
equal to one another, and pretty near to the true time, he caused
them first to move parallel to one another , that is, in the plane
of the length of the ship, and afterwards he turned one to move
in a plane at right angles with the former ; and in both these
5
cases it was found by trials made at sea (at which I was present)
that they would vary from one another, though not very much . ”
Dr. Hooke concludes by saying that they might be of very good
use to the sea if some further contrivances about them were
thought upon and put into practice. "
In 1714 the British Parliament, on the recommendation of
a commission, of which Sir Isaac Newton was a member, passed
an Act for providing public reward for such person or persons
as shall discover the longitude at sea ." This Act made provisions
that any offered method or invention on this subject shall, in the
first instance, be investigated by a specially selected body of
practical men, who may then recommend it to the Royal Com
missioners constituting “ the Board of Longitude. ” The award
was fixed at £ 10,000 for a method or invention to define on
a voyage from England to any of the West India Islands and
back the longitude within one degree, £ 15,000 to define the
longitude within two -thirds of a degree, and £20,000 to within
half a degree.
The Paris Academy of Sciences in 1720 offered a prize for
the best description of a suitable timekeeper. This was won by
Massy, a Dutch clockmaker. In 1721 Sully produced a clock
which he laid before the Academy in 1724. It had a vertical
balance , which from the description seems to have been a
pendulum with cycloidal guides. This timekeeper promised
success till tested in the open sea , when its performance, like
that of the preceding instruments, was found to be unsatisfactory.
Sully, however, seemed to be on the high-road to success, and he
was engaged on another timekeeper just before his untimely

decease .
In 1675, Greenwich Observatory was founded . Flamsteed
was instructed to rectify the tables of the motions of the heavens
and the places of the fixed stars . He made a large star catalogue,
and many obversations on the moon and other bodies, and the
results of his lunar observations were taken in hand by the
philosophers of the time , Newton and others . The construction
of lunar tables, and to predict the place of the moon with
sufficient accuracy for the adoption of the lunar method of
longitude, was a very serious task .
It was not until 1767 that Maskelyne, a succeeding Astronomer
Royal, founded the “ Nautical Alm inac," and gave therein , for
the first time in any country, distances of the moon from certain
fixed stars, that the lunar method came into use. In the early
part of the present century the reliability of the chronometer was
established, and since then the chronometer method has gradually
supersedel the lunars. In the “ Nautical Almanac the lunar
distances are still retained, and circumstances occasionally arise
when the mariner is glad to have recourse to them.
Stimulated by the prospect of obtaining the reward offered by
the British Parliament, John Harrison , after thirty years of un
remitting labours and vicissitudes, recounted in the sketch of his
life (see pp. 115–121 ), fulfilled, in 1761 , the conditions laid down
by the Board of Longitude. Thoroughly as Harrison deserved the
reward he so laboriously earned, it is curious to note that of all
his inventions embodied in his timekeeper, the maintaining spring
in the fusee is the only one that has survived.
Other Acts of Parliament relating to the subject were passed
in 1741 , 1753, and 1774. The last, repealing all former Acts,
offered £ 5000 for a timekeeper determining the longitude to or
within one degree ; £ 7500 for determining the same to within 40
geographical miles ; and £ 10,000 for a determination at or within
half a degree. Further, to obtain the smallest portion of the
reward, the error of the timekeeper was not to exceed more than
four minutes in six months.
Mudge, the inventor of the lever escapement and an experienced
horologist, with almost incredible infatuation, proceeded on the
lines adopted by Harrison . Though he produced a superior
instrument to Harrison's ( see p. 124 ), he allowed Arnold (p. 127 )

and Earnshaw (p. 129 ) to develop the marine chronometer of
to-day.
The investigations of Berthoud and Pierre Le Roy were
nearly contemporaneous with those of Mudge, Arnold, and
Earnshaw . Each of the French masters designed a detached
escapement, and while Berthoud used a gridiron arrangement of
brass and steel to compensate for temperature errors , and fitted
his timekeeper with two balances geared together, Le Roy experi
mented with a balance composed of two mercurial thermometers ,
the bulbs being furthest from the centre of motion and the ends
turned inwards. No one could question the ability of Berthoud
and P. Le Roy, but in executing their respective conceptions the
Englishmen showed superior judgment. The French marine
timekeepers were by comparison very unwieldy, which may
perhaps be traced to the influence of M. Daniel Bernoulli, an
eminent mathematician, who, says P. Le Roy, “ wishes marine
watches to be as large as good clocks are commonly made, that
the pieces may be worked with greater exactness, and that their
defects, if there are any, may be more easily perceived . This is
nearly what I have practised in the new marine watch .” However,
the simplicity of construction and the compactness of Arnold and
Earnshaw's chronometers have ensured their general adoption.
The construction of this, the angle -meter of mariners,

Sextant.
which is used in conjunction with the chronometer for
ascertaining the longitude of a ship at sea, may be explained with
the aid of the subjoined Fig. 140. At I is a mirror pivoted into
the frame of the instrument, but attached to an index arm which
is free to travel round a brass graduated arc on the frame at R.
On the frame at H is the horizon glass, the half of which next to
the frame is a mirror, and the other part clear glass. If a ray of
light from the sun or other object at S impinges on the mirror I ,
it will be reflected on to the horizon glass. At O T is a telescope.
On looking through the telescope at T, the horizon h may be
viewed through the clear part of the horizon glass by direct vision,
and the index arm may be moved round till the reflected image
from the mirror I coincides with the horizon. The angle N
between the mirror I and the horizon glass H will then be half
the angle SOh . The arc R, though really but 60 ° of a circle, is

divided into 120°, so that the reading correctly denotes the angle
SOh . When the index arm points to zero Z , the faces of the
mirror and horizon glass are parallel.
When using the sextant to ascertain the longitude by observa
tion of the sun , the most usual plan is to take equal altitudes .
The index arm is clamped at any convenient degree, and the
instant the sun is observed at that altitude is noted both in the
forenoon and the afternoon ; the mean of these times is the solar
noon of that particular spot. As the time of apparent noon at
Greenwich is also known, it is clear that the difference between
h 0 T
H
N
Fig. 140. Fig. 141 .
the two will give the longitude of the place of observation, each
degree of longitude being equal to four minutes of time.
Modern marine chronometer movements are 37 inches in
diameter. They are fitted into brass boxes, which are suspended
on gymbals and enclosed in a square wooden box having an inner
glazed lid. The dials, 4. inches in diameter, are silvered , and
have a seconds circle between the centre and the VI. The balance
makes 14,400 vibrations an hour, and the seconds hand therefore
beats half - seconds . Chronometers were not regularly supplied to
the Royal Navy till about 1825 , and then the rule was that the
Admiralty furnished one chronometer for each ship ; but if
the captain chose to provide a second , the Admiralty would give
him a third . Now the Admiralty find all necessary chronometers,
each ship usually carrying three. Deck or assistant watches are
used to note the observations, and these are checked by the
chronometers, which are not removed from the chronometer

room .
From 1822 till 1835 prizes were given by the Government for
the chronometers which performed best when tried at the Green
wich Observatory. The trials are still held annually, lasting for
about twenty-eight weeks. When over, the chronometers are
arranged in order of merit , and the Admiralty make offers to
purchase such a number of the best that will meet the require
ments of the navy.
Watch Jewelling.
N the early part of the eighteenth century was introduced

the practice of using highly polished surfaces of hard
stone for the bearings of the smaller quickly moving
watch pivots and other rubbing contacts.
In 1704 a patent was granted to Nicholas Facio, Peter
Debaufre, and Jacob Debaufre, for the application of jewels to
the pivot holes of watches and clocks. Facio, the inventor, was a
native of Basle, where he was born in 1664 , coming to England
in the early part of 1687. Here he seems to have busied himself
with scientific pursuits, and towards the end of the century he
was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society. His co -patentees
were watchmakers, living in Church Street, Soho, and an
advertisement in the London Gazette of May 11 , 1704, announced
that jewelled watches were to be seen at their shop, stating also
that they made “ free watches.” A watch bearing the name of
“ Debauffre ” is to be seen at the South Kensington Museum.
Before the patent was many months old , the patentees applied
to Parliament for a Bill to extend it ; but this was opposed by the
Clockmakers ' Company, and on evidence produced by them a
Committee of the House of Commons recommended that the Bill
be rejected .
In reporting the successful result of their opposition , the
master of the Clockmakers' Company acquainted the court that
in the proofs brought against the Bill, there was an old watch
produced, the maker's name Ignatius Huggerford, that had a
stone fixed in the cock and balance work, which was of great use
to satisfy the committee.
But the best of the story has yet to be told. In recent years
Huggerford's watch was taken down by Mr. E. J. Thompson, a
member of the court of the company, and he reported that “ The
movement is not in any sense jewelled, the verge holes being of
brass. A piece of coloured glass or soft stone, fastened in a disc
of silver and burnished into a sink in the steel cock , gives a
fictitious appearance of jewelling ."
About 1720 Facio settled at Worcester, where he died at the
age of ninety, and was buried at St. Nicholas' Church in that city
in 1753 .
In a watch all the escape pivots and the fourth wheel pivots
usually run in holes made of jewel . The watch is then said to
have four pairs of holes jewelled, or to be jewelled in eight holes.
In addition the acting parts of the pallet and the impulse pin of
the escapement are always of hard stone. Sometimes the whole
of the holes are jewelled. In the best class of work sapphires or
rubies are used, in a lower grade crystal, and in the commonest
garnet. In good clocks the pallets and verge holes are jewelled.
In thorough holes, such as are used for the train , the bottom
jewel hole is usually fitted into a recess hole turned in the plate,
and the metal rubbed over in the form of a rivet to secure it. In
the upper plate the jewel hole is sometimes fixed in a loose setting,
and held in its place by the heads of two screws tapped into the
plate close to the recess. In watch escapement holes, where end
stones are used, the jewel in a loose setting is fitted into a recessed
hole, and upon it is laid the end stone which is also set in metal.
The heads of two small screws tapped into the watch plate or
cock, as the case may be, serve to secure the jewel hole and the
end stone.
A jewel , pierced not through its axis of crystallization, some
times presents a ridgy appearance which no amount of polishing
will remove . Such a hole will rapidly cut the pivot working in
it. A diamond-end stone, whose surface is not coincident with
the line of cleavage, will also wear away the end of the pivot in
contact therewith. Such a stone is occasionally met with in the
balance cock of a marine chronometer.
Ruby , which is really a red variety of the sapphire, though it
has a rich appearance, is said to exert a deleterious influence on

the oil used for lubrication, and many watchmakers accordingly
give the preference to sapphires of a light bluish tint.
Although the earliest timekeepers were made with

Concentric
Minute an hour hand only, there is no doubt that minute hands
Hand. were occasionally applied long before they became the
rule. Some of the clocks made in Nuremberg and
Augsburg , about 1600, had concentric minute hands, the minute
hand being carried round by the centre arbor, and the hour hand
driven from the fusee . Mr. Percy Webster had a specimen a
short time ago with this arrangement. There is also a clock in
the South Kensington Museum , from the Bernal Collection,
described on page 43, which has a concentric minute hand , and
each minute figured, as most of the early minute circles were. The
figures were necessarily crowded , and this method of marking was
soon abandoned.
Drawings of many early seventeenth-century timekeepers of
French origin are shown with concentric minute hands .
That timekeepers of a later period were fitted with an hour
hand only goes for nothing, because one-hand clocks were made
up to quite the end of the eighteenth century.
Huygens' clock, made some time before 1675, had a concentric
minute hand, with motion work similar to that in modern time
keepers. Daniel Quare was, it is said, the first to apply the
concentric minute hands in England . Thomas Harrys proposed
minute hands for the St. Dunstan's clock , erected in 1671 , and they
are shown on the old engraving of the clock ; so that Quare must
have introduced the double index prior to 1671 for his claim to
be well founded. But it is probable that Quare's originality applied
to the motion work as now used for causing the hour hand to
travel twelve times slower than the minute hand.
The appended sketch shows
the arrangement of this for a
watch. The centre arbor rotates
once in an hour, and on it is
fixed friction tight a pinion with Fig. 142.
a long boss or pipe called the
cannon pinion . The cannon pinion drives the minute wheel,
which, together with the minute wheel pinion attached to it, runs
loosely on a stud fixed to the plate of the watch . The last-named
pinion drives the hour wheel, which has a short pipe, and runs
loosely on the pipe of the cannon pinion . The minute hand is
fixed to the pipe of the cannon pinion, and the hour hand to the
pipe or body of the hour wheel. The product obtained by
multiplying together the number of teeth in the minute and hour
wheels must be twelve times the product obtained by multiplying
together the teeth in the cannon and minute wheel pinions.
Centre In the simplest forms of centre- seconds watches

Seconds. the centre seconds hand revolves round the dial once
a minute, as in Harrison's prize chronometer. The
train is usually arranged so that the fourth wheel pinion, which
carries the seconds hand, is planted in the centre of the movement .
This necessitates an unusual arrangement of the motion work , the
minute wheel being driven by an extra wheel (of the same number
as the cannon) attached to the second wheel pinion . The cannon
wheel works on a pipe screwed to the plate.
If this kind of centre seconds is to be a stop-watch, a slide in
the band of the case, when pushed round, presses a thin wire brake
against the roller of the escapement. Owing to the extra shake
from the additional wheel in the motion work, the minute hand is
not so exact in its movement, unless the minute wheel is composed
of two thin ones, kept one in advance of the other by a spring, or
there is some other provision to avoid backlash . But altogether,
this is a most unsatisfactory way of obtaining a centre seconds.
This is a much sounder arrangement . The seconds

Independent band is driven by a special and separate train . The
Centre
Seconds. independent seconds hand generally beats full seconds .
It is discharged by a push piece running through the
pendant, which releases a flirt on the last arbor of the train .
This flirt regulates the progress of the hand, by taking into a
pinion on the arbor of the escape pinion .
The independent train is arranged on the pillar plate. The first
wheel is on a small separate barrel. The fourth wheel pinion of
the independent train carries the seconds hand, and passes through
a pipe screwed to the centre of the plate. The cannon pinion fits
freely on this pipe, and the motion work is driven as described

under the head of centre seconds. The last pinion of the in
dependent train carries a flirt which takes into the leaves of the
escape pinion of the usual train . The flirt, and therefore the last
pinion of the independent train, thus makes six revolutions for
each one of the escape pinion. It is essential that the centre
wheel of the independent train should rotate once in a minute,
and that the flirt should revolve once in a second . If, therefore,
with an 18,000 train and escape wheel of fifteen teeth a higher
numbered escape pinion is used, a separate pinion of six for the
flirt to take into is fixed on the escape wheel arbor.
This is strictly a timekeeper that leaves a record of

Chrono
graph. its going, and appears to have been first applied to those
centre-seconds watches in which the extremity of the
hand was in the form of a small funnel containing ink, into which
a spring pointer dipped ; the pointer could at pleasure be pressed
on to the dial, where it would leave a dot of ink to record when
the pressure was made .
The term has, however, a wider significance now, and is used
as a title for watches that have a centre seconds hand driven from
the fourth wheel, which may be started , stopped , and caused to fly
back to zero , by pressing either the pendant or a knob at the side
of it . The chronograph hand generally beats fifths of seconds, and
to permit of this an 18,000 train is necessary.
The foundation of this mechanism is the heart-shaped cam ,
patented by the late A. Nicole in 1862 (No. 1461 ) . Its action
may be traced by means of the diagram on p. 236. The chrono
graph hand is fixed to the pipe of a brass wheel which runs
freely on the centre arbor under the cannon pinion. This wheel
has a finely serrated edge, and is usually driven by a smaller wheel
having its edge serrated in the same manner. This latter is
attached to the pinion which gears with the fourth wheel. The
two serrated wheels bear the same proportion to each other as
the fourth wheel does to the pinion already mentioned , so that the
chronograph hand travels round the dial in a minute, which is the
time that the fourth wheel takes to make a rotation. The smaller
serrated wheel, and the pinion to which it is attached, are mounted
on a pivoted carriage with a projecting tail . On the left of the
engraving is a “ castle ratchet,” which has eighteen ratchet -shaped

teeth around its edge, and six projections or castle teeth rising from
its upper face. In the figure the two serrated wheels are in
contact , and the chronograph hand is consequently travelling. If
m
A
z
i
n
i
n
w
w
w
І
л
л
я
m
m
Fig. 143 — Centre-seconds chronograph.
now the button in the pendant is pressed, the shorter end of the
bent lever which is lying around inside the case is depressed, and
the hooked end of the lever draws the ratchet round, so that the
tail of the carriage on which the small serrated wheel is mounted
is moved far enough to take it from contact with the larger
wheel, and the chronograph hand consequently stops . At the same

time a castle tooth, which has been keeping a circular brake off
the larger serrated wheel, is moved out of the way, so that the
brake drops, thus keeping the chronograph hand from being
shifted by accidental motion of the watch. When the button is
again depressed, the castle ratchet is shifted round still further,
and the returning lever with the pointed end is allowed to drop on
to the heart -shaped cam, which is fixed to the larger of the serrated
wheels. As the returning lever drops, its tail lifts the brake off
the serrated wheel , and the lever impelled by a spring, as shown in
the drawing, turns the cam from whatever position it may happen
to be in, till the lever rests on that part of the edge of the cam
which is nearest to its centre of motion . The chronograph hand
is then at zero . Each time that the bent lever is pressed it draws
the ratchet round one tooth, and as there are three ratchet-teeth to
one castle tooth , it is evident that all the pieces in contact with the
castle return to their original position after every three move
ments of the lever.
Perpetual As an example of modern perpetual calendar work

Calendar the drawing on p. 238 of a watch arranged by Mr.
Watch .
C. H. Audemars may be of interest. The wheel H ,
driven by the minute wheel , makes one turn in 24 hours
and carries a movable finger a, which by contact with a pin
moves the armed lever D by its extremity p . This lever, which
has its centre of motion at i, acts through its different arms .
Firstly, at c it moves the day of the week star wheel (7 teeth) .
Secondly, at b the star wheel for the day of the month (31
teeth ). The finger a makes engagement and passes one tooth
each day of the star wheel E (59 teeth), for showing the phases
of the moon .
The part of the mechanism which renders the calendar per
petual is composed of a wheel of 31 teeth F , engaging with
the star wheel C. This wheel, which makes one turn per
month, passes at each turn , by means of the movable finger n ,
one tooth of the star wheel G (48 teeth), which latter by
this means makes a revolution in four years. The circumference
of account disc fixed to this star wheel corresponds to the months
of 31 days , the shallowest notches to those of 30 days, and the
four quarter notches to the month of February. At e , which

is for February in leap year , the notch is hardly so deep as the
other three-quarter notches.
Each day, after moving the day of the week and the day of
n
nne
ma
Fig. 144. — Perpetual calendar work.
the month, the lever D , solicited by the spring h, returns its arm r
to rest on the circumference of the count disc or in one of its
notches according to the position of the disc.
The point of the piece u pressed by its spring rests on the
snail k. Before the last day of the month it falls on to the small
part of the snail , and then its action is substituted for that of
the arm b ; the point of the piece u presses against the notch of
the snail, and advances the star wheel the number of teeth
necessary for the hand to indicate the 1st of the following month .
It will be understood that the distance the point of the piece u
falls is regulated by the position of the arm r on the disc or in
one of its notches .
In the engraving the mechanism is set to the 1st December
of the last year before leap year. The two pieces m and t are at
the disposition of the watch wearer ; the first for adjusting the
day , and the second for the age of the moon . The finger a is
movable, to permit of putting the hands back without fear of
deranging the mechanism . When the wheel H is turned back,
the finger is arrested by the arm p, and, as it is sloped at the
back, the pin carried by the wheel is able to pass easily, because
the flexibility of the piece permits it to give a little . The
wheel F should be the same diameter as the star wheel C.
If it is desired to record operations of longer duration than
sixty seconds, a small minute chronograph hand is added to the
dial, and actuated by means of the seconds heart piece in its
revolution or in some similar way , the hand being returned by
a heart piece just as the seconds hand is.
Where it is required to record two operations of

Split
Seconds. varying duration , this form of double chronograph is
used. There are two centre seconds hands, one under
the other, usually of different metals for contrast. When the
chronograph is started, the two hands travel together until a
button in the band of the case is pressed, when the under one
remains stationary, while the other continues to travel till stopped
by the chronograph push-piece. Attached to the pipe of the
lower hand is a brake disc, which may be clasped by two stop
levers, and when the button in the band of the case is pressed
the click pulls round the ratchet wheel a little, the tail of the
lever then sinks into the space between two of the teeth, and
the levers are released and clasp the brake disc.
The connection between the two hands is made in the follow
ing way . A very light curved spring arm is fixed at one
extremity to the brake disc on the pipe of the lower hand. A
small roller, preferably of jewel, carried by the free end of the

arm , bears on the edge of a heart-shaped cam fixed to the pipe
of the upper hand ; so that, when the lower hand is released , the
pressure of the spring causes the roller to fly to the point of
the heart piece nearest the centre, and the two hands are then
coincident.
Evolution of One of the first references to winding without

Winding opening the case of a watch is to be found in the
Mechanism history of the Clockmakers ' Company. In 1712
for Watches. John Hutchinson desired to patent a watch which,
among other improvements, “ has likewise a contrivance to wind
up this or any other movement without an aperture in the case
through which anything can pass to foul the movement." The
Clockmakers' Company opposed the application, and a committee
of the House of Commons examined witnesses, among others
George Graham and Charles Goode. Mr. Goode produced a
movement made fourteen years before. Mr. Hutchinson confessed
Goode's movement was like his, and eventually withdrew his
application.
This appears to give Charles Goode the honour of being the
first inventor of keyless mechanism ; but it is not quite conclusive,
because Hutchinson's claim included some kind of horizontal
escapement, and it is just possible that the verdict turned on
that .
The next in order is Pierre Auguste Caron, a clever watch
maker of Paris, who in 1752 made for Madame de Pompadour
a very small watch , which gained for him a prize from the
Academy of Sciences . This appears to have been wound either
by turning the bezel or with a slide very similar to the winding
slide now used for repeaters. He thus described the watch : “It
is in a ring, and is only four lignes across and two -thirds of a
ligne in height between the plates. To render this ring more
commodious, I have contrived, instead of a key, a circle round
the dial carrying a little projecting hook. By drawing this hook
with the nail two-thirds round the dial, the watch is rewound and
it goes for thirty hours." Caron was an accomplished musician,
and is better known, under the name of Beaumarchais, as the
composer of “ Le Barbier de Seville,” and “ Le Mariage de Figaro ."
Lepine, who was associated with Voltaire in the establishment

of a watch factory at Ferney, in Switzerland, devised a method
of winding in which the button at the pendant was turned partly
round , and then pushed in several times till the winding was
completed . This was the first of a series of what is known as
“ pumping ” keyless actions.
In 1792 Peter Litherland, who patented the rack lever, claimed
( patent No. 1889 ) “ winding up watches, etc., by means of an
external lever connected by mechanism with the barrel arbor.”
Robert Leslie, in 1793, patented (No. 1970) another pumping
keyless arrangement. His claim says , “ on the square on which
the key should go is a ratch ; the pendant, being alternately
moved in and out, turns this ratch by means of two clicks on
either end of a fork fastened to the pendant ."
J. A. Berrollas, in 1827 ( No. 5586 ), patented a somewhat
similar contrivance, but used a chain coiled round the winding
wheel. I wore for some
years a duplex watch by
Ganthony with this keyless
work, and it answered well.
Edward Massey, in 1814
( 3854) , Francis J. Massey
in 1841 (8947 ), and Edward
Massey again in 1841
( 9120 ) , patented varieties ܳ‫ܗ‬
of pumping keyless work.
S2
Charles Oudin exhibited r

at Paris, in 1806 , an
arrangement shown in the
subjoined engraving : k is
the barrel, j and g inter
mediate wheels gearing with
the contrate pinion h ; a
Fig . 145.
is a disc at one extremity
of a rod n b. The rod is supported by the cock d , and has two
grooves, into one of which the spring f presses, according to
the position of the rod. One of these grooves is seen at с, the
other is hidden, owing to the position in which the parts are
shown. When out of use the disc a forms part of the ball of
R
the pendant. In order to wind , the rod n b is pulled up until

the nib at the end of b comes in contact with the interior of the
pinion h, where there is a catch ; the spring f then falls into
the groove c, and then the winding is accomplished by turning
the ball at a. There was no provision for setting hands.
Thomas Prest, foreman to J. R. Arnold at his Chigwell
chronometer factory, patented in 1820 ( No. 4501 ) a very similar
arrangement to the foregoing as far as the winding is concerned ,
but no provision was made for disconnecting the wheels from the
pendant knob.
A. L. Breguet applied winding work to many of his watches,
and an arrangement to connect with the motion work for setting
hands by pulling out the bow.
Isaac Brown in 1829 (5851 ) patented a winding -rack attached
to the bezel , the bezel being moved round to wind .
Adrien Phillipe, in 1843, invented the shifting sleeve keyless
mechanism used in many foreign watches. Lecoultre and
Audemars subsequently made alterations in the construction
which is shown in the drawing of chronograph work, p. 236, as
now constructed .
Adolphe Nicole, in 1844 , patented ( 10,345) a fusee keyless
work in which a knob or the pendant was pushed in to make
connection with the fusee wheel, and pulled out to connect with
the minute wheel.
The rocking bar mechanism for winding and setting hands
was patented in 1855 (2144 ), by Gustavus Hughenin .
Hand -setting arrangement patented by D. L. A. Nicole , in
1855 (2438 )
Pierre Noyer, in 1856 ( 1934 ) , patented fusee winding
mechanism with a friction spring to the winding wheel .
In 1856 (2068) William S. Mitchell and Charles M. Gartner
combined to patent the application of the rocking -bar to fusee
watches, the pinions on the rocking - bar being kept from gear
ing with either the fusee or the minute wheels by springs. This
is a sound action for fusee keyless work, but necessitates the use
of two push pieces, one of which must be held in while winding,
and the other when setting hands.
Many other devices for fusee winding have been patented,
but in view of the decreasing demand for fusee keyless watches,
the matter need not be pursued further.
Rocking Bar Keyless Mechanism.
HIS is the keyless mechanism most generally adopted in

English going - barrel watches. For winding the watch,
connection has to be made between the serrated button
projecting above the pendant and the wheel to the left hand of
the figure which is attached to the barrel arbor. For setting the
hands the winding connection must be broken and connection
made with the minute wheel on the right hand of the figure, so
that it may be actuated in either direction by turning the button.
Three wheels gearing together are planted on the rocking bar .
Fig . 146. Fig. 117.
The middle one rides freely on a stud which projects from the
rocking bar. This stud forms the centre of motion of the rocking
bar, which is free to move up or down so as to engage with either
the barrel wheel or the minute wheel. In its normal position the
connection is with the barrel wheel. A spring fixed at one end
to the pillar plate presses against a small stud on the rocking bar
just sufficiently to keep the winding wheels in gear . A contrate
wheel squared on to the stem of the winding button gears with
the middle wheel on the rocking bar. As the button is turned
for winding, the resistance of the barrel wheel ensures the safety
of its depth with the wheel on the rocking bar. When the knob
is turned the reverse way, the teeth of this latter wheel slip over
the teeth of the barrel wheel. There is a click to prevent the

barrel wheel running back.
For setting hands a push piece, projecting through the band
of the case , is pressed with the thumb-nail , so as to depress the
right hand side of the rocking bar till the wheel on that side
engages with the minute wheel. The thumb-nail presses on the
push piece till the operation of setting the hands is completed,
and directly the push piece is released the winding wheels engage
again .
The push piece in the edge of the case for setting hands is
sometimes abandoned in favour of a pendant setting arrangement.
An example is given in Fig. 147. The keyless work is of the
usual rocking -bar kind, except that a light spring to the rocking
bar keeps the setting wheels in action. In the pendant is a steel
spring sleeve, split into four from the lower end for nearly its
whole length. This sleeve is kept into its place by a screwed
brass plug. Normally, the spring that would keep the setting
wheels into gear is overcome, and the winding wheels are kept
into gear by the lower end of the sleeve pressing on a collar on
the winding arbor. When it is desired to set hands, the button
is pulled out, the lower end of the sleeve is sprung open by
the pressure of the bevelled face of the collar, and the sleeve
closes on to the arbor again below the collar, allowing the set hand
wheels to be in contact . When the setting is completed, the button
is pushed down again, and the arbor returns to the position shown
in the sketch.
Shifting Sleeve Keyless Mechanism .
HIS form of keyless work, which is mostly used in Swiss

watches, is shown on the chronograph drawing at p. 236 .
A bevelled pinion with clutch teeth underneath rides
loose on the stem of the winding button , and gears with bevelled
teeth on the face of the large wheel which is just below the
pendant. The part of the winding stem below the bevelled pinion
is square, and upon this part is fitted a sleeve with clutch teeth
corresponding with those on the bevelled pinion at its upper
extremity, and a contrate pinion at its lower extremity. A groove
is formed around the sleeve, in which is a spring pressing the

sleeve upwards so as to keep the clutch teeth engaged. While
the clutch teeth are so engaged the winding may be proceeded
with . To set hands a push piece, projecting through the band
of the case, acts on a knuckle of the spring just mentioned , so
that, as the push piece is pressed in, the spring draws the sleeve
away from the clutch teeth of the bevelled pinion , and brings the
contrate pinion into gear with a small wheel, which latter gears
with the minute wheel.
Self -Winding Watches.
EVERAL methods have been devised for automatic

winding, of which two examples are given .
Fig. 148 shows an arrangement by Lebet for winding
a watch by the action of closing the hunting cover. There is a
short gold arm projecting beyond the joint. This arm is con
40
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Fig. 148.- Self-winding watch mecha

nism to act on the closing of the Fig . 149.—Pedometer winding.
hunting cover .
nected by means of a double link to a lever, one end of which

is pivoted to the plate. To the free end of this lever is jointed
a scythe-shaped rack, which works into a wheel with ratchet
shaped teeth on the barrel arbor. A weak spring fastened to the
lever serves to keep the rack in contact with the wheel teeth.
Instead of the ordinary fly spring there is a spring fixed to the

plate and attached by means of a short chain to the lever. As
this spring pulls the cover open , the teeth of the rack slip over the
teeth of the wheel on the barrel arbor. Each time the wearer
closes the cover, the watch is partly wound. By closing the case
eight or nine times the winding is completed. The ordinary
method of hooking in the mainspring would be clearly unsuitable
with this winding work, because after the watch was fully wound
the case could not be closed . Inside the barrel is a piece of main
spring a little more than a complete coil with the ends overlapping,
and to this piece the mainspring hook is riveted . The adhesion
of the loose turn of mainspring against the side of the barrel is
sufficient to drive the watch, but when the hunting cover is closed
after the watch is wound, the extra strain causes the mainspring
to slip round in the barrel.
The method of winding just described can be applied only to a
hunting watch . Fig . 149 represents what is known as a pedometer
winding. Louis Recordon, in 1780, patented it (No. 1249 ), and
it has been several times re-invented. The motion of the wearer's
body is utilized for winding. There is a weighted lever, G,
pivoted at one end, and kept in its normal position against the
upper of two banking pins by a long curved spring so weak that the
ordinary motion of the wearer's body causes the lever to continually
oscillate between the banking pins. Pivoted to the same centre
as the weighted lever is a ratchet wheel with very fine teeth, and
fixed to the lever is a pawl, a, which engages with the ratchet
wheel. This pawl is made elastic, so as to yield to undue strain
caused by the endeavour of the lever to vibrate after the watch is
wound. A is the barrel arbor, and the connection between it and
the ratchet wheel is made by a train of wheels as shown. b is a
second pawl to prevent the return of the ratchet wheel.
Repeaters.
HE principle on which Barlow's and Quare's repeating

watches were constructed will be understood from an
examination of the large engravings of the rack strik
ing work. It will be seen that the number of hours or quarters
struck depends on the position of the snails which revolve with

the timekeeping mechanism. The hammers were actuated by a
separate mainspring, which was wound every time it was desired
that the watch should repeat. This was done by pushing the
pendant in. Connected to the inner end of a pendant was a chain
coiled round a pulley attached to the mainspring barrel, and also
a lever, which , by coming in contact with the snail , stopped the
pendant; so that the mainspring was wound much or little
according to the number of blows to be struck ,
The chain was found to be the most unsatisfactory part of the
mechanism , and at the beginning of the eighteenth century
Matthew Stogden substituted a rack for it. Other alterations
have since been made in the arrangements, one of the chief being
the winding of the mainspring by means of a slide projecting from
the band of the case. Barlow and Quare used a bell shaped to the
inside of the case, such as had been used before their time for
clock watches ; wire gongs, introdaced by Julien Le Roy, are now
used instead ..
Graham invented a “ pulse piece, " which upon being pressed
kept the hammers off the bell, but allowed the time to be ascertained
by counting the throbs or beats on the pulse piece.
Repeaters of a later date usually allow the time to be estimated
to within smaller fractions than a quarter of an hour. A minute
repeater in addition strikes the number of minutes since the last
quarter.
Half -quarter repeaters, instead of giving the minutes , strike
one additional blow if the half -quarter has passed. Five -minute
repeaters give after the hour the number of five minutes past it .
On page 248 is a very fair representation of half - quarter
repeating work , double the actual size. It is still too small to
allow of reference letters without confusion , but if the rack striking
work is first understood, the action may, I think, be easily traced.
The small mainspring which supplies the force for repeating is
wound up by the wearer pushing downwards the slide projecting
from the outer circle at the right-hand of the figure. This slide is
the extremity of a lever which presses against a pivoted rack en
gaging with a segment on the barrel arbor. There is underneath
à segment of greater radius, containing twelve ratchet teeth .
The number of hours to be struck is regulated by the position of
the hour snail in precisely the same way as the striking work of a
clock . At twelve o'clock the lowest step of the snail is presented
to the stop, so that the rack can be traversed its full extent. In
returning, each one of the twelve ratchet teeth in turn lifts the tail
of the hammer which strikes the hours. The quarter rack has two
Fig. 150. - Half -quarter repeating work .
sets of three ratchet teeth each , and as the slide is moved round
the all-or-nothing piece, as it is called , releases the quarter rack ,
against which a spring is constantly pressing . The quarter rack
is stopped by the quarter snail. After the hours are struck , a
curved finger or gathering pallet on the barrel arbor presses the
quarter rack to its original position, and in passing each of the
ratchet teeth, by pushing aside a pallet fixed to the same arbor as
the hammer, strikes a blow . Whether one, two, or three quarters

are struck depends, of course, on the position of the quarter snail.
The half -quarter rack, with but one ratchet tooth, is placed on
top, and works with the quarter rack . Between each quarter and
seven minutes past it yields as it passes the lifting pallet.
The quarter snail attached to the cannon pinion is doubled
with steps just dividing each other, so that after the half- quarter
the quarter rack gets round a little nearer to the centre of the
snail than the half- quarter rack . This allows the spring catch
which is mounted on the quarter rack to lock the half-quarter
rack , and then , after the quarters have struck , it lifts the hammer
and strikes one more blow .
The hour snail is mounted on a star wheel, as shown , and the
star wheel is moved by a pin in the quarter snail, or rather in the
loose surprise piece underneath, which flies out to the position
shown in the drawing directly the star wheel is moved . The
surprise then prevents the quarter rack reaching any step of the
quarter snail, and consequently no quarters are struck. When
the pin in the surprise piece comes round to the star wheel again ,
the pressure of the pin on a tooth of the star wheel causes the
surprise piece to retire so that the third quarter and half -quarter
can be struck, but as the star wheel jumps forward the succeeding
tooth flirts out the surprise.
The hammer arbors go through the plate , and the hammers are
on the other side. The gongs of steel wire, fixed at one end to
the plate, curl round it and lie between the plate and the band of
the case.
There is also on the other side of the plate a train of runners
for regulating the speed of striking. The centres of the wheels
are indicated by dots on the left hand of the barrel. The last
pinion is not furnished with a fly as in clocks, but there is a
screw with an eccentric head , by means of which the depth of
the last pinion can be increased or made shallower. This is
found to be sufficient regulation, though latterly an escape wheel
and pallets have been applied at the end of the train of runners
to regulate the speed in some repeaters. This is perhaps more
scientific than making a bad depth , but the pallet staff holes are
found to wear very much if not jewelled.
In 1804, John Moseley Elliott patented ( No. 2759) an in
genious device for dispensing with the repeating train, as well

as striking the hours and quarters and other subdivisions with one
hammer. By turning a rod running through the pendant to
the right, a pallet on the inner end of it moved round a lever till
it came in contact with the hour snail , and while this was being
done, each of the teeth of a ratchet wheel also mounted on the
inner part of the pendant rod , engaged with the hammer stalk
and caused it to strike on the bell . The number of blows struck
depended of course on the position of the hour snail. By turning
the pendant to the left, another lever was carried to the quarter
snail, and the proposed number of quarters struck in like manner.
The time might in this arrangement be ascertained without
a bell, by first turning the pendant rod as far as the snail allowed,
and then reversing it and counting the number of clicks or
obstructions caused by engagement with the ratchet. The elder
Grant made some dumb repeaters on this plan.
Escapements.
HE anchor or recoil escapement, invented by Dr. Hooke

about 1675 , is still the one most generally applied to
the ordinary run of dials and house clocks. When well
made it gives very fair results. There is no rest or locking for
the pallets, but directly the pendulum in its vibration allows a
tooth , after giving impulse, to escape from the impulse face of
one pallet, the course of the wheel is checked by the impulse
face of the other pallet receiving a tooth. The effect of this
may be seen on looking at the drawing (Fig. 151 ) , where the
pendulum , travelling to the left, has allowed a tooth to fall on
the right-hand pallet. The pendulum, however, still continues
its swing to the left, and in consequence the pallet pushes the
wheel back, thus causing the recoil which gives the name to the
escapement. It is only after the pendulum comes to rest and
begins its excursion the other way that it gets any assistance
from the wheel, and the difference between the forward motion of
the wheel and its recoil forms the impulse.
Fig. 151 shows the original form , and the one best suited for
>
long-case clocks. For clocks with shorter, and therefore quicker
moving pendulums, the pallets are usually curved , as shown in
Fig. 152.
The first application of the anchor escapement seems to have
been made about 1680, by William Clements, a London clock
maker.
w
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mi
Fig . 151. - Anchor escapement. Fig. 152.-Anchor escapement.
The Dead For regulators and other fine clocks with seconds
Beat or pendulums this escapement is the one most generally
“ Graham " , approved.
The only defect inherent in its construction
Escapement. is that the thickening of the oil on the pallet will
affect the rate of the clock after it has been going some time.
Notwithstanding this it has held its own against all other escape
ments , on account of its simplicity and certainty of action . The
pallets of the Graham escapement were formerly made to embrace
fifteen teeth of the wheel, and until recently ten , but now many
escapements are made as shown in the drawing, with the pallets
embracing but eight. This reduces the length of the impulse
plane and the length of run on the dead face for a given arc of
vibration, and consequently the relative effect of the thickening
of the oil . The angle of impulse is kept small for the same reason .
There is not much gained by
making the pallets embrace
a less number of teeth than
eight, for the shake in the
pivot holes and inaccuracies
of work cannot be reduced
b in the same ratio, and are
therefore greater in propor
tion . This involves larger
angles and more drop. It
is purely a practical ques
tion , and has been decided
by the adoption of eight
teeth as a good mean for
regulators and fine clocks
where the shakes are small.
m For large clocks of a rougher
Fig. 153.- Dead beat or “Graham " character, 10 teeth are a good
escapement. number for the pallets to
a, escape wheel ; bb, pallets. embrace.
Pin Wheel This clock escapement, invented by Lepaute about

Escapement. 1753, is analogous in its action to the “ Graham .”
The impulse is given by nearly half-round pins stand
ing out from the face of the escape wheel. The one advantage
over the Graham is that the pressure on the pallets is always
downwards, so that excessive shake in the pallet staff hole , which
may be looked for in the course of time, especially in large
clocks, would not affect the amount of impulse.
The pin wheel escapement is used principally in turret clocks.
The chief objection to it practically is the difficulty of keeping
the pins lubricated, the oil being drawn away to the face of the
wheel. To prevent this a nick is sometimes cut round the pins,
close to the wheel, but this weakens them very much. The best
plan is to keep the pallets as close as they can be to the face of
the wheel without touching.
Lepaute made the pins semi-circular, and placed alternately
on each side of the wheel so as to get the pallets of the same
length . This requires double the number of pins, and there is no

real disadvantage in having one pallet a little longer than the
other, provided the short one is put outside, as shown in the
drawing. Sir Edmund Beckett introduced the practice of cutting
a piece off the bottoms of the pins, which is a distinct improve
ment, for if the pallet has to travel past the centre of the pin
with a given arc of vibration before the pin can rest, the pallets
must be very long unless very small pins are used .
Pin Pallet This excellent escapement, invented by M. Brocot ,

Escapement. rarely seen except in small French clocks, appears to
be worthy of more extended use. The fronts of the
teeth of the escape wheel are sometimes made radial, as shown in
the engraving ; sometimes cut back so as to bear on the point
m
i
Fig. 154. — Pin wheel escapement. Fig. 155.—Pin pallet escapement.
only, like the “ Graham ; and sometimes set forward so as to

give recoil to the wheel during the motion of the pendulum beyond
the escaping arc. The pallets, generally of carnelian, are of semi
circular form . The diameter of each is a trifle less than the
distance between two teeth of the escape wheel .
English clockmakers rather object to this escapement on
account of the difficulty of keeping oil to the pallets, which is
aggravated if there is much space between the root of the pallet
stone and the face of the wheel. The effect of the want of oil is
much more marked if the pallets are made of steel instead of

jewel. Any tendency of this escapement to set is generally met
by flattening the curved impulse faces of the pallets .
For large turret and other clocks which have to

Gravity
move a number of heavy hands exposed to wind and
Escapements.
snow , the Graham and similar escapements are not
perfectly adapted . The driving weight of the clock must be
sufficient to move the hands under the most adverse circumstances.
Then at times, when the wind and snow assist the hands in their
motion , the whole of the superfluous power is thrown on the
escapement, and accurate performance cannot be expected .
Until a gravity escapement was successfully applied to the West
minster clock, it was customary to use a remontoire of some kind ,
that is, an arrangement by which the train, instead of impelling
the pendulum direct, winds up a spring. This spring, in unwind
ing, administers a constant impulse to the pendulum . A gravity
escapement partakes somewhat of this principle. The train
raises an arm of certain weight a constant distance, and the
weight of this arm in returning impels the pendulum. Mudge,
about 1760, invented a gravity escapement having two gravity
arms with sloped lifting faces acted on by a wheel of thirty teeth .
But the arms were apt to be jerked up a little too far by the
quick action of the wheel teeth. Cumming also devised a gravity
escapement about 1763, with separate arms for locking and lifting.
But all gravity escapements were regarded with suspicion, as
having a tendency to trip, until Mr. Denison designed the double
three-legged one for the great clock at the Houses of Parliament.
He accomplished the lifting by slowly moving pins near the centre
of the escape wheel, and by employing a wheel with but few teeth,
which therefore moved through a large arc each time it was
unlocked, was enabled to use a fly to steady its motion, by which
all danger of tripping was avoided.
Denison's This escapement, shown in Fig . 156 , consists of

Double two gravity impulse pallets pivoted as nearly as
Three -legged possible in a line with the bending point of the
Gravity
pendulum spring. The locking wheel is made up of
Escapement. "
two thin plates having three long teeth or “ legs
FORMER CLOCK AND WATCIMAKERS. 255
each. These two plates are squared on the arbor a little distance
apart, one on each side of the pallets. Between them are three
pins which lift the pallets. These pins are generally the bodies
of three screws used to connect the locking plates, though a three
FIG. 156. — Double three - legged Fig . 157. — Thwaites and Reed's six
gravity escapement. legged gravity escapement.
leaved pinion answers the purpose . In the drawing, one of the

front legs is resting on a block screwed to the front of the right
hand pallet. This forms the locking. There is a similar block
screwed to the back of the left - hand pallet for the legs of the back
plate, which is shaded in the drawing, to lock upon . Projecting
from each of the pallets is an arm. The tip of the one on the
right -hand pallet is just in contact with one of the pins which
has lifted the pallet to the position shown . The pendulum is
travelling in the direction indicated by the arrow , and the left
hand pallet has just given impulse. The pendulum rod in its
swing will push the right-hand pallet far enough for the leg of
the front locking plate, which is now resting on the block, to
escape. Directly it escapes, the left-hand pallet is lifted free of
the pendulum rod by the lowest of the three pins . After the
locking wheel has passed through 60°, a “ leg ” of the back locking
plate is caught by the locking plate on the left- hand pallet .
There should be a couple of banking pins to stop the pallets
from going lower than the left-hand one is shown . This allows
the lifting pins to have a little free run before reaching the
arm .
As the three - leaved pinion always lifts the pallets the same
distance, the pallets in returning give a constant impulse to the
pendulum . The friction in unlocking would , of course, vary with
the pressure transmitted through the train , but the effect of such
variation is found to be practically of no moment. To avoid any
jar when the locking leg fall on the block , there is a fly kept by a
spring friction -tight on an enlarged portion of the arbor. This
fly causes the legs to fall smoothly and dead on the blocks.
All the parts are made very light, of steel, with the acting
surfaces hardened . The distance of the lifting pins from the
centre should not be more than one-eighth or less than one
twelfth of the radius of the locking legs. They should be placed
as shown, the one last in action and the one about to lift being
vertically under each other ; the lifting is then performed across
the line of centres. The distance of the centre of the escape
wheel from the pivots of the pallets equals the diameter of the
escape wheel. The length of the tails of the pallets is immaterial.
For symmetry they are generally made as shown . The most
frequent mistake in constructing this escapement is that the parts,
especially the locking plates, which can hardly be too light, are
made too heavy. Lord Grimthorpe suggests that the fly should
be made of aluminium for lightness. The beat pins may be of
brass or ivory. They, and the pendulum rod where they touch ,
should be left perfectly dry. If oiled they become sticky, and
the action of the escapement will be unsatisfactory.
In this modification of Denison's gravity escape

Thwaites
and Reed's ment impulse is given to the pendulum at each alter
Six -legged nate vibration only. The rotations of the escape
Gravity wheel are only half what are required with the double
Escapement. three- legged , and a much lighter driving weight will
suffice. In the engraving on p. 255 the pendulum swinging
M
RU
MO
m
u
‫م‬ y
‫ا‬
Fig . 158. - Reid's gravity escapement. Fig. 159. - Four -legged gravity
escapement.
in the direction of the arrow will unlock the tooth A, and allow
the wheel to move till it is stopped by the block B on the neutral
arm ; by this time the lifting pin which had been in contact with
the arm D is carried to the position indicated by the outline just
above the real pin , which is black ; so that in the return vibration
s
the arm D clears the lifting pin and follows the pendulum , giving
it impulse. In its excursion the pendulum moves the neutral arm
till the wheel is unlocked from the block B, and the wheel then
again takes the position shown in the drawing. The neutral arm
simply rises and falls, giving no impulse ; but when resting
against the banking pin C is in the proper position to lock the
wheel.
The action of a gravity escapement invented at the beginning
of this century, by Thomas Reid, of Edinburgh, with arms lifted
on Mudge's plan , but suspended from springs instead of being
pivoted on studs, will be understood from Fig. 158, which shows
one of the arms. A regulator with this escapement, at the Horo
logical Institute, is an excellent timekeeper, until it gets dirty, or
is subjected to the slightest disturbance, when it is unreliable.
Even taking the hood off has been known to cause it to trip.
In 1820, William Hardy received from the Society of Arts a
gold medal and fifty guineas for an escapement similar in principle
to Reid's.
A four- legged escapement on Denison's principle, so excellent
for turret clocks, is occasionally used for regulators and other
clocks with seconds pendulums. It may , perhaps, when thoroughly
well made, and with the locking blocks jewelled, be better than the
Graham for such a purpose, as it is free from the error due to
thickening of the oil ; but from the small number of teeth in the
escape wheel, it requires in the train either very high numbered
wheels or an extra wheel and pinion . This is a distinct advantage
in a turret clock, because the large amount of power required
to drive the leading off rod is thereby more reduced by the time it
reaches the escapement. But for regulators and house clocks the
extra wheels are a drawback sufficient to prevent its general adop
tion, considering the extra cost of the escapement and the good
performance of the Graham . There is the additional advantage
with the Graham that the escape wheel rotates once in a minute ,
and affords a ready means of obtaining the seconds indicator.
With this escapement the balance is mounted on a

Cylinder
hollow cylinder large enough in the bore to admit a
Escapement.
tooth of the escape wheel. Nearly one- half of the
cylinder is cut away where the teeth enter the shell, and impulse
CYLINDER ESCAPEMENT.
Fig. 160. - Plan .

a , Escape wheel.
b, Cylinder.
C, Entering lip of cylinder.
d, Exit lip of cylinder.
9 e, Passage for escape wheel.
f , Tooth removed, showing the stalk on which
teeth are supported .
g, Collet for balance.
C d
b
a
с id
Fig. 161. - Elevation of cylinder and FIG. 162. -Plan of cylinder and one
one tooth of escape wheel therein . tooth of escape wheel therein .
is given to the balance by the teeth, which are wedge-shaped ,

rubbing against the edge of the cylinder as they enter and
leave.
The cylinder is essentially a frictional as distinguished from a
detached escapement. It performs fairly well, and is just suited
for the lower grades of watches. The vibrations of the balance
are not so much affected by inequality in the force transmitted
and other faults if the escapement is a frictional one, and the work
comparatively coarse, as when a highly detached escapement and
very fine pivots are used . It is certainly remarkable that English
watchmakers should have been so baffled by a constructional
difficulty as to throw aside the cylinder escapement. Ellicott,
Mudge, and other eminent English makers used hard brass for the
escape wheel , and, occasionally, ruby for the cylinder, but without
overcoming the tendency to cutting and excessive wear of the
acting surfaces. It remained for the Swiss to bring the problem
to a successful issue by making both wheel and cylinder of steel,
and hardening them . The production of the cylinder escapement
is now monopolized by the Swiss and the French , who, with the
aid of machinery, manufacture the escape wheels and cylinders for
an almost incredibly low price.
Fig. 160 is a plan of the cylinder escapement,

Action of the
Esoapement. in which the point of a tooth of the escape wheel is
pressing against the outside of the shell of the
cylinder. As the cylinder, on which the balance is mounted ,
moves round in the direction of the arrow , the wedge-shaped
tooth of the escape wheel pushes into the cylinder, thereby giving
it impulse. The tooth cannot escape at the other side of the
cylinder, for the shell of the cylinder at this point is rather more
than half a circle ; but its point rests against the inner side of the
shell till the balance completes its vibration and returns, when the
tooth which was inside the cylinder escapes, and the point of the
succeeding tooth is caught on the outside of the shell. The teeth
rise on stalks from the body of the escape wheel, and the cylinder
is cut away just below the acting part of the exit side, leaving
only one-fourth of a circle in order to allow as much vibration as
possible. This will be seen very plainly on examining Fig. 161 ,
which is an elevation of the cylinder to an enlarged scale.
The idea of having the locking at a greater dis

Duplex tance from the centre of motion of the escape wheel
Escapement.
than the impulse, proved seductive to many of the
early inventors. Hooke, Hauteville, Sully, Le Roy, and Dutertre
all devised escapements on this plan. In 1782 Thomas Tyrer
obtained a patent for it (No. 1311 ) . As will be seen from the
engraving , the escape wheel has two sets of teeth . One set lock
the wheel by pressing on the balance staff, and the other set
standing up from the face of the wheel give impulse to the
balance.
Like the chronometer, the duplex is a single beat escapement,
that is, it receives impulse at every other vibration only. The
escapement has two sets of
teeth . Those farthest from
the centre lock the wheel by
pressing on a hollow ruby
cylinder or roller fitted round
a reduced part of the balance
staff, and planted so that it
intercepts the path of the
teeth. There is a notch in
the ruby roller, and a tooth
passes every time the balance,
in its excursion in the oppo
site direction to that in
which the wheel moves ,
brings this notch past the FIG. 163.
point of the tooth resting a, escape wheel ; b, impulse pallet ; c , locking
on the roller. When the teeth ; d, impulse teeth ; e, ruby roller.
tooth leaves the notch , the impulse finger , fixed to the balance
staff, receives a blow from one of the impulse teeth of the
wheel. The impulse teeth are not in the same plane as
the body of the wheel, but stand up from it so as to meet the
impulse finger. There is no action in the return vibration . In
the figure the detaining roller travelling in the direction of
the arrow is just allowing a locking tooth of the wheel to
escape from the notch, and the pallet is sufficiently in front of
the tooth from which it will receive impulse to ensure a safe
intersection .
Lever In this escapement, which was invented about 1765

Escapement. by Thomas Mudge , the communication between the
pallets and the balance is made by means of two levers,
one attached to the pallets, and the other, in the form of a roller
with a pin projecting from its face, to the balance staff.
The lever escapement, when made with ordinary care, is so
certain in its action that it is generally selected , in preference to
all others, for pocket watches. For steady timekeeping over a
lengthened period it is slightly inferior to the chronometer
escapement, owing to the necessity of applying oil to the pallets.
However close the rate of the watch at first, the thickening of the
oil in the course of time will inevitably affect its going.
The lever escapement which Mudge applied to a watch for
Queen Charlotte was analogous in its action to the present form
of double roller escapement, except that the impulse pin was
divided, for the purpose of ensuring the safety action after the
finger enters the crescent, and before the impulse pin is fairly
in the notch, a result now attained very simply by having horns
to the lever. Curiously enough, the advantages of Mudge's
invention seem to have remained unrecognized for many years.
Peter Litherland in 1794 patented the rack lever escapement,
in which the lever terminates in a segmental rack which gears with
a pinion on the balance axis. Although this was an undetached
escapement, and therefore wanting in the chief excellence of
Mudge's conception , it met with considerable success, a large
number being made by Roskell of Liverpool, chiefly for the
American market.
About 1800, Edward Massey, a Staffordshire watchmaker,
invented the crank roller, in which the impulse pin is projected
beyond the periphery of the roller, something like the finger in
the going barrel stopwork. Contact of the extremities of the
lever with the edge of the roller formed the safety action. The
final perfecting of the table roller variety is ascribed to George
Savage, a Clerkenwell watch finisher, some years afterwards.
But, by favour of Mr. George Burrell, I had the privilege a
short time ago of inspecting a very fine watch which Josiah
Emery, of Charing Cross, who was a friend of Mudge, made for
the Duke of Portland . It had a lever escapement and a second
roller for the safety action, practically similar to the arrangement
in first- class timekeepers of today. The impulse pin was of

steel, and pivoted in jewel holes, so that it rolled in and out of
the notch . The watch, Mr. Burrell said , was originally hung in
gymbals in a wooden box . In his evidence before the select
committee appointed to inquire into Mudge's claim to a govern
ment reward for improvements in chronometers, Emery said his
price for such watches was £ 150 .
Fig . 164, p . 265, shows the most usual form of

Action of the
the lever escapement in English watches. A tooth
Escapement.
of the escape wheel is at rest upon the locking face
of the entering left-hand pallet. The impulse pin has just
entered the notch of the lever, and is about to unlock the pallet .
The action of the escapement is as follows : The balance, which
is attached to the same staff as the roller, is travelling in the
direction indicated by the arrow which is around the roller, with
sufficient energy to cause the impulse pin to move the lever and
pallets far enough to release the wheel tooth from the locking
face, and allow it to enter on the impulse face of the pallet.
Directly it is at liberty, the escape wheel , actuated by the main
spring of the watch, moves round the same way as the arrow and
pushes the pallet out of its path. By the time the wheel tooth
has got to the end of the impulse face of the pallet, its motion
is arrested by the exit or right- hand pallet , the locking face of
which has been brought into position to receive another tooth
of the wheel. When the pallet was pushed aside by the wheel
tooth it carried with it the lever, which in its turn communicated
a sufficient blow to the impulse pin to send the balance with
renewed energy on its vibration . So that the impulse pin has
the double office of unlocking the pallets by giving a blow on
one side of the notch of the lever , and of immediately receiving
a blow from the opposite side of the notch. The balance pro
ceeds on its excursion, winding up as it goes the balance spring,
until its energy is expended . After it is brought to a state of
rest its motion is reversed by the uncoiling of the balance spring,
the impulse pin again enters the notch of the lever, but from the
opposite direction, and the operation already described is repeated.
The object of the safety pin is to prevent the wheel from being
unlocked except when the impulse pin is in the notch of the lever.
The banking pins keep the motion of the lever within the desired
limits . They should be placed as shown, where any blow from
the impulse pin on to the outside of the lever is received direct.
They are sometimes placed at the tail of the lever, but in that
position the banking pins receive the blow through the pallet
staff pivots, which are liable to be broken in consequence .
The width of each pallet is made as nearly as possible half
the distance between one tooth of the escape wheel and the next.
As the teeth of the wheel must be of an appreciable thickness,
and the various pivots must have shake, it is not found practicable
to get the pallets of greater width than 10 ° of the circumference
of the wheel instead of 12°, which would be half the distance
between one tooth and the next . This difference between the
theoretical and actual width of the pallet is called the drop. The
lever is pinned to the pallets, and has the same centre of motion.
The distance between the centre of the lever and the centre of
the roller is not absolute . The distance generally preferred is
a chord of 96 ° of a circle representing the path of the tips of the
escape wheel teeth, that is, the distance from the tip of one tooth
to the tip of the fourth succeeding tooth. The proportion , as it
is called , of the lever and roller is usually from 3 to 1 to 31 to 1 .
In the former case the length of the lever (measured from the
centre of pallet staff to centre of the mouth of the notch ) is three
times the distance of the centre of the impulse pin from the
centre of the roller, and in the latter case 32 times. The portion
of the lever to the left of the pallet staff -hole acts as a counter
poise, and should really have the metal in it disposed at as nearly
as possible the same distance from the centre as that in the other
end of the lever, though this is rarely the case .
When , from setting the hands of a watch back , or from a
sudden jerk, there is a tendency for the pallets to unlock, the
safety pin butts against the edge of the roller. It will he
observed that when the impulse pin unlocks the pallets, the
safety pin is allowed to pass the roller by means of the crescent
which is cut out of the roller opposite the impulse pin. The
teeth of the escape wheel make a considerable angle with a radial
line (24), so that their tips only touch the locking faces of the
pallets. The locking faces of the pallets, instead of being curves
struck from the centre of motion of the pallets, as would be
otherwise the case, are cut back at an angle so as to interlock

with the wheel teeth. This is done so that the safety pin shall
not drag on the edge of the roller, but be drawn back till the
,. anking
.a,Escape
.e, mpulse
wheel
Bpins
,fSafety
gg
Ipin
, allets
pin
.d,Roller
.b,Lever
.Pcc
d
O
Fig. 164. — Lever escapement.
lever touches the banking pin . When the operation of setting

the hands back is finished , or the other cause of disturbance
removed , the pressure of the wheel tooth on the locking face of
the pallet draws the pallet into the wheel as far as the banking
pin will allow. The amount of this “ run ” should not be more
than sufficient to give proper clearance between the safety pin
and the roller, for the more the run, the greater is the resistance
to unlocking. This rule is sometimes sadly transgressed, and
occasionally the locking is found to be, from excessive run ,
almost equal in extent to the impulse. It will generally be found
that in these cases the escapement is so badly proportioned that
the extra run has had to be given to secure a sound safety action.
In common watches the safety action is a frequent source of
trouble . The more the path of the safety pin intersects the edge
of the roller, the sounder is the safety action, and if the inter
section is small the safety pin is likely to jamb against the edge
of the roller, or even to pass it altogether.
Double Low-angled pallets ( i.e. pallets having but little

Roller motion ) and small balance arcs are preferred for fine
Escapement. watches ; the low -angle pallets as being less affected
The Horn of by changes in the condition of the oil which is used
the Lever.
to lubricate the faces of the pallets than when the
motion is greater, and the small balance arc because it allows the
balance to be more perfectly detached from the escapement. With
a double roller escapement, pallets with from 8° to gº of motion
are generally used, with a lever and roller to give a balance arc of
from 28° to 32°. With low -angled pallets, and less than 30° of
balance arc, a different arrangement than the usual upright pin in
the lever must be made for the safety action . A second roller,
not much more than one-half the diameter of the one in which
the impulse pin is fixed , is mounted on the balance staff for the
purpose, and a small gold finger, projecting far enough to reach
the edge of the smaller roller, is screwed to the lever . The safety
roller should not be less than half the diameter of the impulse
roller, for the smaller the safety roller, the farther the safety finger
enters the crescent before the impulse pin enters the notch of the
lever ; and, as directly the safety finger enters the crescent, the
impulse pin must be within the horn of the lever, the smaller
the safety roller, the longer must be the horn . Then , if the horns
are excessively long, the extent of the free vibration of the balance
is curtailed , because the impulse pin touches the outside of the
lever sooner . It will be seen that in the single roller escapement
( Fig. 164) the safety pin does not enter the crescent before the
impulse pin enters the notch, and, therefore, in the single roller
escapement the lever really requires but the smallest possible
amount of horn . Fig. 165 shows the double -roller arrangement.
Here it will be seen that the safety finger enters the crescent
some time before the impulse pin gets to the notch . During
this interval, should the hands of the watch be set back , the
FIG. 165.
pallets could not trip, for the horn of the lever would be caught
on the impulse pin. I have tried to explain this fully, because
double roller escapements occasionally fail to give satisfaction
owing to the lever having insufficient horn. On the other hand,
the levers of single roller escapements, where scarcely any horn is
required , are often made with very long ones.
Besides getting a sound safety action with small balance arc,
the double roller has three other advantages. ( 1 ) The impulse is
given more nearly on the line of centres, and consequently with
less engaging friction . ( 2) The safety roller being of a lesser
diameter, the safety finger when in contact with it offers less
resistance to the motion of the balance ; and (3 ) the requisite
amount of shake between the safety roller and banking pins is
obtained with less run on the pallets.
Savage's With a view to avoid the somewhat oblique action

Two-pin of the impulse pin, Savage introduced the two
Escapement. pin escapement (Fig. 166 ) . In place of the ordinary
impulse pin, two very small pins are placed in the roller so that
one of them begins to unlock just before crossing the line of
centres . The passing space for the safety pin , instead of being
formed like a crescent, is a notch into which the safety pin fits ,
and by the time the unlocking is finished , the safety pin has been
drawn into the notch and gives the first portion of the impulse.
After it has left the notch, the impulse is completed by the notch
of the lever striking the second small pin in the roller, which has
by that time reached the line of centres or nearly so. In order
to get the safety pin well into the notch , this escapement requires
pallets having 12° to 15° of motion, which is objectionable, and
the lever and roller action is besides a very delicate job, and fails
Fig . 166. – Savage's two- pin escapement.
if not thoroughly well done ; so that, although the idea is taking,

this form of the escapement has never come much into use, and
when it is made, one wide stone is generally substituted for the
two pins in the roller .
The unlocking nearer the line of centres is also accomplished
in what is called the anchor or dovetail escapement, in which the
impulse pin is wider than usual, and of a dovetail form . It is
open to the objection that, on account of the increased width of
the impulse stone and of the lever, banking will occur with a
smaller vibration of the balance than with the usual form .
A watch balance in general use rarely vibrates

Resilient
is, three- quarters
Escapements. more than a turn and a half, that
of a turn each way ; yet occasionally, from tight
winding of the mainspring, sudden movements of the wearer, or
other cause of disturbance, the balance will swing round till the
impulse pin knocks the outside of the lever . If this banking is

violent, the timekeeping of the watch is deranged , and a broken
pivot may also result if the pivots are small. To obviate the evil
of such banking, various plans have been tried . The most usual
is to make the banking pins yield to undue pressure , and to allow
the impulse pin to pass the lever, the wings of which are omitted ,
as shown in Fig. 167. Spring bankings are objectionable, as they
are likely, in their recoil, to drive the safety pin against the edge
Fig. 167.—Spring bankings.
of the roller. J. F. Cole devised a resilient escapement without

any banking pins, in which the teeth of the escape wheel were so
formed as to resist the entrance of the pallet into the wheel more
than was required for ordinary locking (see Fig. 168 ). In the
Fig. 168.—Cole's resilient escapement.
event of over-banking, the pallet compelled the escape wheel to

recoil, so that the mainspring was really utilized as a spring
banking. But in the use of resilient arrangements on this plan ,
there is a danger of " setting . ” When the banking is so violent
that the impulse pin drives the lever before it, all is well ; but it is
sure to happen sometimes that just as the impulse pin is passing
the lever its motion is exhausted, and it jams against the point of
the lever, and stops the watch .
In this variety there are inclined planes on the

Whittaker's
lever on each side of the notch as shown, a thin lever
Resilient.
to yield downwards, as the point of the impulse pin
touches it when the vibration is so much in
creased as to cause over -banking. This admits
of rigid banking pins being used , and avoids
Fig. 169. points or corners on which the impulse pin can set.
Here on the lever.

Taylor's
A are springs with
Resilient.
horse -shoe curves B,
OE
and points C, which form the

notch ; E the usual solid banking
pins for lever ; F banking for the
B
escapement
springs C. It is claimed that

resilient
when the impulse- pin, after a

Taylor's
.170.—
vibration of excessive amplitude,

.Fig
strikes the notch formed by the

T springs, the spring, yielding back
ward and inward , allows it to pass
freely, and there is no possibility
of the impulse pin setting against
the springs.
Varieties of The Swiss, and in

the Lever deed most foreign
Escapement. watchmakers, form
the tips of the teeth of the escape
wheel into inclined planes, so as
to divide the impulse between the
wheel teeth and the faces of the
pallets, like Fig. 171. It is urged
that the wheel is not so fragile
when made in this way, that less
drop is required, and that the oil
is not drawn away from the tip
of the tooth by capillary attrac
tion. On the other hand, English
watchmakers maintain that as at some time during each
impulse the planes of the wheel and pallet nearly coincide, the
increased surface then presented to the varying influence of the
adhesion of the oil is a serious evil. Then with “club teeth ,” as
they are called, there is more difficulty in satisfactorily replacing
a wheel than with ratchet teeth, for in the former case the planes
must be of exactly the same angle and of the same length in the
new wheel as in the old one . With brass wheels the impulse
faces on the wheel get cut into ruts, but the Swiss avoid this by
using steel wheels, and also much reduce the extra adhesion due
to increased surface by thinning the impulse planes of the teeth.
Swiss escapements are as a rule commendably light, but the levers
are disproportionately long. The Germans make an escapement
Fig. 171. FIG. 172.
in which the whole of the impulse plane is on the wheel teeth , the
pallets being small round pins, as in Fig. 172. This certainly seems
a cheaper and simpler form . In most foreign lever escapements,
and occasionally in English, the roller is planted in a line with the
escape wheel and pallet staff holes instead of as shown in Fig. 164 .
This alteration of the position of the lever with relation to the
pallets has often provoked controversy, but there is practically
no advantage either way except as a matter of convenience in
arranging the caliper of the watch or in manufacturing the parts,
though the straight line escapement certainly allows of the poising
of the lever and pallets with less redundant metal.
This escapement, which is unexcelled for time

Chronometer
Escapement. keeping, was invented in principle by Pierre Le Roy,
about 1765. It was perfected and brought into its
present form by Earnshaw and Arnold about 1780. The escape
wheel is locked on a stone carried in a detent, and impulse is given

by the teeth of the escape wheel to a pallet on the balance staff
once in every alternate vibration .
In the annexed drawing a tooth of the escape

Action of the wheel is at rest on the locking pallet. The office of
Escapement.
the discharging pallet is to bend the detent so as to
allow this tooth to escape. The discharging pallet does not press
directly on the detent, but on the free end of the gold spring,
A, Escape wheel.
B, Detent ; b , pipe.
C, Banking stud ; c, banking screw .
D, Unlocking spring.
E, Impulse roller ; e, impulse pallet .
F , Unlocking roller.
Fig. 173.
which presses on the tip of the detent. The balance, fixed to the
same staff as the rollers, travels in the direction of the arrow ,
and then returns with sufficient energy to unlock the tooth of
the wheel which is held by the locking pallet. Directly the detent
is released by the discharging pallet, it springs back to its original
position , ready to receive the next tooth of the wheel. There is a
set screw to regulate the amount of the locking on which the pipe
of the detent butts. This prevents the locking pallet being drawn
further into the wheel . It will be observed that the impulse
roller is planted so as to intersect the path of the escape wheel
teeth as much as possible, and by the time the unlocking is com
pleted, the impulse pallet will have passed far enough in front of
the escape wheel tooth to afford it a safe hold . The escape wheel,
impelled by the mainspring, through the medium of the train , over
takes the impulse pallet, and drives it on until the contact between
them ceases by the divergence of their paths. The wheel is at once
brought to rest by the locking pallet, and the balance continues
its excursion , winding up the balance spring as it goes, until its
energy is exhausted . The balance is immediately started in its
return vibration by the effort of the balance spring to return to
its state of rest. The nose of the detent does not reach to the
end of the gold spring, so that the discharging pallet in this return
vibration merely bends the gold spring without affecting the lock
ing pallet at all. When the discharging pallet reaches the gold
spring, the balance spring is at rest ; but the balance does not
stop , it continues to uncoil the balance spring until its momentum
is exhausted , and then the effort of the balance spring to revert to
its normal state induces another vibration ; the wheel is again un
locked and gives the impulse pallet another blow.
Although the balance only gets impulse in one direction , the
escape wheel makes a rotation in just the same time as with a lever
escapement, because in the chronometer the whole space between
two teeth passes every time the wheel is unlocked .
By receiving impulse and having to unlock at every other
vibration only, the balance is more highly detached in the chro
nometer than in most escapements, which is a distinct advantage .
No oil is required to the pallets, and another disturbing influence
is thus got rid of. If properly proportioned and well made, its
performance will be quite satisfactory as long as it is not subjected
to sudden external motion or jerks. For marine chronometers it
thus leaves but little to be desired , and even for pocket watches it
does well with a careful wearer ; but with rough usage it is liable
to set, and many watchmakers hesitate to recommend it on this
account. It is much more costly than the lever, and would only
be applied to very high- priced watches, and in these the buyer
naturally resents any failure of action. Its use in pocket pieces is
therefore nearly confined to such as are used for scientific purposes ,
or by people who understand the nature of the escapement, and are
prepared to exercise care in wearing the watch . There is another
reason why watchmakers, as a rule, do not take kindly to the
chronometer escapement for pocket work. After the escapement
T
is taken apart, the watch does not so surely yield as good a per
formance as before. In fact, it is more delicate than the lever.
Occasionally a form of chronometer escapement is applied to
precision clocks. The wheel is locked by the detent in the usual way ,
and unlocked by an arm on the verge, which also receives the impulse.
“ Tourbillon " The tourbillon , invented by A. L. Breguet, is not

rather a
Escapements. strictly a variety of escapement at all, but
revolving carriage in which the escapement is placed ,
the object of the revolution being to eliminate the errors due to
d
r
o
w
o
an
r iv
ar
0
Fig. 174.
varying positions, and particularly the quarter positions, which

present the greatest difficulty to the adjuster. In its original form ,
as Figs. 174 and 175 , it was scarcely ever applied except to watches
subjected to observatory or other competitive trials. In the draw
ing the chronometer escapement is shown, but the lever is equally
applicable to the tourbillon. It will be observed that the fourth
wheel, H, is screwed to the plate, and is stationary, and that the
tourbillon cage or carriage, C C, is caused to revolve round it .
The third wheel, K, gears with the pinion, G, which is fixed to

the carriage, and as the escape pinion, I, gears with the fixed
fourth wheel, the motion transmitted by the third wheel causes
the escape pinion to turn on its axis, and also to roll around the
fourth wheel, which, so far as its connection with the escape pinion
L
NILI
1Z'
Fig. 175.
is concerned , may be regarded as a circular rack. The lower

pivot, D, of the carriage runs in the main plate of the movement,
and carries the seconds hand ; the upper pivot, E, rotates in a .
high and long bridge which spans the carriage. LL are the cocks
for escape pinion pivots.
K
L
Р S. G Р
M
FIG. 176. — Bonniksen's tourbillon .

A, fourth pinion ; B, pivot of carriage;C, fourth wheel; D, wheel attached tocarriage drive to
by third pinion G ; H , third wheel ; E, balance ; F, body of carriage ; K, L , N, cocks
M , bar screwed to pillar plate P.
B. Bonniksen has invented a simpler and more compact

arrangement in which the carriage driven by the third pinion
rotates once in 52 minutes, which gives sufficiently quick change
of position for all practical purposes. Fig. 176 shows Bonniksen's
tourbillon in which the section of the rotating carriage is shaded.
Maintaining Power.
Harrison's O obviate the danger of a watch or clock

Maintaining
stopping while being wound, Harrison in
Spring.
troduced a maintaining spring , and a con
trivance of this kind is now used in all fusee timekeepers, as well
as in regulators, and the better class of house clocks.
Fig. 177 is a view of the larger end of a watch or chronometer
fusee, which is fixed tight to the winding arbor. The great wheel
rides loose on the arbor, as does also a thin steel ratchet wheel as
large as the fusee, which is placed between the fusee and great
wheel. There is a smaller ratchet wheel whose teeth are cut the
reverse way, let into and screwed to the fusee, as seen in Fig. 177 .
Fig. 178 shows that side of the larger ratchet wheel which is placed
next to the fusee. The two clicks thereon take into the ratchet
on the fusee and thus establish connection between the two pieces.
กาว ann
uu
m
DO
Fig. 177. Fig. 179.
Fig. 178. Fig. 180.
A pin passes through the ball end of the spring (Fig. 179), and
enters a hole in the larger ratchet wheel. Fig. 180 shows the great
wheel, round the inner face of which a recess is turned to cover
the spring, so that the great wheel can be brought close to the
large steelratchet wheel. Near the other end of the spring it is
fixed to the great wheel by means of the pin shown in the right
hand side of Figs. 179 and 180. It will thus be seen that while the
ball end of the spring is fixed to the larger ratchet wheel, the
other end is fixed to the great wheel. The spring, being made
rather weaker than the force of the mainspring of the watch
exerted at the radius of the pin , is bent up till the tail touches the
ball as the watch is going, when the great wheel rotates in the
direction indicated by the arrow, and the teeth of the larger
ratchet pass under the click, or detent, as it is called . In winding,

the fusee is turned the reverse way , and the teeth of the smaller
ratchet slip under the two clicks, which are pivoted on the larger
ratchet. The spring connecting the larger ratchet to the great
wheel then , in striving to unbend, drives the watch, the larger ratchet
forming a resisting base ; for it cannot go back with the fusee
because the click which takes into it is pivoted to the watch
plate.
The application of Harrison's maintainer to weight clocks is
shown in Fig. 181. Here the smaller ratchet is attached to one end
of the barrel, which is
tightly fixed to the arbor.
Next to the smaller rat
‫ܗܤܐ‬
m
chet is the larger one,
a
a
m
and at the back of that

o
n
n
is the great wheel, the

larger ratchet and the
great wheel being both
free on the arbor. The
click for the smaller rat
chet is pivoted to the
nearest face of the larger
o
n
ratchet, and to the outer r

a
o
face of the larger ratchet r
m
o
are screwed two springs
whose free extremities
bear on opposite arms of
the great wheel. In the
going of the clock the Fig. 181. - Maintaining power for weight
clock .
pressure of the weight
acting on the click pivoted to the larger ratchet, bends the springs.
There are two pins in the larger ratchet, one on each side of
one of the arms of the great wheel, to circumscribe the action of
the springs, which may be limited to three teeth of the great
wheel. When winding the clock, the teeth of the smaller ratchet
run under their click, but the click in the teeth of the larger
ratchet, which is pivoted to the clock plate, keeps the larger
ratchet fast, and the unbending of the springs is then utilized to
drive the clock.
For large clocks, Messrs. Thwaites and Reed use a spiral

spring coiled round a curved pin fixed to one of the arms of the
great wheel, as shown in Fig. 182 ; an eye screwed to the larger
FIG. 182.
ratchet compresses the spring. This answers well if the spring is

of sufficient length .
For Huygens' endless cord maintainer, see pp. 105, 106.
Sun and In turret clocks there is often a weighted lever or

Planet segment brought to bear on the great wheel while
Maintainer. winding ; but this is open to the objection that it
has to be renewed if the operation of
winding takes long, and also because
after winding, until the maintainer
is removed, there is considerable extra
pressure on the escapement. In some
of Arnold's watches is a continuous
maintainer, which also appears to
have been invented by Harrison.
Although not so suited for watches
as Harrison's maintaining spring, it
FIG. 183. appears to be admirably adapted for
turret clocks, which take some time to
wind. The great wheel and barrel both ride loose on the arbor, to
which is fixed a pinion, represented by the smallest circle in
Fig. 183. The largest circle represents a ring of internal teeth

fixed to the side of the great wheel next to the barrel. There are
two wheels, which gear with both the pinion fixed to the barrel
arbor and with the ring of internal teeth on the great wheel ,
as shown. These two wheels run on studs in the end of the
barrel. While the handle attached to the barrel arbor is turned
as in winding, a continuous pressure is exerted on the internal
teeth, which really afford the resisting base in raising the weight.
There is a ratchet wheel fixed to the barrel arbor, with a click
pivoted to the barrel, to prevent the weight running down when
Fig. 184. FIG. 185.
the winding is completed. During the going of the clock the

whole system turns with the barrel arbor, so that there is no extra
friction from the maintaining work. It is not absolutely necessary
to have both of the wheels which run on studs at the end of the
barrel, and sometimes one of them is omitted .
Mr. I. Herrmann has recently patented the adaptation of this
maintainer as keyless work for fusee watches and chronometers .
The ring of internal teeth is on the great wheel, the planet
pinions are on the fusee , which rides loose on the arbor, and the
arbor carries a wheel which gears with a winding pinion at the
pendant.
Messrs. Gillett & Co. have introduced another form of the
sun and planet maintainer for turret clocks, with double gearing
to give additional purchase during winding. Of this side and end
views are shown in Figs . 184, 185. As before, the great wheel and
barrel both ride loose on the arbor. A pinion fixed to the barrel
arbor gears with a wheel fixed to a spindle running in holes
formed in the barrel near its circumference. On the other end of
this spindle is a pinion which gears with the ring of internal teeth
fixed to the great wheel. The extra winding wheels allow the
ratchet and click to be dispensed with ; but it would perhaps be
safer to add them .
Watch Though the pillars which connect the two plates

Pillars. of a watch movement are now universally made of
a plain cylindrical form , they have been formerly the
subjects of considerable enrichment. In most of the early time
keepers the pillars were square, and often engraved ; but the first
obvious departure from the utilitarian form , in order to please the
eye, is shown in No. 1 of the subjoined engraving. This is
known as the tulip pillar, and seems to have been introduced in
$ y2
1 2 3 5
Fig. 186.
deference to what may be called the tulip-mania, when the bulbs

of that flower were first imported . This particular pillar is from
a watch by Tompion. In some other instances the vertical
division was omitted. The square Egyptian pillar, No. 2 , was
favoured about 1680 and later, the central slit being often wider
than the example, with a vertical division and decorations on the
face ; silver was the material favoured for the decorations and
divisions. The plainer square pillar, No. 3, has had a long life,
for it is met with in watches nearly two hundred years old , and
also in specimens produced in the early part of the present century.
No. 4 is taken from a watch by Ellicott, the case of which has
the hall -mark for 1750, and the elegant outline is quite in accord
with the popular taste at that time. No. 5 is later, and is taken
from a watch by James Markham , a well -known maker for the
Dutch market. During the period devoted to fancy pillars, many

watches were made without regard to the popular taste in this
particular. A repeater by Graham in my possession is furnished
with plain round pillars, with small bodies and collars formed at
the top and bottom, to afford a more secure bearing on the plates.
Arrangement The arrangement of the “ train ” or assemblage of

of a Watch toothed wheels forming the connection between the
Train .
motor and the regulator of a timekeeper, shown in
the drawings of De Vick's clock (p . 27) , of the Westminster
clock ( p. 211 ), and of the quarter clock (p. 204 ) , makes this part
of the construction sufficiently
clear so far as non - portable А.
timekeepers are concerned. In
a modern watch the necessity
of economizing space has led B
to considerable ingenuity in
planning the movement. In
the appended drawing A B is
the great wheel attached to D
the barrel containing the
mainspring, which forms the
motor. On the barrel is planted
at A a star wheel, and fixed to
FIG. 187.
the barrel arbor is a finger,
which, at each rotation of the arbor, engages with a space of the
star wheel and moves it round one division. After four rota
tions, a swelled portion of the circumference butts against the
hollow of the finger and stops further movement. This prevents
the mainspring being unduly strained by overwinding.
In order to obtain as large a barrel as possible, the great wheel
extends from the extreme edge of the movement to the centre
pinion, with which it gears. On the centre pinion is mounted
the centre wheel C , which drives the third wheel pinion ; the
third wheel E , attached thereto, drives the fourth wheel pinion .
The seconds hand is carried by the fourth wheel F pinion ,
which is therefore planted so as to obtain a seconds dial of
adequate size between the centre and the edge of the main dial.
The fourth wheel drives the escape pinion , on which is mounted
the escape wheel G. The balance or controller D is as large,

or nearly as large, as the barrel, and therefore must also be
planted approximately midway betwen the centre and outside of
the movement. The connection between the escape wheel and
the balance is through the intervention of a lever or cylinder, or
in some other way dependent on the kind of escapement adopted.
The proportion of the various wheels and pinions will be
governed by certain data. The centre wheel rotates always once
in an hour ; the fourth wheel always once in a minute. Then , if
the number of vibrations the balance is to make in an hour, and
the number of turns the barrel is to make in the interval between
the windings of the mainspring are decided , very little latitude
will be possible in the relation of the various factors of the train
to each other. Four turns are the usual number for the barrel in
30 hours, the period between winding, and either 16,200 or
18,000 the number of vibrations per hour of the balance ; further,
the escape wheel is almost universally made with 15 teeth .
The most favoured trains are
Centre. Third. Fourth . Pinions.
For 18,000 80 75 80 10 10 8
vibrations 64 60 70 8 8 7
per hour 64 60 60 8 8 6
For 16,200 64 60 72 8 8 8
vibrations 64 60 63 8 8 7
In the old full plate construction , there are two circular plates
which enclose the movement, the balance being outside of the
plate furthest from the dial, which is called the top plate.
In the more modern three -quarter plate movement a portion of
the top plate is cut away, and the balance lowered , so that the
cock which carries the upper pivot of the balance staff is level with
the plate. In this way a much thinner watch is possible, and the
escapement can be more readily removed than with the full plate
movement.
Hall Marks.
HESE marks are impressed on watch cases, jewellery, and

plate, after the quality of the metal has been ascer
tained by assay at certain official Assay Halls. The
marking of jewellery is with few exceptions optional. The hall
marking of all watch cases of gold or silver made in Great Britain

and Ireland is compulsory . The cost is only the actual outlay
incurred in assaying and stamping. The hall mark consists of
several impressions in separate shields : there are the standard or
quality mark ; the mark of the particular office at which the
article was assayed ; some character by which the date of marking
maybe traced, and, if duty is chargeable, the head of the reigning
sovereign .
The oldest and most important of the Assay

Hall
Marking. Halls is that presided over by the Goldsmiths' Com
pany of London, which is situated just at the back
of the old General Post Office, in St. Martin's -le -Grand. The
privilege of assaying and marking precious metals was conferred
on the company by statute in 1300. The company received a
charter of incorporation in 1327, and their powers have been
confirmed subsequently by several Acts of Parliament.
Many early watch cases, especially silver ones of London make,
are met with which have no hall mark, the powers of the com
pany not being so strictly enforced then as now, or the value
of the official assay not being so generally recognized.
Among other records of prosecutions for evading the Hall
Marking Acts is one in 1778, when two watchmakers, John
G-- and William V-- , allowed judgment to go by default
in respect of two unmarked silver cases found at the Custom House
in a cask of hardware.
Repoussé cases, with other artistic wares of a similar character,
are specially exempted from assay.
The standard mark of the London Hall is a lion
passant for sterling silver. A lion passant was also
the standard mark on 22 - carat gold up to 1845 ,
when lower standards of gold than 22 - carat were recognized .
For gold of 22 carats the standard mark is now a
crown, and the figures 22. For 18-carat gold the
standard mark is a crown and the figures 18.
For 15 -carat gold 15 and 0.625 Pure gold !being 24 carats, these decimals
99 12 12 0 :5 represent the proportions of pure gold
9 9 0 : 375 in the article so marked .
The London Hall Mark is a leopard's head , which

prior to 1823 was crowned .
Date marks of the London Hall are given on pages
286 , 287. Specimens of the earliest marks are not to
be obtained .
The head of the reigning sovereign denotes that duty has
been paid . Watch cases were exempted from duty in 1798 .
The maker's mark before 1697 was some emblem selected by
him ; in that year it was ordered to be the two first letters of his
surname ; since 1739 it has been the initials of the maker's
Christian and surnames .
In 1697 the quality of standard silver was raised from 11 ozs.
2 dwt. to 11 ozs. 10 dwt. of pure silver in 12 ozs. of plate, and a
lion's head used as the standard mark, and a figure of Britannia
as the hall mark ; but in 1823 the old standard of 11 ozs. 2 dwts. ,
and the old marks of a lion passant and a leopard's head were
reverted to, although the higher standard with the figure of
Britannia is still occasionally used.
Marks of other Assay Offices.

HESTER . - Hall mark , a
sword between three D.
wheatsheaves. Prior to
1779 it was three demi-lions and
a wheatsheaf on a shield . Standard mark for 18 -carat gold, a
crown and the figures 18. For silver, a lion passant .
Birmingham . - Hall mark, an anchor in a square frame for
gold, and an anchor in a pointed shield for silver. Standard mark
I 1
for 18 -carat gold, a crown and the figures 18 ; for silver, a lion
passant. The Birmingham date marks are given on page 288 .
Sheffield . A crown ( silver only is assayed ).
Exeter.-A castle with three towers .
York. –Five lions on a cross. Newcastle. — Three castles.
Norwich. A castle and lion passant.

(The Norwich Assay office is now closed .)
Edinburgh has a thistle for the standard
mark, and a castle for the hall mark .
Glasgow has a lion rampart for the
standard, and a tree, a fish, and a bell for
the hall mark .
Dublin has a harp crowned as the
standard mark for sterling silver and for 22
carat gold, with the figures 22 added in the
latter case ; for 20-carat gold, a plume of three
feathers and 20 ; for 18-carat gold, a unicorn
head and 18. The lower qualities of 15, 12, and 9 , are marked
with the same standard mark as is used at the London Hall. The
hall mark for Dublin is a figure of Hibernia.
For watch cases of foreign make , marked in Great Britain ,
special stamps have been provided
as shown. That for gold is in
the form of a cross, and for silver 18
FOREIGN FOREIGN
the mark is of octagonal shape. 75
The representation of the sun only M M
appears in the London mark. There
is, instead, for Birmingham a triangle, and for Chester an acorn .
Swiss Hall Marks .
IN Switzerland the hall marking of watch cases is only

compulsory when the article already bears some indi
cation of the quality of gold or silver of which it is made,
and even then the English or other recognized hall mark is
accepted as a substitute for the Swiss.
GOLD. SILVER.
18 -C . ( or 0·755). 14 - C . (or 0.583). Sterling Silver 0.800.
(or 0.935 ).
MEQOAOH
ca
eke
e
Date Mark on Gold and Silver Plate and Watch Cases
6
marked at Goldsmiths' Hall , London .
cea
GOZ3
Bek
NOTE . - The Date Mark is altered on the 30th of May in each year.
1697 11716-7 1736-7 (1756-7 1776-7

aj а.
1697-8 1717-8 1737-8 1757-8 1777-8
b b
1698-9 1718-9 1738-9 1758–9 1778-9
C
1699-0 1719-0 1739-0 1759-0 1779-0
1700-1 1720-1 1740-1 1760–1 1780–1

e
EAOBOCOR
1701-2 1721-2 1741-2 1761-2 1781-2
t f
1702-3 1722-3 1712-3 1762-3 1782-3
G 6 g
187 1703-4 1723-1 1743–1 1763–4 1783-1
h ( h
11724-5 1741-5 1764-5 1784-5
N1704-5
1យ
1705-6 ( 1725-6 1725-6 1765-6 1785-6
IK K k
1706-7 1726–7 1746–7 1766–7 1786–7
B ( 1
1707-8 1727-8 1747-8 1767-8 1787-8
m
1708-9 1728-9 1748-9 1768-9 1788–9
n
1709-0 1729-0 1719-0 1769-0 1789-0
1710-1 1730-1 1750-1 1770-1 1790-1

PS
1711-2 1731-2 1751-2 1771-2 1791-2
1712-3 1732-3 1752-3 1772-3 1792-3

R r
1713-1 1733-4 1753-1 1773-1 1793-4
S 8
1714-5 1734-5 1754-5 1774-5 1794-5
OD 1715-6 1735-6 1755—6 1775–6 1795-6

U u
EGOBORDO
Date Mark on Gold and Silver Plate and Watch Cases

marked at Goldsmiths' Hall , London .
NOTE.—The Date Mark is altered on the 30th of May in each year.
| 1796-7 1816-7 1836-7 1856-7 1876-7

A a (A ) (a ) A
1797-8 1817-8 1837-8 1857–8
B 1877-8
BВ h
B (6
1798-9 1818–9 1838-9 1858-9 1878–9
CС C c )
1799-0 1819-0 1839-0
D d 1859-0 D 1879–0
1800-1 ( 1820-1 1840-1
E 1860-1 E 1880-1
1801-2 1821–2 1841-2
F 1861-2 F1881-2
(
1802-3 1822–3 1842-3 1862–3 ( G ) 1882–3
G
1803–4 1823-4 1843–4
1863-4 H 1883-4
(h )
1804-5 1824-5 1844-5 1864-51 (
( 1) 1884–5
I i (1
ZOAG
1805-6 1825-6 1845-6

1865–61 ( K1885-6
K K
1806-7 1826-7 1846-7 1866-71 ( L ) 1886–7
(L ( 1
m
1807-8 1827–8 1847-8 1867-8 1887-8

M mm M
1808-9 1828-9 1848-9 1868-9 1888-9
N N
1809-0 1829-0 1849-0101869–0 1889-0
O
1810-1 1 1850-10 1870-1 1890-1
P1830- P
1811-2 1831-2 1851-2 0 1871-2 1891–2
I
1812-3 1832–3 1852-3 1872-3 1892-3
R r R (R)
IS 1813-4 S 1833-4 S 1853-4 1873-4 IS 1893–4

DD
-3 T 1814–5 0 1834-5 1854-5| t ) | 1874–6 1894-5
d |1815-6
1835–6|| C | 1855–6 1875-6 1895-6
Birmingham Assay Office Date Letters,
NOTE.—The Date Mark is altered in July of each year.
CYCLE 1 . CYCLE 2. CYCLE 3. CYCLE 4. CYCLE 5.
A 1773-4 a 1799–0 a 1825–6 A 1850-1 a 1875-6

B 1774-5 b 1800–1 3 1826–7 B 1851-2 b 1876-7
C 1775–6 C 1801-2 C 1827–8 C 1852–3 c 1877–8
D 1776-7 1802–3 D 1828–9 D 1853-4 D 1878–9
E 1777–8 e 1803–4 E 1829–01 E 1854-5 e 1879–0
F 1778-9f 1804-5 f 1830-1 F 1855-6 ) f 1880–1
G 1779-0 g 1805–6 6 1831-2 G 1856–7 g 1881–2

H 1780–1 h 1806–7 B 1832–3 H 1857–8 h 1882–3
I 1781-2 i 1807-8| 1833-4 I 1858-9 i 1883–4
J 1782–3j 1808–9 K 1834–5 K 1859–0 k 1884–5
K 1783–4 k 1809–0 L 1835–6 L 1860-1 1 1885–6
L 1784-5| 11810-1 29 1836–7 M 1861–2 m 1886–7
1811–2
M 1785–6 m JN 1837–8 N 1862–3 n 1887-8
1812-3
N 1786–7 n D 1838–90 1863-4 0 1888–9
0 1787–8 O 1813–4 1839–0 P 1864-5 p 1889-0
p
P 1788–9 р 1814-5 D 1840–1 Q 1865–61 a 1890-1
1891–2
Q 1789–0 9 1815–6 R 1841-2 R 1866–7 r
R 1790–1 r 1816–7 S 1842–3 S 1867-8 $ 1892-3
S 1791–2 s 1817–8 T 1843–4 T 1868–9 1893-4
t
T 1792-3 t 1844-5 U 1869–0 u 1894-5
1818–9 U
U 1793-4 u 1819-05 1845–6 V 1870–1 t 1895–6
a
V 1794-5 V 1820–1 | W 1846–7 W 1871-2 w 1896–7
W 1795-6 w 1821–2 X 1847–8 X 1872–3 r 1897-8
X 1796–7 X 1822–3 1848–9 | Y 1873–4 V 1898-9

Y 1797–8 y 1823–4 3 1849–0 Z 1874–5 3 1899–0
Z 1798–9 z 1824-5 C
T CINEVLIJIY Cr Cialis vir
v tr 2 JOU
MT. HALTON , CALIFORNIA
1
LIST OF FORMER CLOCK AND
WATCHMAKERS .
HE dates following the names in this alphabetical list

signify the period when the person referred to was con
nected with the Clockmakers' Company, or known to be
in business, or when some example of his work was made. It does
not necessarily follow that he then either began or relinquished the
trade . Throughout the list C.C. stands for Clockmakers' Company,
B.M. for British Museum, and S.K.M. for South Kensington
Museum . Following the names or addresses of some of the makers
is a slight description of their work which has been met with, or
of some invention or distinguishing trait. Of the more important
men , fuller descriptions are given in the body of the book , and refer
ence is then made to the page where such particulars may be found.
On estimating the age of a timekeeper by a maker the only
reference to whom is that he was admitted to the Clockmakers'
Company, it may in the majority of cases be assumed that he was
at the time of his admission a young man just out of his appren
ticeship ; but there are many exceptions. The first members of
the Clockmakers' Company were many of them of mature years
at the time of the incorporation ; and afterwards, men who had
made some mark or whom circumstances had brought into notice
were then induced to join . Hon. freemen , elected after 1781 , had
all made their reputation before entry .
It is easy to understand that the roll of membership of the
company at no time represented the whole of the clockmakers and
watchmakers within its sphere of action . Many who did not
U
care to join would escape observation, and then those who were
free of other guilds at the incorporation made their apprentices
free of the particular company to which they were attached .
Although the addresses of the freemen at first are rarely given ,
it may be taken for granted that they were nearly all within a
radius of ten miles, and among the later ones it will be found
that very few of them resided at any great distance from the
metropolis.
On some of the early clocks and watches the name inscribed
was that of the owner ; but in 1777 an Act of Parliament required
the name and place of abode of the maker to be engraved.
The locality of some of the residences may not in all cases be
readily recognized . Sweeting's Alley, Cornhill, or Royal Exchange,
evidently a favourite spot with the craft, was where the statue of
Rowland Hill now stands. It was not rebuilt after the destruction
of the Exchange by fire, in 1838. Bethlem , or Bethlehem , was in
Moorfields. Cateaton Street is now Gresham Street . One side of
Wilderness Row now remains ; the row was widened and trans
formed into the thoroughfare which cuts through St. John's
Square, and is called Clerkenwell Road . Union Street, Bishops
gate, or Spitalfields, is now Brushfield Street . The Bishopsgate
Street end, with the larger part of Sun Street, was absorbed in
building the terminus of the Great Eastern Railway. Wellington
Street, St. Luke's, is now in Lever Street , and King Street ,
Holborn, is now Southampton Row. Grubb Street is now
Milton Street. The Fleet Street end of what was Water Lane in
Tompion's time is now Whitefriars Street .
Hicks' Hall is mentioned. This was the title given to the
Sessions House , which at that time stood in the middle of St.
John Street, near Smithfield market . It was afterwards rebuilt
on Clerkenwell Green .
Taking into consideration the difficulty of obtaining precise
information respecting the early names , added to the vagaries of
seventeenth -century orthography, I hope and believe the list is as
nearly as possible correct, and tolerably complete, so far as London
makers are concerned. Outside of the metropolis I have not
attempted to do more than record the facts which happen to be
within my reach, and I venture to beg the favour of communica
tions respecting corrections and additions .
After 1842 the names are given only of those above mediocrity,
or concerning whom some peculiarity is known, and who have
ceased to carry on business . Many of those who are traced to 1842
probably continued for years afterwards, but the list is not intended
as a guide to clock and watchmakers of to-day .
Aaron, Benjamin, 17, Bury Street, St. Adams, Stephen , and Son, 3, St. Anne's
Mary Axe, 1840–1812 . Lane, Aldersgate, 1788 .
Abbis, J., 37, Bishopsgate Street > John, 31 , Maiden Lane, 1790.
Within, 1807. F. B., St. John's Square, Clerk
Abbott, Philip, admitted C.C. , 1703 . enwell, master, C.C., 1848 ; 1815
Peter, admitted C.C. , 1719. 1818 .
, John, admitted C.C. , 1788 ; F. B., and son , 21 , St. John's
charged with making an agree Square, 1830-1842.
ment to go to St. Petersburg to Adamson, Humfry, maker of a clock
work at clockmaking, and con for Whitehall Chapel, 1682.
victed at Hicks' Hall of the offence. John, admitted C.C., 1686.
Known as a maker of long-case “ A Gold Minute Watch , lately
clocks, 1787-1800. made by Mr. Adamson , over
Abdy, William , 5, Oat Lane, Noble against the Blue Boar in Holborn ”
Street, 1768-1800. ( London Gazette, March 3-7, 1686).
Abelling, William , 7, Wynyatt Street, Addis, William, 3, Birchin Lane ;
Clerkenwell, 1820 ; 36, Spencer son of Robert A., of Bristol ; ap
Street, 1835 ; 1820-1842. prenticed to George Sims, 1738 ;
Abraham , John, 27, Steward Street, admitted C.C. , 1745 ; master, 1764 ;
Bishopsgate, 1820. 1753-1788.
Abrahams, H.,21 , Bevis Marks, 1800 > George, 79,Cornbill, 1786-1790.
1820. George C., 3, Birchin Lane,
Godfrey, 51 , Prescot Street, livery C.C., 1787 ; 1780–1798 .
Goodman's Fields, 1835-1842. Adeane, Henry, admitted C.C., 1675.
9 Samuel, 23, Little Alie Street, admitted C.C., 1705 .
1840-1842. Airy, George Biddell, Astronomer
A., 9, Great Prescot Street, Royal , 1840-1881 ; K.C.B. , 1874 ;
1840-1842. died 1892, aged 90 ; devoted much
Elijah, 27, Hanway Street, attention to the perfecting of time
Oxford Street, 1840-1847. keepers.
Absolon, —, London , maker of long Aitken , John, 55, St. John's Street,
case clocks, strike-silent, sunk Clerkenwell, received in 1824 a
seconds, scroll and foliage corners, prize of twenty guineas from the
about 1770. Society of Arts for a clock train
Ackers,W., Holborn ; pair-case watch remontoire ; 1800-1826.
in S.K.M., early part of eighteenth Alais, M. , Blois, maker of watches,
century ; 1700-1720 . about 1680.
Acklam , John Philip, 423, Strand, Albert, Isaac, admitted C.C., 1731.
1820 ; 138, Strand , 1840. Albrecht, Michael George, maker of
T. , 14, Birchin Lane, 1825– gold repeating watch in the
1833. S.K.M., bearing the royal arms,
Acton, Thomas, Clerkenwell , admitted outer case repoussé ; about 1720.
C.C., 1677. Alcock, Thomas, petitioner for in
Abraham, admitted C.C., 1790. corporation of C.C. In Kingdome's
Adams, John , 1 , Dove Court, Moor Intelligencer, February 4, 1661 ,
field , 1770-1772. was advertised as lost, “ a round
C. and J. , 10, King Street, high watch of a reasonablo size,
Cheapside, 1788. showing the day of the month.
age of the moon , and tides ; upon Allen, George, watchmaker, 14, Red
the upper plate Thomas Alcock, Lion Passage ; elected hon. free
fecit," 1630-1654. man of C.C. at Devil Tavern,
Alderhead, J. , 114, Bishopsgate 1781-1842.
Without, 1783–1788. Allet, George, admitted C.C., 1691 .
Aldred , Leonard, C.C. , 1671 . Alling , Richard , admitted C.C., 1722.
Aldridge, John, admitted C.C., 1726. -, James, 22, Red Lion Street,
9 James, 11 , Northumberland Whitechapel , 1842 .
Street, Strand, 1830. Allsop, Joshua, Northamptonshire,
Aldworth, Samuel, C.C., 1697. admitted C.C., 1689.
Alexander, W., 10, Parliament Street, Almond, Ralph, admitted C.C., 1646 ;
1830-1840. master, 1678 ; 1646-1679.
A. , and Co. , 25, Bedford Street, 9 John, admitted C.C. , 1671 .
Bedford Square, 1840. William , Lothbury, maker of
Aley , Thomas, 18, Park Side, a clock for Hall, Bishop of Exeter,
Knightsbridge, 1840-1842. C.C., 1633-1635 .
Allam , Andrew , Grubb Street, ad Ambrose, Edward, apprentice of Elias
mitted C.C. , 1664 ; maker of Voland , 1634.
lantern clocks, 1661-1685. David , admitted C.C. , 1669.
William , Fleet Street, 1780. Ames, Richard, admitted C.C., 1653 ;
and Stacy, 175, Fleet Street, died in 1682, after election as
1783. master ; a clock of his make has
and Clements, 119, New Bund dolphin frets and bob pendulum
Street, 1790. working between going and strik
John , 119, New Bond Street, ing, 1653–1682.
1798. William , admitted C.C. , 1682.
and Caithness, 119, New Bond Amyot, Peter, Norwich , maker of
Street, 1800-1804. lantern clocks, about 1660.
Allan, Robert, London , known as a Anderson , sued in 1777 by
maker of repeating watches, 1780– Cabrier, for putting his name on
1790 . five watches, 1777 .
Allaway, John , admitted C.C., 1695. Edward C., Newington Butts,
Allcock , William , watch - hand maker, a successful watchmaker who
36, Allen Street, Clerkenwell, carried out the not unreasonable
1820. rule of making a charge for
Elias, admitted C.C., 1653 ; furnishing a repairing estimate if
master, 1636 ; 1054. it involved taking down a watch,
John, admitted C.C. , 1653. 1835-1842.
> John, admitted C.C., 1720. Andraw , J. , 14, Queen Street, Ratcliff
John, 42, Poultry, 1772-1775. Cross, 1820.
> George, 9, New Bond Street, Andrews, John, Leadenhall Street,
hon. freeman C.C., 1781 ; 1770 admitted C.C. , 1688 ; 1688-1710.
1783. * Richard, admitted C.C., 1703 .
-, James, 76, New Gravel Lane, -, Thomas, admitted C.C., 1705.
an ingenious watchmaker to whom -, Robert, admitted C.C., 1709.
the Board of Longitude awarded -, James, admitted C.C., 1719.
£ 105, for engine dividing, 1790– William , admitted C.C. , 1719.
1800. Abraham , Bank Coffee House,
Allen , John, watch-case maker, Bar Threadneedle Street, 1759.
bican ; convicted in the Mayor's , Richard, 124, Leadenhall
Court for refusing to become a Street, 1775.
member of the C.C. , although be -, Eliza , 85, Cornhill, 1800.
was at the time free of the Gold Angel, Richard, repairer of clock at
smiths' Company ; 1785. Wigtoft, Boston, Lincolnshire, 1484.
Allen, George, Fleet Street, livery Anness, William , 102, Cheapside ,
man , C.C., 1776. 1798-1820.
Ansell and Son , watch-spring maker, Arlandi, John, chain -maker for
22, Whitecross Place , 1798-1820. watches, Red Rose Street, Covent
H., 17, Colchester Square, Garden , 1680.
Savage Gardens, 1830. Armitage and Co., 88, Bishopsgate
Anthony, clockmaker to Henry Within, 1798.
VIII., 1529. Armstrong , John , C.C., 1724.
William , 55, St. John Street, Arnold, Thomas, admitted C.C., 1703.
Clerkenwell. In the S.K.M. is a Henry, 46, Lombard Street,
magnificent long oval watch by 1769-1783.
him. It is rather a large size, -, John, Devereux Court, Fleet
back enamelled and decorated with Street, 1760 ; 112, Cornhill, 1780
diamonds and pearls ; but the (see p. 127).
peculiar feature is that the dial and Son , 112, Cornhill, 1798.
is also oval ; the hands are jointed , John Roger, Bank Buildings,
and automatically lengthen and 102, Cornbill, 1804-1830.
shorten as they travel round ; 9 John R. , and Dent, 84, Strand,
1770-1790. 1830-1840.
William , 55, Red Lion Street, John R., 84, Strand, 1842.
Clerkenwell, 1823. Arnoltt, Richard , 18, Red Cross
Antt, G. , 158, Strand, 1769–1788. Street, Barbi an , 1820-1825 .
Antram , Joshua, London, maker of Arthur, William , C.C., 1676.
a long walnut-case clock, square Ash, - , subscribed £ 2 for incor
dinl, cherub corners, circles round poration of C.C., 1630–1632 .
winding holes, about 1700. Ralph, admitted C.C., 1648.
Apelyne, Francis ( French ), C.C., 1687. Ashbourne, Leonard, at the Sugar
Appleby, Joshua, apprentice of Daniel Loaf in Paternoster Row, next
Quare ; admitted C.C. , 1719 ; Cheapside, inventor and maker of
master, 1745 ; 1719-1746. a clock lamp, 1731 .
-, Edward, admitted C.C., 1677. Ashley, J. P., 99, Bache's Row, City
Applegarth , Thomas, C.C., 1674. Road, 1800.
Appleton, Henry , 50, Myddleton and Mansell, 34, Rosomon
Square, 1840-1842. Street, Clerkenwell, 1835.
Archambo , Prince's St., Leicester Edward, 9, John Street, Penton
elus, maker of a fine marqueterie ville, 1842.
case clock, arch dial ; also of a Ashurst, William , C.C. , 1699.
repoussé case verge watch , hall Ashwell, Nicholas, C.C., 1649.
mark, 1730 ; 1710-1730. Aske, Henry, admitted C.C., 1676 ;
Archer, Henry, admitted C.C. , 1630 ; George Graham was apprenticed
subscribed £ 10 for incorporation to him in 1688 ; 1676-1696.
of C.C. , and was the first warden, Askell, Elizabeth, apprenticed in
1630-1649. 1734 to Elinor Moseley ; 1734 .
- , John, admitted C.C., 1660. Aspinwall, Thomas, maker of small
Edward, admitted C.C., 1711 . oval watch ( see p. 58), about 1630.
, S., junior, 35, Leather Lane, Samuel, maker of a clock watch
1794 ; 33, Kirby Street, Hatton in possession of Lord Torphichen,
Garden, 1810 ; 1794–1830. about 1655.
, Thomas, 6, Long Lane, Smith Josiah, brother of C.C., 1675.
field , 1820. Atchison, Robert, apprenticed to
Ariell, James, watch movement Robert Harding, 1753 ; admitted
maker, 10, Wilderuess Row, 1815 C.C. 1760 ; 1760-1819.
1820 . Atkins, Samuel, and Son , Palgrave
John, 10, Percival Street, Court, Temple Bar, 1759-1763.
Northampton Square, 1822–1830 . Robert, Palgrave Court, Temple
Arland, Benjamin , maker of a large Bar, 1769.
silver repeating watch in the Francis, 35, Clement's Lane ;
B.M., about 1680. apprenticed to Joshua Hassell,
294 FORJER CLOCK AND WATCHMAKERS.
1746 ; admitted C.C. , 1759 ; master, Avenall, Ralph, Farnham , maker of

1780 ; clerk. 1785 ; 1760-1809. a balance escapement clock , about
Atkins, George, son of Francis, 35, 1610.
Clement's Lane, ward - n , C.C. , Avenell, Thomas, admitted C.C. , 1705.
1809 ; afterwards clerk, 1800-1838. Avery , - Cheapside, 1774.
George, and Son, 6 , Cowper's - , Philip, Red Cross Square, 1790 .
Court, Corphill, 1810-1812. Ayeres, Richard, admitted C.C., 1680.
Robert, 20, Salisbury Street, Aynsworth, J., Westminster, maker
Strand, 1770-1788. of lantern clocks, 1645–1680.
8., watch -case maker, 14 , Ayres, Thomas, 160, Fenchurch
Bridgewater Square, 1810. Street, 1800-1830.
W., watch-case maker, 7, Upper and Bennett, 160, Fenchurch
Ashby Street, Clerkenwell, 1820. Street, 1820.
William , 71 , High Street, Ayscough, Ralph, St. Paul's Church
Poplar, 1835-1842. yard, 1759.
W. , 3, High Street, Hoxton , Ralph, 18, Ludgate Street,
1835. 1763-1775.
Atkinson, James, arlmitted C.C., 1667 ;
assistant, 1697 ; 1667-1697. Bachoffner, Andrew , 112, Shoreditch ,
Atis, Leonard, London , maker of 1775.
lantern clocks, about 1660. Bacon, John, admitted C.C., 1639.
Attbury , J. , watch movement maker, Charles, admitted C.C. , 1719.
15, York Street, St. Luke's, 1835. Baddeley, Phineas, C.C. , 1662.
Atwood, George, 17, Leonard Street, Badger, John, admitted C.C., 1720 .
Shoreditch, 1820 . Badollet, John, 50, Greek Street,
born 1746, died 1807 ; an Soho, 1842.
eminent mathematician ; studied Baggs, Samuel, 3, South Street,
watchiwork, and reported to Par Grosvenor Square, 1820-1835.
liament on Mudge's timekeeper, Bagley, Thomas, admitted C.C., 1664.
1793. Bagnall, W. H., 42, Union Street,
, Richard ,41 , Poultry , 1800-1810. Bishopsgate, 1835-1840.
Atwell, William , 11 , Pitfield Street, Bagnell, William , C.C., 1719.
Hoxton, 1825 . Bagshaw , William , C.C., 1722.
Auber, Daniel, Whitefriars, 1750. Bagwell, Richard, 3, Queen Street,
Aubert and Klaftenberger, 157, Cheapside, 1790.
Regent Street, 1835–1842. Bailey, Jeffery, at ye Turn Style in
Auld , William , Edinburgh, friend Holburu, admitted C.C., 1648 ;
and partner of Thomas Reid, 1790– master, 1674 ; maker of lantern
1818. clocks, 1648-1675 .
Augier, Jehan, Paris, maker of large Jeremiah, admitted C.C., 1724.
watches, about 1650. 2 Catherine, watch - case maker,
Ault, Thomas, 34, Prince's Street, 22, Clerkenwell, 1790.
Leicester Square, 1820-1825. and Upjohn, 12. Red Lion Street,
Austen, John, Shoreditch, admitted Clerkenwell, 1798.
C.C. , 1711 ; maker of a clock with , W. , 19, Radcliff Row, Clerken
square dial, pull-chime, black bell well, 1835.
top case, 1711-1725 . Bain , Alexander, Edinburgh, in
Austin and Co. , 176, Oxford Street, ventor of electric clocks (see p. 187),
1820. 1838-1858.
—-, John, 136, Oxford Street, 1830– Baird, John , 190, Strand, 1770-1783.
1840. W. and J. , 4, Hatton Garden,
Aveline, Daniel, died 1770, when 1810-1830.
warden, C.C., 1760-1770. Baker, Richard, admitted C.C., 1685 ;
Avenall, a family well known as maker of an eight-day clock, ebony
clockmakers in Hampshire . for marqueterie case, square dial,
over 150 years, 1640–1810 . cherub corners, wo door to hood ;
also a similar clock in oak case, Barber, Jonas, Ratcliffe Cross, ad

fine hands, 1685–1710. mitted C C., 1682 .
Baker, Richard, admitted C.C., 1726. William , 39, Cornhill, 1785–
“ A silver Minute Pendulum 1790.
watch with a silver outcase and Benjamin, 21 , Red Lion
a coat of arms engraven on it Street, Clerk •nwell , 1788–1794.
| (A Lyon Passant with three Cross Abraham, 56, Cheapside, 1835
Croslets, marle by Richard Biker, 1810.
London ), lost in Dunghil Fields Barberet, J., Paris, maker of a cruci
nigh Whitechapel Church ” ( Lon form watch, about 1600.
don Gazette, March 3-6, 1689). Barbot, Paul, Great Street, Seven
“ A silver watch with a shagreen Dials, 1768, 1769.
case, with G. M. on it, and with Barclay, Samuel, apprenticed to
Baker on the Dyal Plate ” ( Lon George Graham , 1722.
don Gazette, April 15–18 . 1685) . James, 7, Jamaica Terrace,
9Francis, Poultry, 1738. Commercial Road, 1820-1842.
John , 5, King Street, Covent Baroole, John, admitted C.C., 1648.
Garden, livery, C.C., 1781 ; 1770 Bareham , Samuel, 9, Chiapel Street,
1790. Pentonville, 1842.
W., 35, Long Acre, 1835–1812. Baril, Lewis, Tokenhouse Yard,
Edward, 11, Angel Terrace, 1751-1759.
Pentonville , 1840-1812. Bercher, 29, Prince's Street,
Baldwin , T., 69, Curtain Road, 1830– near Mansion House, 1763–1772.
1835. Barin, John, livery, C.C., 1776.
Thomas, 50, Brudenell Place, Barjon, John, admitted C.C. , 1685.
New North Road, 1810-1812. Barked, Edward, 2, St. Martin's
Baldwyn , Thomas, C.C., 1706. Churchyard , 1820.
Bale, Thomas, ad vitted C.C. , 1724. Barker, William , admitted C.C., 1632 .
Robert Brittel, Poultry, sold R. ( tools ), 4, Benjamin Street,
dials bearing bis name, 1813. Clerkenwell, 1820-1825.
Ball and Macaire, watch -case makers, -, James, 38 , Clet Place, Com
32, Northampton Square, Clerken mercial Road, 1840-1842.
well, 1820 ; 26, Myudelton Sireet, Barlow (Booth), Elward, invented the
1835. rack striking work and cylinder
Ballantyne, W. , 6, Cable Street, 1820 ; escapement; born 1636, died 1716
2, White Lion Street, Goodman's (see p. 82).
Field ", 1835 ; 1820-1842. Barnard, Thomas, 72, Strand, 1783
Balliston , Thomas, 5, Banner Street, 1813.
St. Luke's, 18+ .. and Kidder, 72, Strand, 1809
Banbury, John, admitted C.C. , 1685. 1812.
Banger, Edward , apprenticed to Franz, 57, Leman Street, Good
Joseph Ashby for Thomas Tompion , man Fields, 1840-1842.
1687; admitted C.C. , 1695 ( see Barnes, —, Dorchester, maker of an
p. 89), 1695-1720 . oval watch , S.K.M., 1600.
Banks, William , admitted C.C., 1698. Thomas, Litchfield county,
J., 68, Long Alley, Finsbury, U.S.A., maker of American clocks,
1835. 1790.
Bannister, Anthony, C.C., 1715. Barnett, John, at ye Peacock in
Thomas and James, 39. Kirby Lothebury, admitted C.C., 1682.
Street, Hatton Garden, 1825. John, Lothbury, 1686-1693.
-, James, 14, Clerkenwell Close, G., 10, Staining Lane, Wood
1820-1835 ; 32, Prince's Street, Street, 1800.
Leicester Square, 1810-1842 . J., 48, Shadwell, High Street,
Banting, William , C.C. , 1646. 1810-1815.
Barachin , Stephen (French), ad J. W., watch -case maker, 43,
mitted C.C., 1687. Galway Street, St. Luke's, 1835.
296 FORMER CLOCK AND WATCEMAKERS.
Barnett, Montague, 16, Swan Street, select committee of the House of

Minories, 1812. Commons to inquire into the causes
Barns and Co. , 53, Duke Street, of the depressed state of the watch
Smithfield , 1800. trade in 1817 ; 1810-1842.
Barnsdale, John, City road, a well Bartlett, H. and G., watch -casc
kuown clockmaker, 1840. makers, 3, King's Square, St.
Barratt, P. , 83, New Bond Street, Luke's, 1835.
1830. Barton, Samuel, admitted C.C., 1611 .
Ba raud, Francis, Wine Office Court, Thomas, Cheapside, 1750–1755 .
1790 . John, 64, Red Lion Street,
Paul P., 86, Cornhill ; master, Clerkenwell, 1781 .
C.C., 1810, 1811 ; 1798-1813. James, 194, Strand, 1819-1823.
and Sons, 85, Cornhill, 1813 T., 7, Bermondsey Square,
1836. 1819-1823.
and Lund, 41 , Cornhill, 1838 Bartram , Simon , petitioner for in
1842. corporation of C.C., and one of the
Barrett, Robert, admitted C.C. , 1687. first assistants ; master, 1650 ;
Henry, admitted C.C , 1692 . 1630-1660.
Samuel, admitted C.C., 1701. William , admitted C.C., 1684.
Thomas, admitted C.C., 1702. Barugh , Wiliam, C.C., 1715 .
Joseph, Cheapside, 1738. Barwick, H. and B. , 35, Wapping,
William , 50, Aldersgate Street, 1794-1796.
1783. . A., Great Alie Street, 1788–
Henry William , 25, Museum 1793.
Street, Bloomsbury, 1820 ; 18, Barwise, John, 29, St. Martin's Lane,
Plumtree Street, Bloomsbury, 1790-1842.
1835-1842. and Sons, 24, St. Martin's Lane,
John , 47, New Compton Street, 1819-1823.
Soho, 1820. Baseley, Thomas, admitted C.C., 1683.
Barrow , Nathanie ', apprenticed 1653, Basil, John, 76 , St. Paul's Church
admitted C.C., 1660 ; master, yard , 1768.
1689. In the Guildhall Museum Basire, John, livery C.C., 1760.
are an astronomical watch and a Bass, George, admitted C.C., 1722.
repeater by him, 1660-1695 . “ A Bassett, 58, Upper East Smithfield ,
large silver chain watch , having 1788-1793 .
two motions, the hou r of the day, Bateman , Henry, 106, Bunhill Row,
and the day of the month, with 1780-1785 .
a black case studded with silver, P. ard A. , 106, Bunhill Row,
lined with red sattin , and a silver 1798-1802 .
chain to it, made by Nathaniel Andrew , 5, Great Tower Street,
Barrow , in London (London 1804-1820 .
Gazette, July 26–30, 1677). Teresa , 5, Great Tower Street,
John, admitted C.C., 1681 ; 1820-1830.
master, 1714. Hatton, 1773, highly William , 108, Bunhill Row ,
esteems the work of a clockmaker 1828–1832.
pamed Barrow , 1681-1716. Bates, Thomas, admitted C.C., 1684.
Samuel, admitted C.C., 1696 ; Joseph, Whit Alley, Holborn ,
maker of an eight -day long mar admitted C.C., 1687.
queterie case clock , 1696–1720. John, watch pinion maker, 40,
William , admitted C.C., 1709. Great Sutton Street, Clerkenwell,
Barry, Walter, Still Yard, Tower, 1820.
1788–1790. Bath, Thomas, 4, Cripplegate, about
Bartholomew , J. , C.C., 1675. 1740.
Josiah, 25, Red Lion Stet, Batten, John, admitted C.C., 1668.
Clerkenwell; maker of a watch , Batterson , Robert, C.C., 1693.
B.M. He was a witness before the Henry, admitted C.C., 1701 .
Battin, Thomas ; a contrate second Beauchamp, R. , 147, Holborn Bars ,

wheel of a “ dyal” taken from him , 1819-1823.
and judged by C.C. to be bad, 1658. Beauvais, Simon, admitted C.C.,
Baudit, Peter, 4, St. Martin's Lane, 1690. A celebrated maker. Among
1790. his productions is a double -case
Baufay, B., and Son, 3, Bridgewater verge, with a rack and pinion
Square, 1790-1794. motion work, the hour hand travel
Baugham , John, Bridgewater Square , ling round the dial in twelve hours,
about 1745. but the minute hand travelling
Baumgart, Charles, 37, Dean Street, only from IX. to III. in one hour,
Soho, 1810-1842. and, when arrived at the III. jump
Bawdyson , Allaine, clockmaker to ing back to the IX. The hand
Edward VI., 1550. setting is between III . and IIII.,
Baxter, Charles, admitted C.C., 1680. and the centre of the dial and
J. John, watch -case maker, St. motion work are hid by a small
Luke's, 1835. painting on ivory. There is in the
Bayes, John, admitted C.C., 1647 ; B.M. a similar watch of a later
warden, 1658 ; maker of a watch period by a German maker ; 1690
given by Charles I. to Mr.Worsley, 1730.
on his removal to Hirst Castle, Beavan, Hugh, 31,Marylebone Street,
November, 1647 ; 1640–1658. Golden Square, 1800-1830.
Benjamin , admitted C.C., 1675. Beavis, W., motion maker, 17, Pear
Bayford, George, Upper Shadwell. tree Street, St. Luke's, 1833-1837 .
Bayle, Richard, admitted C C., 1660. Beck, Richard , admitted C.C., 1653.
Thomas, admitted C.C., 1703. > Nicholas, admitted C.C., 1669.
Bayley, William , C.C., 1653. Joseph, admitted C.C., 1701 .
Edward. • A silver watch Christopher, livery, C.C., 1787 .
with a silver studded case, en James, 5, Sweeting's Alley,
graven Edwardus Bayley, Londou ” Cornhill, 1818–1823.
( London Gazette, December 19-22, Becke, John , admitted C.C., 1681.
1687). Beckett, J. , 23, Greenhill's Rents ,
John, 106, Wood Street, 1768 - Smithfield, 1798-1803.
1775 . Beckman, Daniel, admitted C.C.,
Thomas, summoned to take up 1680. “ A watch with a double case
livery, C.C., 1786. of Silver, with Minutes, Seconds,
and Upjohn, Red Lion Street, and Stops, the name (Beckman )
Clerkenwell, 1794. under the Crystal ( London
Barnard, and Son, 3, Bridge Gazette, March 27-31 , 1701).
water Square, 1800-1805. d
John, admitte C.C., 1695.
Richard, 12, Red Lion Street, Daniel, admitted C.C., 1726.
Clerkenwell, 1807. Beckner, Abraham , Pope's Head
Bayly , John, admitted C.C. , 1700. Alley, admitted as a bruther, C.C.,
Bayre, James, adınitted C.C., 1692. 1652 ; warden, and died, 1665 ;
Bayse, Thomas, admitted C.C., 1695. known as a maker of oval watches,
Bazeley, Nathaniel, C.C., 1694. 1650-1665.
Beach , Thomas, Maiden Lane, Covent Bedford, Helkiah, in Fleet Street ;
Garden , 1765-1770. admitted C.C. , 1667 ; maker of
Beal, Martin , 19, Gerrard Street, lantern clocks, 1660-1680.
Soho, 1842. Beeg , Christiana, admitted C.C., 1698.
Beale, James, 38, Regent Street, Bell, Joseph, admitted C.C., 1691 .
Haymarket, 1820–1825. Benjamin , admitted C.C., 1660 ;
Beasley, John, admitted C.C., 1719. master, 1682 ; maker of a large
Beaton, Andrew, 22, Cannon Street verge watch weighing over 8 ozs.,
Road, St. George East, 1835. 1660-1683 . “ Taken way by 4
Highwaymen in Maiden-head
and Campbell, 110, High Street,
Whitechapel, 1840. Ticket, A plain silver chain
watch made by Benjamin Bell, Benjamin , M. , Berner Street, Com.

the case lined with Red Satten , mercial Road, 1820 ; 77, Leman
on the back of the case a Per Street, Goodman's Fields, 1840
petual Almanack and little spikes 1842.
placed at every Hour” (London Bann, Anthony, died 1763, when
Gazette, July 7-10, 1690 ). master C.C., 1758-1763.
“ Lost on the 2nd inst., a gold Robert, admitted C.C. , 1716.
watch with one motion, having a Bennet, Mansell, Dial and 3 Crowns,
gold chain and a steel hook ; Charing Cross, C.C., 1645-1691 .
made by Benjamin Bell. Who Bennett, Thomas , owner of movement
ever brings it to Mr.Sweetapple, condemned by C.C., 1677.
a Goldsmith in Lombard Street, John, adınitted C.C. , 1678.
shall have 2 guineas reward William , admitted C.C., 1692.
( London Gazette, May 4-7, 1691 ). John, admitted C.C. , 1712.
6 Lost a silver watch with a Richard, a'lmitted C.C., 1715.
black case studied with Silver, Samuel, admitted C.C., 1716.
made by Benjamin Bell , with an Thomas, apprenticed to Wind
Onyx Stone in a gold Ring tied mill, adınitted C.C., 1720.
to the watch in which is engraven William , adınitted C.C. , 1729.
the Head of King Charles the Joseph , 60, Red Lion Street,
First. Whoever brings the said Holborn , 1835.
watch and seal to Mr. William Wing, and Co. , 60, Red Lion
Penrice, at the Black - Boy in Street, Holborn, 1840 .
Gracechurch Street, shall have E. , Stockwell Street, Green
2 guineas reward ” (London wich, 1810.
Gazette, December 3-7, 1691 ). John, 45, Seymour Place, 1842.
Bell, John, admitted C.C., 1719. Bensley, J., maker of a watch for the
Joseph, Shoe Lane, 1759. Duke of Sussex, 1790–1820.
John, musical clock maker, 8, Benson, Simuel , admitted C.C., 1700.
Elm Street, Gray's Inn Lane, 1835– William , watch and clock spring
1840. maker, 60, St. John's Street,
James, 131 , Mount Street, Clerkenwell , 1818-1823 .
Berkeley Square, 1842. Bentley, John, 5, Pope's Head Alley ,
Bellamy, A., 10, Poultry, 1775. 1820 ; 5 , Sweeting's Alley, 1823.
Bellard, John, admitted C.C., 1671. Bargstien, Lulam, 116a, Great Titch
Bellefontaine, A. , 59, Brewer Street, field Street, 1842.
Summers Town , 1835. Berguer, F., 201 , High Holborn,
Belliard, Charles, Pall Mall, 1769– 1815-1820.
1783. -, John, 44, Great Russell Street,
Bellinger, John, admitted C.C., 1725. Bloomsbury, 1810-1820.
Bellinghurst, Henry, Aldersyate Frederick, 201 , High Holborn ,
Street, liveryman , C.C. , 1776 ; 1765– 1812 ; 135, High Holborn, 1818
1777 . 1820.
Bellis, James, 9, Pall Mall, 1769 Charles, musical clockmaker, 13,
1788. Richmond Buildings, Soho, 1825.
Belsey, John, Poland Street, 1835. Berkenhead, Juhn, 13, Gutter Lane,
Benfey, B. , and Son , 3, Bridgewater 1783.
Square , 1791 . Berman and Co. , 30, Park Terrace,
Benford, John, 1 , Garnauld Place, Regent's Park Road, 1835.
Clerkenwell, 1832–1838. J., and Co. , wooden clockmaker,
Benjamin , A. , 3, Myrtle Street, Hox 40 , Norton Folgate, 1830-1835.
ton, 1835. Bernard, Nicholas, Paris, maker of
J., and Co., 17, Bury Street, St. a watch at S.K.M., about 1700.
Mary Axe, 1840. Berninck , Jan. , Amsterdam , maker
Joel, 12, Bury Street, St. Mary of watch , B.M., which has a
Axe, 1820-1835. French enamelled inner case by
G. Bouvier, and an outer repoussé Best, Robert, 5, White Lion Court,

case by H. Munley, about 1750. Birchin Lane. A watch by him
Berquez, Francis, i7, Vere Street, in the B.M., hall mark, 1769 ;
1822 ; 6 , Thayer Street, Manchester 1765-1788 .
Square , 1825-1835. Robert, 4, White Lion Court,
Berrand, Henry, presented C.C. with Birchin Lane, 1790 ; 4, Sweeting's
a silver spoon , 1636. Alley, 1798 ; 1 , Windsor Place, St.
Berridge, William , 69, Oxford Road, Paul's, 1810-1820.
1780-1790. - Richard, 3, Fountain Court,
Robert, 2, John Street, Oxford Strand, 1835-1812 .
Street, 1790-1795. Besturck, Henry, admitted C.C., 1686.
William , 4, Holles Street, Betts, Samuel, back of Exchange,
Cavendish Square, 1800–1825. died 1675.
Berrington, Urian, C.C., 1684. Job. “ Stolen from Cheyne
Berrollas, Joseph Anthony, Denmark Rowe, of Walthamstowe , in Essex,
Street, St Giles- in -the- Fields, Esq., a gold watch with a gold
1808 ; Coppice Row, Clerkenwell, chain made by Job Bets, with a
1810 ; afterwards 51 , Wellington silver Drinking Cup and other
Street, Goswell Road ; an ingenious Plate. Whoever brings the said
watchmaker. In 1808 he patented watch and chain or the watch
a repeater somewhat similar to only to Mr. Johnson, Jeweller, at
Elliott's ( p. 249), in 1810 a warn the 3 Flower -de -Luces in Cheap
ing watch , in 1827 an alarum watch, side, shall have 20s. reward, and
also pumping keyless work (p. 241). charges ; or if pawned or sold their
1800-1830. money again with content" (Lon
Berry , John, St. Clement's Lane, ad don Gazette, August 11-15, 1692)..
mitted C.C., 1688 , master, 1723 ; Samuel, apprenticed to Samuel
maker of a long- case clock at Mer Davis for Job Betts, 1675 ; ad
chant Taylors' Hall, arch dial, mitted C.C., 1682 ; maker of a
brass figures holding trumpets on calendar watch with revolving ring
top of case , 1688-1730. dials, to which a figure of Time
> Samuel, admitted C.C., 1705. points. Dover Museum. In the
Francis Hitchin, maker of Guildhall Museum is another
lantern clocks, about 1710. specimen of bis work ; 1682-1700.
John, admitted C.C. , 1728. Bezar, Stephen, admitted C.C., 1648.
Frederick , 2, Arcade, Hunger- Bibley, J., Corporation Row , 1790.
ford Market, 1842. Bickerton, Benjamin, 14, Jewin Street,
Berthoud, Ferdinand, born 1745, died 1795-18.10.
1807, an eminent French watch -, T. W., 14, Jewin Street, Cripple
66 of " Essai sur l'Hor
maker, author gate, 1820.
logerie,” Traité des Horloges Bickley, Thomas, 195, Ratcliff High
Marines,” “ Histoire de la Mesure way, 1790.
du Temps,” and other works con Bicknell, Francis , C.C., 1665 .
taining a mass of useful informa Joseph , and Co., 119, New Bond
tion concerning the history , tbeory , Street, 1807-1813 .
and practice ofthe horological art, Biddle , Joseph , admitted C.C. , 1684 .
dealing with Harrison's, Sully's , Bidlake , James, 31 , Minories , 1768
and Le Roy's inventions , and, in . 1794 .
deed, everything known in Ber James, 16, Sun Street, Bishops
thoud's time . gate Street, 1798-1804.
Bertram , William , died in 1732, when Thomas, 16 ,Sun Street, Bishops
master, C.C , 1720-1732. gate Street, 1807-1810.
Bertrand, Robert, 2, Stewart Street, James, and son . 8, Chiswell
Spitalfield, 1790. Street, Finsbury, 1820-1840.
Besse, Jeremy, 4, Richmond Build. Bidles, Thomas, London, maker of
ings, Soho Square, 1840-1842. bracket clocks, about 1790.
Bidley, William , 24, Rahere Street, one ; high movement, very rich
Clerkenwell, 1810-1842 . gold dial, nicely wrought square
Biggs, Roger, 5, Crescent, Jewin pillars, finely engraved and pierced
Street, 1800. balance cock, no endstone, excel
Bilger, M. , watch spring maker, 4, lent work throughout ; 1692–1705.
New Street, Covent Garden, 1790. Birdwhistell, Thomas, C.C., 1693.
Bille, John, admitted C C., 1687. John, admitted C.C., 1718 .
Billinghurst, Henry, 67, Aldersgate Birkead, Nicholas, removed from
Street, livery, C.C. , 1766; 1766-1771 . King's Head, Holborn , to White
Billop, William , admitted C.C., 1688. Hart, Knightsbridge ( London
Bindley, William , 24, Rahere Street, Gazette, May 29 , June 1 , 1693).
Goswell Road, 1842. Bishridger, William , of Dorking,
Bingham , Th mas, watch chain fecit, on an oid square bracket
maker, 3, Middle Row, Holborn , clock, period 1700
1769-1781 . Bishop, James Griffin, 97 , Fetter
1 William , 27, Bucklesbury , 1842. Lane, 1820-1824.
B.nley, J. W. , Ironmonger Row , , Samuel, hon. freeman of C.C.,
Old Street, 1790. 1781 .
Binns, George, 137, Strand , 1832–1838. > Sam, Portland Street, 1790.
Birch, Thomas, admitted C.C., 1682. William , 70, New Bond Street,
William , 173, Feuchiurch Street, 1830.
1840-1842 . Bittleston, John, 207, High Holborn ;
Birchall, William , 5, St. James's hon, freeman C.C. , 1781-1788.
Walk, Clerkenwell , 1820 ; 8, Bittner, William , 26, Dean Street,
Wellington Street, Goswell Road, Soho, 1810-1842.
1835 ; 1820-1812. Blackborow , James, died 1746, when
Peter, it well known chrono warden C.C., 1734-1746.
meter maker. Iu partnership with Blackburn , William , summoned to
Appleton, he succeeded Molyneux take up livery, C.C., 1786.
at Southampton Row ; lived after J. , watch -spring maker, 20,
wards at Islington ; died 1885, Aldersgate Street, 1790.
aged 85 . Blackie, George, boru in Scotland ;
Bird, Michael, admitted C.C., 1682 ; settled in Clerkenwell as a duplex
maker of a bracket clock inscribed scapement maker and manufac
“ Michael Bird, London . " On a turer, afterwards had a shop in the
thirty -hour cluck, one hand,period Strand ; died 1885, aged 74 .
about 1650, was inscribed “Michael Blackwell, J., 43, Plumber Street,
Bird, Oxon . ” City Roud, 1820.
Luke, admitted C.C., 1683. Blake, William , Whitecross Street,
John , one of the examiners of 1789, 1790.
Harrisou's timekeeper, 1765. Charles, 14, Bishopsgate Street
and Branstor, 30, Cheapside, Within, 1813.
1775. Blanchard, Charles, London, maker
Jacob , 7, Cornhill, 1783. of a chiming quarter bracket clock,
Samuel Joseph, watch-case square black case, strike-silent,
maker, Little Compton Street, bronze handle on top, period about
C.C., 1813. 1760.
John, and Eon, 19, Bartlett's Blay, William , 6, Princes Street,
Buildings, Holborn, 1825. Leicester Square, 1825.
John , 11 , St. John's Square, Bligh , Thomas, watch-case maker,
Clerkenwell, 1810-1842. 37, Great Sutton Street, 1820.
Birdwhistell, Francis, C.C., 1687. Bliss, Ambrose, adnitted Ć.c., 1653 ;
-, Isaac, admitted C.C., 1692 ; siyned a petition in 1656 ; 1653
maker of a plain pair-case gold 1656.
watch , small swivel bow to the Blog, -, 129, Aldersgate Street, 1825.
inner case, larger bow on the outer Blundell, Richard, threatened with
prosecution by C.C. for exercising | Bürgin , Henry, Without Bishopsgate,

the art, not heing admitted ; he issued a token bearing a dial and
promised to take up his freedom at bands, about 1677.
the next quarter court, 1682. Borrell, Henry , 16, Wilderness Row,
Blundell, William , C.C., 1715. Clerkenwell, 1798-1815.
Henry , musical clockmaker, - , Henry, 15, Willerness Row,
7, Red Lion Street, 1830. Clerkenwell, 1820-1840.
Blundy, Joseph, 21 , St. John Street, Maximilian , J. , 19, Wilderness
Clerkenwell, 1781 . Row, 1840-1812.
Joseph , Brookes Market, 1790. Borret, P. , 5, Staining Lane, Wood
Boak , Samuel, Golden Spread Eagle, Street, 1805-1816.
without Aldgate, 1692. Bosley, Charles, Ratcliff Cross, suc
Bock, J. , an English watch showing ceeded William Kipling, 1750
days of the month inscribed with 1763 .
his name , period about 1640. 9 Joseph, Learlenball Street,
Bockell, —, London , maker of a admitted C.C. , 1725. In 1755 he
silver -cased alarum watch , said to obtained a patent for using in
have belonged to Oliver Cromwell watches pinions with more teeth
-Evan Roberts Collection-about than usual . This involved an extra
1648. wheel and pinion, and the balance
Bodd, Thomas, admitted C.C., 1692. wheel turned the contrary way.
Bodenham , Edward, C.C., 1719. Also for (secondly ) a slide index
Bodily, Elizabeth, C.C., 1692. for watches, which has no wheel ,
N. , 21 , Butcher's Hall Lane, but turns upon a brass socket and
Newgate Street, 1823. points to an arc of a circle, with
Boncher, A. , nusiv al watch maker, the word “ faster ” at one end, and
23, Frith Street, Soho, 1835. “ slower at the other. Patent
Boney, Caleb, a well -known Cornish unsuccessfully opposed by C.C. ,
clockmaker; died at Padstow, 1725-1755.
1770-1827. Charles, livery C.C. , 1766 .
Bonner, Charles, admitted C.C., 1659. Boucher, W. , 4, Long Acre, 1820.
admitted C.C., 1704. Bouchet, Jacob, admitted C.C., 1728.
, Thomas, Fair Street, Southwark , Boudry, Gustavus, 64, Frith Street,
1790. Soho, 1835-1842.
Bonnington , W. , clock-case maker, 6, Bouler. See De Boufler.
Red Lion Street, Clerkenwell, 1798. Boult, Joseph, admitted C.C., 1709.
and Thorp, clock -case makers, Michael, Chea , side, 1738.
21, Red Lion Street, Clerkenwell , Boulter, Samuel, 12, Gloucester Place,
1800, 1810. Chelsea, 1840-1842.
Bonny, London , maker of a repeater Boulton, T. , watch-case maker, 49,
centre -seconds watch for the Duke Gray's Inn Lane, 1820.
of Sussex, 1790–1820. Bouquet, David, London , maker of
Boone, Edward, admitted C.C. , 1691 . a watch in the B.M , fine case
Booth, J. , 20, Little Tower Hill, 1788– enamelled in relief and encrusted
1792. with jewels, 1630-1640 . “ A
-, R. , Church Hill, Woolwich , Pocket Clock made some years
1812-1817 . since by Mr. Buquett of Blick
Bor, J., Paris, maker of a fine clock Fryars , Watchmaker, it hath two
in a square brass case, minutes Silver Cases, the outmost plain ,
shown on a small circle below the the other wrought ; two Br ^ 88
hour dial, minute band driven Keys, one of the usual form, the
from fusee ; about 1590. other forked for turning the hand
Borellas, J. , 15, Spencer Street, of the Alarum, tied to a Silver
Goswell Road , 1840 . Chain ; it hath the day of the
Borelli, J. , 8, Aldersgate Street, Month , Tides, age of the Moon,
1790-1795. and some other motions, it strikes
every hour ” (London Guzette, Bowen, Thomas, 6, Charing Cross

March 3–7, 1689 ). 1800.
“ Lost the 15 instant, between 6, Charing Cross, 1798-1812.
Rosse and Linton in Herefordshire, John, 143, Long Acre, 1807–
a watch with an alarum in a 1810.
Silver Case, with a Silver Chain , J. , 2, Tichborne Street, Hay
the case lined with Crimson market, 1812-1812.
Satten, being an old piece ; the Bowley, Devereux, 54, Lounbard
name of the maker of it being Strett, a well-known maker of
exprest thus, Daniel Bouquet , repeating clocks; born 1696, died
Londres ” ( London Gazette, June 1773 ; master of C.C. , 1759 ; was a
19-22, 1696). member of the Society of Friends,
Bouquet, Solomon, admitted C.C., 1650 ; and bequeathed a large sum to
a celebrated maker. Among other their school in Clerkenwell , as
examples of his work is a touch well as £ 500 to the C.C., 1718
watch supposed to have belonged to 1773.
Milton - Evan Roberts Collection Bowrd, John , 4, Holles Street, Oxford
1650–1670. Street, 1820-1823.
> Solomon, admitted C.C., 1683 ; Bowtell, Samuel, admitted C.C., 1681 .
in the B.M. is a watch of his with William , C.C. , 1703.
highly engraved gold cases, 1680 Bowyer, John , a good maker. Sub
1700. scribed for incorporation of C.C.
Bourchier, W., 13, Broad Street, Long In 1642 he presented to the C.C.
Acre, 1835. a great chamber clock, in con
Bourelier, John Francis, Arundel sideration of his being thereafter
Street, Strand , 1769–1783. exempted from all office and
Bourne Aaron, Maiden Lane, Covent service, as well as quarterage and
Garden , 1769. other fees (see p. 171 ), 1630–
Bouvier, G. , a well - known French 1642.
painter of watch cases in enamel, Box , John, 17, Ludgate Street, 1775–
about 1750. 1783.
Bowen, Richard, maker of a large William B., Clerkenwell; died
silver watch with two cases, the 1892, aged 76.
outer one chased and engraved Boyer, T. , London, maker of lantern
with a border of flowers and the clocks, about 1690.
figure of the king praying, and Boyle, William , 11 , Arundel Street,
the words, “ And what I sai to you Strand, 1840-1842.
I sai unto all, Watch . ” Said to Bracebridge, Edward, 8, Red Lion
have been given by Charles I. Street, Clerkenwell, 1805–1815.
while at Carisbrooke, to Colonel J. and E. C. , 8, Red Lion
Hammond, 1647. “ Lost, a watch in Street, Clerkenwell, 1820-1842.
black shagreen studded case, with James, treasurer to the Watch
a glass in it, having only one and Clockmakers' Benevolent In
Motion and Time pointing to the stitution ; died 1892, aged 66.
Hour on the Dial Plate, one spring Brackenrig , Robert, Edinburgh,
being wound up without a key, made an escapement similar to the
and it opening contrary to all duplex , 1770 .
other watches. R. Bowen , Lon Brackley, George, C.C., 1677.
dini, fecit, on the back plate” Bradford , Thomas, C.C., 1680.
(London Gazette, January 10-13, Thomas, admitted C.C., 1692.
1686 ). Thomas, admitted C.C., 1710.
-, Francis, apprentice to John Henry, 89, Bethnal Green Road,
Bowyer ; brought his masterpiece 1820.
on completion of his indentures, Bradin, Caspar, admitted C.C., 1715.
and was admitted C.C., 1654. Bradley, Henry, admitted C.C., 1681 .
2 John, admitted C.C., 1709. Langley, Fenchurch Street,
admitted C.C., 1694 ; master in Russel Street, near Drury Lane,

1726 ; maker of the St. Paul's and shall have 408. reward ( London
other turret clocks (see p. 205 ). Gazette, January 25–28, 1691).
A watch by L. Bradley in B.M. , Brayfield, John, admitted C C., 1716 .
period 1696 ; 1694-1727. Breese, James, 5 North Place, Gray's
Bradley, L. and B., made a clock for Inn Road, 1842 .
Bancroft's School, Mile End, the Breguet, Abraham Louis, born 1747,
date on the bell being 1734. The died 1823 ; a French watchmaker
clock is now in Bancroft's new of rare attainments and inventive
School at Woodford , 1734. power. Berthoud, who was Bré
9 Benjamin , admitted C.C., 1728. guet’s senior by two years, ends a
John H. , 3 Great Russell Street, brief notice of his brilliant contem
Bloomsbury , 1842. porary thus, “ Il n'a rien publié.”
Bradshaw , Richard, C.C., 1725. Breguet lived sixteen years longer
, John, admitted C.C., 1731. than Berthoud, but, unfortunately
and Ryley, Coventry, about for us, it must still be recorded
1745-1790. “ be published nothing." .
Brafield , William , C.C., 1678. Breton , Henry, keeper of the West
Bramble, Joshua, 407, Oxford Street, minster clock, temp. Henry V. ,
1804-1835. 1413.
William and Edward, 407 Brewer, John, admitted C.C., 1677.
Oxford Street, 1840. - , J. , 25, New Surrey Street,
Eliza, 9, Well Street, Oxford Blackfriars, 1810-1815.
Street, 1842. W. , 149, Great Surrey Street,
Brambley, Joseph, 10, Maiden Lane, Blackfriars, 1825.
Wood Street ; in 1797 founder Breynton, Voughan, C.C., 1693.
and citizen ; petitioned against Brickle, William , 5, Church Street,
being compelled to take up freedom Mile End , 1842.
in C.C., 1783–1797. Brickman, George, 13, Union Street,
Brandon , Benjamin, C.C., 1689. Bishopsgate, 1835.
Brandreth, Joseph, C.C., 1718. Bridgden, Henry, C.C., 1682.
Brandt, Charles, 82, Theobald's Road , Bridgeman, Edward, Russell Street ,
1820. Covent Garden, C.C., 1662.
Charles, 22, Upper Belgrave Bridger, Samuel, admitted C.C., 1703.
Place, Pimlico, 1835 . Bridges, Henry, Waltham Abbey
Brant, Richard , admitted C.C., 1700. (see p . 156), about 1740.
Brathwaite, George , Lombard Street, Briggs , John , “ a cutter of glasses for
1738 . Watches, ” admitted as a brother,
Brandt, Charles, 145, Regent Street, C.C., 1669.
1825. Bright, J. , 72, Long Acre, 1790.
Bray, Robert, admitted C.C., 1728. -, Richard, 9, Foster Lane, Cheap
-, Thomas, St. Margaret's Church side, 1825.
yard, 1798-1804. Brind, Walter, 34, Foster Lane,
T., 8, Little Queen Street, Cheapside, 1783-1788.
Westminster, 1807-1825. Brinkman, George, 12, Union Street,
William , 171, Tottenham Bishopsgate, 1820-1840.
Court Road, 1810. and Gollin , 12, Union Street ,
Brayfield ,William ,C.C., 1712. “Drop'd Bishopsgate, 1842.
the 21st December, in Little Weld Priscoe, Stafford, Cheapside, 1738
Street, or thereabout, a middle 1759.
siz'd Silver Minute Pendulum and Morrison, 15, Cheapside,
watch, going Thirty hours, with 1768.
a chain, in a silver case, the name Bristow , W. G., 6, Hoxton Fields,
William Brayfield, London . Who 1820.
ever brings it to Remond Regard , - William , 6, Britannia Row,
Clockmaker, at the upper end of Hoxton , 1835.
301 FORMER CLOCK AND WATCHMAKERS
British Watch Company, Soho, formed Brogden and Marriott, 148, Aldersgate
in 1843, to manufacture watches Street, 1770-1804.
with duplicating tools invented by -, James, 6, Bridgewater Square,
P. F. Ingold . An excellent watch 1820-1828.
was designed and several were and Garland, 6, Bridgewater
made, but the “ trade ” success Square, 1830.
fully opposed the application to Brook, Edmund, admitted C.C., 1709.
Parliament for an Act of Incor - Richard, 7, Poultry, admitted
poration, and the enterprise came 1810.
to a close. Ingolit afterwards went Brooke, John, admitted C.C., 1632.
to America ; and although he was -, Gaorge, admitted C.C. , 1681 .
not successful in forming a com Brooker, Richard, C.C., 1694.
pany there, it is said that some of Brookes, Edward, C.C., 1690.
the tools made for the British Samuel, watch-case maker, 5,
Watch Company formed the Ashby Street, Clerkenwell, 1835 .
nucleus of the American factory Brooks, William , Church Row, Ald
system . gate, liveryman, C.C , 1776.
Brittayne, Stephen, C.C., 1692. John, 115, Buphill Row,
Britten , s. , clock and morocco-case liveryman , C.C., 1786-1788.
maker, 5, Baynes Row , Clerken Thomas, watch -case maker, 22,
well , 1810. Golden Lane, 1790 .
- S., watch -glass maker, 11 , , William , 192, Upper Thames
Charles Street, Hatton Garden , Street, 1783, 1790.
1835 . -, John, 4, Bridgewater Square,
Britton , Stephen, admitted C.C., 1728. 1794-1813 .
-, Sandys, 48, Wynyatt Street, -, W., 14, Clerkenwell Green,
1835 . 1825.
Broad, Thomas, admitted C.C., 162. J. W., watch -spring maker, 5,
R., 204, Bermondsey Street, Berkley Court, Clerkenwell, 1835 .
1820. Broome, Thomas, admitted C.C., 1652.
2 W. , 53, Leadenhall Street, Broomhall, Charles, 41 , Stanhope
1804-1830. Street, 1791.
Broadhead, Benjamin , C.C., 1709. Bros, John, 106, Britannia Street,
Broadley, James, 24, Wood Street, City Road, 1835.
1772. Brown, James (Croydon), admitted
Broadwater, Hugh, C.C. , 1692. C.C., 1687.
Brock , John, 18, George Street, Philip, admitted C.C., 1688 .
Portman Square, 1840-1842 . 9 Thomas, admitted C.C., 1703.
Brockbank , John, 6, Cowper's Court; Henton, Borough , admitted
apprenticed to Joseph Hardin, C.C., 1726 ; master, 1753 ; 1726
1761 ; admitted C.C. , 1769 ; livery, 1754.
1777 : 1769-1777. , James, Birchin Lane, livery
John and Myles. Myles was man, C.C .; master, 1770 ; 1760–
the son of Edward Brockbank, 1776.
of Corners, in Cumberland, and was Nathaniel, Whitefiiars, Livery
apprenticed to his brother John , man , C.C., 1776 .
at 17, Old Jewry, 1969 ; admitted 9 John, 118 , Fleet Street, 1775
C.C., 1776. They were eminent 1783.
chronometer makers, 1777-1808. John, 76, St. Paul's Church
and Atkins, 6, Cowper's Court, yard , 1769-1783.
1815-1835. John William , 14, Cheapside,
Atkins, and Son, 6, Cowper's 1769-1783.
Court, 1840-1842. -, Thomas, Bunbill Row, livery
Brogden, James, 148, Aldersgate man , C.C., 1776 .
Street, liveryman, C.C., 1768– John, 30, Grafton Street, Soho,
1794. 1790.
Brown, Richard , watch-key and Bryan , John, 3, Shadwell Dock, 1790.

pendant maker, Greenhill's Rents, Samuel, 104, Golden Lane,
Smithfield , 1790. 1790.
-, Thomas, 14, Cheapside, 1788– Bryant, and Son, 47, Threadneedle
1800. Street, 1781 .
> William , 40, Piccadilly, 1800. John , Hertford , maker of
John , 55, Charing Cross, 1804 good clocks, occasionally to be met
1810. with, 1790-1829.
9 George, 8, Great Sutton Street, Bryer, John,20, Northampton Square,
1820. 1842.
> James, 56, George Street, Port Bryson, Alexander, Edinburgh, “ Her
man Square, 1820-1842. Majesty's clockmaker for Scot
- George, watcb-case maker, 14, land,” 1830–1860.
St. James's Buildings, Clerkenwell, Buchan, H., 37, Windmill Street,
1835. Finsbury, 1840-1842.
-, Isaac, 32, Gloucester Street, Buck, Edward, exhibited his master
Clerkenwell, maker of bezel wind piece, and was admitted C.C., 1632.
ing watches, patented 1829, No. Buckingham , Joshua, Black -moor's
5851 ; 1820-1835. Head and Dial, Minories; 1700.
6
James, 60, Rahere Street, Gos Stolen from Mr. Richard Parke,
well Road, 1842. in Pey Alley, Fanchurch Street,
Roger, 25, Shepherd Street, a gold watch made by Jos.
"
Mayfield, 1842. Buckingham ( London Gazette,
Browne, Matthew , C.C., 1633. July 13–16, 1691).
John, admitted C.C., 1652 ; -, Joseph, Junior, Minories, 1760.
master, 1681 ; 1652–1682. Bucklee, David , livery, C.C., 1787.
> Richard, at ye Green Dragon Buckman , John (German ), admitted
in Cheapside, on lantern clock , C.C. , 1692.
gallery frets, bob pendulum, C.C., Buckenhill, Edward, C.C., 1687.
1675. “ A watch having two Bucknell, W., 20, Kirby Street ,
motions Richard Brown being en Hatton Garden, 1810.
graved on it, in a studded case William , 10, Parliament Street,
( London Gazette, June 16-20, 1820-1823.
1687). Buckner, Richard , C.C. , 1701 .
Bruce, James, admitted C.C., 1721 . Bucknor, Philip , admitted C.C., 1667.
Brugercia, C., musical snuff-box and Bucquet, D. , 56, Cannon Street, Rat
clock -maker, 13, Richmond Build cliff, 1812-1820 .
ings, Dean Street, 1820. Bukenhill, John, admitted C.C., 1672 .
Brugger, John, 252, High Holborn, Bull, Rainulph, keeper of James I.'s
1830 . great clock in His Majesty's
Beck , and Co., 15, Crown Palace of Westminster ” (see p . 65),
Street, Finsbury, 1840-1842. 1617.
L. A., wooden and musical 5 John , admitted C.C., 1631 .
clockmaker, 79, High Holborn, John , admitted C.C., 1632.
1840-1842. 5 John, admitted C.C., 1637.
Brumwell, Pall Mall, about 1760. James, 124, Leadenhall Street,
Brunette, Samuel, 34, Gloucester 1813.
Street, Queen's Square, 1825. Bullby, John , admitted C.C., 1632.
Brunion, Henry, Whitecross Street, Bullman , Thomas, Swan Alley, maker
1775. of long marqueterie case clock,
Brunsley, William , at Lilly House, twisted pillars, square dial, about
against Strand Bridge, his half 1690.
penny on reverse of token, obverse Bullock , James, Furnival's Inn
a clock dial and hands, about 1675. Court, Holborn , 1790.
Bryan, Richard , admitted C.C., 1696. Bult, James, and Co., 86, Cheapside
-, Henry, Strand, 1768. 1825.
X
Bumstead, Robert, in Holborn, maker | Burwash , William , 45 , Reil Lion

of a fine pair -case repoussé re Street, Clerkenwell, 1790.
peater in leather case ; C.C., 1707. William, watch - case maker,
Bunce, Matthew, C.C., 1698. 3, Red Lion Street, Clerkenwell,
Bunting, William , Pope's Head Alley, 1782-1804.
Cornhill ; admitted C.C., 1646 ; Thomas, 91 , Bishopsgate With
maker of a watch in the B.M. , out, 1825 .
on the dial of which is inscribed Buschman , John Baptist, C.C. , 1725.
“ Ioanni;Miltoni, 1631 ;" 1631-1647. Bush, James, admitted C.C., 1729.
Burchett, John, admitted C.C. , 1731 . -, James, 104, High Street, Shore
Burgar, John W., 23, Banner Street , ditch , 1804–1842.
St. Luke's, 1842. James, 6, Hackney Road , 1835.
Burgess, Old Bailey, 1774. Bushell, Edward, London, 1694-1700.
E. , clock-case maker 23, Samuel, London, 1697-1710.
Percival Street, Clerkenwell, 1835. Butler, John, admitted C.C., 1724 .
Burgis, John, admitted C.C., 1632 . Butter, Joshua, 36, New Bond Street,
-, John, maker of an early oval 1804 ; 239, Oxford Street, 1807.
calendar watch, in Dover Museum , Butto, Daniel, admitted C.C., 1653.
about 1625 ; gave £ 1 168. for in Button and Putley, 204, Borough ,
corporation of C.C., 1625–1636 . 1788.
Thomas, apprentice to Thomas Bye, Henry , clockmaker to the City
Knitton, 1654 . of Paris, 1413.
9 John, London, 1680. Byford, William , 23, St. Mary's-at
Elais, admitted C.C., 1681 . Hill, 1820-1835.
Charles Edward, apprentice to Bysse, Edward, maker of curious
James Clowes, 1685. English watch, at the B.M., 1580.
-, George, London, maker of a Byworth , T., 12, Bridge Street,
tall oak - case clock, 1720-1740. Lambeth, 1804–1842.
William , London, maker of a
watch about 1720. Cabrier, Charles, Broad Street, ad
Burkham , — , London, inscription mitted C.C., 1697. In the B.M.
on a verge watch , style George I. , is a very thick rounded repeater
1720. watch, period 1690 ; in the centre
Burnap, Daniel, maker of brass clock of the outer case is an enamel
movements at East Windsor, medallion ; this is surrounded by
Connecticut, U.S.A., 1780–1800. a circle of repoussé work, outside
Burleigh, Ninyan, admitted C.C. , of which the case is nicely pierced.
1692. Another example of his work is
Burnet, Thomas, Bow, 1700. a silver verge watch, outside case
Burnett, Richard, C.C., 1705. embossed, 1690-1720.
-, Philip, admitted C.C., 1715. Charles, 79, Broad Street, a
Burns, James, 76, Lisson Grove celebrated maker ; admitted C.C.,
North, 1804-1842. 1726 ; master, 1757. In 1777 an
Burpull, John, Tooley Street, near action was tried in the King's
London Bridge, 1750. Bench, Cabrier v. Anderson, the
.Burrows, James, 30, Goodge Street, defendant having put on five
1820-1825. watches the plaintiff's name, with
E. , 4, America Terrace, King's out his knowledge or consent. A
Road, Chelsea, 1835-1842. verdict was given for the plaintiff
Burton, John, Blue Anchor Alley, with £ 100 dainages. Specimens
Liveryman, C.C., 1776. of Cabrier's work are in the Guild
William , London, known as hall Museum . One of them is a
a maker of spring clocks, about bell repeating verge watch move
1790. ment, with nicely wrought and
- J. , Lincoln's Inn Gate, Carey pierced pillars having broad bases
Street, 1806-1820. and caps, 1726-1780.
Cabrier, Charles, Stepney, 1707. Cann, John, admitted as a brother,

-, John, admitted C.C., 1730. C.C. , 1649.
and Leekey, 15, Basinghall Canche, Jacques, London, In the
Street, 1781-1804. B.M. is a silver alarum watch , in
-, Favey, and Exchequer, Wilder plain silver cases, the outer one
ness Row, 1794. perforated , 1680-1690.
Favey, and Son, 14, Wilderness Cannans, John , London, maker of
Row, 1798. clocks, about 1790.
Cachard, G., 13, Oxenden Street, Capt, Henry, 56, Frith Street, Solio,
1820. 1810-1812.
Cade, Simon, admitted C.C., 1688. Card, Edmund, admitted C.C. , 1679.
and Robinson, 153, Leadenhall Carduroy, Philip, admitted C.C., 1679.
Street, 1825. Carey, George, admitted C.C., 1679.
Caesar, Daniel, admitted C.C. , 1703. , Thomas, admitted C.C., 1705.
Caithness, New Bond Street, George, 3, Singleton Street,
maker of a verge watch, about Hoxton, 1842.
1750. Carfoot, Charles, 32, Aldersgate
Calcot, Tobias, admitted C.C. , 1664. Street, 1825.
Calderwood, Thomas, C.C. , 1724. Carley, George, 18 , Wilderness Row,
Callam , Alexander, C.C., 1790. 1842 ; afterwards at Ely Place ;
Calliber, John, admitted C.C., 1703 . died 1879.
Thomas, admitted C.C., 1727. Carlow , P. , maker of a watch for the
# Calson, John, admitted as a brother, Duke of Sussex, 1780-1800.
C.C. , 1647. Carncel, C. , Strasburg, maker of
Calston, John, admitted C.C. , 1653. octagonal pillar timepiece in
Cam, William , admitted C.C., 1686 ; S.K.M., about 1600.
maker of a lantern clock, one hand, Carolan, James, 69, Red Lion Street,
inscription , “ William, Cam, Lon Holborn, 1825.
dini, fecit.” Caron, Peter Augustus, an eminent
Cambridge, Samuel, C.C., 1697. French watchmaker (see p. 240),
Camden, William , Plumtree Court, 1753-1760.
Shoe Lane; admitted C.C., 1708 ; Carpenter, William , 10, St. Martin's
maker of a tall clock, brass dial, Court, hon. freeman, C.C., 1781 ;
name on disc ; also of a watch re 1781-1810.
puted to have belonged to Charles and Son, 4, Andrew Street, Seven
XII. of Sweden. It had a silver Dials, 1785–1790.
case, handsomely chased silver dial, Thomas, 5, Islington Road,
silver balance cock , the movement summoned to take up livery, C.C. ,
altogether a very fine one, 1708– 1786 ; 1776-1794.
1720. William , 15, Frith's Street ,
Camerer, Ropp, and Co., 2, Brvad Soho, 1790-1795 .
Street, Bloomsbury, 1794. Thomas and Richard, watch
-, A. , and Co., wooden clockmaker, case makers, 5, Islington Road ,
2, Broad Street, Bloomsbury, 1830– 1798-1804.
1840. F., 21, Percival Street, Clerken
Cammerer, M. , wooden clockmaker, well, 1830.
13, Brownlow Street, Drury Lane, William , 4, Percival Street,
1840. Clerkenwell, 1842.
Campbell, John, 3 Crowns, Strand , Carr, F. , 18 , Bridge Street, West
1691-1701. minster, 1825.
Alexander, 393, Strand, 1800 Carrington , James,warden ,C.C., 1767 ;
1805. 1760-1768.
W. F. , 60, Hatton Garden, -,Robert, 22, Old Bethlem , livery,
1825-1835. C.C. , 1766 ; 1758-1790.
Camper, James, 99, Bridge Road, Thomas , Bishopsyate Street ,
Lambeth , 1800-1805. liveryman, C.C., 1766 ; 1760-1787.
Carrington and Son, 22, Old Bethlem, castle Place, Clerkenwell, 1804
1794. 1830.
Carruthers, George, Blewett's Build Catherwood, W. , 24, Nelson Street,
ings , Chancery Lane, 1790. City Road , 1804-1842.
Carswell, Joseph, Hastings, known as Cathro, G. and R. , 14, Kirby Street,
a maker of long -case clocks, about Hatton Garden , 1812–1830 .
1760. Robert, 55, Kirby Street, Hatton
W. , 58, Bishopsgate Within, Garden , 1835.
1825. Catrier, Charles, admitted C.C., 1697.
Carte, John, admitted C.C., 1695. Catsworth, John, admitted C.C., 1669.
Carter, Thomas, admitted C.C., 1699. Cattell, William , Fleet Street, ad
9 Leon Augustus, C.C. , 1726. mitted C.C. , 1671 ; maker of a
1 John, admitted C C., 1728. lantern clock inscribed “ William
- , J. , 14, Bartholomew Close, 1772. Cattell, in Fleete Street, Londiui."
William , Bermondsey Street, 1671-1690.
1760 ; 207, Tooley Street, 1794 - Thomas, admitted C.C., 1688.
1825 . “ Lost in Chancery Lane, a silver
-, J., 57, Church Street, Mile Minute Pendulum Watch , with a
End, 1804–1820. green and silver ribbond to the
John, 61, Cornhill; apprenticed key , the watch made by Cattle,
to Boys Err Burrill, 207, Tooley London ” ( London Gazette, January
Street, 1829–1942 ; afterwards Lord 19-23, 1692).
Mayor, 1857 ; master C.C., 1856, Cattey, Daniel, admitted C.C., 1731.
1859, 1864 ; died 1878. Cattle, John, fecit 1633, inscription
William , watch - case maker,22, under the alarum disc of a lantern
Galway Street, St. Luke's, 1835. clock .
Cartier, Jaques, maker of a watch Cattlin , James, 58, Great Marylebone
said to have belonged to Oliver Street, 1804-1842.
Cromwell, 1635–1650. Cauch, James, admitted as a brother
Cartwright, Thomas, apprenticed to C.C., 1692.
Christopher Gould, 1693. In the Cavendish , Richard, livery, C.C., 1810 ;
Guildhall Museum is a watch by 1800-1811 .
him with crystal cock, jewelled. Cayne, Andrew , without Bishopsgate,
He lived behind the Exchange, 1696.
1700-1730. Cext, Catharine, apprenticed to James
-, George, C.C. , 1706-1712. Hubert and his wife, 1730.
N. , Lombard Street, maker of Chaband, H. , 9, Plumtree Street,
a watch with pierced silver pillars, Bloomsbury, 1825.
in Guildhall Museum, about 1720. Chadd and Ragsdale, New Bond
9 William , admitted C.C., 1713. Street, 1775.
Benjamin , 18, West Smithfield , Chadwick, John, 36, Cornhill, 1783
1769-1772. 1813.
Ann, 45, New Bond Street, Joshua, 138, Holborn Hill,
1783. 1820-1825.
Carver, Isaac, admitted C.C., 1667. James, 18, Great Bath Street,
Casper, Ellis, and Co., 29, Finsbury Clerkenwell, 1804-1842.
Place, 1804–1842. Chalfont, Walter, Barnsbury, a clever
9 Nathaniel, 13, Bury Street, St. watchmaker, inventor of several
Mary Axe, 1804-1842. forms of keyless mechanism, 1850–
Castlefranc, Peter, 40, Pall Mall, 1886.
1769-1783. Chalk , James, 36, Bishopsgate Street
Catchpool, William , 114, Strand, 1823 ; Within, 1798.
Fenchurch Street, 1830-1835. Challoner, William , Skinner Street,
Catherwood, Joseph, 10, Bunhill Row, liveryman, C.C., 1776.
1775-1825. Chalmers, George, 1 , Prince's Street,
-, Joseph and William , 2, New Leicester Square, 1783-1788.
Chamberlain , John , maker of a round Chappel, Robert, admitted C.C., 1720 ;

watch in S.K.M., about 1610. maker of small size sheep's-head
Thomas, Chelmsford. In the arch-dial clocks, “ Robert Chappel,
B.M. is a watch by him with day London," on disc.
of the month ring, about 1630. Chappell, Thomas, Tower Street,
Chamberlaine, Nathaniel, admitted 1759-1763.
C.C., 1685 ; master, 1717 ; 1685 Charle, George, 19, Wilderness Row ,
1718. “ These are to give notice that 1804-1842.
Nathaniel Chamberlain , Watch Charlstron, William , livery, C.C ,
maker (who hath lived several 1810 ; 1800-1811.
years at Chelmsford, in Essex ), for Charlton, John, one of the first as.
the better accommodation of his sistants of the C.C.; master, 1640 ;
friends and customers, bath, at the 1630-1649.
request of divers of them, taken a , Matjonat, apprenticed to G.
Chamber at Mr. John Rust's, in Graham , 1728.
Angel Court, in Lumbard Street, - , James, 13, Lisson Street North ,
where hedoth intend, God willing, 1842.
to attend the last Fortnight in Charman, P., 63, Picca dilly, 1825.
every Term , for the mending his Charrington, s. , died while master,
ownWork, and accommodating all C.C., 1768 ; 1760-1768.
persons that shall have occasion Chartier, Blois, excelled as a
for New ” (London Gazette, January watch-case enameller, about 1650.
22-25 , 1676-77). Chartier, Francis, 1 , Angel Court,
John , Bury, admitted C.C. , Throgmorton Street, 1771 .
1687 ; maker of lantern clocks, Charwell, James, London, maker of a
about 1700. repeating watch at S.K.M., outer
Joseph, Norwich. " A little case shagreen piqué, about 1740.
Gold Watch made by Joseph Chater, James, admitted C.C., 1727.
Chamberlain, of Norwich, with a James, and son, 3, Cherry
plain Dial Plate in a plain black Tree Court,Aldersgate, 1754-1759.
Shagreen Case ” ( London Gazette, Eliezer and James, 3, Cherry
March 15-19, 1687) . Tree Court, 1760–1788.
Mark Lane, 1717. Eliezer, 10, Exchange Alley,
Chambers, James, 3 Squirrils, St. Cornhill ; master, C.C., 1772 ;
Dunstan's Churchi, 1690. livery, 1776 ; 1768-1781 .
-, 56, Cornhill, 1823. and Livermore, 2, Exchange
Champion, John , admitted as Alley, 1790 ; 10, Bartolomew Lane,
brother, C.C., 1641 ; 1638-1650. 1794 ; 30 , Tokenhouse Yard, 1800 ;
9 John, admitted C.C., 1651 . 1790-1804.
, John, maker of a watch in Richard, 14, Cornhill, 1787–
S.K.M., outer case of shagreen, 1810.
1770-1785. William , 163, Goswell Street,
Chams, Charles Sampson, admitted as 1804-1842.
brother, C.C., 1692. Chaters, J. , watch motion manufac
Chance , B., London , maker of a watch turer, 17, Gee Street, Goswell
in the B.M. with a filigree and Street, 1835.
steel case, 1720. Chatfield, - London, maker of a
Chancellor and Son, Dublin, well watch advertised in the London
known clockmakers, 1800-1830. Gazette, 1694.
Chandler, R. , 8, Leicester Square, 1825. Chatier, Isaac, 1 , Angel Court, Throg
Chanville, James, C.C. , 1699. morton Street, 1768-1788.
Chapman, Simon, C.C., 1675. Chaulter. Hutton , writing in 1773,
William , 6, New Round Court, esteems his work, 1770.
Strand, 1790 . Chauvell, James, Old Broad Street,
-, J., clock-case maker, 6, Red maker of a watch in S.K.M., 1710
Lion Street, Clerkenwell, 1835. 1740.
Chawner, Thomas, 34, Ludgate Hill, Churchman , Michael, C.C., 1694.

1783-1788. Clampson , Richard , C.C. , 1673 .
Cheeny, J., clockmaker at East Hart Clare, Henry T. , 15, Meredith Street,
ford, Connecticut, U.S.A., 1790. Clerkenwell, 1804-1842.
Cheeseman, Daniel, C.C., 1699. Clark , Thomas, admitted C.C., 1720.
Cheltenham , Michael, C.C. , 1712. Edward, 17, Middle Moorfields,
Cheney, Wither (Walter ?), elected 1772.
master, C.C., 1695, but excused on William , Bishopsgate Street,
making a contribution to the poor 1754-1774 .
box ; 1688–1695. Paternoster Row, 1774.
Cherril, E. , and Son, 6, Newcastle Edward, 56, Cornhill, 1768
Place, 1830. 1775.
Chesnon, Solomon, Blois, maker of a Robert, clock and watch -spring
very diminutive watch in the maker, Providence Row, 1775–1799 .
B.M., with outer leather case, David, watch -case maker, 58,
about 1641 ), Featherstone Street, 1790 .
Chesson, Thomas, Ludgate Hill , 1754 - Francis, 10, Jewin Street, 1790.
1759. William , 6, King Street,
Chester, William , 55 ( 112), Shore Clerkenwell, 1800 ; 26, Abingdon
ditch, 1804–1835 . Street, 1730.
Chettle, W. , 35, Commercial Road, John, 73, Mark Lane, 1794
Lambeth , 1835. 1823.
Chilcott, Richard, C.C., 1690. Thomas, 9, Goswell Street,
-, John, admitted C.C., 1721 . 1830-1840.
Child, Richard, Fleet Street, ad George, 24, Bartholomew Ter
mitted C.C., 1632 ; warden, 1640, race, St. Luke's, 1842.
1643. In 1638 the Blacksmiths' Clarke, George, Whitechapel ; admit
Company sued “ Child, the clock ted C.C., 1632 ; maker of an eight
maker," for breach of his oath , day clock , locking plate, striking,
1627-1644. handsome brass dial, name on disc,
Henry , admitted as a brother, period 1690 ; 1632-1690.
C.C., 1642 ; died , while master, > William , admitted C.C., 1654.
1664 ; 1640-1664. > Humphrey, C.C., 1668.
Ralph, admitted C.C., 1662. John, Bristol. In the B.M. is
Henry, Tower Royal, Budge a watch of his make in an outer
Row, 1677-1693. “ Lost the 28 case of leather piqué, 1630-1640.
instant at Aldermary Church or John, Stanford, C.C. , 1696.
between that and Tower Royal , a Thomas, admitted C.C., 1709.
plain Gold Pendulum Watch, in 9 Richard, admitted C.C., 1720.
a new Fashion Gold Gray'd case, Edward, 9, Holborn, 1768.
name, Henry Child . It had á William , George Yard, White
Tulip Hand, long freised hours, chapel, 1769–1772.
in the middle of the dial plate John Basul, St. John's Lane,
engraven with two Birds and liveryman , C.C. , 1776.
Flowers ; it was in a Gold Pinned James, 52, Rahere Street, Gos
Case ” (London Gazette, May 25– well Road, 1778.
29, 1693). -, G., 3, Cherry Tree Street,
Chisman, Timothy, summoned to take Aldersgate Street, 1790–1810 .
up liverv , C.C., 1786 ; master, 1803 ; Henry , warden, C.C., 1822,
1780-1804. 1826 : 1810-1826.
Christie, William , 22, Chancery Lane, William , and Sons, 8, Goswell
1804-1842. Street, 1830-1842.
-, Henry , 3, Duke Street, Man William (Clarke and Sons,
chester Square, 1812. Goswell Road), died 1875, agel 75.
Church, John Thomas, 19, Oakley Abraham (Clarke and Sons,
Street, 1835. Goswell Road), died 1890, aged 79.
Claxton , Thomas, admitted C.C., 1646 ; Closon, Peter, at Holborne Bridge ;

signed petition against oppression three years senior warden , C.C.,
of the Company in 1656 ; master, 1636-1638 ; maker of lantern
1670 ; 1646-1671 . clocks ; one with fret Fig. 102,
Clay, William , maker of a watch balance escapement, description on
Cromwell presented to Col. Bag. fret, “ Peter Closon at London ,
well, at the siege of Clonmel; 1646 fecit ” (see p. 173). On another
1660. example is, “ Peter Closon, at Hol
William , apprenticed to Jeremy borne Bridge,” 1626-1640.
Gregory , 1680 ; admitted C.C., | Clough , Edward, Fetter Lane. A
1687 . A watch by him in the watch of his make, with an outer
Guildhall Museum ; 1687-1700. case of leather piqué, in the B.M.,
Thomas, Chelmsford , a well is inscribed , “Mayor Johne Miller,
known maker of lantern clocks, his watche,” 1630–1640. “ Stolen
period about 1650. a silver watch in a black case,
Charles, Stockton, Yorkshire. studded about the edges, and one
Petitioned Parliament for a patent studded flower at the back of it,
in respect of a repeating and having a minute motion and the
musical watch or clock , his inven figures of the hours and minutes
tion. Mr. Quare produced a twice over the plate, made by
watch to answer the same end Edward Clough, near Gray's Inn
as Mr. Clay's. The Attorney Gate, in Holborn ' ( London
General reported in favour of Gazette, October 6-9, 1690).
Mr. Clay. The C.C., however, op Clowes, John, admitted C.C., 1672 ;
posed Mr. Clay, and after a tough elected a warden , 1713, but unable
fight, extending from Feb. 1716 to to serve through ill-health ; maker
the latter part of 1717, the patent of a small square bracket - clock,
was not granted. bob pendulum , lockiug plate,
Charles, London, maker of a cherub corners, inscribed, “ J.
verge watch in S.K.M., 1720 ; Clowes, Londini, fecit ; " 1672–1713.
another example, with chased outer Cluer, Obadiah, adinitted C.C., 1709.
case, about 1750 ; 1720-1750. John, 22, Skinner Street, Clerk
Clayton, Thomas, admitted C.C., 1646. enwell, 1835.
Cleeke, Henry, admitted C.C., 1655. Cluter, William , admitted C.C. , 1709.
Cleeve, William , adınitted as a brother, Clutton and Co., 48, Rupert Street,
C.C. , 1651. Piccadilly, 1825 .
Cleghorn, Samuel, 65, Shoe Lane, Clyatt, Samuel, admitted C.C., 1671 ,
1790. Bell Alley, Coleman Street.
Clement, Edward , C.C., 1670. , Abraham , admitted C.C. , 1680.
William , admitted as a brother, John, admitted C.C., 1708.
C.C., 1677 ; about this time he William , admitted C.C., 1709.
applied to clocks the anchor escape -, Samuel, admitted C.C., 1711.
ment invented by Dr. Hooke ; Cobb, John, admitted C.C., 1703.
master C.C., 1694 ; 1670-1695 . Cochard, George, 10, Henrietta Street,
Clements, Robert, admitted C.C., Covent Garden , 1825.
1686. Cochran, Samuel, 291, Wapping,
Clerke, George, 3, Cherry Tree Street, 1788–1794.
Aldersgate Street ; summoned to Cockford, Matthew , C.C., 1693.
take up livery C.C. , 1786 ; 1786– Cogdon, Thomas, Budge Row, chro
1842. nometer maker, died 1885.
Clewes, James, admitted as a brother, Coggs, John, against St. Clement's
C.C., 1670. Church, 1690-1700.
Clifton , Thomas, admitted as a brother, Cohen, A. s. , 9, Newcastle Street,
C.C., 1651 . Whitechapel, 1820.
Thomas, admitted C.C., 1687. Coker, Ebenezer, Clerkenwell Close,
Cliverdon, Thomas, C.C., 172:2 . 1751-1769.
Colambell , Anthony, Aldersgate Collomby, Abraham ,maker of a watch

Street, liveryman, C.C., 1776 . in S.K.M., about 1750.
Colbert , J., Grafton Street, Totten Collum , A., 74, Lower East Smithfield,
ham Court Road, 1825. 1800.
Cole, Daniel, admitted C.C. , 1726. Collyer, Benjamin , C.C., 1693.
Thomas, Lombard Street, 1754 Colson, Richard, admitted C.C. , 1682 ;
1759. maker of a curious 24 -day clock
John, C.C., 1729 ; maker of at Battle Abbey, Sussex, 1682
long -case clocks, 1729_1760. 1700.
, William , Gutter Lane, 1800 Combret, P., Lyons, maker of watch
1805. (see p. 55), 1613.
9 James Ferguson, 9, Motcomb Combs, Joseph, admitted C.C., 1720.
Street, Belgrave Square ; born Comfort, William , admitted as a
1799, died 1880 ; an able watch brother, C.C., 1647.
maker and expert springer. He Compart, Ebenezer, C.C., 1728.
devoted much attention to the Compton, Walter, Vere Street, 1692.
lever escapement, of which he Adam , admitted C.C., 1716.
devised several forms, and was for Conden , Robert, 51, Clerkenwell
some time a vice-president of the Close, 1780–1785.
Horological Institute. Congreve, William , inventor of
5 Thomas, 11, Upper King Street, curious clocks. In 1808 he patented
Bloomsbury, an excellent maker ( No. 3164) a clock in which a ball
of spring clocks ; brother of J. F. rolling down grooves in an in
Cole ; 1840–1864. clined plane, which was movable
Coleman, John, 115, Newgate Street, on its centre, attained sufficient
hon. freeman of C.C. , 1781-1783. impetus to unlock the train, where
William , Arthur Street, 1790. upon the inclination of the plane
14, Strand, 1794. was reversed, and the ball entered
Thomas, 6, Westmoreland the succeeding groove and rolled
Street, St. Mary -le-bone, maker of in the reverse direction . The
bracket clock , Chippendale style grooves, instead of being at right
of case , 1822–1842 . angles to the centre of motion of
Coles, M. A., 25, Red Lion Street, the inclined plane, or tilting plat
1790. form , were zigzag, forming a suc
Collett, John , Chelsea, maker of cession of V's, so that the ball,
mahogany long-case clock, and once started, traversed the whole
dial , silver centre, about 1780. surface of the plate by rolling
Colley , Fleet Street, 1774. down one groove and entering the
Collier, Benjamin, a noted maker ; next at the point of the V., 1800
admitted C.C. , 1693 ; Lord 1820.
Chesham had a gold double case Connell, William , Cheapside, a clever
repeater made by him ; 1693–1730. watchmaker who succeeded Gan
John, Red Lion Street, Clerken thony, 1845–1862.
well, 1770-1775. Connely, William , 93, Piccadilly ,
Archibald, 9, New Bond Street, 1825.
1790-1830. Conrad and Reiger , makers of a
Collingridge, Edmund, 27, Wilder German octagonal timepiece in
ness Row, livery, C.C., 1810–1830. S.K.M., about 1590.
Thomas, 136, Aldersgate Street, Constable, W. and G., Bunhill Row,
1842. 1804 ; 27, Finsbury Street, 1807.
Collingwood, Samuel James, 8, Long Constantin, -, Geneva, maker of a
Alley, livery, C.C. , 1786-1790. heart-shaped watch, S.K.M., about
Collins, John, admitted C.C. , 1701 . 1740.
> Clement, admitted C.C , 1705. Cony, John, admitted as a brother
John, admitted C.C., 1727. C.C., 1611.
>R., 52, Strand , 1813. Conyers, Richard, C.C., 1716.
Cook , Edward, 210, Borough, 1763 Cording, John, 232, Strand, 1812
1772. 1830.
John , 22, Cheapside, 1768 ; 24, 9 Charles, 181 , Minories, 1825.
Wood Street, 1772. , Thomas, 21, Holborn Hill,
J., watch-cap maker, 5, Robert 1825.
Street, Hoxton, 1835. - Thomas, 38, Aldgate High
Cooke, Lewis, petitioner for incorpora Street, 1830.
tion of C.C., 1630–1632. Cordon, Richard, C.C., 1729 .
John, admitted C.C. 1649. Cordrey , Thomas, C.C., 1670.
John, admitted C.C., 1662. Corghey, John, Fleet Street, 1754
Robert, admitted C.C., 1667. 1759.
7 William , admitted C.C., 1681. Corker, D. , 18, Commercial Road,
Thomas, admitted C.C. , 1699. Whitechapel, 1820.
William , admitted C.C., 1708. -, D. , 18, Langley Place, Com
John , admitted C.C., 1712. mercial Road, 1835–1842.
Joseph, admitted C.C., 1715. Nathaniel, 48, South Moulton
and Gurney, Foster Lane, 1754 Street, 1842.
1759. Cornelius, Jacob, London , maker of
John, 22, Cheapside, 1775 . a small diamond -shaped spring
Robert, 7, Star Alley, Fen timepiece, catgut line, about 1620.
church Street, 1810. Cornish, Michael, admitted C.C.,
Coombs, Fisher, admitted C.C., 1728. 1661.
James, 3, Clerkenwell Green, Corp, William , 81, Aldersgate Street,
1825. 1835.
Coope, James, admitted C.C., 1654. Corson, Thomas, 119, High Street ,
Cooper, Hugh, admitted C.C., 1653. Wapping, 1835–1842.
Edward, clock-case maker, 91 , Cosbey , Robert, at ye Diall, Rood
Sutton Street, 1790. Lane, admitted C.C., 1653 ; 1679.
Thomas, 1 , King Street, Little Cosse, James, Corphill, maker of a
Tower Hill, 1800. verge watch about 1720.
-, E., Wynyatt Street, Northamp Cosson, S., 56, Cannon Street, St.
ton Square , 1820. George's East, 1835.
W., 12, Gee Street, Goswell Coster, Robert, admitted C.C., 1655.
Road, 1820-1842. William , admitted C.C., 1660.
Thomas Frederick , Duncan Cother, William , admitted as a
Place, City Road, and afterwards brother, C.C., 1668.
at 6 , Calthorpe Street; a well Cotter, Ebenezer, 13, Goldsmith
known watch manufacturer, who Court, Wood Street, 1775.
made chiefly for the American Cotterel. William , C.C., 1694.
market, 1820-1862. John, admitted C.C., 1721.
Cope, Peter, admitted as a brother, Cotterell, Thomas, 163, Oxford Street,
C.C., 1638. 1830.
C. J. , 58, Berners Street, Cottle, John , maker of a lantern
Oxford Street, 1820. clock inscribed , “ John Cottle ,
Copeland, Alexander, 113, Leaden fecit, 1653."
hall Street ; livery, C.C. , 1810 ; Cotton , John, C.C., 1695.
1800-1815. John, admitted C.C., 1718.
Corbet, Nathaniel, maker of a silver R. and T., watch -spring makers,
watch with studded case, frosted 17, President Street East, 1835.
dial plate (London Gazette, Cottonbult, John, C.C., 1729.
September 21-25, 1693). Couche, Charles, admitted C.C., 1727.
Corbett, J.,42, Clerkenwell Close, 1825. Coulon, Charles, Prince's Street,
T., 22, Goswell Terrace, Leicester Fields, 1768.
Clerkenwell, 1835. Coulson, Charles, Newport Alley,
Corbit, -, 10 , Short's Buildings, Soho, 1769.
Clerkenwell, 1835. Robert, livery, C.C., 1810.
Coulson , Samuel, 16, North Audley centre second elaborate watch

Street, 1825. suited for the Oriental market,
Courtauld, Samuel, Cornhill, opposite 1790-1800.
Royal Exchange, 1759-1763. Cox, Nathaniel, 140, Goswell Road ,
P., and Cowles, 21 , Cornhill, 1835-1842.
1768-1775. Coxiter, William , C.C. , 1654.
Cousens, R. W., 6, York Street East, John, master, C.C. , 1661-1663.
Commercial Road, 1835. Nicholas, admitted C.C., 1618 ;
Cousins and Wnitside, 20, Davies master, 1671 , 1677 ; a celebrated
Street, 1842. maker. Example : a lantern clock ,
Couta, G., 12, Blenheim Street, fret Fig.104, inscription , “ Nicholas
Oxford Street, 1825. Coxiter, neare Goldsmiths Hall, ”
Coventon , Joshua , clock - case maker, 1618-1680.
60, Red Lion Street, Clerkenwell, Cozens, William , 3, Wilderness Row ,
1835. 1810 ; 13, Finsbury Place, 1822–
Coventry, R. , 21 , Queen Street, 1825.
Clerkenwell, 1830. -, William , and Son, 10, Bunhill
J., 8, Paragon Place, New Kent Row, 1822-1830.
Road, 1835. J., 10, Bunhill Row, 1835–
Cowan, James, went from Edinburgh 1842.
to Paris, and worked under Julien Cradock, E. , 13, Charlotte Terrace,
le Roy, 1726. Lambeth, 1835.
Coward , William , C.C., 1681. Cragg, John, 10, President Street
and Jefferys, 149, Fleet Street, East, 1835–1841 ; 8, Northampton
1783. Square, 1842.
Cowell, John , 97, Royal Exchange, Craggs, Richard, C.C., 1660.
1763-1800. Craigingle, John, 90, Cork Street,
Cowen, H. , 3, Sidney's Alley, Grosvenor Square, 1842.
Leicester Square, 1800. Cranfield, Henry, C.C. , 1706.
Cowles, George, and Co., 30, Cornhill, Cranze, F. and J., 39, Broad Street,
1780-1790. 1788.
Cowpe, Edward, admitted as a Craven, Thomas, admitted as
brother, C.C., 1687. brother, C.C., 1688.
Cox , Thomas, admitted C.C. , 1708. Crawley, Thomas, C.C. , 1660.
, James, 103, Shoe Lane, a Crayle ( Crayce ?) Richard , member
clever mechanician, who in 1773 of the Blacksmiths' Company,
opened at Spring Gardens a petitioner for incorporation of
museum of quaint clocks, sing C.C. ( see p. 67) ; 1627-1655.
ing birds, and costly mechanical William . " Lost on the 13
toys. There were fifty -six pieces inst. , a Gold Watch enamelled, the
in the collection , and the charge outside case seal-skin studded
for admission was half a guinea with gold ; in the backside of it
each person . A regulation pro was the history of St. Paul's Con
viding for the presence of but few version , with small character Saul
visitors at one time was, needless Saul quid me persequoris ? And 1
to say, quite unnecessary ; 1768 on the Dial part was the stoning
1788. of Stephen, with Lanskip round
Jason, Long Acre, 1760. about; and in the inside of the
Samuel, Long Acre, 1770. back, a Damask Rose exactly
William , 70,Cox Court, Little enamelled , the Key fastened with
Britain, 1763–1772. a black Ribon. Whoever gives
and Watson, 23, Aldersgate notice of it to Mr. William Crayle,
Street, 1780-1785. a watchmaker at the Black Boy in
James, 103, Shoe Lane, Fleet the Strand , near the Savoy, shall
Street, 1765-1785. have 31. reward ” ( London Gazette,
In tbe B.M. is a large July, 13–17, 1676). “ Lost on the
22 inst., between St. Andrews to be taken to him if found

Church in Holborn and the further ( London Gazette, March 25–29,
end of Grays Iun Road, a gold 1675).
watch with the outer case studded , Crooke, Peter, admitted C.C., 1721.
with Mr. William Craile's name Cross , James, Fetter Lane, livery
engraved on the bottom plate of man , C.C., 1776.
the said watch . Whoever gives Edward, Blewitt's Buildings,
notice of the said watch to Mr. Fetter Lane, 1790.
John Wheatley, at the 3 Cups in John, 131 , Old Street, 1804 ;
Hatton Street, shall have two 10, Charterhouse Square, 1830
guineas reward ” ( London Gazette, 1812.
March 20–24, 1690). John B., Jewin Street, C.C.,
Creak, William , Bunhill Row, maker 1831-1845.
of a verge watch in the Guildhall Crossley, James, London, maker of
Museum, 1740-1763. lantern clocks, about 1710.
Creed, Thomas, admitted as a brother, , Richard, 14, Giltspur Street,
C.C., 1668. 1800-1825.
Thomas, admitted as a brother, Crouch, George, admitted C.C., 1668.
C.C., 1674. Edward, admitted C.C., 1691 ;
Creede, John, admitted C.C., 1727. master, 1719 ; 1691-1720.
Creeke, Henry. A suit by C.C., for Robert, admitted C.C., 1722.
using clockmakers' trade contrary , John, Knightsbridge, about
to the statute, compromised by 1761 .
Creeke promising to present to Croucher, J. , 27, Cornhill, 1830.
C.C. a new house clock and alarum, Crucifix , Robert, Sweeting's Alley ;
and 208. , 1654. admitted C.C., 1689 ; 1730.
Cronze, Francis, and J. , 59, Broad John, admitted C.C., 1712 ;
Street, 1759-1771 . maker of sheep's-head brass clock,
Cressner, Robert, London, maker of with arch dial, bought from
lantern clocks, about 1680. Holland, and of a similar one in
Creswell, Joseph, corner of Adelphia, Stirling Castle.
Strand, 1775. Croudhill, Thomas, Bedford Square,
Cribb, William , 17, Southampton Bedford Row, 1790.
Row ; a chronometer maker who Cruickshanks, Robert, 17, Old Jewry,
succeeded Birchall anıl Appleton, 1772-1775.
formerly Molyneux, 1830-1842. Crump, Henry, admitted C.C., 1667.
Cripple, William , C.C., 1702. Cruttenden, Thomas, C.C. , 1677.
Cripps, John, St. Thomas Apostle, Cubley , Thomas, 54, Crawford Street,
1758-1763. Montague Square, 1820 .
- , John, and Francillon, 43, Friday Cue, William , admitted C.C., 1691 .
Street, 1769–1788. Cuendel, Samuel, 52, Red Lion Street,
Crisp, Nicholas, Bow Churchyard , Clerkenwell, 1815.
1754-1759. Cuff, James, admitted C.C. , 1699.
-, John , 22, Old Jewry, 1783. -, John, admitted , C.C. , 1718.
Croak, Sampson , admitted C.C., 1668. Broadhurst, 204, Regent Street,
Crocker, James, C.C. , 1716. 1823.
- , William , 34, Great Alie Street, Cufford, Francis, admitted C.C., 1718.
1 1842. Cullam , A. , Lower East Smithfield ,
Croft, John, admitted C.C., 1665. 1790.
John, watch-case maker, 51 , Cumming, Alexander, born at Edin
Wynyatt Street, Clerkenwell, 1835. burgh , about 1732, died at Penton
Crofts, Richard, at the Bear in Foster ville, 1814 ; a celebrated chrono
Lane, right against Goldsmith's meter and clock maker ; author of
Hall. A gold watch by Goulon , à an excellent treatise on clockwork ,
Paris, the inside a landscape, a which was published in 1766. He
studded case, lost near St. Martin's, kept a shop in Leadenhall Street.
Among the fine and curious clocks Danell, Joseph, 214, Oxford Street,
at Buckingham Palace is one 1830.
made for George III., which Daniel, Stephen , admitted as a
registers the height of the baro brother, C.C., 1698.
meter every day throughout the 9 Robert, adnitted C.C., 1708.
year. He had £2000 for the clock , -, Thomas, 20, Foster Lane, 1783.
and £200 a year for looking after Daniell, William , C.C., 1632 .
it. Edward , admitted as a brother,
Cumming, John , 202, Oxford Street, C.C., 1648 ; 1640-1649.
1822-1842. Isaac, admitted C.C., 1648 ;
Cummins, Charles, 148, Leadenhall warden , 1674 ; did not become
Street, a maker of chronometers master, 1648-1675.
and fine watches. A watch of his Dannes, Robert, Clerkenwell, livery
manufacture contained an in man, C.C., 1776 ; 1766–1780 .
genious and original form of fusee Dapin , Paul, London. In the B.M.
stop. A little finger projecting is a repeating watch by bim
from the smaller end of the fusee inscribed, “ Dr. Samuel Johnson ,
was pressed by the chain into the 1767 ; ” 1750-1760.
way of a stop on the plate ; 1812. Darby , John, 51 , Gee Street, Goswell
Cuper, Josiah (French), Blacksmiths' Road , 1820-1842.
Company and C.C. , 1627-1632. Dare and Peacock, 103, Minories ,
Curryer, Thomas, watch-glass maker, 1770-1772.
134, Whitecross Street, 1835. Dargent, James, C.C., 1700–1705.
Curson, George, livery, C.C. , 1756. Dariford, - , maker of fine repoussé
Curtis, John, admitted C.C. , 1671 . gold pair-case watch, gold dial,
Cusin , Charles, born at Autun, in with calendar, about 1735.
Burgundy, settled in Geneva, Darle, Thomas, London, about 1769.
where it is said he introduced Darling , Robert, Fenchurch Street ;
watch manufacturing, about 1587. Sheritf of London and knighted in
Cuthbert, Amariah, C.C., 1694. 1766, on the court of C.C., 1766 ;
J. , 27, Piccadilly, 1790. 1750-1770.
Cutlove, John, Harleston, Norfolk , Darrell, Joseph, 214, Oxford Street,
long.case clock, moving ship, about 1812-1815.
1760. Darwell, Edward, 64, Watling Street,
Cutting, Christopher, C.C., 1694. 1775.
Dashper , Frederick, 10, Pierpoint
Dalby, John, 105, New Bond Street, Row, Islington, 1820-1835.
1783–1804. Dasypodius, Conrad, maker of second
Dalemaige, Jehan, Paris, clockmaker Strasburg clock (see p. 141 ), 1571 .
to the Duchess of Orleans, 1401 . Davenport, Samuel, 15, Lime Street,
Dallas, James, maker of a pocket 1788.
chronometer for the Duke of Sussex, Davidson , Adam, 21 , Norton Street,
1800-1820. Fitzroy Square, 1835 ; 41, Goswell
I allington, William , London, maker Street, 1812.
of a watch, silver case and dial, Davie, Joseph, 201 , High Holborn,
day of the month circle, about 1680. 1830-1842.
Dalton, James, watch movement Davies, Timothy, Clifford Street,
maker, Red Lion Street, 1790 ; Broad Street, 1783.
12, Buuhill Row , 1810 ; 27, Percival Robert, 35, Gracechurch Street,
Street, 1815-1820. 1788.
Dammant, Barn ., Colchester, maker John , 153, Leadenball Street,
of lantern clock , square dial, about 1788.
1735. T. and H. , 39, Brewer Street,
Dane, Thomas, 133, Oxford Street, Golden Square, 1800.
1790-1815. Richard, 85, New Bond Street,
Robert, 72, Long Acre, 1507. 1800.
Davis, Samuel, at ye Golden Ball in French family of horologists, pro

Lothbury, admitted C.C., 1648 ; bably driven over here by the
1648-1660. revocation of the Edict of Nantes .
9 Tobias, admitted C.C., 1653. Peter and Jacob were associated
9 " John, admitted as a brother, with Facio in the patent heobtained
C.C., 1653. in 1704 for watch jewelling. Peter
-, Thomas, admitted C.C., 1674. Debaufre also invented a dead
Benjamin, admitted C.C., 1678. beat or “ club - footed ” verge es
Jeffry, admitted C.C., 1690. capement, in which there were two
John, admitted C.C , 1697. escape wheels, having between
William , admitted C.C., 1699. them a truncated cone formed of
-, Georgə, admitted C.C., 1720. diamond, and cut away at the
-, Thomas, admitted C.C., 1726. sides to form an impulse plane
John , Lamb's Conduit Street, acted on bythe wheels alternately.
Bedford Row , 1769. Sir Isaac Newton had a watch so
William , 124, Newington Street, made, and spoke favourably of its
1810. performance. Sully modified it
David, 28, Bury Street, St. hy using two pallets and one wheel.
Mary Axe, 1830–1842. More recently the two-wheel form
and Plumley, 9, Red Lion Street, has been revived forFrench carriage
Clerkenwell, 1830. clocks; 1686–1720.
A. and C., 118, Hounsditch, Debaufre, James, Church Street, Soho,
1835. admitted C.C., 1712 ; maker of a
Davison, William , C.C., 1686. large size silver verge watch with
Dawes, William , 131, Upper Street, day ofthemonth circle ; 1712–1750.
Islington, 1835-1842. De Bouler, Andrew , London, com
Dawkes, John, admitted C.C. , 1707. pleted his apprenticeship, 1769.
Dawson, John, Holborn Bridge, 1763. Debry, Theodore, a famous French
> Robert, admitted C.C., 1678. chaser of watch cases, 1590-1630.
-, Thomas , petitioner for incor De Charmes, Simon (French ), came
poration of C.C. , 1630–1632. here through the revocation of the
Day, Isaac, admitted C.C., 1678. Edict of Nantes ; built Grove Hall,
Thomas, admitted C.C., 1691. Hammersmith, in 1730. His son
Edmund, admitted C.C., 1692 ; David lived there. Admitted as a
maker of a bracket clock showing brother, C.C., 1691 ; 1688-1730.
day of the month, and in an oak David, admitted C.C. , 1692 ;
case veneered with tortoiseshell ; maker of a plain silver pair- case
1692–1720. repeater, rich cock and pillars,
Richard, 14, Drury Lane, 1790. “ Des Charmes, London ,” inscribed
Deacon , F., St. Michael's Alley, 1835. on enamel dial, 1692–1720.
J. C., 18, Guildford Street, Decka, John , apprenticed to J. W.
Borough, 1835–1842. Addis ; admitted C.C. , 1757 ;
Dealty, Thomas, 85, Cornbill, 1783. maker of an eight-day long -case
Dean , Thomas, 80, Minories, 1804 . clock, mahogany case, inlaid with
Thomas, 1, Swithin's Lane, marqueterie ; 1757-1790.
1820. and Marsh , Broad Street, Rat
Deane, George, engraver, admitted to cliff Highway, 1790–1800.
C.C. , 1671. In 1677 he presented Dee, William , Blackfriars, admitted
to the Court, through Mr. Henry C.C., 1729.
Jones, a plate with the coat of De Fontaine, L. , 18, Wilsted Street,
arms, 1671-1677. Somers Town, 1835.
Deard , J., Corner of Dover Street, De la Fonds, watch-spring maker, 44,
Piccadilly, 1775. Salisbury Court, Fleet Street, 1790.
Debaufre, Peter, Church Street, Soho ; John, Pinner's Court, Old
admitted C.C. , 1689. The Debau Broad Street, 1790.
fres were an exceedingly clever De la Fons, James, Royal Exchange
3 18 FORMER CLOCK AND WATCHMAKERS.
and 66, Threadneedle Street, 1790- ! the title of Baron Grimthorpe,

1795. 1886 ; designer of the Westminster
Da la Fons, John , 66, Threadneedle clock (see p. 208 ).
Street, 1800 ; corner of Bartholo Denman, G. , 24, Greek Street, Soho,
mew Lane, 1810 ; 25, St. Swithin's 1820.
Lane, 1815. John F. , 13, Cannon Street
Delafosse, Samuel ( French ), admitted Roal, Commercial Roarl, 1812.
as a brother, C.C., 1692. Denne, John, 28, Lamb's Conduit
De la Garde, Gustavus, 17, Lowther Street, 1820.
Arcade, 1840-1842. Dənning, J. , 32, Ludgate Hill, 1810.
De Jersey, Westminster, maker of Dennis, Francis ,admitted as a brother,
long-case clocks, about 1810. C.C. , 1673.
Delander, Nathaniel, admitted as a Peter, admitted C.C., 1712.
brother, C.C., 1668 ; 1668-1690. Dent, William , admitted C.C. , 1674.
John , case maker,admitted C.C., Robert, admitted C.C., 1681.
1675. “Lost on Monday, August and Son, watch -glass makers, 50,
2, between Fleet Street and the Northampton Street, Clerkenwell,
Old Bailey, a gold watch box not 1835.
finished , in a brass case. Whoever E. J. , born 1790, died 1853. He
gives notice of it to Mr. John worked as a finisher of repeating
Delander, watch -case maker, over watches till 1830, when he joined
against St. Clements Church , shall J. R. Arnold in partnership, at 84 ,
have 108. reward ” ( London Guzette, Strand. During the ten years
August 5-9, 1675). they were together the business
Daniel, C.C., 1699 ; 1699–1721 . was greatly extended, chiefly
; John, Salisbury Court, C.C. , through the energy and ability of
1705. Dent, who, after the partnership
Nathaniel, Fleet Street, near expired, established himself at 82,
Temple Bar, son of Daniel Strand, afterwards removing to No.
Delander, admitted C.C., 1721 ; 64. Mr. Dent accepted the stipu
master, 1747 ; 1721-1759. lation laid down by Mr. Denison
De Landre, Roger, admitted as a on behalf of the Government, that
brother, C.C., 1641 ; 1635–1650. the Westminster great clock should
Delandre, James, admitted as a be guaranteed to give exact time
brother, C.C., 1668. within a minute a week , and thus
De la Salle, Thomas, 42, St. Cathe secured the contract for makiug it,
rine's, 1800-1810 ; 18 , Cannon on the understanding that it was
Street, 1820-1842. to be designed by Mr. Denison .
Delaunce, James, admitted as a brother, Derham, William , born 1657, died,
C.C., 1677. and buried in Upminster, in 1735 ;
Delauney, Peter, 68, New Bond Street, a clergyman and Canon of Windsor,
1822-1825 . author of " The Artificial Clock
Delaversperre, William , admitted as maker,” published in 1696.
a brother, C.C., 1650. Dermere, Abraham , C.C., 1703.
Delolme, Henry, 48, Rathbone Place, Derwood, -, London, about 1813.
1840-1842. De St. Leu, Daniel, 17, Cloak Lane,
Demaza, George, 95, Strand , 1825. watchmaker to George III., 1763
De Moylym , John, keeper of the 1790.
Dulwich College clock in 1553. Desbois, Jacob, admitted C.C., 1730.
Demster, Roger, London, about 1790. Several generations of this family
Denison , Edmund Beckett, born 1816 ; have carried on business in the
elected president of the British neighbourhood of Hlborn .
Horological Institute, 1868 ; suc Daniel, apprenticed to John
ceededhis father as baronet, taking Johnson, whom he succeeded at
the title of Sir Edmund Beckett ; 9, Gray's Inn Passage, about 1787 ;
called to the House of Lords under 1787-1848.
Desbois and Wheeler , 9, Gray's Inn Dixon, William, 26, Smith Street,
Passage ; a watch by them is in Clerkenwell, 1835 ; 32, King's
the Guildhall Museum ; 1803–1835. Square, 1840 ; 1812.
Daniel, 9, Gray's Inn Passage, Dobb, William , admitted as a brother ,
and afterwards 79, High Holborn, C.C. , 1646.
1835-1885. Dobson, William , admitted as a
Desborough, Christopher, C.C. , 1666. brother, C.C. , 1670.
Desbrow , Robert, admitteil C.C. , 1704. Arl, London, maker of a watch
Des Granges, Peter, 33, Cockspur with finely enamelled case, in the
Street, 1820-1842. B.M .; another example is an oval
Deshais, Matthew , London , maker of watch, at S.K.M., inscribed :
bracket clocks, 1690-1710. “ This watch was a present from
Desmarais, Peter, St. Martin's Court, ye King to the Countess of Mon
1794. teith, 1675 ; " 1760–1780.
Desmore, T. , 11 , Clerkenwell Green, Charles, Coldbath Fields,
1830. liveryman, C.C., 1776.
Dettacher, John, admitted C.C., 1660. Dod, Richard, London , maker of
Deveer, Frederick ,' 7, Angel Court, long -case clocks, 1695-1720.
Throgmorton Street, 1769-1775. Dodsworth, John, admitted as a
De Vick , Henry. About 1364 he brother, C.C., 1648.
made for Charles V. of France the Donaldson, George, 121 , Pall Mall,
first turret clock of which we have 1812.
reliable record ( see p. 26) ; 1340 Dondé, John , maker of a clock with
1364. wheels and balance, 1334.
Devis, William , Fleet Street, 1750 Donisthorpe, of Birmingham . Reid
1765. speaks of him as “ the best maker
-, John, 76, Lamb's Conduit Street, of church clocks I know ,” about
hon . freeman, C.C., 1770-1783. 1810 .
De Welke, Christian, one of the sig Donne, Robert, Lamb's Conduit
natories to the petition of incorpora Street, 1790.
tion of C.C. In the eighteenth Door, George, admitted C.C., 1671 .
century an oval watch by him was Dorigny, Robert; clockmaker to the
found in a field near Kettering ; Duke of Orleans, 1397.
1620-1630. Dorrell, Francis, Honeysuckle Court,
Dewey , William , Dutch clockmaker, Grub Street ; known as a maker of
59, Broadwall, Blackfriars, 1835. long-case clocks ; admitted C.C.,
Dewin , watch -case maker, 17, 1702 ; 1702–1710.
Red Lion Street, Clerkenwell, 1835. -, William , Bridgewater Square,
Dexter, M., London, watch movement summoned to the livery, C.C.,
in Guildhall Museum, about 1790. 1786 ; restored Cripplegate Church
Dickens, John , admitted C.C. , 1688. clock, and made it to strike the
Dickie, Andrew , Edinburgh, maker hours on the tenor bell in 1797 ;
of a repeating watch in S.K.M., 1786-1797.
about 1730. Dossett, Gregory, C.C., 1662.
Dike, Nathaniel, admitted C.C., 1663. Doughty, Thomas, C.C., 1696.
Dingley, Robert, maker of a gold William , 10, Great Ormond
watch, hour -hand only, case with Street, Queen's Square, 1820.
appliqué gold flowers, enamelled ; Dove, Henry, admitted C.C. , 1667.
admitted , C.C., 1668 ; 1668–1679. Dovey, Richard , 6 , Craven Buildings,
, Robert, Bishopsgate Street, cor Drury Lane, 1765-1770.
ner of Great St. Helen's, 1738 Dow, James, watch- case maker, 15,
1740. St. James's Buildings,Clerkenwell,
Dingwall and Bailliam , 9, St. James's 1820.
Street, 1813. 5 William , watch-case maker,
Dinis, Francis, engraver, admitted 54, Percival Street, 1835.
C.C., 1666. Downes, John, admitted C.C., 1725.
Dow, Roger, Vere Street, 1780-1785. Paris ), admitted C.C., 1693 ; maker
Robert, Clerkenwell Close, of a square full-repeating bracket
1790 ; 72, Long Lane, 1810-1835. clock, inscription on back plate :
Robert, 96, Upper Street, “ Claudius du Chesne, in Long
Islington , 1812. Aker.” Many other examples of
Downing , George, watch - chain his work are to be met with, 1693–
maker, Covent Garden, 1790. 1720.
Downinge, Humfrey, apprenticed to Duck, H. , London , about 1720.
Mr. Grinkin, free of Barber Ducker, H. , 3, South Place, Ken
Surgeons ; Blacksmiths' Company, nington Lane, 1835-1842.
in 1637, applied to have him dis Dudds, Joseph, 6, Coleman Street ;
franchised ; 1637. livery, C.C. , 1766–1772.
Dowsett, Jeremiah, admitted C.C., Dudson, Simon , Tower Street, C.C. ,
1708. 1653.
Dowson , John, 77, Holborn Bridge, Duff, James, 24, Castle Street,
and Field Court, Gray's Inn ; ad. Houndsditch, 1840-1842.
mitted C.C. , 1781 ; 1781-1783. Dugard and Simpson, 34, Red Lion
Doyle, James, Glass Street, Queen's Street, Clerkenwell, 1830.
Square, 1790. Dugdale, Richard, 12, Broad Street,
Drabble, J., London, known as a 1800-1805.
maker of good bracket clocks, Du Hamel, Isaac, known as a maker
1710-1720. of bracket clocks, about 1790.
Drake, John, Fleet Street ; action by Duke, John, Fleet Street, maker of a
Blacksmiths' Company to dis watch in the B.M. ( see p. 64),
franchise him ; Lady Fellowes had 1650.
a round silver watch of his make, , Joseph ( apprenticed to Mark
with plain outer case, silver dial, wick), admitted C.C., 1682.
and steel hand ; 1633-1639. Joseph, admitted C.C., 1728.
Draper, John, admitted C.C., 1703 ; , George, 8, St. John's Street,
maker of long-case clocks ( see p . Clerkenwell, 1835–1842.
179) ; 1703–1720. Dulin , W. T. , 10, Cornhill , 1822–1830 .
James, admitted C.C., 1712. Duncan , James, 98, Chancery Lane,
Draycott, Francis, C.C., 1678. 1804-1810 ; 44, St. James's Street,
Drew , John, admitted C.C., 1684. 1815-1825.
9 Edward , admitted C.C., 1692. , James, 33, Old Bond Street,
Droeshout, John , admitted C.C., 1632. 1830.
Drossati, Samuel, C.C., 1675. Duncombe, Richard, master, C.C.,
Drury , James, admitted C.C., 1694 ; 1798 ; 1785-1799.
master, 1728 ; 1694-1729. Dunkerley, Samuel, 1770.
- John , admitted C.C., 1720. Dunkley, John, 88, Bethnal Green
D. , 32, Strand, 1775–1785. Road, 1835.
William , 32, Strand, 1800 Thomas, 25, Galway Street,
1825. St. Luke's, 1840-1842.
J. F. , 19, Clerkenwell Green, Dunlop, Andrew, admitted C.C.,
1810. 1701 ; known as a maker of long
Dryden , G. , 30, Little Guildford case clocks, 1701-1720.
Street, Brunswick Square, 1835. Conyers, Spring Gardens,
Dubie, Paris, Court goldsmith, Charing Cross, master of C.C. in
who resided in the Louvre, ex 1758 ; 1747–1790.
celled in fine enamelled watch Dunn , Henry, admitted C.C., 1677.
cases, 1640–1650. -, Anthony, admitted C.C., 1719.
Ducastel, Isaac, admitted C.C., 1703. William , 5, Charlton Place,
Duchen. In the B.M. is a watch by Islington Green , 1835.
him, in a chased case by D. Cochin, Duntnell, Daniel, 131, Oxford Street,
1730. 1783.
Duchesne, Claude, in Long Acre (of | Dupin, Paul, London, maker of a
repeating watch in the Guildhall Dwerryhouse and Carter, 23, Berke

Museum ; three cases, inner case ley Square, 1810 ; 27, Davis Street,
engraved and pierced, enclosed in 1823.
a richly chased one, by Moser ; Dyde, Thomas, London, maker of
outer case of leather piqué ; about lantern clocks, about 1670.
1700. Dyer, Joseph, Addle Street, 1735–
Duplock, Charles, 129, Borough , 1790– 1740.
1815. and Newman , 9, Lombard Street,
and Wiggins, 129, High Street, 1768-1772.
Borough, 1820-1830 . Dyke, - Exchange Alley, 1685.
Dupont, à Castres, maker of a watch Dymond, John , watch-case maker,
in tbe B.M.; about 1650. Windmill Court, Smithfield , 1790.
Peter, 27, Ivy Lane, Newgate Dyson, John, admitted C.C., 1694.
Street, 1759-1772.
Charles, Cockspur Street, Char Eady, William , 14, West Street,
ing Cross, 1798-1800. Smithfield , 1800.
Duppa, James, 15, Aldgate Within, Eagle, John, admitted C.C. , 1690.
1765-1770 . Eagleton, Christopher, apprenticed to
Durant, Oswald, petitioner for incor Charles Halstead, 1683. In the
poration of C.C.; admitted 1632 : Guildhall Museum is a watch by
warden in 1645 ; did not become him ; silver case, silver dial, outer
master ; 1630–1645 . case tortoiseshell piqué; 1690
Durdent, Andrew , admitted C.C. , 1710 .
1662. Earle, Thomas, admitted C.C., 1720.
Durley , T., 33, Northampton Street, Earnshaw , Thomas, 119, High Hol
Clerkenwell, 1835. born, born 1749, died 1829 (see p.
Durrant, Richard, 36, Museum Street, 132 ).
Bloomsbury, 1840-1842. - , Thomas, junior, 87, Fenchurch
Thomas, near the Broadway, Street, 1825-1842.
Hammersmith, 1840. East, Edward, Pall Mall, 1632 ; Fleet
Durtnall, Daniel, 131, Oxford Street, Street later, One of the first
1780-1805. assistants of C.C .; a very eminent
Dutens, Peter, Leicester Square, maker (see p. 79) ; 1610–1673.
1759-1765. Jeremy, admitted as a brother,
Dutertre, Jean Baptiste, Paris, in C.C., 1641 ; maker of a small oval
ventor of an escapement with two watch , plain silver dial, one band ;
balances, 1724. possibly a son of Edward East,
Dutton, William , 148, Fleet Street ; 1641-1680.
liveryman, C.C., 1766–1790. Thomas, admitted C.C. , 1677.
M. and T. , 148, Fleet Street ; Peter, admitted C.C. , 1692.
Matthew Dutton, master, C.C. , Edward, apprenticed to D.
1800 ; 1798-1802. Lyon and L. Clyatt, admitted
Matthew, 148, Fleet Street, C.C., 1696 ; 1696–1710.
1803–1842. Edward, junior, apprenticed to
Duval, John, admitted C.C .. 1677. Thomas East ; admitted C.C., 1709.
Francis and John , Warnford Jordon, son of Edward East ;
Court, Tbrogmorton Street, 1755– admitted C.C., 1720-1725 .
1765. Eastland, Thomas, London , known
Dwerrihouse , Ogston, and Co., 27, as a maker of repeating watches,
Davies Street, Berkeley Square, about 1750.
1835-1842. Eastwick, Adrian , 102, Aldersgate
and Bell, 131, Mount Street, Street, 1780–1785.
1840. Eave, John, 8, Oxford Street, 1790.
Dwerryhouse, John, Charles Street ; Ebben, W., 37, Hedge Row, Isling
hon. freeman , C.C. , 1781-1790 ; 23, ton, 1835-1842.
Berkeley Square, 1798 ; 1778–1800. Ebsworth, John , a good maker. On
Y
many full -sized lantern clocks with Elisha, Caleb , 3, Marylebone Street,
dolphin frets (originally with Golden Square, 1820 .
balances ) is inscribed the address Caleb, 175, Piccadilly, 1835.
“ At ye Cross Keys in Lothebury. ” -, Caleb, 8, New Bond Street,
On another clock is the address, 1842.
“ New Cheap Side; " C.C., 1665 ; Elkins, William , admitted C.C., 1709.
master, 1697 ; 1665-1697. Ellicott, John , 17, Sweeting's Alley,
Ebsworth, Christopher, C.C. , 1670. Corphill, an eminent maker (see
Eden, William , admitted C.C., 1726. p. 107) ; 1728-1772.
Edington and Son, 10, Portland -, John, and Sons, 17, Sweeting's
Street, 1830. Rents, 1769–1788.
Edkins, James, 2, High Street, Ken and Taylor, Sweeting's Alley,
sington, 1835-1812 . Cornhill, 1810-1820.
Edlin , John, admitted C.C., 1687. Edward, and Sons. Edward
, George, 6, Aldgate Within, Ellicott, master, C.C., 1834 ; 17 ,
livery, C.C., 1810 ; 1800–1813. Sweeting's Alley, Cornhill , 1783–
Edlyne, Edgar, Nevill Alley, Fetter 1834.
Lane, maker of a verge bracket and Smith ,17, Sweeting's Alley,
clock, dome case and dial, en Cornhill, 1835, 1836.
graved back ; 1690-1710. and Smith, 27, Lombard Street,
Edmunds, J. , 14, Strand , 1825–1830 . 1840-1842.
Edwards, Isaac, admitted C.C., 1719 . Elliott, Henry, admitted as a brother,
W. J., Coleman Street, 1783. C.C. , 1688 .
William , 4, Holborn, 1775– -, James, Oxford Street, 1780
1783 ; 109, Cheapside, 1790. 1800.
James, 180, Fleet Street, 1790. and Son, 119, Oxford Street ,
-, William , 26, New Bond Street, 1805.
1800. John Moseley, Aylesbury
James, 93, Wood Street, Cheap Street, Clerkenwell ; patented a
side, 1820-1825. repeater (No. 2759) (see p. 249) ;
-, Robert, Great Sutton Street, 1790-1812.
1820-1825. Ellis, James, admitted C.C., 1667.
Benjamin, 17, Shoreditch, 1830– Thomas, admitted C.C., 1682 .
1842. Paul, admitted as a brother ,
5 J., 4, Commercial Road, 1835. C.C., 1682.
W., and Son, 2, Theberton John , admitted C.C., 1726.
Street, Islingtou, 1835-1842. Richard, Westminster, maker
A., watch-cap maker, 14, Great of bracket quarter clocks, about
Sutton Street, 1835. 1790.
Effington, John, admitted C.C., 1702. and Collins, 52, Strand, 1804.
Egleton , Christopher, apprenticed to Michael, 18, Bevis Marks, 1842.
Charles Halstead in 1683 ; admitted Elliston, Robert, 12, Charles Street,
C.C., 1696. Covent Garden, 1790.
Eiffe, James Sweetman, born 1800, Ellwood, John, admitted C.C., 1702 ;
died 1880 ; a clever chronometer maker of long marqueterie case
maker, who for some time carried clock, square dial, 1702–1725.
on business in Lombard Street. Elmes, William , admitted as a
He invented a compensation bal brother, C.C., 1667.
ance very similar tothat patented Elson, David, admitted as a brother,
by Molyneux. C.C., 1646.
Eldridge, John, admitted C.C., 1677. Elton , John, admitted C.C., 1675.
Eley , James, 11 , Fenchurch Street, Elwood, Martin, admitted as a brother,
1780-1785. C.C., 1687 ; a watch by him in the
Elfin , Benjamin , admitted C.C., 1674 . Guildhall Museum , silver dial,
Eliason, Daniel, 18, Leman Street, curious tortoiseshell case inlaid
Goodman Fields, 1785–1790. with silver, 1680–1700.
Ely, James, 8, Soho Squire , 1825. Exelby, George, 6, Red Lion Street,
Emanuel, Joel, Bevis Marks, 1812 Clerkenwell, 1790.
1815. Eyston, Edward, admitted C.C., 1659.
Lewis, and Son, 36, Swan Street, Eyre (Ewer), John, admitted C.C.,
Minories, 1820-1812. 1703 ; maker of long-case and
Brothers, 1, Bevis Marks, 1830. chime clocks, 1703-1720.
Emery, Josiah, Charing Cross, livery,
C.C., 1781 ; an eminent maker (see Facio, Nicholas, born at Basle, 1664,
p . 262) ; a watch by him in the died in Worcester, 1753 ; intro
Guildhall Museum, ruby cylinder, duced watch jewelling (patent
helical balance -spring, compensa No. 371 , May, 1704), (see p . 231 ).
tion curb ; 1770-1805 . Fage, Edward, adınitted C.C., 1667.
Enderlin , maker of English Faircloth , Thomas, C.C. , 1660.
clocks ( see p. 111 ), 1720-1740. Fairey , John, 22, Ratcliff Highway,
Engall, Abraham , admitted as а 1810-1842.
brother, C.C., 1648. Richard, 150, Tooley Street,
Ennis, Edward, admitted C.C., 1658. Borough, 1820-1842.
Enys, Edward , admitted C.C., 1684. Richard , junior, 68, High
Erbury, Henry, admitted C.C., 1650. Street, Borough, 1835.
Erhardt, J. C., maker of a watch, Falkner, John, 15:3, Newman Street,
B.M., about 1700. Oxford Street, 1824-1828.
Erio, William , admitted C.C., 1730. Falks, Robert, C.C., 1720-1725.
Ericke, Robert, admitted C.C., 1719. Farewell, John, C.C., 1695-1700.
Errington, F. , Saville Row , Wal Farmer, Thomas, admitted as a
worth , 1835 . brother, C.C. , 1617.
Ester (Esther), Henry ; a watch by Leonard. Received £37 in
him S.K.M .; another B.M. in the 1617 for a clock and chimes and
shape of a tulip, about 1600. “ twoe dyalls, and for a barrel and
Eston, Edward, admitted C.C., 1708. pricking thereof,” from the church
Etherington, George, Fleet Street, wardens of St. Margaret's, West
C.C., 1684 ; master, 1709 ; maker of minster.
long -case clocks, 1684-1710. “ A Thomas, admitted C.C., 1653.
Gold Minute Watch with a green In the St. Margaret's, Westminster ,
Shagreen case, with gold studs, church wardens' accounts for 1658
made by George Ethrington ” appears “ Item to Mr. Farmer for
( London Gazette, Dec. 25, 1689). making of the new diall on the
Etty, Marmaduke, C.C., 1716. westward of the church , as by his
Evans, Thomas, admitted C.C., 1673. bill appeareth 141. 108.; ' also,
Henry, admitted C.C. , 1682 . “ Item to Mr. Farmer for a new
Thomas, admitted C.C. , 1718. diall at the west end of the church
> Thomas, admitted C.C., 1720. on the churchyard side, 71. ; ” 1653
William , 23, Aldgate Without, 1660.
1775. 9 Richard, admitted C.C., 1681.
James and Son, 7, Sweeting's -, Thomas, admitted C.C., 1689.
Alley, 1770-1800. William , 20, Hanover Street,
Eve, John, 17, New North Street, 1800.
Red Lion Square, 1842. G. W. , 32, Tavistock Street,
Everell, John, “ by ye new church in 1830.
ye Strand ;” maker of a verge Farquhar, W. , 6, Up. East Smithfield,
watch, square pillars, outer case 1835-1842.
of tortoiseshell, 1730-1760. Farquharson, George, 66, Strand,
Exchagnet, Louis, Wilderness Row, 1775 .
1790. George, 421, Strand, 1780–1785.
Exelby, James, St. John's Lane ; C.C., Farran, Robert, watch - chain maker,
1718 ; kuown as a maker of long 9, Moorfields, 1780-1783.
case clocks; 1718-1730. Farrend, B., 48, Cheapside, 1825.
Farrer, William , Pontefract, maker Ferron , John , admitted C.C., 1692.

of one-day long -case clocks, about -, Lewis, London, maker of a long
1730. marqueterie case clock , pull chime
Farrett, Richard, admitted C.C. , 1670. quarters, angel and crown corners,
Faulkner, Edward, master, C.C. , 1734 ; about 1720.
1710-1735. Fetters, Henry, East Smithfield ;
William, livery, C.C., 1787 ; free Blacksmiths', 1630 ; admitted ,
1770-1778. C.C., 1653 ; 1630-1653.
Faux, John, Worship Street, Moor Fidgett, William , 3, Bell Court, Fen
fields, 1780-1785 . church Street, 1790-1825.
Favey, Francis, 12, Wilderness Row, Fidley, George, 43, Ratcliff Highway,
Goswell Street, 1785–1790. 1840.
and Son, 5, Corporation Row, Field, Daniel, 21 , Red Lion Street,
Clerkenwell, 1804. Clerkenwell, 1798.
Favre, Henry, 27, Pall Mall, 1804 Fielder, Thomas, London , about 1715.
1815. Filton, Charles, admitted C.C., 1674.
Fazy, John, 7, Red Lion Court, Fleet Finch, John , admitted C.C., 1675 ;
Street, 1780-1785. master, 1706 ; 1675-1707.
Fearn , John, 114, Strand, 1800-1805 ; Thomas, admitted as a brother,
10, Cornhill, 1813. C.C. , 1676.
J. G. , 73, Strand, 1813 ; 22, William , Kingston, admitted
Regent Street, 1840. C.C., 1691 ; maker of long -case
Fearon, Daniel, Fetter Lane, livery clocks, 1691-1720 .
man , C.C., 1776. Robert, admitted C.C., 1691 .
Feilder, Thomas,admitted C.C., 1689 ; Simon, admitted C.C., 1706.
master, 1715 ; 1689–1716. Findley, J. , 5, Duke Street, 1820.
Fell, William , admitted C.C., 1705. -, George, 43, Ratcliff Highway,
John, admitted C.C., 1727. 1835-1842.
Felter, Nicholas, admitted C.C., 1632. Finelly, —, Aix, maker of a watch
Thomas, admitted C.C., 1709. in the form of a pectoral cross,
Fenn, Robert, admitted C.C. , 1689. about 1560.
Daniel and Samuel, 105, New Finer, John, 5, Hatton Garden , 1791–
gate Street ; D. Fenn master, C.C. , 1800.
1766 ; 1760-1804. Thomas, and Nowland, 5, Hat
Samuel, and Sons, 105, Newgate ton Garden, 1800–1805 ; 48, High
Street; S. Fenn , master, C.C., 1793 ; Holborn , 1808–1820.
1806-1815. -, Horatio, 48, High Holborn ,
-, Joseph, 105, Newgate Street, 1840-1842.
master, C.C., 1842 ; 1830-1842. Finnie, Henry, admitted C.C., 1728.
Fennel, Richard, Kensington, maker Fish , Henry (Henry Poisson ?),_4,
of bracket clock, arch dial, bell top Sweeting's Alley, Royal Ex
shape with handle, also a long change ; maker of a black bell
mahogany case-clock, inscribed “R. top case bracket clock, inscription
Fennel, Kensington ; ” admitted on arch, Henry Fish , Royall
C.C. , 1679 ; 1676–1700. Exchange. ” A long-case clock in
Fenton, John, admitted C.C., 1662. the S.K.M. and several other ex
— Samuel, 4, Goswell Place, Euston amples by him are extant ; 1730
Square, 1840. 1775.
Ferguson , James, born 1710, died, 9 John, apprenticed to his mother,
and buried in Marylebone church Mary, wife of William Fish ; ad
yard, 1776 ; astronomer and mitted C.C., 1766 ; 1760-1766.
mechanician . C. H. , 13, Mill Street, Hanover
Ferment , John, admitted as a brother , Square, 1830-1835.
C.C., 1679. Wood mentions a Fisher, Ebenezer, C.C. , 1725.
square pedestal watch by Ferment , - , Joseph, 2, Leicester Square,
1670-1690 . 1783-1800.
Fisher, Daniel, Bunhill Row, 1769– as a West End shopkeeper he was

1772. quite out of his element, and in
-, Daniel, and Son , 9, Worship looking out for a more congenial
Street, Finsbury, 1790–1804. sphere of action he learnt that
Fishwater, John, C.C., 1726. Eiffe, who had made for himself
Fitree, Samuel, Whitecross Street, a name as a chronometer maker
1790. in Lombard Street, was anxious
Fitter, John, admitted as a brother, to retire , John Fletcher made
C.C., 1685. Wood mentions a gold arrangements to take over Eiffe's
enamelled watch by Fitter, 1680– shop. In Lombard Street Fletcher
1700 . was most successful. He learnt
Thomazon , 37, St. John's springing from William Cribb,
Square, Clerkenwell, 1759–1783. and settled down as a chrono
Flack , G., 9, Princess Street, Drury meter maker, springing and ad
Lane, 1820. justing his own work. When the
Fladgate and Wilder, Conduit Street, lease of the premises in Lombard
Hanover Square, 1765. Street expired, he bought the
John, Conduit Street, Hanover business of Cummins, at 148,
Square ; hon . freeman, C.C., 1781. Leadenhall Street, and having by
In the B.M. is a small clock by this time also established a reputa
him , brass dial with arch, cherub tion of his own, he did a very
corners, minute hand ; 1770–1790. flourishing business there for many
Flaig , Robert, and Co. , wooden clock years. As age crept on him he
maker, 39, Kingsland Road, 1840. gave up the more active superin
Flashman, George, 18, Fleet Street, tendence of his business, which
1790-1813. declined ; and after removing from
Fleetwood, Robert, Featherstone 148, which was pulled down, to
Buildings, Holborn , in 1760 ; 13, 99, Leadenball Street, and again
Abchurch Lane, 1776 ; liveryman, to Billiter Street, he finally retired
C.C. , 1760-1790. about 1880, and died in 1882, aged
, John, Dorrington Street, 1790. 80.
Fleming, Andrew , C.C. , 1725 . Fleurian , Esaye, maker of a clock in
Fletcher, Daniel, admitted as a marqueterie case, Queen Anne
brother, C.C., 1646. style, temp. about 1705.
Thomas, in St. Martin's ; Flockhart, Andrew , 5, King Street,
admitted as a brother, C.C. , 1676 ; Covent Garden , 1820-1835.
threatened with prosecution by Floden , Will am , 20, Skinner Street,
C.C. for undue taking of appren: and Coburg Street, Clerkenwell,
tices, 1682 ; 1672–1682. 1835.
-, Edward, admitted C.C. , 1697. Flood, Humphrey, received £220 for
> Charles, 29, Marylebone Street, a clock “ covered with gold and
Piccadilly, 1840–1812. set with rubies and diamonds,
1 M. , 25 , Charlotte Street, Fitzroy delivered to his Majesty's use
Square, 1835. ( James I.), 1607-1617.
John. Originally a Lancashire Flook, J. , London, maker of bracket
pinion maker, he started in London clocks, about 1750.
as a chronometer escapement Flower, Thomas, admitted C.C., 1730.
maker, and afterwards manufac Edward, Rolls Buildings,
tured unsprung marine chrono Fetter Lane, 1769–1772 .
meters for the trade at 14, Chapel | Fogg, Hugh, near Exeter Change,
Street, Liverpool Road. During a Strand, 1765-1770.
period of depression in the chrono Foilman, John, watch -glass maker,
meter trade, Fletcher bought the George Street, St. Martin's Lane,
business of Dwerrihouse in Davies 1790.
Street, Berkeley Square, which he Fole, Robert, admitted C.C. , 1667.
carried on for a year or two. But Foote, William , admitted C.C. , 1726.
Forbes, John, 122, Leadenhall Street, Fox, Mordecai, admitted as a brother,

1835. C.C., 1689.
Ford, William , admitted as a brother, Isaac, 39, Minories, 1772 ; 7,
C.C., 1770. Great Prescot Street, 1782 ; 1772
Thomas, admitted C.C. , 1724. 1790.
and Simmons, 16, King Street, and Son, 7, Magdalen Build
Seven Dials, 1842. ings, Prescot Street, 1788.
Fordham , Thomas, admitted as a Thomas, 131 , Strand, 1790.
brother, C.C., 1689. Framborough, Edward, admitted as
Foreman , Francis, St. Paul's Gate, a brother, C.C., 1689.
petitioner tv Charles I. for incor Francis, Bulmer, admitted C.C. , 1731 .
poration of C.C., and one of the —, William , 15, King Street, Clerk
first assistants of C.C.; maker of enwell, livery, C.C., 1810 ; 1805–
a lantern clock ; 1629-1649. 1840.
-, Michael, livery, C.C., 1810 ; Franklin , William , C.C., 1712.
1800-1811 . William , admitted C.C., 1731.
Forfard, Augustin , Sedan, maker of William , watch shagreen-case
an oval watch, about 1650. maker, Shoe Lane, 1790.
Forgat, “ A round brass clock, Frearson, John, admitted C.C., 1689.
the Box well gilt and pearced all Freeman, Stafford, C.C. , 1664.
over, in a leather Case, the name , John, C.C. , 1646-1680. 1
Forgat” ( London Gazette, March Thomas, admitted C.C , 1698.
29, April 1 , 1680 ). James, admitted C.C. , 1719 .
Forrest, Joseph, admitted C.C. , 1692. Nathaniel, 26, Upper King
Forsaict, N. , Paris, maker of an octa Street, Bloomsbury, 1840-1842.
gonal watch presented to John French, John, 21 , Tavistock Street,
Knox by Mary Queen of Scots, 1783-1788.
1550-1560. James, 17, Castle Street, Hol
Forster, William , admitted as a born, and 21 , Tavistock Street,
brother, C.C., 1681 . 1810.
Clement, admitted C.C., 1682. James Morre, 15, Sweeting's
John, apprenticed to D. Quare ; Alley, 1812–1835 .
admitted C.C., 1689 . Frencham, James, C.C., 1698.
John , admitted C.C., 1726. Freshfield , James, admitted by re
Forsyth, James, Albion Buildings, demption, C.C. , 1774 ; letter as to
Bartholomew Close, 1790. non -payment of quarterage, 1796 ;
Forte, John, admitied C.C., 1672. 1774-1800.
Foss, Thomas, 131 , Strand, maker of -, James William , son of the fore
8 -bell chime clock , brass dial, with going, admitted C.C., 1801 .
strike-silent, silvered circles at Frippett, John, admitted as a brother,
top, and in Chippendale case, 1780 C.C., 1665–1670.
1795. Frisby, J. , 5, Duke Street, Gros
Foster, Joseph, Exchange Alley, venor Square, 1820-1825.
admitted C.C., 1691 . Frisquet, Peter, 30, Lothbury, 1768
Fowde, John, admitted as a brother, 1775.
C.C., 1653. Frodsham , William , and Son, Kings
Fowkes, Gabriel, Dartford, maker of gate Street, 1790 .
long Oriental lacquer case, with John, 12, Kingsgate Street,
picture in centre of door, arch dial, 1813 .
engraved silver centre, flower and William James, Change Alley,
scroll corners, about 1750. F.R.S.; master, C.C., 1836, 1837 ;
Fowlds, Andrew , 9, St. John's Street, died 1850. Some time in partner
1790. ship with William Parkinson ; be
Fowll, Edward, admitted as a brother, queathed £ 1000 to C.C., to be known
C.C., 1670. as the Parkinson and Frodsham
Fox , Charles, admitted C.C., 1662. Charity, 1802–1850.
Frodsham and Baker, 12, Kingsgate 6, Bridgewater Square, 1823 ; 8,

Street, Bloomsbury, 1810. Wood Street, Goswell Road, 1835–
-, John, and Son, 38, Gracechurch 1842.
Street, 1835-1842. Gamp, P. J. , wood clockmaker, 28,
Charles, born 1810, died 1871 ; Hatton Wall, 1835.
a skilful and successful watch General, Aug., 7, Baker Street,
maker, 7, Finsbury Pavement, Clerkenwell, 1835.
1842 ; afterwards succeeded J. R. Ganter, J. , 39, Marshall Street,
Arnold, at 84, Strand. He con London Road, 1835.
ducted many experiments with a Ganthony, Richard, 27, Cannon
view of elucidating the principles Street, 1803 ; 29, Lombard Street,
underlying the action of the com 1807 ; 88, Cheapside, 1825 ; master,
pensation balance and the balance C.C., 1828, 1829 ; 1803–1842.
spring, and wrote several valuable Gany, Thomas, admitted C.C., 1699.
technical works. He was for some Garden , William , C.C. , 1712.
time a vice-president of the Horo Philip, St. Paul's Church
logical Institute ; master, C.C., yard, 1759.
1855-1862. Gardener, John, admitted C.C., 1682.
Fromanteel, Ahasuerus, East Smith Henry, 36 , Norton Folgate,
field ; Blacksmiths' Company, 1630 ; 1794-1804 .
C.C., 1632 (see p . 101) ; 1630–1650. Gardiner, John, Croydon, admitted
Ahasuerus, Moses Alley, Bank as a brother, C.C. , 1687.
side, admitted C.C., 1655-1670. Henry, Rolls Buildings, Fetter
Ahasuerus, Ye Mermaid at Lane, 1759, 1760.
Lothbury and Moses Alley, Bank Gardner, Thomas, admitted as a
side ; apprenticed to Simon Bar brother, C.C., 1689.
tram ; C.C., 1663-1675. William Obadiah, C.C., 1711 .
- , John, Ye Mermaid at Lothbury, William , Sandwich, maker of
apprenticed to Thomas Loomes ; a walnut long-case clock and dial,
admitted C.C., 1663–1680. about 1760.
Abraham , son of Ahasuerus Garfoot, William , C.C. , 1680.
Fromanteel ; admitted C.C., 1680 Garland, John, Barbican, liveryman,
1690. C.C., 1776 ; 1766-1798.
Fry, Edward, 13, Park Side, Knights Garle, Thomas, Bennett Hill, livery
bridge , 1835. man , C.C.; master, 1769 ; 1760–
Fryer, William James, 50, Cheapside , 1776.
1842. Garnard, R., 31, Panton Street, Hay
Fulkener, Edward, C.C., 1702. market, 1830.
Fuller, William , adnitted C.C., 1675. Garon, -, London. In the B.M. is a
Samuel, 64, Red Lion Street, watch of his, with day of the month
Clerkenwell, 1824-1840. circle, 1680-1690.
Furness, John, 9, Cross Street, Hat Garrat, William , Ormskirk, maker
ton Garden, 1830. of watches with Debaufre's dead
Furnesse, Thomas, near Three Com beat escapement, 1775–1800.
passes, Gravel Lane, 1701 . Garret, Ferdinando, maker of an early
Furnifull, Richard, C.C., 1722. English watch, ornamented with
Furnis, Thomas, 25, Crawford Street, a Tudor rose, in the B.M., about
1840-1842. 1590. “ A small eight square
Fury, Flack , admitted C.C., 1658. Watch , the edges Brass, and the
Cover and Bottom silver, made
Gale, James, 64, Cannon Street, 1783 by Ferdinando Garet ” ( London
1789. Gazette, March 29, April 1 , 1680).
John, Lamb Street, Spital Garrett, Charles, admitted C.C., 1690 .
fields, 1800-1842. > Charles, admitted C.C., 1720.
Gambell, Thomas, C.C., 1656. William, 188, Wapping, 1804–
Gammage, I., musical clockmaker, 1815.
Garron, Peter, admitted C.C., 1694. Gibbs, Thomas, 11, Nichol Square,
Peter, Bankrupt ” ( London Aldersgate Street, 1825.
Gazette, October 31 , November 4, - George, 38, Banner Street,
1706). 1835-1842.
Garth, John, Aylesbury Street, Gibson, James, admitted as a brother,
Clerkenwell , 1750–1755. C.C. , 1670.
Gascoigne, Samuel. “ Lost, between and Faust, 5, Charlotte Street ,
Ludgate and Lothbury, on the Rathbone Place, 1800.
8th instant, a pendulum watch in Edward, livery, C.C. , 1787 ;
a Tortoise -shell Case, with a steel master, 1802 ; 1780-1803.
Chain and 2 Swiftles; made by 1 John, Whalebone Court, Loth
Samuel Gascoigne " ( London Ga bury, 1761-1813.
zette, July 14-18, 1692 ); C.C., 1676. C., 71 , Bishopsgate Within ,
Gass, David, and Co. , 42, Oxford 1830.
Street, 1810-1823. Gideon, Robert, admitted C.C., 1691 .
Gathercole, John, London , maker of Gifford , Thomas, C.C., 1693 .
a bracket clock , silvered arch dial , Gilbert. Faustin , C.C. , 1661.
about 1780. William , admitted C.C. , 1695.
Gaudron, à Paris, clockmaker of re 9 Charles, admitted C.C., 1700.
pute, spoken of as an authority by Philip, 20, Cockspur Street,
Lepaute, 1710-1730. 1820 ; 5, St.James's Square, 1830 ;
Gaunt, William, 2, Bridgewater Gar 1820-1830.
dens, 1840-1842. Gildchrist, Archibald, C.C. , 1729.
Gavelle, James (alien), maker of a Sterling, Lombard Street, 1755–
clock with square dial, boy and 1765.
crown corners, “ James Gavelle, Gilkes, Richard, C.C., 1686.
Londini , fecit,” on circle ; ad Gill, John, admitted C.C., 1707.
mitted as a brother, C.C. , 1683 ; -, John, Gracechurch Street,
1683-1700. 1760-1765.
Gaze, Samuel B. , a well-known clock Giller, C., Berne, maker of an oval
maker, 26, Princes Street, Spital watch , about 1650.
fields, 1820-1842. Gilpin , Edmund, petitioner for in
Peter, Liverpool Road , son of corporation of C.C., 1630–1665.
the above, died 1882, aged 73. Gingner, Anthony ( French ), ad
Gefael, U., 28 , Langley Place, Com mitted as a brother, C.C., 1687.
mercial Road, 1835-1812. Ginn, William , freeman , C.C., 1699.
Gells, Thomas, admitted C.C., 1720. Girod, Gasper, an astronomical watch
George, Richard, C.C. , 1681 . by bim in B.M., about 1610.
Gernon, Bernard, apprenticed to James (French), admitted C.C.,
Solomon Wagson , of Bristol ; ad 1693.
mitted C.C., 1659. Gladstone, Thomas, C.C., 1703.
Gibbard, Thomas, Quakers' Build Glanville, Richard, Strand, 1775.
ings, 1780–1785. Glass, Alexander, 306, High Hol
Gibbons, Richard, C.C., 1730. born, 1783.
-, Benjamin, C: C., 1750–1770. Glazier, William , C.C., 1666.
-, Joshua, 45, White Street, Gleave, Matthew, a watch by him in
Borough, 1810-1815. Guildhall Museum, 1700.
John, King Street, Clerkenwell , Glenny, watch-case maker, 20,
1815-1823 ; 64, Hatton Garden, Red Lion Street, Clerkenwell,
1836–1842. 1810.
Gibbs, Walter, admitted C.C., 1648. Joseph, livery, C.C. 1810 ;
-, Thomas, admitted C.C., 1681 ; 1800-1811 .
master, 1711 ; 1681-1712. Glover, Samuel, admitted C.C., 1694.
William , admitted C.C. , 1707 ; Daniel, admitted C.C., 1699.
maker of a pair- case verge watch , John, admitted C.C., 1700.
repoussé case, 1707-1720 . Richard, admitted C.C. , 1703.
Glover, Boyer, died while serving as 2nd edition , London, 1711 ; ad

senior warden, C.C., 1740-1768. mitted C.C. , 1678 .
-, watch -spring maker, 81 , Good, John, 305, High Holborn ,
Aldersgate Street, 1800-1805 . 1780-1785.
J. , 9, May's Buildings, St. Goodchild, John, admitted C.C. , 1726.
Martin's Lane, 1835. Goode, Charles, admitted as a brother
Glynn, Richard, admitted C.C., 1705. C.C. , 1686.
Gobert, Peter ( French ), adınitted as Goodhugh, R. and B., 2, Welbeck
a brother, C.C. , 1687. Street, Cavendish Square, 1825–
Godbed, William , Lombard Street, 1835.
maker of a watch at the B.M., -, William , 126, Regent Street,
about 1640. 1825.
Goddard, John , Hounsditch ( from Richard, 32, Edward Street,
Paris), described as a Papist who PortmanSquare, from 2, Welbeck
resided with and worked for Isaac Street, Cavendish Square, 1840–
Sunes in Hounsditch , 1615-1618 . 1842 .
> Benjamin, admitted C.C. , 1701 . Goodlad, Richard, admitted as a
Nicholas, Newark, maker of brother, C.C. , 1689.
lantern clocks, 1700-1720 . Goodman, J. , and Son, 1 , New Chappel
> Benjamin , admitted C.C., 1727. Place, Kentish Town, 1840-1842 .
F. , 6, Rathbone Place, 1794 Goodrich , Simon , received a reward
1825. from the Society of Arts, in 1799,
T., 20, New Gloucester Street, for an improved escapement, 1790–
Hoxton, 1835. 1800.
Godfrey, Henry , admitted as а Goodwin, John, 70, Strand, 1770
brother, C.C., 1685. “ A pretty 1775.
large sized Pendulum -watch in a James, watch and clock enamel
Tortoiseshell-Case ; it shews the ler, 37, Red Lion Street, Clerken
Hours and Minutes with a Sun well, 1810-1840.
and Moon Dial Plate, made by Goodyear, John, admitted C.C., 1722 .
Henry Godfrey, London " (London , Joseph, admitted C.C. , 1732.
Gazette, October 7-10, 1700). Gordon, John, admitted C.C. , 1698 ;
George, 22, Charterhouse maker of a bracket clock, black
Street, 1835. case, arch dial inscribed “ John
Godney , J., 4, St. James's Street, 1825. Gordon, London , " on oval silvered
Godwin , John, 161 , Strand, 1800 plate, 1698-1712.
1805 ; 304, Holborn, 1820-1842. ; William , 15, Cross Street,
Gold, John, 118, Fleet Street, 1806 Islington, 1794-1805.
1813. Theodore, Great James Street,
Golding, J. , 55, Cornhill, 1775. Bedford Row ; born at Barbadoes,
Goldsmith , John, C.C. , 1681 . apprenticed in Aberdeen ; hori
William , admitted C.C. , 1719. zontal and duplex escapement
9 John, admitted C.C. , 1720. maker, also assistant of B. L.
Golledge, Richard, Stratford, 1835. Vulliamy, sometime editor of the
Gom, David, Lyons, maker of a Horological Journal ; died 1870,
watch cased in jacinths, about 1650. aged 81 .
Gont, William , 6 , Norman Street, Old Gorham , James , 5, High Street ,
Street, 1790–1795. Kensington, 1835–1842.
Goooh and Harper, 12, Red Lion Gosling, Richard, and Son, 55, Corn
Street, Clerkenwell, 1810-1813 . hill, 1765-1775 .
Albert, 13, Red Lion Street, , Joseph, 55, Cornhill, 1780–1785 .
Clerkenwell, 1825. Robert, 160, Fenchurch Street,
H., 25, Coppice Row, Clerken 1770-1785.
well, 1830. Goss, Jeremiah, admitted C.C., 1667.
Good, John , author of “ The Art of Goubert, James, admitted as а .
Shadows ; or, Universal Dialling , " brother, C.C. , 1890.
Gough, William , London, a watch Grafton, J. and E. , 42, Coleman Street,

by him in the Guildhall Museum, 1834 ; 81, Fleet Street, 1838 ;
about 1760. 1834-1842.
Gougy, Pierre Frederick , patented 9 Henry, 18, Barbican, 1840.
in 1839 (No. 8308) a supple Graham , George, “ Honest George
mentary second hand, so adjusted Graham ," a most eminent clock
by mechanism that it may be and watchmaker (see pp. 89-97) ;
stopped while the otber second 1694-1751.
hand is going, and on being set James, 85, Piccadilly, 1800
free will recover its original posi 1805 .
tion, and rotate as before along Grand, John, 3, Cockspur Street, 1800.
with the other, 1839. Granger, Richard, C.C., 1695.
Goujon, Samuel, 42, Newgate Street, Grant, John, 75, Fleet Street ; ap
master, C.C. , 1760 ; 1752-1788. prenticed to Alexander Cumming,
Gould , Christopher, admitted as a whose nephew he was. Hon. free
brother, C.C., 1682 . • Supposed man, C.C., 1781 ; warden , 1810.
to be drop'd in a Hackney coach Several specimens of his work are
on the 4th inst., a gold watch in in the Guildhall Museum ; 1770
a black shagreen case, made by 1810.
C. Gold, the word “ Friendship John , 75, Fleet Street, son of
graved on theMovement ” (London the preceding, and an equally
Gazette, March 18-21 , 1694). celebrated maker ; admitted C.C.,
-, Abel, admitted C.C. , 1683. “ Lost 1817 ; master five times, 1838–
on the 28th inst ., a gold watch with 1867 ; 1810-1870.
two movements, having a black Jesse, 16, Woodstock Street,
filagreen case studded like shells, 1830.
made by Abel Gold ” (London and Terry, 35, Prince's Street ,
Gazette, March 26–30, 1691 ) . 1840.
Goulon , à Paris. See Crofts. Henry, 9, Finch Lane, 1835.
Gout, Ralph, 6, Norman Street, Old William , 36 , Haymarket, 1835.
Street, 1770-1772 ; 122, Birchin Grape, John, London, a watch by
Lane, 1815. He patented in 1799 him in the Guildhall Museum,
(No. 2351) apparatus for record 1737.
ing the paces made by man or Grave, G., 271 , Whitechapel Road,
horse, also an application of the 1835-1842.
invention for recording the revo Gravell and Tolkein , 49, St. John
lutions made by the wheels of a Street, 1790–1820.
carriage. William , and Son, 49, St. John
David Ralph , 122, Bunhill Street, 1820 ; 29, Charterhouse
Row, 1830-1842. Square ; W.Gravell, master, C.C.,
Gowerth, John , Oxford , 1701 . 1840 ; 1835–1850.
Gowland, James, 11 , Leathersellers' Graves, Henry, 25, Goswell Terrace,
Buildings, London Wall, 1835 ; 1835.
London Wall, 1860. In 1837 he Benjamin ,admitted as a brother,
patented ( No. 7456) a device for C.C., 1676 ; master, 1705 ; 1670
communicating motion to a balance 1706 .
through the balance spring. Gray , Timothy,admitted as a brother,
Thomas, 15, Bishopsgate With . C.C., 1633.
out, 1834 ; Leadenhall Street, Benjamin, Pall Mall, clock
1838 ; 1834-1812. maker to George II. (see p. 133).
Grafton, John (alias Solomons ). In In the Guildhall Museum is a
1831 , on the passing of an Act of gold repeating watch by him ,
Common Council, permitting the which was niade for Sir Peter
admission of Jews to the freedom, Somes in 1732 ; 1720-1760.
C.C., withdrew opposition to his and Vulliamy , Pall Mall ( see
election . p. 133), 1746-1760.
Gray, Thomas, 25, Strand , 1780–1785. Greenaway, John, 4, St. Jobu's

T. J. and G. , 25, Strand, 1800 Square, 1842.
1805 . Greene, James, admitted C.C. , 1685.
-, William , 13, New Bond Street, John, admitted C.C. , 1711 .
1800-1813. Greenhill, Joseph, 36, Strand, 1775–
G. and W. , 114, Fleet Street, 1800.
1830. Charles, watch -key maker, 12,
Graye ,, subscribed £2 108. for Great Sutton Street, 1842.
incorporation of C.C. , 1630 . Gregg, Francis, apprenticed to John
Grayhurst, P. and M., 65, Strand, Clowes, 1691. In the Guildhall
1785-1800. Museum is a bell repeating watch
and Harvey , 65, Strand, 1810– by him, silver cap, 1698-1710.
1830 . Gregory, Jeremie, at ye Royal
1 Harvey, Denton, and Co. , 64, Exchange, admitted C.C., 1652 ;
Strand, and 128, Regent Street, master, 1665, 1676 ; died 1685 ; a
1835-1840. good maker of lantern clocks. In
Greatorex,Henry,admitted C.C. , 1711 . the London Gazette, October 13,
In the Postman , 1710, is an ad 1678, he advertises for a Nester
Vertisement for a silver pendulum Holmes, aged 18, a runaway ap.
watch, lost in White Conduit prentice, 1652–1685. “ A silver
Fields, for which Mr. Greatorex at watch with a String, made by
Bushby's Folly offers a guinea Jeremiah Gregory , showing the
reward, 1710-1711. days of the month ; the Box
Greatrex, Ralph , admitted C.C., 1653. engraven with the King's Picture
Greaves, Samuel, London, maker of in the bottom ” ( London Gazette,
marqueterie long-case clock, square March 29, April 1, 1680).
dial, about 1720. Thomas, admitted C.C., 1671 .
Green, James, admitted C.C. , 1664 ; Robert, admitted C.C. , 1678.
maker of lantern clock with hand Jeremiah , admitted C.C., 1694.
somely chased dial, 1664-1682. Gregson, Paris, Horloger du
-, Joseph, admitted C.C., 1723. Roy, maker of a watch, case finely
Margaret, St. Martin's Court, enamelled, medallion with figure
Leicester Square, 1765–1771. painting in centre, surrounded by
and Aldridge, 62 , St. Martin's a border of royal blue, 1780-1790.
Le Grand, 1765–1785 . - John, watchmaker to the Prince
and Bentley, makers of a very of Wales, 36, Bruton Street,
complicated long - case musical and Hanover Square, 1794–1800 .
astronomical clock, about 1790. and Jefferson , 36, Bruton Street,
James, 5, Fenchurch Street, 1800-1805.
1775 ; master of C.C., 1784 ; 8, Grendon, Henry , at ye Royal Ex
Philpot Lane, 1794. change; a crystal case irregular
Samuel, 112, Bunhill Row, octagon -shaped watch by him in
1791-1800. the S.K.M., about 1660.
Ward, and Green, Pall Mall, Grennell, Richard, maker of a fine
1830. long- case clock, about 1750.
J., and Son, 91, Hatton Garden, Gretton, William , of Black Fryers,
1830. probably a relative of Charles
Henry, 10,Quebec Street, 1835– Gretton, C.C. , 1671 ; 1671-1695.
1842. , Charles, Ship, Fleet Street,
Thomas, 30, Rahere Street, 1697, apprenticed to Lionel Wythe
1835 ; 9, Lower Ashby Street, in 1662 ; master of C.C. in 1701 ; an
Northampton Square, 1842 ; 1835– eminent maker ; example, a lantern
1842. clock, balance escapement, dolphin
Greenaway, Richard, C.C., 1718. frets, one hand. To him was ap
John, 54, Bath Street, St. prenticed the celebrated Henry
Luke's, 1842. Sully, about 1694 ; 1671-1701 .
Grey, John, 68, Leadenhall Street, Grinken ,Robert, admitted C.C., 1632 ;
1830. master, 1618, 1654. In the B.M.
Gribelin, A. , Blois. In the B.M. is a are specimens of his work, one an
watch by bim, dated 1600. oval watch with outer case of
Grice, Thomas, admitted C.C., 1675. leather piqué. He died 1660 ;
Griffin, John , admitted C.C. , 1720. 1620-1660.
and Adams, 70, Strand, 1800 Grizell, John, admitted C.C. , 1687.
1805 . Grohe, James, 40, Wigmore Street,
G. , 30, King Street, Clerken . 1834 ; 7, Wigmore Street, 1840 ;
well, 1835. 1834-1812.
F., 25, Gloucester Street, Grollier de Serviere, Nicholas, born
Clerkenwell, 1835. at Lyons in 1596, maker of many
Griffith , Robert, admitted C.C. , 1706. curious clocks and automata (see
-, George, admitted C.C. , 1720. p. 158), 1618-1688.
J. W. , 15, Wentworth Place, Grose, Richard, admitted C.C., 1632 .
Mile End Road, 1840-1842. Grosrey, Calestin, 25, Newgate Street ,
Griffiths, Edward , livery, C.C. , 1810 ; 1810-1842.
1800-1811 . Grossmann , Moritz, Glashütte ,
and son, 1 , Ireland Row, Mile Saxony ; winner of the prize offered
End Road, 1835. in 1863 by the British Horological
Grignion, Daniel and Thomas , makers Institute for the best essay on the
of a fine repeating watch with lever escapement. A very capable
beautifully enamelled case, about horologist, died 1885 ; 1850-1885.
1700. Grosvenor and Jone, 85, Wardour
Thomas, 7, GreatRussell Street, Street, 1815.
Covent Garden (see p. 191) ; a Grout, William , admitted C.C., 1660.
watch by him with a repoussé case Grove, Thomas, admitted C.C. , 1715.
iu S.K.M., 1740-1784. George, admitted C.C., 1715.
and Son , Russell Street, Covent Richard, 93, Wood Street ;
Garden, 1775. livery , C.C., 1757 ; 1770-1815 .
T. , 7, Great Russell Street, Groves , George, 105, Bishopsgate
Covent Garden , 1825. Street, 1790-1795 .
Grimalde, Peter, 431 , Strand, a Gruet, -, a Swiss, inventor of fusee
celebrate chronometer maker, chain, 1664.
1800-1810. Guerint, Francis, Geneva, said to
and Johnson, 431 , Strand, 1815– have inveuted engine turning,
1825. about 1790.
Grimes, Thomas, admitted as a brother, Guillaume, George, 16, Myddleton
C.C. , 1671 . Square, 1842.
William , admitted C.C. , 1682. Gullock, Philip, 31 , Minories, 1790–
Grimley, William , C.C. , 1694. 1795.
Grimshaw , William , senior, 130, Gunter, R., Queen Street, May Fair,
Goswell Street ; died 1851, aged 1790-1795.
80. Gurden, Benjamin, and Son, 144, Wood
James, 146, Goswell Street ; Street, 1775.
died 1846, aged 43. Gutch , John, admitted C.C., 1673.
William , eldest son of W. Gutheridge, William , C.C., 1728 .
Grimshaw , senior, Goswell Road ; Gutteridge, John, 54, Coppice Row,
died 1853, aged 54. Clerkenwell, 1835 .
Frederick , Goswell Road , Guy, Henry, admitted C.C., 1702.
(Grimshaw and Baxter) , died Charles, admitted C.C., 1714.
1893, aged 77. Samuel, London , maker of a
Grimstead, Thomas, St. Paul's tine long-case clock, decorated with
Churchyard, 1757-1763. Oriental lacquer work, about 1730.
Grindley, William , 32, Crown Street, Edward , 49, Rahere Street,
Moorfield, 1820 . Goswell Street, 1835 ; 19, Powell
Street, King's Square, 1842 ; 1835– remontoire escapement for chro

1842. nometers (1796, No. 2132). He
Guye, Auguste, a pioneer of machine was one of the experts appointed
watchmaking in Euyland ; born by the select committee of the
1835, died 1893. House of Commons to report on
Gwillim , Eli, admitted as a brother, Mudge's chronometers in 1793 ;
C.C., 1648. 1785-1800.
Gwinnell, J. , 34, London Road , 1812– Haley and Milner, 7 , Wigmore Street,
1815. Cavendish Square, 1800–1815 .
and Son , 7, Wigmore Street,
Habart, James, admitted as a brother, Cavendish Square, 1830.
C.C., 1682. Halked, Thomas, admitted C.C., 1702.
Habrecht, Isaac, maker of the second Halksworth, William , 58, Fleet
Strasburg clock, and an elaborate Street, 1840-1842.
clock now in the B.M. (see p.149), Hall, Ralph, admitted as a brother,
1570-1589. C.C., 1638.
Hackett, Simon , Royal Exchange ; Peter, admitted as a brother,
admitted C.C. , 1632 ; master, 1646, C.C., 1648.
1660. A specimen of his pro Edward, admitted C.C. , 1710.
duction is a watch with a move John, maker of long-case clock ,
ment one inch in diameter, about 1730.
pierced square pillars, gut to , C. , 118, Chancery Lane, 1820.
connect fusee and barrel, small Charles, 811, Edgware Road ,
and light balance, and no balance 1840 .
spring. The dial of metal with a Hallam , E., 15, Bateman's Row, Shore
raised hour-band, whose extreme ditch, 1835 .
diameter is three -quarters of an Hallifax, John, Fleet Street, maker
inch ; outside of it an engraved of chime clocks, 1760.
border with the figure of a cheru Halsey, George, admitted C.C. , 1687.
bim over the XII. Inside the Halstead, Richard, C.C., 1669.
hour-circle a view of Old London -, Charles, admitted C.C., 1677.
Bridge, tolerably well engraved. John, admitted C.C., 1698.
The case ornamented in high relief, William , admitted C.C., 1715.
and enclosed in an outer case of Halsted, Robert, Fleet Street, C.C. ,
shagreen. The execution of the 1668 ; master, 1699 ; 1688–1700.
movement exceedingly rough, and Ham, John, 47, Skinner Street, Snow
on the top plate, partly hidden by hill, 1820 ; 126, Newgate Street,
the balance cock, an inscription, 1835 ; 1820-1842.
“ Simon Hackett, of the Royall Hambleton , George, C.C., 1669.
Exchannge, fecit,” the form of the Hamilton, Richard , C.C., 1712.
letters being as fanciful as the Hamlet, T. , 1 and 2, Prince's Street,
spelling ; 1632-1665. Soho, maker of a gold horizontal
Hagger, James, Grove Hall Lane, watch for the Duke of Sussex,
maker of a square bracket-clock, 1825-1830.
Japanese case, cherub corners to Hamley, J. O. , 1, Warwick Place,
dial, pull repeater, style about Bedford Row, 1804–1810.
1700. , J.O ., and Son, 284, Holborn , 1815.
Haines, Francis, admitted C.C., 1706. 0., 22, Duke Street, St. James's
J., 49, Northampton Street, Square, 1815.
Clerkenwell, 1835. J. O., 24, Red Lion Street,
Hair, George B., 129, High Street, Holborn, 1820-1840.
Borough , 1835–1842. Hammon , J. , 9, Northampton Square,
Hale and Broadhurst, 81, Cheapside, Clerkenwell, 1840–1860.
1800-1805 . Hammond, John, admitted C.C., 1680.
Haley , Charles, 7, Wigmore Street; and Co. , 45, St. Martin's- le
a celebrated maker, patentee of a Grand, 1768.
Hampton , W. , and Sons, 77, Theobold's Harding, Henry, 1 Holles Street,

Road , 1842. Cavendish Square , 1840.
Hancock , Thomas, 17, Bond Street, Hardwidge, William , 53, Wapping,
1830-1835. 1823.
Hancorne, Thomas, admitted C.C. , Hardy, John, 8, Bridgewater Square,
1658 ; elected warden , 1683, but livery, C.C., 1776 ; 1760-1790.
excused on paying a fine ; 1658– Joseph, 26, Clement's Lane,
1683. Lombard Street, 1800.
William , admitted C.C. , 1676. Thomas, watch-case maker,
Handcock, Edward, 23, Queen Street, 14, Rosoman Street, Clerkenwell,
Clerkenwell, 1812. 1820.
Hande, Thomas. In the B.M. is an William , 5, Wood Street,
ovaltulip -shaped watch by Thos. Coppice Row , Coldbath Square,
Hande, about 1700. Clerkenwell. A clockmaker of
Handley and Moore, 39, Clerkenwell repute. Among other inventions
Close, 1800-1810. he devised an escapement for clocks
Hanet, John and George, Porter for which he in 1820 received from
Street, Leicester Fields, 1768. the Society of Arts the gold medal
Hanks, Benjamin , Litchfield , Con and fifty guineas (see p. 258), and
necticut, U.S.A., patentee of self a compensation balance (see p.
winding clock with air vanes, 1783. 222), 1800-1830.
Hannet, Samuel Stephen, London, Hare, Alexander, 17, Grenville Street,
maker of long -case clocks, about Hatton Garden ; a verge metal
1780. watch by him in the Guildhall
William,, watch -spring
Hansard, William Museum; 1794–1815.
maker, 6, King's Head Court, Harker, George, master, C.C. , 1852.
Holborn, 1790. Harland, Theodore, Norwich, Conn.,
Hanslapp, Robert, C.C. , 1653. U.S.A.; to him was apprenticed
William , admitted C.C., 1603. Ely Terry in 1786.
Hanson, Charles, 160, High Holborn, Harlock, James, 7, Horseferry Road,
1840-1842. Westminster, 1842.
Hanush , maker of a clock for Harlow , Samuel, Bolton , in 1789
Prague Town Hall , about 1497. patented (No. 1708) the Breguet
Hanwell, Zachariah , admitted C.C. , or tipsy watch-key, in which the
1694 , maker of a fine marqueterie upper and lower portions are con
long-case clock, straight pillars, nected by means of a ratchet
square dial , cherub corners, “ Z. clutch kept in gear by a spring ,
Hanwell, Londini," on circle. so that the upper part will turn
Happock,London ,a maker of watches, the lower part in the proper direc
about 1700. tion for winding, but if the upper
Harbert, William , C.C. , 1670. part is turned in the opposite
Harbottle, Cornelius, C.C. , 1667. direction, the ratchet clutch slips
Harbud, J. , watch -movement maker, without moving or straining the
2, Green Terrace, 1835. lower part of the key.
Harcourte, —, maker or repairer of Harman, John, “ watchmaker and
clocks, near Westminster Abbey, astrologer ," of Bloomsbury, 1753.
1469. > George, High Wycomb, maker
Harden, Charles, 120, Fleet Street, of the chimes of Cripplegate
1822-1825. Church , 1792.
Harding, John, admitted as a brother, Harmer, Jasper, near Smithfield Bars,
C.C., 1685. cited by C.C. for exercising the
Francis, admitted C.C. , 1687. art of clockmaker without having
John, admitted C.C. , 1721 . served seven years, 1685 .
Robert, London , 1753. Harold, Richard, admitted C.C., 1690.
Thomas, and Co., 43, Minories, Harper, Henry, Cornhill, admitted
1760-1800. C.C., 1664. In 1688 at the Mayor's
Court some watch or pocket clock master, C.C. , 1830, 1832 ; 1790–
chains of steel belonging to him , 1833.
and seized by C.C. , were declared Harris, Richard, 27, Old Jewry, 1790–
to be insufficient, and broken. He 1810.
was the maker of a clock which John , 27, Old Jewry, 1800
stood in the hall of the Ironmongers' 1808.
Company from about 1689 to 1889 ; L. , 9, Brown Lane, Spitalfields,
another example is a long ase 1810.
clock going for twenty -eightdays; H. , 6, Susannah Place, Curtain
a gold watch by him mentioned in Road, 1825.
London Gazette, January 11-14, -, John, 22, Gloucester Street,
1691 ; 1664-1708 . Clerkenwell, 1835.
Harper, Thomas, assistant C.C., 1761 , William , watch -case maker,
maker of a fine eight -day clock, 21 , Red Lion Street, Clerkenwell,
Chippendale style of case, also of 1835.
a watch in the Guildhall Museum, Clement, 76, Cornhill, 1825–
1750–1761 . 1842.
John, 1 , Pear Tree Street, Gos John James , 11 , Upper East
well Street, 1810 ; 16, St. John Smithfield, 1840-1842.
Street, 1815 ; 78, Goswell Road, Harrison, George, apprenticed to
1825 ; 1810-1825 . Johana May and Thomas Tompion,
Thomas, 207, Fleet Street, admitted C.C., 1698.
1800-1830. -, William , admitted C.C., 1699.
Harrache, Thomas, Pall Mall, 1765– Anthony, Birchin Lane, ad
1775. mitted C.C., 1701. In 1721 ap
Harris, John, one of the first assist peared an advertisement respecting
ants, C.C. , 1631 ; master, 1641 ; a small gold watch made by An
1631-1655. thony Harrison, and lost between
> John , admitted C.C. , 1659. Leadenhall and “ Spittelfields '
Richard, said to have been markets. The finder was offered
the maker of a pendulum clock for nine guineas reward , and no ques
St. Paul's Church , Covent Garden, tions asked, if the watch were
in 1641 (see p. 191) ; 1641. restored to Mr. John Chadwell,
Thomas, in ye Strand, maker goldsmith , Castle Alley, Birchin
of a good lantern clock, one hand, Lane, 1701–1720.
fret Fig. 104, inscribed, “ Thomas John, born 1693 ; died in Red
Harris, in ye Strand," about 1680. Lion Square, and buried in Hamp
John , admitted as a brother, stead churchyard in 1776 (see
C.C., 1677 ; master, 1688 ; 1670– p. 115).
1689. James, Barrow, brother of the
Anthony, admitted as a brother, preceding ; a long - case clock by
C.C. , 1683 ; known as a maker of him is in the Guildhall Museum,
lantern clocks, 1670–1690. 1720-1750.
John , admitted as a brother, William , 48, Fetter Lane, 1790.
C.C., 1690. 9 Thomas, 68, Fetter Lane, 1804.
Francis William , admitted C.C. , James, Barton -on -Humber, a
1702. clockmaker of some celebrity, made
Samuel, admitted C.C., 1708. a fine clock for Christ Church,
> Christopher, Lombard Street, Hull, 1810-1830.
admitted C.C., 1695 ; 1695-1720. James, Waterbury, Conn.,
Henry, admitted C.C., 1711 , U.S.A., founder of the Connecticut
maker of silver verge watch, silver wooden clock industry, 1790–1830.
dial , 1711-1720. Francis, 91 , Broad Street,
William , Temple Bar, livery Ratcliff, 1835–1811.
man, C.C., 1776. Harrys (Harris ), Thomas, Water
William , 27, Goswell Street, Lane, maker of the celebrated
clock with figures on the front Haswell, A. , 8 , Woodbridge Street,

of Old St. Dunstan's Church, Fleet Clerkenwell, 1840-1842.
Street (see p. 138), 1671. - Robert, 12, Upper Ashby
Harshell, D., 12, Bevis Marks, 1830. Street, 1842, afterwards at 49,
Hart, Noe, admitted C.C., 1695. Spencer Street, Clerkenwell ; died
3 John , admitted C.C., 1720. 1874, aged 58.
> Henry , admitted C.C., 1720. Hatch, John, admitted C.C., 1693.
S. and M., 52, Prescot Street, Hatchman, James, C.C., 1680.
Goodman's Fields, 1804–1810. Hatton, Thomas, Lombard Street,
and Harvey, 5, King's Street, watchmaker, and author of “ Intro
Finsbury, 1825 . duction to the Mechanical Part of
Napthali and Son, 5, King's Clock and Watch Work ,” pub
Street, 1835–1842. lished 1773 ; 1760–1774.
Maurice, 6, Haydon Square, James, 45, St. Michael's Alley ;
Minories , 1842. livery, C.C., 1810 ; 1800–1812.
Hartley,- , New Street, Shoe Lane, Joseph York, 40, Tooley Street;
cited by the C.C. for trading in livery, C.C. , 1800 ; St. Magnus,
watches and clocks without having London Bridge, 1830.
served seven years to the trade, and Harris, St. Michael's Alley,
1680. Cornhill, 1820.
- George Court, Red Lion , J., 15, Store Street, Bedford
Street, 1790. Square, 1835.
Hartmans, John George, watchmaker Hautefeuille, John ( The Abbé ),
to the University of Halle, 1756. Paris, born 1647, died 1724. He
Hartnup, John, superintendent of is said to have invented, about
Liverpool Observatory, Birken 1722, the rack lever escapement,
head . He invented a compensa which was patented in England
tion balance, with an oblique rim by Peter Litherland in 1794.
(see p. 223), and tabulated the errors Huygens, endeavouring to obtain
arising from the change of tempera a French patent for the balance
ture in ordinary chronometers, spring, wassuccessfully opposed by
1840-1880. the Abbé, who claimed to be the
Hartung, 61 , St. Martin's Lane, prior inventor of it. 1668–1724.
1840. Havelland and Stephens, 32, Aldgate
Harvey, Samuel, admitted C.C., 1696. High Street, 1794.
Alexander, admitted C.C. , 1726. Hawes, John , 31, New Bond Street,
, John, 16, Fenchurch Street, 1775.
1798-1800 ; 3, Falcon Street, Fal Hawkesbee, Benjamin, C.C. , 1709.
con Square, 1815 ; 1798-1815. Hawkesworth , John, C.C., 1709.
and Co. , 2, King's Street, Fins Hawkins, James, C.C. , 1730 .
bury, 1830. Thomas, 6, Castle Alley, Corn
George, 110, High Street, hill, 1788–1810.
Whitechapel , 1830 ; 22, Cannon Hawley, John, 56, Frith Street, Soho,
Street Road, 1840 ; 142 , Ratcliff 1842.
Highway, 1842 ; 1830–1842 . Hay, Peter, 20, Davies Street, Berke
Harward, Robert, C.C., 1730. ley Square, 1805–1840.
Haskins, William , 79, Quadrant, Hayden , William , C.C., 1717.
Regent's Street , 1830. John , Deptford, maker of a
Hasleden , Charles, 20, Waterloo long-case clock, about 1710.
Street, 1840. Haydon, William , Croydon, admitted
Hassenius, James (alien), admitted C.C., 1687.
as a brother, C.C. , 1682. Hayes, Walter, admitted C.C., 1654 ;
Haswell, Alex, 10, Clifford Street, master, 1680 ; 1654-1684 .
New Bond Street, 1790. Edmond, admitted C.C., 1682.
9 A., 13, Skinner Street, Clerken Hayford, Henry, 2, Star Alley, Fen
well, 1835. church Street, 1842.
Hayley, William , 38, Great Maryle Heming, Thomas, 31, New Bond
bone Street, 1788–1793. Street, 1769-1775.
Haynes, John, admitted as a brother, Artis, Shadwell, liveryman,
C.C., 1676. C.C. , 1776.
and Kentish, 18, Cornbill, 1804– and Crawner, New Bond Street,
1810. 1780-1790.
Hayward, William , C.C., 1720. Hemmen , Edward, on verge watch,
John, 22, Bush Lane, Cannon period about 1750.
Street, 1820. Henche, Uldrich . Payment to him
R. H., Thornton Street, Ber of £ 100 for a clock “ in manner of
mondsey, 1835. a branch ," made by him and set
9 J. , 2, Summers Court, Bishops up at Whitehall, 1605.
gate Without, 1835–1842. Henderson , John, 13, Broad Street,
Head, Thomas Cartwright, appren Exchange, 1775 ; 21, Cornhill,
ticed to Christopher Gould in 1783-1800 .
1693 ; 1700. R. , 18, Bridgewater Square,
Headworth, P., 55, John's Street, 1800-1805.
1825-1842. Hendricks, Aaron , Devonshire Street,
Heady, George, admitted C.C., 1682. 1760–1768.
Heap, Richard, 5, King Street, Covent Hennon, William , admitted C.C.,
Garden , 1800–1304 . 1674.
Richard, 1 , Maiden Lane, Henry, W. and S. , 44, Taylor's
Covent Garden , 1825. Buildings, Islington , 1804.
Heathcock, Timothy, admitted as a S. , 59, Lower Brook Street,
brother, C.C., 1698. Grosvenor Square, 1810.
Hebert, Anthony, “ Moorefields, nere S.. 70, Leman Street, Good
London ," 1630. man's Fields, 1830.
Hebting, F. , wooden clockmaker, 19, Stephen, 3, Berkeley Square,
Moor Street, Soho, 1835. 1835-1840.
Heckstetter, Joseph, admitted C.C., Henshaw, Walter, admitted C.C.,
1694. 1670 ; master, 1695 ; 1670–1696.
Hedge, Nathaniel, Colchester, maker John, admitted C.C., 1696.
of lantern clocks, about 1740 ; also Herant, Brothers, and Son, Berlin,
of a fine long-case clock, about makers of an enamelled watch ,
1780. S.K.M., about 1680.
and Banister, Colchester, known Herbert, Edward, C.C., 1664.
as makers of long-case and other -, Thomas, Whitehall, C.C., 1676.
clocks, about 1800. 9 Evan , admitted C.C., 1691 .
Hedger, George, 40, Great Sutton Cornelius, London Bridge, ad
Street, 1835. mitted C.C., 1699 ; master, 1727 ;
-, George, 10, St. John's Row , 1699-1728.
St. Luke's, 1842. Edward, admitted C.C., 1710.
Hedges, John, 4, St. James's Walk, Henry, admitted C.C. , 1713.
Clerkenwell , 1800. Herman, Ignaz, 13, Compton Street,
Heffer, W. , 2, George Street, Gros Clerkenwell, 1840.
venor Square, 1835. Herring (Herren), Joshua, 38, Corn
Heitzman , F., and Co. , 40, Norton hill, known as a maker of bracket
Folgate, 1840. clocks, 1758–1775.
Heizman, Matthew , 1 , Charles Street, John, free, C.C., by redemption,
Soho Square, 1840. 1770 .
Helden, Onesiphorus, admitted C.C.; Hertford, John, admitted C.C., 1632.
warden, 1648 ; did not become Hesk, William , Horseferry Road,
master, 1630-1649. Westminster, 1835.
Hele, Peter, Nuremberg, inventor of Hester, Henry, admitted C.C., 1670.
the mainspring (see p. 34 ) ; 1500. - Henry, admitted C.C. , 1687.
Hellam , James, admitted C.C., 1689. “ Lost in Whiteball, on Sunday,
Z
the 26th past, a Gold Watch with Higginson, Henry , C.C., 1662.
a plain Outside Case, made by Samuel, admitted C.C., 1697.
. . Hester, of West minster, with a Hatton speaks of the splendid
ribbon tied to of Changeable polish of the work of Higginson
Purple and Gold, and upon that Brothers, watch finishers.
two Soals, the one an Onyx with a John, 27, Strand, 1790 ; 38,
Head cut in it, set with small Dia Southampton Street, Strand , 1798
monds; and the other Seala Stone 1815.
set with rubies. Whoever brings Higgs, John, admitted C.C., 1661 .
the said Watch , etc. , to Mr. Snagg, Thomas, admitted C.C., 1716.
Goldsmith , in Lombard St., shall Robert and Peter, 7, Sweeting's
have 5 guineas reward " ( London Alley ; Peter Higgs was master,
Gazette, May 30, August 3, 1691 ). C.C., in 1767 ; 1750-1769.
Hewitt, Thomas, 12, Upper Ashby and Evans, 7, Sweetings Alley,
Street, and 10, King Street, Tower Cornhill; a verge watch inovement
Hill, a chronometer maker who by them, with curious pillars, in
devised different forms of compen the Guildhall Museum, 1786-1815 .
sation balances ; born 1812, died Highfield, Josiah, 55, Rosoman Street,
1869. 1790.
-, Benjamin, admitted C.C. , 1724. Highmare, Edward, C.C., 1687.
Alexander, admitted C.C., 1725. Highmore, Jacob, 52, Aldersgate
Hewkley, John, admitted C.C., 1732. Street, 1790.
Heywood, William, 12, King Street, Hill, John, petitioner for incorpora
Covent Garden, 1807-1810. tion of C.C. , 1630.
William , 35, Goodge Street, Benjamin, admitted as
Tottenham Court Road, 1835-1812. brother, C.C., 1641 ; master, 1657.
Heyworth , John , 218, Tottenham In the B.M. are specimens of biis.
Court Road , 1823. work, one a watch with outer case
Hibbert, John, 7, Jewry Street, of shagreen. He died 1670 ; 1640–
Aldgate, 1840. 1670.
Hickling, John, 122, St. John's Street, Francis, admitted C.C., 1679.
Clerkenwell, 1835-1812. Thomas, Fleet Street. His
Hickman, Joseph, 20, Bridgewater namewas engraved, inconjunction
Square, 1779. with that of Henry Harper, on a
W., 89, Borough, 1825. long -case clock which stood in the
Hicks, Thomas, admitted C.C., 1664. hall of the Ironmongers' Company
“ Lost Sep. 21, betwixt Ingerstone from about 1689 to 1889. There
and Rumford, a watch with a was also on the clock the further
silver-pinned Case, showing the inscription, “ The gift of John
day of the month, the hour of the Woolfe, member of the Company. "
day, made by Thomas Hicks, > Edward, admitted C.C., 1698.
Londini, with a blue taffety ribon > John, admitted C.C. , 1705.
fastened to the key thereof. Who John, Fleet Street, admitted
ever will give notice thereof to Mr. C.C., 1731 ; 1731-1760.
Christopher Maynard, watchmaker Thomas, Aldersgate St., 1777–
at the Royal Exchange, London, 1786. Thomas Hill was the maker
shall have 408. reward ” (London of a gold verge watch, embossed
Gazette, September 23–27, 1675). case, said to have belonged to
Thomas, admitted C.C., 1666. Captain Cook.
John, admitted C.C., 1694. S. C., 5, Ball Alley, Lombard
James, 112, Whitechapel, 1804 Street, 1800–1810.
1815. – John, 15, James Street, Covent
Charles, 112, Whitechapel , Garden, 1820.
1810. Leonard, 61, Fleet Street, 1823.
Hickson, Thomas, C.C., 1690. Samuel, 13, Hooper Street,
Higgins, Banger, C.C., 1724. Clerkenwell , 1842.
Hillcoat, William , 33, Queen Street, Hock, C. , wooden clockmaker, 40,

Cheapside, 1790. Charles Street, Hatton Garden,
Hilliard, G., 35, Queen Street, Cheap 1840.
side, 1820. Hochicorn, Isaao, C.C., 1728.
Hillier, James, watch - glass maker, 12, Hocker, John, admitted C.C., 1729.
Church Street, Spitalfields, 1790. Hoddle, John, admitted C.C., 1705.
James, watch -glass maker, 11 , Hodges, Nathaniel, in “ Wine Office
Church Street, Spitalfields, 1804 Courte, Fleete Street ; ” admitted
1810. as a brother, C.C., 1681 ; known
Hills, Fleet Street, 1774. as à maker of bracket clocks,
Hillyard, William , C.C., 1679. 1680–1700.
Hilton, John, apprenticed to Tom > William , admitted C.C., 1719.
pion, admitted C.C., 1698. J., Beauvoir Place, Kingsland
Hind, - , 96, Spa Road, 1790. Road, 1835.
Hinde, Benjamin, musical clock Hodgkin, Sarah, admitted C.C., 1699.
maker, 20, Banner Street, Clerken Robert, maker of an eight-day
well, 1835-1840. square dial clock , 'Queen Anne
Hindley, John, maker of a clock at period, fine movement, inscribed,
York Cathedral , 1752. “ Rob. Hodgkin, Londini,” about
Henry , York , a clever 1805.
clock and watchmaker, credited Hodsoll, William , 31, Primrose Street,
with the invention of the dividing Bishopsgate, 1800–1808.
plate for wheel-cutting engines, William , 20, Ratcliff Row, City
1722-1771 . Road, 1842.
Hine, Fleet Street, 1774. Hogan , J., watch -movement maker,
John, 68, Red Lion Street, 6 , Badgers Yard, St. John's Street,
Hinton, J., 20, Tabernacle Row, and Smith , watch-movement
Finsbury, 1835. makers, 15, King Street, Clerken
Hiorne, John, admitted C.C., 1707 ; well, 1835.
master, 1744 ; 1707-1745. Holdway, George, 302, Strand, 1779.
Hiscocks, T., 9, Princes Street, Drury Hole, Henry, 11 , Lisle Street, Leices
Lane, 1835. ter Square, 1810 ; 12, Kingsgate
Zachariah, 7, Little Russell Street, Holborn, 1820–1823.
Street, Covent Garden, 1840-1842. Holeyard, Samuel, admitted C.C. ,
Hislop, Robert, 53, Rosomau Street, 1705.
Clerkenwell, 1840-1842. Holland, George, petitioner for in
William , 15, Rosoman Street, corporation of C.C., 1630–1655 .
Clerkenwell, 1820 ; 96, St. John's Thomas, admitted C.C., 1632 ;
Street Road , 1835–1872 ; he was master, 1656 ; 1651 .
some time hon. sec. and an active > Thomas, admitted C.C., 1658.
member of the governing body of Lewis, admitted C.C., 1699.
the Horological Institute ; he died John, 5, Bishopsgate Street
in 1876 ; 1820-1876. Without, 1765–1775.
Hitchen, John, admitted C.C., 1720. Hollier, Jonathan, Skinner Street,
Hitchins, Joseph, Brown's Buildings, liveryman , C.C., 1776.
St. Mary Axe, 1779–1790. Holloway, Robert, admitted C.C.,
Hobbs, James, Lambeth, 1830. 1632.
James, 142, Great Surrey Edward, admitted as abrother,
Street, 1830. C.C., 1650.
Hobler, Paul, Porter Street, hon. William , Cullum Street, ad
freeman, C.C., 1781 ; 1780–1790. mitted as a brother, C.C., 1697 ;
Hobson , John , petitioner for incor 1695–1710 .
poration of C.C., 1630. Holmden, John, musical clockmaker,
James, 21 , James Street, Ox 50, King Street, Goswell Road ,
ford Street, 1835 . 1840.
Holmes, John , admitted C.C., 1697. including repeating clock watches,

John, 156, Strand , near Somer and a thirty -day clock, 1724–1740.
set House, one of the experts Hoskins and Bird, 11, St. John's
appointed by the select committee Square, Clerkenwell, 1830.
of the House of Commons in 1763, Jonah, 6, Hatton Garden, 1840.
to report on Mudge's timekeepers. George, 75, Old Broad Street,
In 1779 he made a clock for Green 1842.
wich Hospital : 1763-1810. Houghman, Charles, C.C., 1680.
- , Edward, 9, Foster Lave, Cheap- Houghton, Richard, C.C., 1690.
side, 1783-1788. > James, 198, Tooley Street, 1790.
William , 12, Clerkenwell James, Ormskirk, assistant of
Green, 1783. William Garrat, and afterwards
M., 10, Shoemakers Row, maker of watches with Debaufre's
Blackfriars, 1835-1842. dead -beat escapement, with two
Honison, J., 5, Charlton Place, Isling escape wheels as modified by Sully,
ton Green, 1835. known in Lancashire as the club
Honeybone, Thomas, Old Brentford, footed verge, 1800-1820.
1810. William , Lever Street, died
Hooke, A. , maker of a silver gilt 1890, aged 75.
watch in the Fellows Collection at Houriet, Frederick Locle, clever
the B.M., inscribed, “ A. Hooke , horologist and maker of spherical
1661." ; balance springs, 1810–1825.
Robert, born 1635, died 1703 ; House, J. , Gray's Inn Lane, maker
invented the balance spring for of a pair-case silver verge, showing
watches and the anchor escape day and night by means of a
ment for clocks (see p. 103). revolving plate, serving as hour
John, admitted C.C., 1698. hand, minutes shown in the usual
Hope, Edward, Bridge Street, Strand, way, period 1700 ; 1672–1700.
1775 ; 97, Oxford Street, 1783 ; Robert, 32, Upper Moorfields,
1775–1785. 1790.
Hopgood, T. B., 202, Bishopsgate How , Benjamin, admitted C.C., 1691 .
Without, 1823. William , admitted C.C. , 1697.
Hopkins, John, admitted C.C., 1641 . and Masterton, White Hart
John, Fleet Street, 1753-1756. Court, Gracechurch Street, 1758–
A. , 32, Aldgate, 1823. 1760.
Hornblower, William , admitted C.C., Howard, John, admitted C.C., 1694.
1713 ; maker of a long-case clock , Richard, admitted C.C., 1718 .
Japanese decoration, arch dial, John Jarvis, 68, Aldersgate
style about 1740 ; 1713–1750. Street, 1790–1794.
William H. (possibly a son of Edward, 6, Kirby Street,
William ), was beadle of C.C., 1779. Hatton Garden, 1778–1804.
William , 9, Powell Street, Howe, Samuel, admitted C.C., 1712 .
Ephraim , apprenticed to
King's Square, 1842.
Horne, Samuel, admitted C.C., 1654 ; Graham, admitted C.C., 1729.
master, 1672, 1673 ; 1654-1685. Samuel, 173, High Holborn ,
George Henry, C.C., 1718. 1840.
, Henry, master, C.C. , 1750, 1768 ; Howell, Benjamin , C.C., 1699.
1750-1776 . Joseph, admitted C.C., 1721.
William , 114, Ratcliffe High John, Bull's Head Court, New
way , 1835–1842. gate Street, admitted C.C., 1724 ;
Horseman, Stephen, was apprenticed 1724-1730.
to Daniel Quare, 1702 , admitted Howells, William , Kennington, one
C.C., 1709 ; Quare, prior to his of the experts appointed by the
death , seems to have taken Horse select committee of the House of
man into partnership, judging from Commons to examine Mudge's
examples with their joint names, timekeepers, 1780–1810.
FORMER CLOCK AND WATCHMAKERS. 3+1
Howlett, John, London, known as a the quarter repeating train , brass

maker of good watches, about1730. arched dial, strike -silent, day of
Hows, Thomas, The Sun, Pope's the month, verge escapement ;
Head Alley ; admitted C.C., 1632 ; 1735–1748.
known as a maker of watches, Huchason, Richard, C.C., 1702.
1630–1640 . Hudson, John, St. Martin's Church
Howse, John, Croydon, C.C., 1687. yard, 1780-1785.
·, Joseph, admitted C.C., 1698. William , Griffin Street, Sbad.
John, admitted C.C., 1706. well, 1835.
William , 13, Fleet Street, ad Hues, Pierry (Peter), admitted C.C.,
mitted C.C., 1731 ; master, 1777 ; 1632 ; 1660.
1731-1780. Huggerford , Ignatius, admitted as a
- Charles, 5, Great Tower Street, brother, C.C. , 1671 ; a watch by
master, C.C., 1787 ; 1768-1794. him played a prominent part in
Howson , John, admitted C.C., 1699. respect of the petition of Facio
Huand le Puisné excelled as a figure and Debaufre for extension of their
painter in enamel for watch cases, watch jewel patent (see p. 231 ),
about 1650. 1671-1705.
Hubbard, John, admitted C.C., 1722. Hughes, John, admitted C.C., 1703.
Joseph, watch gold handmaker, Thomas, admitted C.C., 1712.
St. John's Square, 1790. S., Gracechurch Street, 1774.
E., musical clockmaker, 33, William , 119, High Holborn,
Gibson Street, Waterloo Road , 1840. hon. freeman, C.C., 1781 ; centre
Hubberd, C., watch - case maker, 9, seconds watch by bim in the Guild
Peerless Row, City Road, 1835. hall Museum, 1776–1790.
Hubert, Neil, Rouen , maker of an Thomas, 25, Broad Street
oval silver watch, about 1650. Buildings, liveryman, C.C., 1776 ;
, Estienne, Rouen, maker of a 1769–1783.
watch said to bave belonged to John, 92, Minories, 1800.
Mary, Queen of Scots. “ Lost , David, 30, Frith Street, Soho,
upon New-years-day, above stairs 1835-1842.
in Whitehall, a gold watch with a Huguenin , A. , 67, Great Russell
plain shapen case ; the watch was Street, 1830-1835.
made at Rouen, maker's name Hulbert, William , Castle Green ,
Hubert. Whoever brings it to her Bristol, 1708.
Royal Highness the Princess of Hull, - , a celebrated cylinder es
Denmark's porter at the Cockpit, capement maker, who worked for
22 Ellicott and other celebrated
shall have two guineas reward
( London Gazette, December 30, makers, 1750–1780.
January 2, 1689) ; 1655–1720. Hulst, Jacob, admitted C.C., 1646.
> James. Charlotte Hubert was Hulton, John, admitted C.C. , 17:24 .
apprenticed to him and Elizabeth Humphrey, W. H., 17, Great Surrey
his wife in 1725 ; and in 1730 Street, 1830–1835.
Catherine Cext wasalso apprenticed Humphrys, William , C.C., 1699.
to them ; 1725-1730. Humphreys, Samuel, C.C., 1728.
David, Strand, master, C.C., Humphries, J., London, known as a
1743 ; maker of a repeating watch , maker of mantel clocks, about 1750.
silver case engraved and pierced, Hunot, Samuel, 28, Rathbone Place,
enamel dial, Roman hour numerals, 1842.
Arabic figures outside for minutes, Hunt, John, admitted C.C., 1671 .
the plate covered with engraving, -, Edward , admitted C.C., 1684 ;
and inscribed “ Dav. Hubert, maker of a watch movement with
London .” Another specimen of tulip pillars, in the Guildhall
his work is a bracket clock repeat Museum . “ Lost the 17 past , out
ing the quarters on six bells by of Mrs. Man's Lodgings in Sohoe,
pulling a cord, which winds up a gold minute pendulum watch,
with a gold -studded case, the Hutchin , John, admitted C.C., 1703.
inward box marked E.H. and a Hutchinson, John, petitioned Parlia
coronet, made by Edw . Huut " ment to grant a longer period than
( London Gazette, September 15-19, usually covered by a patent for his
1692 ) ; 1684-1700. improved watch , which would be
Hunt, James, admitted C.C., 1708. wound without any aperture in
William , Ludgate Street, 1753 the case. Successfully opposed by
1756. C.C., Mr. Charles Goode producing
Hiram , Robbiriston, Maine, to the committee of the House of
U.S.A., was said to have been the Commons a watch made fourteen
original “ Sam Slick ” of Hali years previously, which Mr.
burton . He died at an advanced Hutchinson confessed was made
age ; 1830-1886 . as his ; 1712.
Thomas, 151, Tottenham Court Richard, C.C., 1702-1736.
Road, 1835. Hutton, Patrick, 83, Cannon Street,
William , 4, Stafford Street, 1790.
Bond Street, 1835. -, John, Mark Lane, chronometer
Samuel, 18, Buttesland Street, maker, 1840-1868.
Hoxton , 1842. Hux, John, 41, Percival Street,
Hunter, T., 43, Lombard Street, 1768 ; Clerkenwell, 1840–1842.
156, Fenchurch Street, 1754 ; R. R. , Spencer Street, Clerken
liveryman , C.C., 1768 ; 1754-1780. well , a well-known watchmaker,
Thomas, junior, 156, Fenchurch 1849-1869.
Street, 1781-1800. Hyams, Joshua, 32, Leman Street,
William , 51 , Lombard Street, Goodman's Fields, 1840-1842.
1768-1783. Hyde, Thomas , 33, Gutter Lane, 1783.
Thomas, 54, Goswell Road , James, 38, Gutter Lane, 1783.
1788–1790. Hynam, Robert, 4 ,Clement's Lane,
William , 156, Fenchurch Street, liveryman , C.C., 1769–1780.
1804. Hyon, à Paris, on a watch, S.K.M. ,
and Son, 156, Fenchurch Street, about 1740.
1810-1815.
and Edwards, 43, Cornhill, Ibel, Thomas, watch -spring maker,
1840-1842 . Featherstone Street, 1790.
Huon, Jacques, Paris, maker of a Imhof, N., 24, Curtain Road, 1842 .
splendidly enamelled watch, in Inglish, James, 36, Watling Street,
S.K.M., about 1650. 1790.
Hurland, Henry, admitted C.C., 1654. , Adam, wooden clockmaker,
Hurley, Isaac, 68 , Red Lion Street, 39, St. John's Square, 1840.
Clerkenwell, 1790. Ingold, Pierre Frederick, born at
Hurst, Isaac, admitted C.C., 1677. Bienne, 1787, a clever mechanician,
, W., 9, Lambeth Walk, 1835 who devised machinery for dupli
1842. cating parts of watches. He
Henry, Ludgate Hill, 1750– visited Paris about 1830. In 1841
1756. he was in London ; in 1842 and
Hussey, Joseph, admitted C.C. , 1685. 1843 he took out various patents
Hutchin , Joshua, admitted C.C., 1682. for protecting the tools to be used
In the B.M. is a watch by him, by the British Watch Company ;
handsome silver dial with a semi visited New York in 1845, and
circular slit above the centre, afterwards returned to Switzerland.
through which appears blue sky, Ingram , Thomas, admitted C C. , 1695.
the sun in the day and the moon William , admitted C.C. , 1730.
at night pointing to the hour ; William , 40, Goswell Street,
1670-1700. 1842.
Joseph, admitted C.C., 1697. Inkpen, John, Horsham, niaker of
2 Joseph, admitted C.C., 1703. long -case clocks, about 1770.
Innocent, Robert, 16 ,Gwynn's Place, C.C., 1776 ; known as a maker of

Hackney Road, 1835. long-case clocks, 1740-1776.
Inwood, S. , London , maker of a Jackson, John, 2 , Bridgewater Square;
watch, green leather case piqué, livery, C.C., 1776 ; master, 1796 ;
about 1700. 1769-1800.
Ireland, Henry, Lothbury ; admitted John, junior, Bridgewater
as a brother, C.C., 1654 ; maker of Square; master, C.C., 1822; 1800
lantern clocks, 1650-1675. 1830.
Francis, admitted C.C. , 1668. Henry, 29, St. Martin's Lane,
John , 21, Maiden Lane, 1779. 1790.
Ironside and Belchier, Lombard - , Thomas, 52, Upper East Smith
Street, 1737-1740. field, 1790 ; 53, Red Lion Street,
Irvin, Jean, 32, Kirby Street, Hatton Clerkenwell , 1810.
Garden, 1825. Isaac, 145, St. John's Street,
Irvine, J., watch-movement maker, 1801.
23, Rahere Street, 1835. 9 W., 31 , Cowcross Street, 1820.
Irving, Alexander, C C., 1695. G., 82, Charlotte Street, Rath
Isaac , Daniel, assistant, C.C., 1670 ; bone Place, 1825.
1660-1670. John , watch-case maker, 10,
Isaacs, Levy, 57, Mansell Street, Norman Street, St. Luke's, 1835.
1769-1783. -, William , 6, Brunswick Place,
-, Lewis, 23, Hounsditch, 1830 Brompton, 1835.
1842. Henry, and Son, 66, Red Lion
Israel, John, 180, Whitechapel, 1783. Street, Clerkenwell, 1835-1842.
Ive, G. H., 10, Finsbury Place, 1835. William , 29, Exeter Street,
Ivery, John, repairer of the clock of Sloane Street, 1835.
St. Margaret's, Westminster, 1548 . 9 John, 72, Hackney Road, 1842.
Ives, Francis, admitted C.C., 1790 ; William , 6, Brunswick Place,
maker of a thirty -hour clock , hour Brompton , 1842.
hand only, inscribed “ Fra. Ives, Jacob, Benjamin, admitted C.C. , 1706.
fecit for Thos. Sclater, Gentl.” > Benjamin, admitted C.C., 1718 .
Izod, William , admitted C.C. , 1649. Dennis, Cockspur Street, 1775–
1800.
Jaccard, David, 26, Percival Street , Jacobs, Judah , Whitecross Street,
Clerkenwell, 1840-1842. 1779 ; 1 , Little Mitre Court, Fen
Jackman , Joseph, “ On London church Street, 1771 .
Brydge,” maker of a large verge E. , 86, York Street, West
watch movement in the Guildhall minster, 1820 ; 25, Bevis Marks,
Museum, period about 1690. 1825-1835.
Jackson , Richard, C.C., 1632. Edward, 29, Eare Street, West
Joseph, admitted C.C., 1648. minster, 1835.
Edward, admitted C.C., 1669. Jacques, William , admitted C.C.,
Edward, admitted C.C. , 1680. 1687 ; master, 1716 ; 1687-1717.
John, admitted C.C. , 1682. Jaggar, Edward, admitted C C., 1702.
Thomas, admitted C.C., 1688. Jakeman, See Jackman.
> James, admitted C.C., 1689 . James,John, admitted C.C., 1662.
Matthew, admitted C.C., 1730. Joseph, admitted C.C. , 1689.
-, Martin, admitted a brother, -, Robert, 23, White Street,
C.C., 1697 ; master, 1721 ; maker Borough, 1835.
of a bell top, ebony case, pull Jamison, George, 33, Charing Cross,
repeater clock , brass arch dial, 1800-1805.
1697-1721 . Jammet, admitted C.C. , 1704.
~ , John , 37, Basinghall Street, Janvier, Antide, born at St. Claude
1759-1774. in the Jura, settled in Besançon ,
William, Broad Street, after and became an authority on horo
wards Tower Street ; liveryman, logical construction. His “ Essai
sur les Horloges," was published Square, Fleet Street, 1810-1815 ;

at Paris in 1811 ; 1772-1835 . 46 , Skinner Street, 1825 .
Japy, Frederic, Beaucourt, France, in Jeffreys, John, admitted C.C. , 1726.
1799 patented a series of machines Jeffs, John, admitted C.C., 1697.
for producing parts of watches by Benjamin, admitted C.C., 1702.
unskilled labour. This appears to Jelf, William , admitted C.C., 1717.
be the first attempt to manufacture Jenkins, Thomas, admitted C.C., 1678.
watches on the factory system. Cornelius, admitted C.C., 1678.
Jaques, William , C.C. , 1724. > James, admitted C.C., 1692.
Augustus, 4, President Street, Cheapside, 1774.
West, 1842. Henry, 68, Aldersgate Street,
Jardin , John, admitted hon . freeman , known as a maker of curious astro
C.C., 1781 ; maker of a repeating nomical and other clocks, 1756
watch in sbagreen case, style 1745 ; 1783 (see p. 136).
1745-1781 . F., 7, Tyler Street, Regent
Jarman, John, admitted C.C., 1728. Street, 1835.
and Co. , 33, St. James's Street, Jennings, Robert, C.C., 1703.
1825. Thomas, admitted C.C., 1721 ,
John B. , 25, Strand , 1823. 9 Charles, admitted C.C. , 1725 .
Jarrett, Richard, master, C.C., 1685 ; Jernegan, Edward, Great Russell
1660-1686. Street, 1737-1740 ; Featherstone
-, Bernard, livery, C.C., 1786. Buildings, 1750-1759.
John W. , livery, C.C., 1786 ; Jerome, Chauncey, pupil of Eli
1770-1786. Terry, maker of American clocks,
and Sons, watch - case engravers, 1800.
Albemarle Street, St. John's Jessop, Josias, 38 , Southamptou
Square, 1790. Street, Covent Garden, 1781-1790.
Jarvis, George, admitted C.C., 1728. Jevon , May, admitted C.C., 1706.
- John, Aldersgate Street, 1775– Job, Robert, 25, Charlton Street,
1790. Somers Town, 1835 ; 7, Park Ter
Jayne, John, admitted C.C. , 1687. race , Camden Town, 1842 .
Jeanin , A., 28, Cranbourne Street, Frederick , 25, Sherrard Street,
1842. Golden Square, 1835 ; 17, Tich
Jefferies, John, admitted as a brother, borne Street, Haymarket, 1842.
1639. Jodin, Jean, author of “ Les Echap
Jefferson , Samuel, 31 , Bruton Street, pemens à repos comparés aux
1807-1842. échappemens à recul,” Paris, 1766.
Reed, and Walton, 38, Fetter Johnson , Roger, petitioner for incor
Lane, 1820-1825. poration of C.C., 1630.
Matthew , 236, High Street, Jery, Exchange Alley. In the
Shadwell, 1835–1842 . B.M. is a small watch of his make
Jeffery, William Knight, C.C., 1712. in an irregular octagonal- shaped
Thomas, and Jones, Cockspur case with a faceted crystal over
Street, Charing Cross, 1769–1788. the dial, 1620-1625.
Jefferys, Nathaniel, Strand, 1771 . -, George, admitted C.C., 1619.
Nathaniel, junior, Piccadilly, 9 John , admitted C.C., 1678.
1780-1785. > John , admitted C.C., 1680.
Thomas, Cockspur St., 1771. Michael, admitted C.C., 1687.
H. , 49, Salisbury Square, Fleet John, Fleet Lane, 1701 .
Street, 1798–1804. Jeremiah, Exchange Alley,
G., 86, New Bond Street, 1800. admitted C.C , 1668 ; 1668–1690.
and Gilbert, Cuckspur Street, Cornelius, admitted C.C., 1694.
1800. Thomas, admitted C.C., 1700.
Nathaniel, 22, Queen Street, John, admitted C.C., 1701 .
Mayfair, 1768-1804. Isaac, admitted C.C., 1705.
and Ham , 49, Salisbury James, admitted C.C., 1706.
Johnson, Thomas, admitted C.C., 1713. Jones, David , watch -pendant maker,
, Isaac, admitted C.C., 1723. 69, Bunhill Row, 1790.
William , admitted C.C., 1702, William , 27, Barbican , 1790 ;
maker of a bracket clock, bell 31 , Little Moorfields, 1810 ; 1790
top ebony case, with handle, brass 1810.
dial, bob pendulum , style 1725, Robert, 49, Little Bartholomew
strike -silent, 1703-1725. Close, 1800.
-, Thomas, 9, Gray's Inn Pas James, 65, Banner Street, Bun
sage, bout 1730. hill Row, 1795-1810.
-, James, New Road, St. George's > William , White Cross Street,
East, 1790. 1810-1815.
, John, 9, Gray's Inn Passage, John, 338, Strand , 1821 ; suc
1770-1799. ceeded by his son, John Jones, a
John, 5, Elm Street, Gray's man of high attainments and suc
Inn Lane, 1790–1820. cessful manufacturer ; vice-presi
E., 7, Sweeting's Alley, 1823 . dent of the British Horological
Leond, 19, Bartlett's Build Institute ; he retired from business
ings, Holborn, 1825. in 1885.
J. and W., 19, Cross Street, F., 62, Cornhill, 1825.
Hatton Garden , 1825. sam , 78, Cheapside, 1825.
James, 18, Paddington Street, W., 132, Holborn Hill, 1825.
1835-1842. John and Timothy, 20, Red
William , 50, Strand, 1835–1842. Lion Street, Clerkenwell, 1825
Edward Daniel, 9, Wilmington 1830.
Square, a leading watch manufac Timothy, 18, Ludgate Street,
turer, formerly with James Stod 1830-1840.
dart ; retired from business 1879, Jordan, Timothy, 40, Snow Hill,
died at Highbury, 1839, aged 73. maker of a tall mahogany -case
Johnston, G. , 7, Queen Street, North clock, brass dial , period 1780 ;
ampton Square, 1835. 1769-1780.
J., 2, Elm Street, Gray's Inn Jourdain , A., 6, Wheeler Street,
Lane, 1835. Spitalfields, 1790 .
Jolly, Joseph, 11 , Dean Street, Fetter William , London, maker of a
Lane, 1790. timepiece with crown wheel escape
Joly, Jacques, London ; in the B.M. ment, short pendulum with pear
is a watch by him, 1620-1630. shaped bob, and 8-inch silvered
Jones, Evan , admitted as a brother, dial. Through a short circular
C.C., 1648. slit in the upper part of the dial
William , admitted C.C., 1663. is shown a small silvered star,
Thomas, admitted C.C., 1679. which, as it vibrates along with
Jonathan, admitted C.C., 1687. the pendulum, shows when the
David, admitted C.C., 1687. timepiece is going ; 1670–1710.
Henry, admitted C.C. , 1697. Jourdan, R. , 29, Marshall Street,
2 Valentine, admitted C.C. , 1704. Golden Square, 1835.
John, admitted C.C., 1716. Joyce, George, admitted C.C. , 1692.
> Henry, Inner Temple Gate, Stephen, Moor Street, Soho,
master, C.C. , 1691 ; an eminent 1769.
maker (see p. 81) ; 1663–1693. Samuel and C., 38, Lombard
John , master, C.C., 1762 ; 1748 Street, 1790–1812.
1763. James, Whitchurch, a well
Jenkin , 61, St. James's Street, known clockmaker, died 1883,
1775-1783. aged 62.
Owen, Little George Street, Judson, Thomas, sent a letter to C.C.,
livery, C.C., 1786 ; 1780-1790. relative to watches seized, 1790.
William , livery, C.C. , 1786 ; Julian , Gregory, admitted C.C., 1664.
1778-1786. Jullion, John, Breutford , 1730.
Jullion and Son , New Brentford, 1771 . Keeling, George, musical clockmaker,
Julliott, Solomon, London, verge Webber Street, Blackfriars Road,
watch by him in the Guildhall 1840.
Museum , date on mainspring, 1738. Keely, W., gilder, Orange Court,
Jurgensen , Urban, born 1776, died Clement's Lane, 1790.
1830 ; an eminent Danish watch Kefford , Thomas, Royston , maker of
maker. Author of “ The Higher long Oriental lacquer-case clock,
Horological Art,” _ and “Principes about 1760.
de la Mesure du Temps." Jurgen Kelme, -, London, maker of a small
sen was associated with the lead timepiece on a horse, in the
ing men of his day. He experi Massey - Mainwaring Collection,
mented with compensation balances 1670.
made of brass and platinum, and Kelton, Simon, admitted C.C., 1723.
strongly advocated the use of gold Kemp, Charles, admitted C.C., 1688.
springs for marine chronometers. > Richard, admitted C.C., 1701 .
He made many excellent chrono > William , livery, C.C., 1786.
meters for the Danish navy, and ; Joseph, Curtain Road, Shore
very successful metallic thermo ditch, 1790.
meters. Kemps, Matthew , C.C., 1670.
Louis Urban, Copenhagen , son Kendall, Larcum , 20, Wood Street ,
and successor of the foregoing, Cheapside, apprenticed to John
1828-1867. Harrison , and one of the judges
Just, George, 22, Anderson's Build appointed to report on Harrison's
ings, City Road, 1840. timekeeper in 1765. He agreed
Justis and Comp, Well Yard, St. to make a duplicate for the Com
Bartholomew Hospital, 1769. missioners of Longitude, undertak
ing to faithfully reproduce the
Kaiser, Kleyser, and Co., wooden various parts without being held
clockmakers, 4, Broad Street, 1810 . responsible for the performance,
Kallenback and Fuller, 77, Blackman and stipulated that the price, £ 400,
Street, 1810-1842. should be paid in advance. The
Kammerer, Joseph, wooden clock date on this instrument is 1769 ;
maker, 51, King Street, Borough, it must have been at least three
1840. years in hand. Kendall afterwards
Kangiesser, S., 24, Southampton made a much simpler instrument
Street, Strand, 1825. than Harrison's, without the re
Kanns, John, admitted C.C., 1712. montoire action , and with an
Kater, Captain Henry, F.R.S., con ordinary seconds hand ; the date
ducted experiments for determin on this is 1771. It is in the pos
ing the length of the seconds pen session of the Royal United Ser
dulum in the latitude of London, vice Institute . There is a fine
1817. watch with a remontoire escape
Keat, Joseph, 19, Cock Hill, Ratcliff, ment by him in the Guildhall
1810. Museum, 1740-1780.
Edward, 69, Banner Street, watch finisher, 17, St.
St. Luke's, 1830-1840 . John's Square, 1790.
Mrs. Mary Anne, 19, Broad Kendrick, John , admitted C.C. , 1719.
Street, 1840. John , admitted C.C., 1726.
Sophia, 60, Banner Street, St. Keney, Vincent, received £19 16 «.
Luke's, 1812. 8d . from Henry VIII. for “xj
Keates, William , 135, Fleet Street, clocks and dialls," 1530.
1783-1800 . Kenney, William , threatened with
Keating, A. , 114, Strand, 1807-1815 . prosecution by C.C. for exercising
Keddon , Daniel, admitted C.C , 1717. the art, not being admitted, 1682.
Keef, Thomas, 22, Rosoman Street, Kenning, William , admitted as a
Clerkenwell, 1835. brother, C.C. , 1684.
Kent, Henry, admitted C.C., 1650. case clock, square dial, period
, Joseph, 19, Cock Hill, Ratcliff, Queen Anne, 1705-1737.
1806-1815 . Kirby, Robert, admitted C.C. , 1722.
John, 19, Broad Street, Ratcliff, Kirk, John , admitted C.C., 1677.
1822–1835. Kirkton , R. , enameller, Red Lion
Kentish , John, Pope's Head Alley, Street, 1790.
1758–1761 . Kissor, Samuel, admitted C.C., 1712.
John, and Haynes, 18, Cornhill, Kitchen, B. , 32, Comptoi street,
1769–1788. 1842.
Kenton, Joseph, admitted C.C. , 1686. Kitching, Joshua, 14, Dover Street,
Kerby, Thomas F. , London, known Piccadilly, 1823.
as a maker of clocks about 1760. Klaftenberger, C. J., a skilful watch
Kershaw , George, Tyler's Court, maker, sometime vice -president of
Cornaby Market, 1790. the Horological Institute ; died
Kersill, William , 21 , Aldersgate 1874, aged 79.
Street, 1775. Kleyser, J., wood case -maker, 90 ,
Keys, David, Craven Street, Strand , Holborn, 1790.
a well-known manufacturer of George, and Co., wood case
watches ; died 1887 , aged 74. makers, 3, Little Tower Hill,
Keyzor, Louis, 16, Tottenham Court 1790.
Road, 1835-1810. and Kaltenback , wooden case
Kidder, John, 6, Strand, 1823. maker, 196 , High Street, Borough,
Kilminster , Henry, C.C., 1677. 1810-1825.
Kimbell, Thomas, 214, Tottenham and Fritschler, 405, Oxford
Court Road, 1812. Street, 1835–1842.
King, Jonathan, admitted C.C., 1689. T. and J., 191 , High Holborn,
-, Thomas ,admitted C.C. , 1669 ; 1810-1830.
maker of a marqueterie long - case J., and Co., wooden case -maker,
square dial clock, 1669–1690 . 4, Goswell Street, 1840.
John, admitted C.C., 1715. John , wooden case -maker, 66,
John, admitted C.C. , 1729. Borough High Street, 1840.
-, Isaac, Moorfields, 1730. Knibb, Samuel, admitted C.C., 1663.
William John, admitted C.C., , Joseph, Oxon ., admitted C.C.,
1720. In the B.M. is a watch by 1670. He made a clock for Windsor
him with repoussé case, 1730. Castle in 1677. He issued a token ,
Henry, Lincoln's Inn, admitted having on the obverse : “ Ioseph
C.C., 1720 ; 1720-1745. Knibb, Clockmaker in Oxon.;'
John, Gough Square, 1758– reverse, I.K., a clock face and
1761 . hands. In the Camden Society's
Thomas and Benjamin , 82, Secret Services of Charles II.
Upper East Smithfield, 1804–1825. and James II.” are various ac
W., 34, High Holborn, 1830. counts of payments on behalf of
Thomas, 130, Minories, 1835– King Charles. In the account up
1842. to July 3rd , 1682 , is an item, paid
Kingman, James, 104, Leadenhall " To Mr. Knibb by his said Ma'tie's
Street, 1783. comand upon a bill forClockwork,
Kingsmill, George, C.C., 1667. 1411.” He appears to have at one
Kinnear, Charles, 33, Frith Street, time had a business in London ;
Soho, 1830. on a bracket clock, with curious
Kinning , John, admitted C.C. , 1701 . striking part, ornamented on the
A specimen of his work in the back -plate, is the inscription,
B.M. is a watch the works of Joseph Knibb, Londini, fecit.”
which are encased in glass, 1720 “ Lost, on the 26th inst., near
1730. the Ferry Place, Putney, a gold
Kipling, William , Broad Street, near Pendulum Chain Minute-watch,
Ratcliff Cross, maker of oak long made by Joseph Knibb, of London,
in a shagreen case, studded, with Knottesford, William , admitted C.C.,

a Gold knob, and marked with 48 1664, inaker of a circular silver
on the inside of the case. Whoever watch in the B.M., also of a re
will give notice of it to Mr. Joseph peater iu S.K.M., hall mark , 1684 ;
Knibb, watchinaker in Fleet 1650–1685.
Street, shall have 2 guineas and Knowles, James, 2, Hospital Row ,
charges ; or if pawned or sold, Chelsea, 1835–1810.
their money again and a good Kullberg, Victor, born at Gothland,
gratuity ” ( London Gazette, April Sweden, 1824. In 1851 he came
30, May 4 , 1691 ). to London, where he died , in 1890.
“ Left in a coach or drop'd, the One of the most brilliant and
12th inst., a Gold Out-Case of a successful horologists of the pre
striking watch , engraven. Who sent century. Inventor of a com
ever shall bring it to Joseph pensation balance ( see p. 223 ).
Knibb, clockmaker, at the Dyal, Kyezor, Louis, 46a, Edgware Road,
near Sergeants - Ion , in Fleet 16, Tottenham Court Road, and 3,
Street, shall receive 408 reward ” Great Turnstile, 1842.
( London Gazette, January 11-14, Kynvyn, James, maker of a clock be
1691 ). longing to the Earl of Essex , 1593 .
“ At the Clock Dyal, in Suffolk
Street, near Charing Cross, on Lacey, Charles, 12, Ludgate Street,
Friday, the 23rd inst., will begin 1783.
the sale of a great Parcel of very Lacour, Daniel, New Street, Covent
good Pendulum Clocks, some do Garden, 1825.
go a year,' some a quarter of a Ladd, Ladd, admitted C.C., 1709.
year, some a month , some a week, J. , 35, Cornhill, 1823.
and some 30 hours ; some are Lafosse, William, 32, Old Broad
Table Clocks, some repeat them Street, 1738-1788.
selves, and some, by pulling, re Laidlau, Thomas, hon. freeman, C.C.,
peat the hours and quarters ; 1770-1781 .
made and sold byJoseph Knibb, Lainy, John , admitted C.C., 1720.
at his House at the Dyal, in Suffolk Lake, Bryan, admitted C.C., 1674.
Street aforementioned . There are Lamb, Thomas, Union Street, Spital
also some watches to be then aud fields, 1790.
there sold ” ( London Gazette, April - , Benjamin ,21 , St. John's Square,
15-19, 1697). 1769–1779.
Knibb , Peter, admitted C.C., 1677. and Webb, 21 , St. John's
- , John, Oxon., maker of a verge Square, Clerkenwell, 1780–1795 .
watch movement, with curiously Sarah, 2, Lower Queen's Row,
wrought pillars, in the Guildhall Pentonville, 1842.
Museum, style 1690. Lambe, Thomas, admitted C.C., 1632.
Knifeton , Thomas, at Ye Cross Keys, Edmund, admitted C.C., 1675.
in Lothebury, 1690-1700. John, 29, Fetter Lane, 1800.
Knight, Michael, apprenticed to Lambert, John, 2, Tichborne Street,
Tompion, admitted C.C., 1677. 1775–1810.
3 Richard, admitted C.C., 1682. 5 Henry, 93, Piccadilly, 1840.
Charles, admitted C.C., 1685. 9 Henry, 119, Cheapside, 1842.
Henry, admitted C.C., 1723. Lamp, John, admitted C.C., 1713.
John, 6, Carpenters' Buildings, Lampe, John, Henrietta Street, ad
London Wall, 1768. mitted C.C. , 1713 ; Chippendale
-, Benjamin, New Street, Dock long - case clock, large hood and
head, 1790. gallery round the top, inscription
9 Valentine, engine turner, first on disc, “ John Lampe, London ; "
president of the British Horo 1713-1715.
logical Institute ; born 1793, died Landlen, Thomas, 16, Salisbury Court,
1867. 1794.
Langcroft, Richard, C.C., 1718. Layton, Francis, admitted C.C. , 1726.

L'Ange, A., 51 , Cornhill, 1835. -, Thomas, Dean Street, livery
Lange, Adolf Ferdinand, apprentice man, C.C. , 1776.
of Winner), Paris ; an excellent Lazarus, H., 112, Upper East
and progressive watchmaker ; Smithfield , 1815.
Glashutte , Saxony ; died 1873, -, J. , 15, Carter Street, Houns
aged 60. ditch, 1825 ; 39, Minories, 1830 ;
Langford, Goring , admitted as a 1825-1830.
brother, C.C. , 1652. J., 13, Oakley Street, Lambeth,
Langhorne, Thomas, Threadneedle 1835 .
Street ; liveryman, C.C., 1776. H. L., 3, Bury Street, St.
Langley, Thomas, admitted C.C., 1664. Mary Axe, 1835.
Cornelius, admitted C.C., 1706. E., and Son, 3, Bury Street,
Larard, James, 7, New Bridge Street, St. Mary Axe, 1840-1812.
1842. Lazenby , R., Knightsbridge, on a
Larçay, -, an eminent French horo small clock, with sunk seconds and
logist, period 1725. day of the month circles, about 1750.
Large, Augustus, 51 , Cornhill, 1840. Lea, Thomas, Old Jewry, master,
Laroch, John, 18, High Street, C C., 1782 ; 1760-1783.
Bloomsbury, 1822–1825. Leach , Thomas, Lombard Street,
Lasarus, Abraham , Gun Yard, 1760– 1753-1760.
1765. Leadbetter, William , Cross Keys
Lashbrook, Henry, admitted C.C. , Court, Little Britain, 1785–1790.
1715. Leah, Samuel Henry, 29, Bath Street,
Lasoffe, William , 52, Old Broad City Road, 1830–1842.
Street, 1765-1770. Samuel Henry, junior, Mare
Lasseter, William , Arundel, maker Street, Hackney, 1835 ; 79, Shore
of long -case clocks, about 1770. ditch, 1842 ; 1835–1842.
Latham, John, admitted C.C., 1700 ; Leake, Faith, admitted C.C. , 1685.
maker of a watch with gold re George, admitted C.C., 1693.
poussé case, in S.K.M. , 1700-1720. Leaver, William , 45, Great Sutton
Latonr, Réné, admitted C.C., 1730. Street, 1830.
Lauriere, J., 62, St. James's Street, Lecomte ( Lecount) , Daniel, admitted
1822-1830. as a brother, C.C , 1676 . 6. Taken
Laver, Benjamin, 4 , Bruton Street, from Mr. Robert Murrel, on the
Berkeley Square, 1800. 5th inst., by Foot Pads, near New
Law, Thomas, 27, Thomas Street, ington, a Pendulum Watch made
Southwark, 1790. by Daniel Lecount ' (London
Anthony, 68, Borough High Gazette, August 4-8, 1692).
Street, 1840-1842. -, James, admitted as a brother,
Lawell, Paul, admitted as a brother, C.C. , 1687.
C.C , 1653. J. R. , 60, Dean Street, Soho,
Lawley, Bernhard, 253, Borough High 1763-1783.
Street, 1810–1842. Lecount, Peter, livery, C.C., 1810 ;
Lawrence, James, 13, Bolingbroke 1800-1811 .
Row, Walworth Road , 1835 . Ledeur, -, London, maker of a
G. , 74, Paradise Street, Rother hexagonal table clock in the
hithe, 1835-1842. Massey - Mainwaring Collection,
and Son, 171 , Tooley Street, 1835. about 1600.
Lawson , John Edward , 58, Bishops Lee, Cuthbert , admitted C.C., 1676.
gate Within, 1800–1825 . 9 Samuel, admitted C.C., 1694.
Laxton, Thomas, admitted as a > John, admitted C.C., 1719.
brother, C.C. , 1642. George, Lombard Street, 1737–
Thomas, admitted C.C., 1653. 1740.
Layton, John, admitted as a brother, John, 31 , Noble Street, Foster
1653. Lane, 1800-1804.
Lee, Isaac, 110, Devonshire Build of an excellent “ Traité d'Hor

ings, Great Dover Street, 1840 logerie " (Paris, 1760), revised and
1842. augmented , says Moinet, by the
Leekey, Gabriel, 15, Basinghall Street celebrated Lalande. In the second
(see Cabrier), 1769-1815. edition of this work appears
Leeming , W., watch-case maker, 8, Lalande's treatise on perfect
Little Britain , 1790. pitching.”
Leeson, William , Coleshill, Birming- Lepine, - a French watchmaker
ham, well known as a maker of (Horloger du Roy), who intro
turret clocks throughout the Mid duced bars for carrying the upper
land Counties ; died 1886, aged 77 . pivots of a watch train instead of
Le Feburg , Charles (French ),admitted a top plate, 1770.
C.C. , 1687 . Leplastrier, John, 138, Upper Shad
Leffin , Thomas, admitted C.C. , 1720. well , 1790 ; 125, Minories, 1815 ;
Lefosse, William , 52, Old Broad 1790-1815.
Street, 1769-1772 . Louis, 142, High Street, Shad
Legeips, John, London ; in the B.M. well, 1804-1815 .
a very large repeating watch with and Son, 142, High Street, Shad
silver case decorated in repoussé, well, 1820-1828.
1720-1730. > Isaac, 17, King William Street,
Legg, John, admitted C.C., 1724. Strand , 1840 ; 21, Holles Street,
Le Grand, James, admitted as Cavendish Square, 1840-1842.
brother, C.C., 1641 . Louis, 50, Alfred Street, City
-, Francis, admitted as a brother, Road, 1842.
C.C. , 1647. and Son, 20, Ludgate Hill, 1835.
Legrand, James, junior, C.C., 1664. Leroux, Alexander, C.C., 1706 .
Leigh, Thomas, admitted C.C., 1730. John , 8 , Charing Cross ; hon .
and Phillips, 40, Mansell Street, freeman , C.C., 1781. There is a
1840. fine watch by him in the Guild
Leignes, Charles, Northumberland hall Museum ; 1770-1800.
Street, Strand, 1790. Le Roy, Julien , a scientific French
Lello, James, admitted C.C. as а watchmaker, born 1686, died 1759.
brother, in 1656, on producing his He devised a form of repeating
masterpiece with his name, its mechanism much used in French
genuineness being attested by watches, and substituted springs
Samuel Betts, 1656. for the bell in use before.
Lemaitre, Paul, watch tool maker, Pierre, son of Julien Le Roy,
28, Grafton Street, 1790–1810. born 1717, died 1785. Among his
Lemandre, Nicholas, Blois, 1630. conceptions was a form of duplex
Lemmon , Henry, 19, Grenville Street, escapement and an escapement on
Hatton Garden , 1835 ; 6 , Upper which the present chronometer
North Place, Gray's Inn , 1842. escapement is founded ; 1738-1785.
Lens, William , admitted C.C. , 1711 . Lesage, Augustus, Cockspur Street,
Leon, George Isaac, 56, Great Prescot 1775 ; St. James's,Haymarket, 1788.
Street, 1842. Leschot, Georges Auguste, Geneva,
Lepaute, J. A., born 1709, died 1789. in 1840 designed a series of
He was a French clockmaker, and machines for watchmaking on the
the inventor of the pin-wheel factory system.
escapement. Lepaute constructed Leslie , James, 6, Maiden Lane, Covent
several fine turret clocks and Garden, 1788 ; 5, Parliament Street,
clocks for the Louvre at Paris, 1790 ; 1788–1790.
wound by means of an air current Robert, patentee of pumping
and fan , a method re -invented keyless work (No. 1920) ; 1793.
recently. He made many curious Lester, Thomas, admitted as a brother,
timepieces (equation, one -wheel C.C., 1697.
clocks, etc.), and was the author Lombard Street, 1774.
Lestourgen , David, admitted C.C. , Lewis, John , admitted C.C. , 1705.

1721 ; 1721-1751 . Ambrose, admitted C.C., 1725 .
David, admitted as a brother, -, Joseph, 38, Foster Lane, 1783.
C C., 1698 ; maker of a verge watch and Alston, 30, Bishopsgate
with finely pierced cock and pillars. Within , 1825.
Another specimen of his work is Ley, William , admitted C.C., 1711.
in the Guildhall Museum ; 1690 L'Hospital, J. , 13, Oxendon Street,
1731 . Haymarket, 1812.
Lestourgeon, Thomas, known as a Liddiard, Thomas, 54, St. Paul's
maker of long -case clocks, 1760. Churchyard , 1775–1783.
L'Estrange, David, admitted as a Light, John , admitted as a brother,
brother, C.C., 1697. C.C., 1648.
Letwitch , William , 42, Lombard Lightfoot, Peter, a monk, maker of
Street, 1769–1772 . the Glastonbury and Wimborne
Levens, John, Shoemakers' Row, clocks (see p. 23), 1335.
Blackfriars, 1790. Like , George, 29, Butcher's Row,
Levin , Moses, 7, Cook's Court, Carey 1785–1790.
Street, 1790. Lillie, Charles, corner of Beaufort
-, Lewis, 63, Prescot Street, 1804 ; Buildings, Strand ; a seller of
51 , Mansell Street, 1815 ; 123, watches, & c.," 1710. 1
Leadenhall Street, 1830 ; 1804 Limonière, Stephen , admitted as a
1830. brother, C.C., 1712.
Levy, Joseph , New Round Court, Limpard , John, a watch by him in
Strand, 1780-1785. the B.M., about 1630–1635.
, Lyon , 121 , Whitechapel High Lind, N., 4, Norman Street, Old
Street, 1780-1785. Street, 1788-1825.
, Hyam , 121, Whitechapel High Lindesay, G., watchmaker to George
Street, 1780-1785. II., a verge movement by him in
M. and C. , 19, Maiden Lane, the Guildhall Museum.
Covent Garden, 1790. Lindley, —, 10, St. Martin's Court,
Philip, 30, Jewry Street, Ald Old Street, 1810.
gate , 1798-1803. Lindsey, John, 69, Banner Street, 1825 .
Jonas, 18, Somerset Street, Linford, Thomas, London, maker of
1800 ;. 135, Whitechapel, 1810 ; watches, 1626.
38, Minories, 1820 ; 1800-1820. Linnet, John, 9, Cursitor Street,
J., Coventry Street, Haymarket, Chancery Lane, 1825.
1815. Linney, John, watch -case maker and
B. , High Street, Whitechapel, liner, Leatherstone Street, 1790.
1820. Lipp, Nicholas, Basle, maker of a
J., and Son, 49, Tooley Street, remarkable clock at Lyons, 1598.
1820. Liptrop, Peter, a well-known wheel
and Co. , 408, Strand , 1825. cutter ; born in Prescot, 1793 ;
A. , 17, Camomile Street, 1825 died in London, 1879 ; 1814-1879 .
1835. Litherland, Peter, patentee of the
9 8. , 19, Crutched Friars, 1830. rack lever escapement ( No. 1830,
A. , 183, Ratcliffe Highway, Oct., 1794) ; 1790-1800.
1835. Little, Joseph, 179, Strand, 1800.
Jonas, 13, Bevis Marks, ad Littlemore, Whitestone, apprenticed
mitted C.C. , 1831 ; 1820-1842. to Tompion, admitted C.C., 1698.
Abraham , 36, Trinity Square , Littlewort, George, 34, Cannon
Tower Hill, 1840-1842. Street, maker of watches for the
and Moss, 1 , Liverpool Build use of the guards of the Royal
ings, Bishopsgate, 1842. Mail coaches, 1816-1832.
Levyson , Montague, 125, Pall Mall , Livermore, Edward, 30, Tokenhouse
1840. Yard, Lothbury, and 3, Cross
Lewin , William , admitted C.C., 1731 . Street, Islington, 1798-1810.
Lloyd, William , admitted C C., 1668. traction of mercury in a curved

9 William , admitted C.C., 1670. glass tube fixed at each end of the
Joseph, admitted C.C. , 1673. laminated rim, which was shorter
David , admitted C.C., 1677. than usual (Patent 1011 , Decem
Richard, admitted C.C., 1681. ber, 1852), (see p. 224 ) ; 1146–1890.
9 Charles, admitted C.C., 1691. Louarth, Jasper,' admitted as a
James, admitted C.C., 1700. brother, C.C. , 1641 .
-, James, Sheep Pens, Smithfield, Loudan, William , 149, Great Surrey
admitted C.C. , 1722. Street, 1825 ; 228, Blackfriars
John , 21 , Aldgate Within, Road, 1840 ; 1825-1840.
1790-1794, Loughton, William , admitted as a
1 William , 6, Britannia Row , brother, C.C., 1683.
Hoxton , 1842. Loundes, Isaac,admitted as a brother,
Lochard, John, admitted C.C., 1655 ; C.C. , 1682.
maker of a thick round silver · Charles, Pall Mall, maker
watch, gut to fusee, engraved dial, of a long-case clock belonging to
serrated trident hand, inscribed, the Bishop of Chester, 1700–1726 .
“ John Lochard, fecit,” 1655–1670. Lounde ( Lowndes), Jonathan , in
Loddington, Isaac. Anna Maria Pall Mall, admitted C.C., 1680 ;
Shaw was apprenticed to him and steward, 1696 ; a celebrated maker.
to Elizabeth his wife, 1733. Examples, a square black basket
Lodowick , Peter, admitted C.C., 1689. top bracket clock, and a walnut in
Long, Thomas, admitted C.C., 1653. laid long-case one, 1680–1700 . “ Lost
9 John, admitted as a brother, on the 19 past, from a gentle
C.C. , 1677. woman's side, a gold pendulum
John, admitted C.C., 1698. watch with 2 gold cases, the outer
Henry, 200, High Holborn, case engraved ;madeby J.Lowndes,
1770-1780. in Pall Mall, London , Whoever
and Drew, enamellers, 5, Red brings it to Mr. Lowndes, at the
Lion Street, Clerkenwell, 1794– Dyal, in Pall Mall, shall have 3
1810. guineas reward ; or if bought, their
Longford, Ellis, admitted C.C., 1672. money again with content" (Lon
Thomas, hon. freeman , C.C., don Gazette, October 1-5, 1691 ) .
1781 ; 1770-1781 . “ Lost on the 10 instant, in a
Longland, John, admitted as a Hackney Coach , between Covent
brother C.C. , 1677. Garden and Jermyn Street, a
Loomes, Thomas, at ye Mermayd in Gold Pendulum Watch ,the maker's
Lothebury, admitted C.C , 1619, a name Lowndes, the Chrystal
celebrated maker. Example, a crack’d ; with 2 Steel Seals tyed
small lantern clock, frets Fig. 103, to it, the Coat of Arms, 10 Crosses
inscription , “ Thomas Loomes, at and a Baron's Coronet, and a small
ye Mermayd in Lothebury, fecit, Famble ( sic ), made up of 2 little
1674 ; ” 1630–1674 . Diamonds and 4 or 5 Rubies.
Lord, Richard, admitted C C., 1632. Whoever brings them to St.
Lorimer and Edwards, 17, Shore Francis Child, Goldsmith, within
ditch , 1810–1823. Temple Bar, shall have 2 guineas
David and Edwards, 17, Shore reward ” ( London Gazette, Novem
ditch , 1825. ber 16-19, 1691 ).
William , 24 , Crown Street, Love, James, 23, Aldgate, High
Finsbury, 1830; 93, Wood Street, Street, 1780–1790.
Cheapside, 1835 ; 1830–1840. 9 Christopher, 6, Old Bond Street,
Lormier, Isaac, London, long - case 1822-1825.
clock , about 1740. Lovelace, Jacob, Exeter, maker of a
Loseby, Edward Thomas, inventor of famous clock (see pp. 161-163).
a compensation balance which Loveles, W. , 14, Charles Street,
acted by the expansion and con Hoxton, 1796.
Lovell, Paul, 1630–1633. esteemed for fine watches and

Lovett, William , admitted C.C., 1702. clocks, especially in India. James
Lowry, Morgan, Holborn , 1700. McCabe, 11 , Bell's Buildings, Fleet
Lowiber, Thomas, clock -case maker, Street, in 1779 ; 34, King Street,
58, Red Lion Street, Clerkenwell, Cheapside, in 1783 ; 8, King Street,
1822–1830. Cheapside, in 1788 ; 97, Cornbill,
Lucas, William , admitted C.C., 1669. in 1804. He was hon. freeman ,
Edward, admitted C.C., 1727. C.C., 1781 ; livery , 1786 ; warden ,
> Henry, admitted C.C., 1731 . 1811 , when he died. McCabe and
, John, Pear Tree Street, 1800 Son , 99, Cornhill, till 1820 ;
1810. McCabe and Strahan to 1825. J.
Lucie, John , admitted C.C , 1663. McCabe, 97, Cornbill , till 1838.
Ludlam , William , one of the judges Then J. McCabe, 32, Cornbill.
of Harrison's chronometer, 1765. Robert McCabe, who succeeded his
Ludlow , Samuel, C.C., 1706. father at 32, Cornhill, retired in
Luke, William , shagreen and morocco 1880, when he closed the shop, de
case-maker, 147, Aldersgate Street, clining all offers to purchase the
1810. business.
Lum , Joseph, Spittlefields, 1700. McDowall, Charles, Church Street,
Lumb, John, 16, Southampton Build Kensington, 1836 ; 8, Victoria
ings, 1790. Road, Pimlico, 1839; 2, Mall,
Lumpkin , Thomas, admitted C.C., Kensington, 1840 ; Jermyn Street,
1694 ; maker of a walnut mar 1858. A clever horologist, born
queterie long -case clock, centre in Wakefield ; he patented the
engraved ; over day of month circle single - pin escapement, 1851 .
G. R. and three crowns ; 1694– Example of his work, a beauti
1715. fully made thirty -day skeleton
Lund, John Richard, Hatton Garden , clock, with Hooke's helix or
and afterwards 41 , Cornbill ; ap twisted teeth ; died 1872, aged 82 ;
prenticed to John Pennington, 1811-1872.
senior, for some time partner in Macgregor, J. , 14, Charterhouse
the well-known firm of Barraud Street, 1830.
and Lund ; died 1868, aged 63 ; Macham , Samuel, London, maker of
1828-1869. arepeating bracket clock, about
Lupton and Gillam , 23, St. Martin's 1750.
Lane, 1825. Mackarsie , G., 14, Gt. Queen Street,
Lushbrook , -, admitted C.C., 1701 . 1820.
Luttman , William , C.C., 1720. Mackarthy, James, 47, Holborn , 1790.
Lutwiche, Fenchurch Street , Mackdonald, Peter, New Compton
1775. Street, 1790.
Lynaker, Samuel , one of the first MacKenny, G. , 8, Lower Ashby
assistants of the C.C., 1630–1649. Street, 1840–1842.
Lynch, Robert, admitted C.C., 1670. Mackie, James, Banner Street, Bun
Lyndon, G., 30, Gerrard Street, hill Row, 1810–1835.
Soho, 1825–1830. and Son, 54, City Road, 1825.
Lyne, William , admitted C.C., 1703. James and George, 31 , City
Lyon, Lewis, 64, Gray's Inn Lane, Road, 1835–1842.
1840. James, 4, White Rose Court,
Lyons, Richard, master, C.C. , 1683 ; Coleman Street, 1830-1842.
1670-1684 . McLachlan , Hugh, 17, Upper East
Lysney, Sebastian , clockmaker to Smithfield, 1820-1840.
Edward VI., 1548. MacLennan , John, a watch and
chronometer maker of the front
Maberly, John, master,' C.C., 1738 ; rank, who worked for McCabes ;
1718-1739 . born at Ding wall , died in London,
McCabe, This house was much 1886, aged 72.
2 A
Maclennan , Kenneth, May's Build Mansir, R. , watch -case maker, North

ings, St. Martin's Lane, 1781-1825. ampton Square, 1835.
R. and W. , 9, Great May's Mantir, G., 71 , Snow Hill, 1830.
Buildings, St. Martin's Lane, 1825. Manwaring, Thomas, C.C. , 1694.
McPhail, C. , 14, Regent's Street, Pall Marchant, Samuel, admitted C.C.,
Mall, 1830. 1700 ; warden, 1704 ; did not
Macure, Thomas, musical clock serve as master, 1700-1705.
maker, 7, Great New Street, Prince's Street, Leicester
Gough Square, 1788. Fields, nephew of Archambo,
Macy, Benjamin , C.C., 1712. 1750.
Madell, Charles, 1 , Waterloo Place, William , 255, High Holborn,
Clerkenwell Close, 1835. 1775-1783 .
Maggs, William, claimed to be M., 350, Oxford Street, 1823.
successor to D. Quare, 1724-1730. Marchet, Richard, Fulwood Rents,
Maginie, Samuel, Duke's Row, Pim Holborn , 1790.
lico, and 9, Prince's Street, West Marder, Henry and William , 20,
minster, 1835. Artillery Place, Finsbury, 1842.
Magniac, “ Colonel,” St. John's Marduit, Isaac, admitted C.C.,
Square, Clerkenwell, a manu 1724 .
facturer of complicated clocks and Margary , -, 4, Wallbrook, 179 ).
automata, 1770. Margetts, George, 21 , King Street,
Magnus, N., 7, James Court, St. Cheapside, 1785 ; 3, Cheapside,
Martin's Lane, 1823. 1804 ; a celebrated maker, ad
Maillett, Henry, 16, Bartlett's Build mitted C.C., 1779 ; livery, 1799.
ings, 1790. In the B.M. is a superb watch
Maillingley, Robert, 135, Goswell movement by him. It shows
Road, 1790. ordinary time, the month, day of
Maisonneuve, Benjamin, Craven the month , north and south de
Street, Strand, 1769–1772. clination, time of high water and
Makepeace, Robert, 6, Serle Street, the constellations. Another ex
Lincoln's Inn, 1775–1788. ample of his work is a timepiece
Malden, Samuel Rain, Essex, maker named on dial, “ Margett's eight
of lantern clocks, about 1725. days timepiece, 202,” and on plate,
Malleson, Thomas, 62, Cornhill, “ Geo. Margetts, London, Inyt. et
1769-1783. fecit, eight-day nautical chrono
Malpas, J. , 91 , Wood Street, 1753 meter.” It is the size of a small
1775 . two-day, with fusee and chain,
Manaviere, Smithfield , 1774. great wheel running next top
Manby , H., maker of repoussé watch plate, spring detent, escape wheel
cases, 1660-1690. of sixteen teeth, measuring •470,
Manchester, John, C.C., 1700. and impulse roller a quarter the
Maniglier, John, 4, Frith Street, size of wheel, 1779-1810.
Soho, 1840-1842. Margot, D. , 19, Arlington Street,
Manley, Daniel, watch by him, Clerkenwell, 1835.
London Gazette, September 21 Markham , Robert, behind the Ex
25, 1693. change, 1737-1740.
Mann, Percivall, Charlotte Street, John, London , known as a
Oxford Street, 1790. maker of watches for the Dutch
and Muddell, 114, Leadenhall market, 1760-1780.
Street, 1830. Marks, L. , 127, Jermyn Street, St.
Mansell, William , watch-case maker, James's, 1830-1835.
1800, Rosoman Street, Clerken Lewis, 59, Prince's Street,
well ; fined £15 by C.C. in 1813, Leicester Square, 1840-1842.
for refusing to take up the livery ; Markwick , James, Royal Exchange,
26, Spencer Street, 1826 ; 1800 1675 ; apprenticed to Edward
1835. Gilpin, C.C., 1666. “Dropt the 3rd
instant between the Cross -Keys in Marsh , James, watch movement

Holborn, and the Temple Gate , a maker, 22, Tysoe Street, Clerken
Gold Pendulum Minute watch , well , 1835 .
made by Jacobus Markwick, Lon -, J., watch -case maker, 35, Clerk
don . Whoever brings it to Mr. enwell Green, 1835.
Wilkinson at the Black Boy Edward and John, 61 , Whiskin
against St. Dunstan's Church , in Street, Clerkenwell, 1840.
Fleet Street, shall have 31 re 2 H., 20, Down Street, Piccadilly,
ward ” ( London Gazette, July 1840, 1842 .
6–9, 1691). Marshall, Benjamin , C.C., 1680.
Markwick , James, admitted C.C. , John, Rainbow Coffee House,
1692 ; master, 1720 ; 1692–1721 . Cornhill, apprenticed to D. Quare ;
9 James, London ; several speci admitted C.C., 1689.
mens of his work in the B.M. -, Samuel, admitted C.C. , 1689.
One, in very large silver cases, is Samuel, admitted C.C., 1718.
inscribed, “ Made for F.B., M.D.,' John, Newark, maker of long
another, a clock -watch of a sliglıtly case calendar clocks, cast dial
later period ; 1760–1780. plates, about 1730.
Markham , behind the Royal , E. , 61 ,Cannon Street, 1825-1830 .
Exchange, maker of a watch move William , 3, Corporation Lane,
ment in the Guildhall Museum, 1823 ; 6, Percival Street, 1830
rolling verge, balance wheel teeth 1835.
cut the reverse way ; another with Marster, W. J. , 26, Bartlett's Build
elaborate pillars ; also known as ings, Holborn, 1825.
a maker of long -case clocks ; 1720 Marston, William , admitted C.C. ,
1740. 1669.
Marquet, “ That divers Watches John, 4, Osenden Street, Hay
and Pocket Clocks which were market, 1842.
Mr. Samuel Betts, deceased, are Marten, Henry and William , 20 ,
to be sold at his late shop, now Bunhill Row, 1840.
the shop of Mr. Marquet, watch Martin , John , White Gate Alley,
maker, on the backside of the admitted C.C., 1679 ; threatened in
Royal Exchange ” ( London Gazette, 1682 with prosecution by C.C. for
February 28, March 2, 1675 ). undue taking of apprentices, 1679–
Marriott, John, admitted C.C., 1715. 1686.
W., 10, Fetter Lane, about 1760. * Abraham , engraver, C.C., 1682.
John, musical clockmaker, Jeremiah, apprenticed to
10, Fleet Lane, 1782 ; 175, Fleet Tompion and Dent ; C.C., 1687.
Street, 1790 ; master, C.C., 1799 ; Richard, Northampton, maker
1782-1800. of lantern clocks, about 1695
J. , 148, Aldersgate Street, Thomas, Royal Exchange, ad
1806-1810 . mitted C.C., 1699.
William and J., 27, Fenchurch William , Bristol, makır of
Street, 1823–1830 . lantern clocks, about 1700.
Marsden , John, admitted C.C., 1698 ; William , admitted C.C., 1709.
master, 1731 ; 1698–1732. John, 16, Brownlow Street,
-, Samuel, 4, Leathersellers' Build Bedford Row, 1763-1769.
ings, 1820. Benjamin, maker of a curious
Samuel, 23, Great Winchester table clock, 1770.
Street, 1835-1842. Thomas, 27, Cornbill, 1778–
Marsh, Anthony, at ye dial opposite 1781 ; St. Michael's Alley, 1788 ;
Bank of England , C.C., 1724. 1781-1790.
Jacob, 78, Lombard Street, -, Edmund, 44, Queen Street ,
1754-1768. Cheapside, 1790.
James and Samuel, 79, Broad J. F., 26, High Street, Maryle.
Street, Ratcliff, 1790–1810. bone, 1810.
Martin , G. , 13, Church Lane, White Massey, Edmund, C.C., 1682.

chapel, 1835. Henry, Charles Street, near
-, H., Bunhill Row, Chiswell St. James's Square, 1707 ; admitted
Street, 1835 . as a brother C.C., 1692 ; makerof a
James, 26, Hanway Street, 1835. thick round silver verge, silverdial,
M. , 18, Aylesbury Street, showing day of the month, elabo
Clerkenwell, 1835. rately pierced movement ; 1692
William , 75, King Street, West 1696.
minster, 1810-1840. Nicholas, Cranbourne Street,
and Mosse, 8, Charing Cross, near Leicester Fields ; admitted as
1835. a brother, C.C. , 1693 ; a watch
Martineau, Joseph , St. Martin's Court, movement by him with an indexon
maker of gold repoussé watches, top of the cock in the Guildhall
1770 ; 65, Red Lion Street, Clerken Museum . “ Lost the 17 instant, be
well, 1790. tween the Haymarket and Temple
Martinot , Barnaby, Farringdon With Bar, a new Silver Pendulum
in , 1618. “ A four-square Gold Watch made by Nich. Massy, with
Watch, made at Paris by Monsieur a tortoise-shell studded case, the
Martinot. Information to be studs wrought, and the case lined
given to Mr. East, watchmaker, with red sattin ; and 2 seals ”
at Charing Cross” (London Gazette, (London Gazette, Nov. 24-28, 1692) ;
June 4-7, 1677). 1690-1700 .
Mascarone, Gio. Batt. , said to be the Jacob, Leicester Fields ; ad
maker of a padlock-shaped watch, mitted as a brother, C.C., 1785 ;
shown on p. 56, about 1635. maker of a black arch bracket
Masey , Thomas, mended St. Mary's clock, 1715-1725.
Clock, Oxon ., 1550. > John, 40, Bridge Road, Lam
Mason, Richard, admitted C.C., 1632. beth , 1820.
William , admitted C.C. , 1688. Benjamin , 116, Leadenhall
> Samuel, admitted C.C., 1712. Street, 1823-1826.
John, admitted C.C. , 1712 ; Edward, 28, King Street,
maker of a lantern clock , square Clerkenwell, a Staffordshire watch
dial, cherub corners, bob pen maker who settled in London . In
dulum ; 1712–1720. ventor of a form of lever escapement
Henry, admitted C.C., 1715. called the crank roller (see p. 262),
John , C.C., 1718 ;maker of long and forms of keyless winding for
case clocks,1718–1730 . watches (see p. 241). He died in
William , near East Lane, 1852, aged 82, and was buried at
Rotherhithe Wall, 1760-1769 ; St. John's, Duncan Terrace, Isling
Dockhead, Southwark, 1781-1783. ton.
Robert, 11, Strand . In 1790 John, 40, Bridge Road, 1830 ;
he sent a letter to the Clockmakers' 89, Strand, 1840.
Company respecting watches seized E. J. , 3, Tysoe Street, Spafields,
on his premises ; 1788–1790. 1835 .
John, 3, Helmet Row , Old > C. , 40, Bridge Road , Lambeth ,
Street, 1820. 1823-1835.
John, 1 , Jubilee Street, Mile F. J., 17, Chadwell Street,
End, 1840. 1840-1842.
Masquerier, Lewis, 12, Coventry T. , 32, Wilmington Square,
Street , 1780-1785 . 1835-1840.
-, William , Gerrard Street, Soho, > Thomas, 4, Birchin Lane, 1840–
1790. 1842.
and Perigal, Coventry Street, > Edmund, 89, Strand, 1842.
1775. > Edward, James, 78, Cornhill,
Masse, James, Broad Street, 1753 1842.
1760. Massy, Nicholas (French), C.C., 1682.
Massy and Windham , 4, Birchin May, John (Dutch), admitted as a

Lane, 1835. brother, C.C. , 1692.
Master, W. J., 26, Bartlett's Build Samuel, 51 , Myddleton Street,
ings, 1823. Clerkenwell ; an expert watch and
Masterman, J., White Hart Court, chronometer springer ; died 1871 ,
Gracechurch Street, 1769–1773 . aged 58 ; 1840-1871.
Masters, William , admitted C.C., 1701 . Mayes, John, 8, Lower Charles Street,
James, livery, C.C., 1810 ; Goswell Road, 1842.
1800-1811 . Mayland, Thomas, admitted C.C., 1698.
Masterton , Richard, at the Royal Maynard, Christopher, apprenticed to
Exchange ; admitted as a brother, Hacket, admitted C.C., 1667.
C.C., 1633 ; master, 1642 ; died Mayo, Joseph, Craven Street, Strand,
1653. In the Guildhall Museum 1769.
is an oval watch by him , cockle Coventry, about 1780–1790.
shell case, plain silver dial, hour Mayson , John, admitted C.C., 1704.
hand only , catgut; 1618–1653. Mead, William , 1 , Corporation Lane,
Matchett, John , Covent Garden, Clerkenwell, 1835.
admitted C.C., 1648 ; signed a Meade, Garrett, admitted C.C., 1703.
petition against the company's op Meades, Thomas, admitted C.C., 1687.
pression , 1656 ; assistant, 1670, but Meak , John, musical clock and watch
suspended, as well known to be a maker, 7, Worship Street, Shore
popish recusant, 1678. “ Lost on ditch, 1825.
the 11th inst. about Lincoln's - Inn Meanley, maker of a pair-case
Fields or Covent Garden , a silver verge watch, with an engraving on
watch ingraven with several the back representing the Queen
Figures, made by John Machett , a of Sheba before Solomon ; about
studded case with silver Pins " 1770.
(London Gazette, June 12-15, Mears, watch engraver, 48, Cloth
1676) ; 1648-1680. Fair, 1790.
Matham, Robert, 66, Newgate Street, Measure, A., 420, Strand, 1815–1820.
1783. Medhurst, Richard, Croydon , ad
Mather, Samuel, admitted C.C., 1691 . mitted as a brother, C.C., 1687.
Mathew , Francis, admitted C.C., Meigh, Moses, admitted C.C., 1712.
1656. Mellin , Gui., Blackfriars, maker of an
Mathews and Thorp, 10, Artillery oval watch in the B.M., glass over
Place, 1840-1842. the dial, 1600-1620.
Matthew , John , admitted C.C., 1731 ; Melville, John, hon. freeman , C.C. ,
maker of long oak-case clock, 1781 ; 1770-1782.
with day of the month circle ; 1731 and Stoddart, 61 , Red Lion
1740. Street , Clerkenwell, 1804-1810.
Matthews, William , 27, Fleet Street, Robert, 40, King Street,
admitted C.C., 1731 ; livery, 1766 ; Clerkenwell, 1835 .
one of the examiners of Harri Menessie , Elisha, Aldersgate Street,
son's timekeeper in 1765 ; 1731 1790-1795.
1766. Meniall, James ( French ), threatened
John , 36, Goswell Road, 1840. with prosecution by C.C. for exer
Mattocks, John, summoned to livery cising the art, not being admitted,
C.C. , 1786 ; 1780–1787. paid costs and was admitted forth
Maude, Benjamin, 53, St. Martin's- le with, 1682.
Grand, 1783–1790. Menzies, John, 4, Charles Street,
Edward, 53, St. Martin's-le Northampton Square, 1840-1842.
Grand, 1800-1808. Mercer, John, Hythe, maker of long
Maurer, Johann, in Fiessna. In the case clocks, about 1720.
B.M. is a small skull- watch by Brothers, Coventry, about 1770
him, 1650-1660. 1790.
May, William , admitted C.C., 1679. Merchant, Samuel, C.C. , 1677.
Meredith, Lancelot, signed a petition belonged to Oliver Cromwell ; also

against the tyranny of C.C., 1656. a silver watch with flowers en
John, admitted C.C.. 1664. graved on the outer case ; 1625
Merigeot, John, livery, C.C. , 1766 . 1633.
Meriton, Simuel, 18, Foster Lane, Milborne, John, admitted C.C., 1698.
Cheapside, 1800. Miles and Morgan , 32, Ludgate
Merny, Charles, Spitalfields, livery- Street, 1790.
man, C.C., 1776 . -, Septimus, 32, Ludgate Street,
Merrick , Joseph, 28 , Paul Street, 1794 ; livery, C.C., 1810 ; 8, Little
Finsbury, 1835-1842. Carter Lane, Doctors' Commons ,
Merrill, Charles, livery, C.C. , 1810 ; 1825 ; 1791–1842.
1800-1811 . Mill, David, admitted as a brother,
H. , Hill Street, Richmond, C.C., 1655-1659.
1810. Miller, John, admitted C.C. , 1674.
Merriman , Benjamin, admittel as a Peter, admitted C.C. , 1681.
bruther, C.C., 1682. Ralph, admitted C.C., 1697.
Merrin , Henry, 100, High Street, Joseph, adınitted C.C., 1728.
Shadwell, 1840-1842. ,,Lurgan, Ireland, maker of
Merry , Charles, master, C.C., 1768 ; a curious clock in wbich the bour
1755-1769. was uttered by a human figure,
Merryman , Henry, C.C., 1674. as appears from the journal of the
Merttins, George, Cornhill, gold Rev. John Wesley , in a clear
smith and watch maker, succeeded articulate voice, 1762.
to the business of his father ; . T., maker of a pair -case watch ,
admitted C.C. , 1688 ; master, 1713 ; outer case tortoiseshell, painted
knighted , 1713 ; Lord Mayor, dial , hall-mark, 1777.
1721 ; died 1727 ; 1688-1727. Charles, 29, Aldgate Within,
Mesniel, James ( French ), adınitted 1823-1825.
as a brother, C.C. , 1682 . R., 2, George Street, Com
Mestager, Henry, C.C., 1712. mercial Road, 1835.
Mesure, A. , 420, Strand, 1823. F. , and Co., 10, Broad Street,
Metcalf, George Marmaduke, Round Bloomsbury, 1835–1810.
Court, St. Martin's- le -Grand, ad James, 262, High Street,
mitted C.C. , 1781 ; summoned to Poplar, 1842.
livery, 1786 ; 122 , Newgato Street, Robert, 4, Upton Place, Com
1794 ; 1781-1825. mercial Road, 1842.
J. , 146, Oxford Street, 1830. Millet, William , admitted C.C., 1714 .
Methem , Robert, 66, Newgate Street, Millett, Edward, admitted C.C. , 1680.
1775. Millington, Thomas, 31,Gutter Lane,
Micabius, John . C.C. ordered bim to Cheapside, 1760-1769.
be sued for failing to pay a pro Thomas, 33, Wapping, 1790.
mised contribution towards incor Million, William , Blackfriars, ad
poration , 1632. mitted C.C., 1671 .
Michant, Daniel, 28, Greek Street, Mills, Thomas, in Shoe Lane, ad
1794. mitted as a brother, C.C., 1652 ;
Michells, 63, St. Mary Axe, 1830. maker of lantern clock with Dol.
Micklewright, Erasmus, C.C., 1673 . phin frets ; another example in
admitted C.C. , 1708. scribed “ Tho. Mills, Soe Lane,
Middleditch, John, 156, High Street, Londini," 1648-1660.
Shadwell, 1835-1842 . Ralph, admitted C.C., 1697.
Middleton, William T. , 10, Grenada Robert, 141 , Ratcliff Highway,
Terrace, Commercial Road , 1835– 1790.
1812 . Suptimus, 32, Ludgate Hill ,
Midnall, John, in Fleet Street, one 1804-1808.
of the first assistants, C.C.; maker 9 Thomas, and Son, 91, Bishops
of a small oval watch said to have gate Without, 1823.
Mills, George, 141 , Goswell Street, iliary ( Patent No. 8418, March,
1825. 1840). ( See p. 221. )
Milner, Thomas, London, maker of Molyneux, R., and Sons, 30, South
long-case clocks, about 1780. ampton Row , Russell Square ,
Henry, 7, Vere Street, Oxford 1835-1842.
Street, 1815 . Moncas, John, 75, Myddelton Street,
Milward, George, 2, Little Brook Spitalfields , 1835.
Street, 1806-1815. Monday, Joseph, admitted C.C., 1654.
Minchinale, William , C.C., 1701 . Monkhouse, Thomas, Duke Street,
Misplace, R., about 1760. fecit, anno 1759, inscription on the
Mitchell, Myles, admitted as a barrel of a fine 8 -day long - case
brother, C.C. , 1640. clock with high numbered train,
John, St. James's Street, ad end pieces, and all the repeating
mitted C.C., 1712. workpivoted with cocks. On the
Robert, livery, C.C., 1766 ; dial the name Curteen , 1759.
1712–1776. Monnier, John, 38, Southampton
Samuel, St. James's Street, Street , Strand, 1820-1823.
maker of a repeating watch , ball Monro, Benjamin , 13, Moor Street,
mark, 1776 ; 1776. Soho Square, 1830-1842.
V., 6, Cornhill, 1768-1788. Moodie, David, admitted C.C., 1649.
and French, 5, Clerkenwell Moody, Charles, 45, Rupert Street,
Close , 1825. Piccadilly, 1825.
Mitchelson , James, Throgmorton Moon and Co., 4 , Holborn Bars, 1790.
Street, 1753-1756. Christopher, 4, Lower Hol
, Alexander, 45,Michael's Alley, born , 1810.
Cornhill, 1769-1772. William , 4 , Lower Holborn ,
Walter, 3, Helmet Row, Old 1815-1842.
Street, 1780-1800. Moor, William , admitted C.C., 1701 .
Mitford, John, apprenticed to St. Mooran, Andrew , London , maker of
George Mertins, of Cornhill, whose clocks, about 1760.
daughter he married in 1714, when Moore, Peter, 15, Sweeting's Alley ,
he was 19 years old. £200 stock maker of verge watch , square
of the Exchange Assurance Asso pillars, in the Guildhall Museum ,
ciation standing in his name, which, 1808-1814.
with interest, had accumulated to Joseph, admitted C.C., 1690 .
£6600 in 1883, was then ordered Daniel, admitted C.C., 1697 .
by Mr. Justice Williams to be paid E. , 37, Gracechurch Street,
to his nearest relatives ; 1714-1738. 1775.
Robert, Cornhill, liveryman, John, 118, Fleet Street, 1769
C.C., 1776. 1775.
Moginie, Samuel, 1 , Prince Row, - , William , 55, Paternoster Row ,
Pimlico, 1830-1842. 1783.
Moinet, M. L. , author of “ Nouveau and Gearing, 55, Paternoster
Traité Général Astronomique et Row, 1783.
Civil d’Horlogerie Théorique et and Starkey, 89, St. Martin's
Pratique ; ” Paris, 1848. Lane, 1823.
Molee, P. , 44, Great Sutton Street, Patrick, 15, Sweeting's Alley ,
Cerken well, 1835. 1806-1810.
Molens, Charles, admitted C.C., 1709. E. T. , 37, Clement's Lane, 1823 ;
Molleson, Thomas, 62, Cornhill, 1788. 8, Prospect Place, Kingslaud,
Molyneux, Robert , a chronometer 1835.
maker who carried on business at George, 23, Percival Street,
44, Devonshire Street, Queen's Clerkenwell, 1840-1842.
Square, and afterwards in King and Sons, Clerkenwell Close,
Street, Holborn ; inventor of a 1810-1842.
compensation balance with aux Moran, Andrew, Earl Street, St.
Giles. This name appears on the Whitechapel, 1804 ; 6, Bevis

disc at the top of an arch -dial Marks, 1815-1835 .
eight-day long-case clock at the Mosely, Ephraim , 48, Leadenhall
Crown, Harlesden, where it is Street, 1840-1842.
stated to have been since 1740. Moses, 26, Bury Street, 1840–
More, Charles, 19, Holywell Row, 1812.
Shoreditch, 1840-1842. Robert, and Son, 113, Fetter
Morgan, Richard, petitioner to Lane, 1840-1842.
Charles I. for incorporation of C.C., Moser,George Michael, temp. Geo.
and one of the first assistants of I., II ., maker of fine repoussé
C.C. , 1629-1649. watch -cases, 1716-1730,
Robert, admitted as a brother, Moses, Ephraim , 135, Whitechapel ,
C.C. , 1639. 1790.
Jude, admitted as a brother, Moss, Thomas, 24, Ludgate Street ;
C.C., 1654. livery , C.C., 1775-1823.
Thomas, admitted C.C. , 1658. 9 John , 106, Holborn Hill, 1825.
William , Southwark, 1696. B., Tabernacle Walk, 1835.
3 John , admitted C.C., 1703. Motley, Richard, admitted C.C., 1682,
and Mills, 32, Ludgate Hill, Mott, William , 91 , Bishopsgate Street
1790. Without, 1830.
Morice, David, and Son, Fenchurch Motteux, Samuel, C.C., 1697.
Street, 1804-1823 ; 86, Cornhill , Mottram , John, Warden Court, Clerk
1835. enwell Close, 1790.
Moriffet, R. and C. , 22, Denmark Mottu Brothers, 11, Richmond
Street, Soho, 1783. Buildings, Soho Square, 1840–
Morland, William , Red Cross Street , 1842.
1780-1785. Mouline, A., and Co., 29, Percy Street,
Morlière, born at Orleans, excelled Tottenham Court Road, 1842.
as a watch - case enameller at Blois, Moulton, Henry, admitted C.C., 1685.
about 1650. Samuel, 210, Borough, 1800.
Morris, Henry, 82, Fleet Street, 1753 Mount, William , admitted C.C., 1692.
1775 . Mountford, Zachariah , St. Albans ;
—, John, admitted C.C., 1799. admitted C.C., 1684.
T., 68, Bell Dock, Wapping, Mowlton, Conan, admitted C.C., 1700.
1794. Henry, admitted C.C., 1715.
Morrison , Richard, 15, Che: 1pside, Moysant,-, Blois, maker of a watch
1769-1783. in the Massey-Mainwaring Collec
William N. , 33, Ludgate Hill, tion, case finely painted in enamel
1840. (see p. 53).
John, Packington Street, a Moyse, - , Blois, maker of skull
well-known clockmaker, died 1893, watch (see p. 51), 1587.
aged 77. Muckarsce, James, 47, High Holborn ,
Morse, Richard, 8, Charing Cross, 1794.
1840-1842. Mudge, Thomas, Fleet Street, a cele
Morson and Stephenson, 98, Fleet brated maker ; admitted C.C.,
Street, 1760-1772 . 1730 (see pp. 124–127), 1730-1794.
Richard, 12, Ludgate Street, and Dutton, 148, Fleet Street,
1775. 1780-1794.
Mortland, William , 17, Redcross Mulford, John, died while warden
Street, 1790. C.C. , 1748 ; 1730-1748 .
Morton, Samuel, 210, Borough , 1775. Muller and Thum , 40, King Street,
Moseley, William , C.C., 1680. Soho, 1842.
Mosely, Elinor. Elizabeth Askell was Munden, Francis, admitted as a
bound apprentice to her in 1734 ; brother, C.C., 1653.
C.C., 1726–1734. Francis, admitted C.C., 1670.
M., 28, Goulston Square, Murray and Strahan, Cornhill, 1825 .
Murray, James, 30, Cornhill, 1829– wald Durant, 1638 ; admitted C.C.,
1842. 1645 ; maker of an astronomical
Mussard, Daniel (Genevese), ad watch in Guildhall Museum.
mitted as a brother, C.C. , 1686 ; Nelson, Robert, admitted C.C., 1697.
maker of a watch in the Hamilton John, 15, Hayfield Place, Mile
Collection, bought by Lord Moray End, 1842.
at the auction sale in 1882, for Thomas, London , chronometer
£ 154 108. Portraits of the Stuart maker, 1850-1882.
family were enamelled thereon ; Nemes, John, admitted C.C. , 1724.
1670-1690. Neuens, Peter, 32, Bread Street ,
Muston, George, Red Lion Street, 1810-1842.
Clerkenwell, 1835-1842. Neuren, D. D. , London, known as a
Myddleton, Timothy, C.C., 1687 . maker of verge watches, about
Myers, John, 255, High Holborn , 1790.
1790. Neuwers, Michael, makes a clock for
John, 255, Borough , 1783-1804. the Earl of Shrewsbury (see p. 47),
Henry, 164, Ratcliff Highway, 1599.
180 1. Neville, J., London, a maker of
Moses, 152, Regent Street, 1830. watches, about 1704.
Abraham , 79, Leman Street, Newbrough,
Newbrough, Jeremiah, London ,
1840-1842. maker of long -case clocks, about
Mylne, G. E. , Upper Chadwell Street, 1700.
maker of high - class watches, Newby, John, 3, Judd Street, Bruns
sometime hon. secretary to the wick Square, 1825.
Horological Institute, 1835-1868. Newell, William , livery, C.C., 1810.
Myson, Jeremiah, C.C., 1698. Newman, Joseph, 30 , Great Alie
Street, 1790.
Nadauld , William , 129, Hounsditch , John, 49, Lombard Street,
1804-1820. 1775-1783.
W. R., White Hart Court, Lom John, 17, Piccadilly, livery,
bard Street, 1819–1823. C.C., 1804-1825.
Naizon, Francis, 42, Poultry, 1780 Robert, livery, C.C., 1810.
1785. William , 109, Golden Square,
Nash, Thomas, admitted C.C., 1717. 1840-1842.
> Samuel, 11 , Broadway, Black Newnham , Nathaniel, C.C., 1703.
friars, 1790. Newsam, Bartholomew , Strand . He
Nathan, Henry, Ratcliff Highway ; was appointed, in 1572, clockmaker
admitted C.C., 1673 ; maker of to Queen Elizabeth, in succession
long -case clocks, 1673–1700. to Nicholas Urseau (see p. 62),
Phineas, 9, Magdalen Row, 1570-1590.
1840-1842. Newton , George, London , about 1680.
Nau, Richard, admitted C.C., 1661. William , admitted C.C., 1685.
George, admitted C.C., 1675. Thomas, Fenchurch Street,
Naudey, Francis, 59, Dean Street, 1753-1856.
Soho, 1842. John, 76, Lamb's Conduit
Neale, John, Leadenhall Street, 1753 Street, 1788 ; 10, Great Ormond
1759. Street, 1788–1715.
Needham , Benjamin , C.C., 1709. Alexander, Levi, and Co., 4, Bury
Charles, 55, Piccadilly, 1825. Street, St. Mary Axe, 1839-1842.
Neighbour, William , C.C., 1685. Nicasius, John, admitted C.C., 1632 ;
Neild, James, St. James's Street, 1755 ; several times fined for abuse and
4, Upper Thames Street, 1788. disrespect, and in 1679 was sus
Nelmes, Robert, admitted C.C., 1717. pended from being assistant ;
Robert, 38, Upper King Street, master, 1653–1655 ; 1632-1680.
Bloomsbury, 1842 . Nichol, Isaac, admitted C.C., 1681 .
Nelson, James, apprenticed to Os Nicholas,W., 158, Tooley Street, 1825.
Nicholas, Samuel, and Son, 158, Tooley the White Hart, in the Poultry ,
Street, 1835-1840. 1731 .
Nicholls, Roger, admitted C.C., 1667. Nor, P. H., maker of a clock at
Thomas, admitted C.C. , 1707. S.K.M., 1505.
John, clock -case maker, 6, Red Norcot, John, admitted C.C., 1681 .
Lion Street, Clerkenwell, 1804– Norgate, John, admitted C.C., 1712 .
1810. Norman , Samuel, 50 and 51, Prince's
Nichols, Thomas, apprenticed to Street, Leicester Square, 1825 .
Edward East ; admitted C.C., 1720. Norris, Joseph, admitted C.C., 1670.
Nicholson, John , 53, Cornhill, 1822– Edward, at the Cross Keys in
1830. Bethlemi; admitted C.C., 1658 ;
Nickisson , S., Ashby Street, 1815– master, 1658 ; maker of full - size
1840 ; 33 , Northampton Square, lantern clock, balance escapements,
1842. dolphin frets, inscribed , “ Edward
Nicole, John, keeper of the great Norris, at the Cross Keys in
clock withinthe palace of West Bethlem , Londini,” 1658–1686.
minster in 1731 , his wages being Charles, admitted C.C., 1687.
sixpence a day ; 1371. 2Charles, 18, Gracechurch Street,
Nicoli, William , 117, Great Portland 1783.
Street, Oxford Street, 1790–1835. North , William , admitted as a brother,
, John, 117, Great Portland C.C., 1639 ; maker of an oval
Street, Oxford Street, 1840-1842. watch, silver case, B.M. (see p.
Nightingale, William , Red Lion 66), 1620–1639.
Street; liveryman, C.C. , 1776-1790. John, admitted C.C., 1650.
Niloe, Hans (Dutch), maker of a ·, John, admitted C.C., 1720.
musical clock for James I. In William , White Hart Yard,
August, 1609, Sir Julius Cæsar Drury Lane, 1790.
writes to the Clerks of the Signet Richard, 44, Lombard Street,
to the effect that Niloe is pressing 1772-1800.
for the £300 due to him for the Thomas, 2, Old Compton Street,
clock ; 1609. 1820.
Noades, J. , Strand, 1775. Northam , G., musical clockmaker,
Noakes and Nylder, 129, Houns. Tabernacle Square, Finsbury, 1825.
ditch, 1790–1794. and Son, 49, Greek Street, Soho,
-, James, watch movement maker, 1825.
34 , Charterhouse Street ; livery, Northcote, Samuel, elder brother of
C.C. , 1776 ; 1790. James Northcote the artist, was
- James, 126, Hounsditch , 1800 ; sent to London to Mudge to be
24, Bishopsgate Street Within, instructed in watchmaking, 1766.
1810 ; 1800-1815. Northley, J., 181 , Brick Lane, 1790.
Noble, William , 2, Cow Cross Street, Norton, Thomas, admitted C.C., 1720.
1804. , Samuel, Fish Street Hill ;
and Harrison, 35, Fetter Lane, liveryman, C.C., 1776 ; 1770-1780.
1822-1825. Eardley, 49, St. John's Street,
9 C. , 211 , Strand, 1830. Clerkenwell, a well-known maker
Nobson, John, apprenticed to Daniel of musical and astronomical clocks.
Quare ; admitted C.C., 1697. In 1771 he patented (No. 987) “ a
Nodes, John, Strand, 1770-1775. clock which strikes the hours and
William , 126, New Bond Street, parts upon a principle entirely
In 1790 he wrote to C.C. respect new ; and a watch which repeats
ing watches seized on his premises ; the hours and parts, so concisely
1783–1790 . contrived and disposed as to admit
Noel, Aymé, maker of a watch , B.M., of being conveniently contained
crystal case, dial and outer case of not only in a watch but also in its
silver, about 1620. appendage, such as a key, seal, or
Noon, - seller of lamp clocks at trinket." There is in Bucking
ham Palace an astronomical clock Otley, Thomas, 55, Piccadilly, 1823.

with four dials he made for George Oughtred, Benjamin , admitted as a
III. Another example of bis work brother, C.C., 1639 ; author of
is a splendid four -train , repeating, several books on mathematics, in
and musical clock in the possession cluding " Clavis Mathematicæ ."
of Mr. J. E. Whiting, Andover, Derham speaks of him with ad
Mass., U.S.A., and formerly the miration ; 1639-1680.
property of Mr. Edward Savage, Overbury , Thomas, admitted as a
Mr. Whiting's grandfather. It is brother, C.C., 1688.
28 in . high , chimes the quarters Overzee, Gerard , Isleworth (natural
on 8 bells, and plays on 16 bells ized), admitted as a brother, C.C. ,
one of 11 tunes every three hours ; 1678 ; known as a maker of lantern
1770-1790. and other clocks, 1670-1690.
Norton, Graham , maker of a clock, Owen, Ben, London, completed his
about 1790. apprenticeship, 1694 ; maker of
B., watch -case maker, 59, long-case clocks, 1694–1740.
Banner Street, 1835. William , Cheapside, 1737-1740.
Nourse, Thomas, livery, C.C., 1766. Joseph, 10, Helmet Row, Old
Nouwen, Michaell, London . In the Street, 1800 ; 243, St. Margaret's
B.M. is a watch with an irregular Hill, 1810.
octagonal-shaped crystal case, the
plates are enamelled, a choice Pace, Thomas, at the Crown in
specimen of the period ; 1600–1620 . Fleet Street, maker of several
Nowroe, Thomas, 22, Beech Lane, small- sized lantern clocks, origin
1790. ally with balances, frets Fig. 103 ;
Nurse , John, admitted C.C., 1718. 1630-1660.
> Jno., 19, Cock Hill, Ratcliff,1790.
Oakes, Richard, sbagreen case maker, Thomas, 128, Whitechapel, a
86, Snow Hill , 1775. well-known maker of bracket and
2 John, Grub Street, 1775–1780. long -case clocks, 1788–1840.
Oakley, William , 4, High Street, St. Edmund, 21, Thavies Inn,
Giles, 1804-1820. Holborn, 1840–1842.
Ogden, Thomas, admitted C.C., 1659. 9 Charles, 128, Whitechapel High
Okeham , Thomas, admitted C.C., 1632. Street, 1842.
Oliver, Thomas, 17, Fleet Street, 1780 ; Henry , 11, Green Terrace ,
2, Brook Street, Hanover Square, Clerkenwell, 1842.
1790-1800. Pacificus, Archdeacon, Verona, one
Ordson, William . In the Guildhall of those to whom the invention of
Museum is a verge watch by him, wheel and weight clocks is ascribed .
square pillars, enamel dial, the Claim disputed by Ditmar ; 850 .
hours represented by letters form Pack , Richard, admitted C.C., 1712.
ing the name “ James Newman * " Packer, William , 376, Oxford Street,
about 1720. 1840.
Orford, Robert, 71 , Oxford Street, Page, Joseph, admitted C.C. , 1683.
1795-1810. > Henry, admitted C.C. , 1713.
Orpwood, Richard, 7, Worship Street, John, 129 , Strand, 1790.
Finsbury . Paget, Ambrose, admitted C.C., 1728.
G., 58, Bishopsgate Within , Pagnes, William , Butcher's Row,
1830-1840. East Smithfield ; maker of lantern
Orr, P., 17, Myddelton Square, Clerk clocks, about 1690.
enwell, 1840. Pain , William ,admitted C.C., 1729.
Orton, Edward, admitted C.C., 1687. > Thomas, known as a maker of
William F., 5 , York Road, 1835. long-case clocks, about 1780.
Osborn , William , admitted C.C., 1700. Paine and Balleston, 5, Banner Street,
Osmont, Jean B., 41 , Strand, 1840 ; 1840.
6, Victoria Road, Pimlico, 1842. John P., 33, High Street, St.
Giles's ; received in 1826 a silver Parker, John, admitted C.C. , 1706.

medal from the Society of Arts for and Wakeling , Panton Street,
a method of illuminating dials ; 1760-1775.
1826-1810. , John, 55, St. Paul's Church
Palfrey, John , admitted C.C., 1654. yard , 1775.
Palmer, Robert, liveryman , C.C., 1776. Thomas, 15, Wilderness Row,
Thomas , Fetter Lane, livery 1788.
man , C.C. , 1776 . and Birketts, 16, Prince's Street,
William , Shoe Lane, livery 1804.
man , C.C., 1776 . John , 2, Rathbone Place , 1804.
Thomas, 132, Lower Holborn , -, James, 17, King Street, Clerken
1783-1810 . well, 1835.
Samuel, gold watch-case maker, Parkington, W., 52, Paddington
2, Red Lion Street, 1790-1810. Street, 1840.
B. , 21 , King Street, Covent Parkinson, James, 4, Cross Street,
Garden, 1830 . Goswell Road , 1820.
John, 58, Great Marylebone Henry, 50,Great Sutton Street,
Street, 1825-1835. 1835 ; 21 , Red Lion Street, Clerk
Robert, 21, White Hart Place, enwell, 1842.
Kennington, 1835-1812 . and Frodsham , 4 , Change Alley,
Henry, 25, Buttesland Street, 1806-1840.
Hoxton, 1812 . James, 70, Red Lion Street,
Pamphillon, William , C.C., 1725. Clerkenwell, 1842.
Panchard, David, 202, Oxford Street, Parnell, Thomas, High Street, Bow,
1790 . 1835–1842.
and Cummin, 202, Oxford Street, Parr, William , author of a “ Treatise
1810. on Pocket Watches,” London, 1804.
Pantin, Lewis, 45, Fleet Street, Thomas, 27, Cheapside, 1735–
1770-1775. 1775.
Lewis, 62, St. Martin's- le Parsons, Richard, 54, Goswell Street,
Grand , 1800. admitted C.C., 1690 ; maker of
Papanoine, Isaac ( French ), Duke's bracket and other clocks, 1690
Court ; admitted as a brother, C.C., 1720.
1687 ; maker of long- case clocks, John, admitted C.C. , 1696.
1680-1710 . John, 8, St. Martin's Court ,
Papworth , John, admitted C.C., 1688. 1775.
Paradise, John, admitted C.C., 1716. and Horne, Castle Street,
John , 13, Newcastle Street, Holborn, 1825.
Strand, 1823. Parten, William , admitted C.C., 1720.
Parbury. This name is on a very Parter , William , admitted C.C. , 1692 .
fine repoussé gold watch case in Francis, admitted C.C., 1730.
the Mainwaring Collection . Partington , J. , High Street, Maryle
Paris, John, watch engraver, 7, Dean bone, 1790.
Street, Fetter Lane, 1790. William , 53, Paddington Street,
Parish, Simon , admitted C.C., 1723. 1825-1842.
Park , Nicholas,admitted as a brother , Partridge, Joseph, Bartholomew
C.C., 1641 . Close, 1760-1763.
Parker, Thomas, “ in St. Ann's Lane, C. , 13, Wentworth Place, Mile
neere Aldersgate, fecit,” inscribed End Road, 1840-1842.
on a lantern clock of ordinary Pascal, Claude, à la Haye, on a
make ; admitted C.C. , 1669 ; 1669– splendidly decorated watch, about
1675. 1650.
9 John, admitted C.C. , 1674. Pashler, - , Bishopsgate Street, 1774.
John , admitted C.C., 1678. Passanine, Isaac, Duke's Head Court,
Robert, apprenticed to J. Mark Cannon Street, maker of long -case
wick ; admitted C.C., 1698. clocks, about 1770.
Passement, -, maker of equation Pearce, William , master, C.C., 1804 ;

clocks, about 1700. 1800-1804.
Patching, Elisha, C.C., 1728. John, 101 , Great Peter Street,
Paten, Wm., maker ofa verge watch Westminster, 1835-1840.
movementin the Guildhall Museum, Pearkes, F., 15, St. Martin's Court,
enamel dial, period about 1760. 1823.
Patmore, Peter, Ludgate Hill, C.C. , Pearse, John, Newgate Street, 1753
1813. 1760.
Patric, John , admitted as a brother, Pearson, Mary, 31 , Fleet Street, 1772
C.C. , 1712. 1775.
Pattee, Thomas, livery, C.C., 1810 ; the Rev. W., LL.D. , F.R.S. ,
1800-1811. author of the splendid treatise
Patterson, Robert, C.C. , 1668. on horology which appeared in
9 George, 16, King Street, Seven Rees' “ Cyclopædia ,” published in
Dials, 1835 . 1819.
Paul, Nowell, alien , threatened with and Price, 11, Great Sutton
prosecution for working as clock Street, 1830.
maker within the liberties of C.C. , Peatting, Thomas, C.C. , 1682.
1668. Peck , George, admitted C.C., 1725.
Thomas, admitted C.C., 1670. Peckett, John, admitted C.C. , 1691 .
Paulet, -, London, maker of a watch Henry, Compton Street,
at S.K.M. , 1703. Soho, bequeathed an old table
Paulin , Lewis, 45, Fleet Street, 1772. clock by Zech to the Society of
Paull, P., 15, Cleveland Street, Fitz Antiquaries, 1770-1808.
roy Square, 1810–1823. Peckover, Richard, Change Alley,
George, 15, Cleveland Street, Cornhill , known as a maker of
Fitzroy Square, 1830-1835. long-case clocks, 1737-1756.
Payn , John, Southwold, a smith , Peere, -, admitted C.C., 1654.
received 68. 8d. for a new clock Peirson, Worthy, 92, Whitechapel
from the churchwardens of Wal High Street, 1840.
berswick, Suffolk , 1451 . Pelleter, Solomon , 14, Broad Street,
Payne, H. and John, 44, Cheapside, 1775.
1753-1775. Penfold , Joshua, admitted C.C., 1695.
Southern , Bridgewater Square, Miles, 115, Newgate Street,
livery, C.C.; master, 1778 ; 1766 1769-1775 .
1779. Penkethman, Thomas, C.C., 1692.
J. , 17, Foster Lane, 1794 ; 18, Pennington, Robert, chronometer
St. Ann's Lane, Aldersgate, 1800 maker, Camberwell ; invented an
1825. improved form of sector, 1780–1816.
W. , 62, South Moulton Street, Robert, and Son, 11, Portland
1820 ; 39, High Street, Blooms Row, Camberwell, 1832-1842.
bury, 1825. Pennock , John, Lothbury, C.C., 1638 ;
William , 163, New Bond Street, master, 1660 ; 1638-1670.
1830. Penny, Richard, London , maker of
Payton , watch-case maker, 3, verge watches, about 1690.
Addle Street, Wood Street, 1790. Penton, Churles, Upper Moorfields,
Peachy, William , admitted C.C., 1727. 1770-1775.
Peachey, Newman, Dean Street, Pepper, Thomas, livery, C.C. , 1787 ;
liveryman, C.C. , 1776 ; 1766–1778. 1776-1788.
Peacock, George, 65, Threadneedle Pepys, Richard, admitted C.C., 1674.
Street, 1769-1775. John, admitted C.C., 1680 ;
George, 4 , Sweeting's Alley, master, 1707 . There is a watch
Cornhill, 1778–1781. by him in the B.M .; other ex
Pearce, Adam , admitted C.C. , 1664. amples are occasionally met with ,
and Newton, Newgate Street, 1680-1707.
1760-1763. -, John, junior, Fleet Street, ad
mitted C.C., 1715 ; master, 1739 ; Perron, Richard, 7, Worship Street,

1715-1748. 1790.
Pepys, William , admitted C.C., 1723. Perry, Henry, admitted C.C., 1691 .
Perchard, Matthew , Cannon Street, - John , 40, Oxford Street, 1840
1753-1759. 1842.
Percherd, Peter, 15, Abchurch Lane, Peterkin , John, 25, Cleveland Street,
1760-1772. 1810-1840.
Percival, N. , 36, Old Bond Street, Petit, Guillaume, petitioner for in
1798-1800. corporation of C.C., 1630-1632.
-, Thomas, 36, Old Bond Street, William , admitted C.C., 1632 .
1804. Petter, Christopher, C.C. , 1730.
Peres, Mark, admitted C.C., 1680. Pettit, - , 54, Bethnal Green Road,
Perigal, Francis, 9, Threadneedle 1835.
Street, the first of a family of able Isaac, 22, Fieldyate Street,
horologists. Excellent watches Whitechapel, 1835.
and clocks of their make are to be Eliza, 22, Fielding Street,
met with , 1769-1745. Whitechapel, 1840-1842.
-, Francis, 9 , Royal Exchange, William , 7, New Rutland
master, C.C. , 1775 ; 1745-1780. Street, 1840.
9 Francis, junior, Royal Ex Petty, William , admitted C.C., 1646.
change, 1780-1790. Pewtress, Thomas, Gracechurch
> Francis and Son, 9, Royal Ex Street, 1753-1756 .
change (Francis Perigal, junior, Phelps, Richard, founder of the great
master, C.C. , 1806), 1790–1808. bell for Bradley's St. Paul's clock
-- ,Francis,watchmaker to the king, ( see p. 208), 1716.
37, New Bond Street, 1790-1794. Philcox, George, 24, Great Dover
-, John, 12, Coventry Street, Street, Borough, 1835 ; 22, South
Haymarket, 1783-1800. wark Square,1842. He spent his
and Browne, 11, Coventry life in endeavouring to improve
Street, Piccadilly, 1794-1800. timekeepers by various inventions
-and Duterrau, 62, New Bond in connection with escapements
Street, 1810–1840. and compensation, 1830-1870.
John, 55, Prince's Street, Soho, Philip, Robert, musical clockmak r,
1810. 6, New Court, St. John Street,
Perinot, Abraham , known as a maker 1779.
of long -case clocks, about 1780. Phillips, Philip, 10, St. John's Square,
Perins, John, 193, Strand, 1772–1790. 1790-1800.
Perkins, Eysum , of “ Redcriffe, the Joel, 35, Norton Folgate, 1820.
end of Love Lane, " threatened P., 19, Crown Street, Finsbury,
with prosecution by C.C. for exer 1830.
cising the art not being admitted ; Abraham , 33, City Road, 1835.
he promised to take up his freedom John, 91 , Goswell Street, 1835.
at the next quarterly court, 1682. , Joseph, 55, Belvedere Place,
James, admitted C.C., 1730. Borough Road, 1835.
andSpencer, 44, Snow Hill, Brothers, 31, Cockspur Street,
1769-1774. 1840-1842.
Perremond, F., 192, Brick Lane, James and Charles, 25, Coppice
Whitechapel, 1810. Row, Clerkenwell, 1835-1840.
Perrier, Peter, maker of a silver P. , 15, Bury Street, 1840-1842 .
watch, the back plate covered with P., 3 , Steward Street, Spital
representation of crucifixion, about fields, 1840–1842.
1680. Philp, Robert, musical clockmaker,
Perring, H. , 179, Great Surrey Street, 6 , New Court, St. John Street,
1830. 1781-1788.
Perringham , Francis, back of Ex Phipps, James, 40, Gutter Lane, 1783.
change, 1790. Phylander, Sylvanus, maker of a pair
case silver calendar watch, hall Pitt, Thyar, 24, Bush Lane, livery,
mark, 1772. C.C. , 1787 ; inaker of a musical
Pickett and Rundell, 32, Ludgate clock playing every three hours ;
Hill , 1775–1783. 1770-1790.
2 William , 32, Ludgate Hill , William , livery, C.C., 1787 ;
1769-1772. 1778-1789.
Pickman, William , 79, Dean Street, Caleb , 292, Oxford Street,
Soho, 1825. 1790 ; 43, Duke Street, 1800–1830.
W. , 6 , Albany Street, Regent's -, Charles, 152, Sloane Street,
Park, 1835. 1835-1840.
Pierre, Le Queux , clockmaker to the -, John, 37, Crown Street, Fins
Duke of Orleans, 1396. bury, 1840-1842.
Pasquier, admitted as a W. G. , 25, Thyar Street, Man
brother, C.C., 1648. chester Square, 1840–1842.
Pigott, Henry, admitted C.C., 1687. -, J., Kingsland Road, 1842.
Pike, John , steward, C.C., 1838 ; Pittney, Thomas, Featherstone
verge watch movement by him in Street, 1769-1772 .
the Guildhall Museum, 1830-1840. Planck, Anthony, Fleet Street, 1760
and Green , Bunhill Row, 1806 ; 1772.
10, Bartholomew Square, 1823– Planner, Thomas, C.C. , 1701 ; 1730.
1830. - Thomas, admitted C.C., 1730.
Pilkington , J. , Woolwich , 1815. The Planners were known as
Pinard, Paul, 2, New Street, Covent makers of long-case clocks; 1730
Garden, 1775. 1745.
Pinchbeck, Christopher, Clerkenwell Plant, Edward, admitted C.C., 1664.
and Fleet Street, a clever maker Plate, Richard, 58, Carey Street,
of musical clocks and of watches ; Lincoln's Inn, 1835.
inventor of Pinchbeck alloy (see Platt, Edward, 331, Wilderness Row,
p. 121 ) ; 1690-1732. Clerkenwell, 1835.
---, Edward, Fleet Street, son and Player, Thomas, admitted C.C., 1672.
successor of tue above (see p. 123) ; “ A silver watch in the form of 5
1732–1766. crowns, a Flower-de-Lis under
Pine, Philip, 20, Aldgate, 1779. each crown, with a Knot, in the
Pinfold, M. , 115, Newgate Street, middle the name Thomas Plaire,
1775. Londini ; the hours engraven in a
Pinkerton and Miller, 20, Percival six-square, with a chain and 5
Street, 1842. wheels ” (London Gazette, March
Piolaire and Co. , 67, Great Russell 29, April 1 , 1680 ).
Street, Bloomsbury, 1825. -4 , Robert, admitted C.C., 1700 ;
Pipes, John, London, known as a maker of a walnut long-case clock ,
maker of long -case clocks, about arch dial, 1700-1740.
1750. --, H. J., 2, North Place, Gray's
Pistor, Edward, 116, Leadenhall Inn Lane, 1820-1840.
Street, and 105, Strand, 1774 Pleverie, Isaac, admitted as a brother,
1790. C.C. , 1652.
Messrs. , 116 , Leadenhall Street, Pluett, Anthony, admitted C.C., 1697.
musical clock and organ makers, Plumbly, J. , 26, New Cavendish
1798 . Street, 1830–1835.
Piton , James, admitted C.C., 1710. and Parr, 16, New Cavendish
Pitcher, John, admitted as a brother, Street, 1840-1842 .
C.C., 1689. William , 43, Ludgate Hill ,
Pitkin , H. , Hartford, Connecticut, master, C.C., 1779, 1801 ; 1769
U.S.A. Watches by him, engraved 1825.
with the American flag, were made > C. , 231 , Strand, 1835–1840.
in 1838. Plunkeld , Richard , 8, Fieldgate
Pitman, John, admitted C.C. , 1714. Street, Whitechapel , 1820.
Pohlmann, Peter, Leadenhall Street, Potter, James, livery, C.C., 1810 ;

maker of long -case clocks, 1760 1800-1811 .
1775. Poulton, R. , 2, Mayfield Place, High
Poidevin , F. , 16, Brewer Street, Street, Kennington, 1840–1812.
Golden Square, 1830. Powell, Bartholomew , C.C., 1668.
Poisson , Henry, maker of a long -case Robert, admitted C.C., 1710.
marqueterie scroll -work clock in , James, 7, Prince's Street, Lei
8.K.M., period Queen Anne ; also cester Square, 1835.
of a silver pendulum watch of a Powis, Richard, 36, Rosoman Street,
slightly later date ; 1705-1720. Clerkenwell, 1806–1823.
Pomeroy , Joseph, admitted C.C. , Poy, Godfrie, maker of a very fine
1728 ; maker of a horn - covered pair quarter repeater, inner case pierced
case verge, inscribed Joseph and repoussé, hall mark 1729, outer
Pomeroy,” 1728-1738. case shagreen ; another of his pro
Poney, Abraham , 82, Wells Street, ductions is a black, pull-chime
Oxford Street, 1840–1842. bracket clock ; 1720-1729.
Pool, J. C. , St. Anne's Lane ; made a , Godfrey, 78, Mortimer Street,
clock for the Mayor of Kendal as 1790.
a gift to that town . On the dial Pratt, C. , 30, Camden Street, Isling
was the motto, “ Time runneth. ton, 1835.
Your work is before you ,” 1654. Prentis, Daniel, 25, Charterhouse
Poole, Robert, Aldersgate Street, Lane, 1788.
master, C.C., 1781 ; 1770-1781 . and Son, 25, Charterhouse Lane,
and Bickerlo, 88, Bartholomew 1804-1807.
Close , 1769-1775. Prerie, Humphrey, C.C.,1653.
George, 88, Bartholomew Close, Presbury and Son, 9 , New Street,
1783-1785. Covent Garden , 1804 .
John, 36, Charles Street, City Presciot, New Rents, St. Martin's
Road, 1822 ; 7, Brunswick Terrace, le -Grand, 1790.
Commercial Road, 1835-1840. Prest, Fleet Street, 1774.
John , born 1818, died 1867 ; Thomas, patentee of keyless
7, Brunswick Terrace, Commercial action for watches (No. 4501 ,
Road, in 1842, afterwards in Fen 1820 ). Prest was foreman to
church Street. A clever chrono J. R. Arnold (see p. 242).
meter maker, and inventor of an Prestige, Bartholomew , C.C. , 1703.
auxiliary compensation (see p. 221). Preston , Edward, C.C., 1721 .
Pools, Edmonde , admitted C.C., 1722. Prestwood, Joseph, admitted C.C. ,
Portal and Coyle, Ludgate Hill, 1760– 1703 ; maker of long - case clocks,
1763. 1703-1720.
Abraham , and Gearing , 34, Prevost, Adolphe, 20, King Street,
Ludgate Hill, 1769–1775. Soho, 1840-1842.
Porter , Charles, 227, Bermondsey Price, George, St. Martin's Church
Street, 1835–1840. yard, 1788.
Porthouse, Thomas, High Street, George, 89, Oxford Street, 1800
Poplar, 1822–1830 ; 10, Northamp 1804.
ton Square, Clerkenwell, 1840 -, W. , 17, Maiden Lane, Wood
1812. Street, 1825.
Post, William , 42, Fish Street Hill, Priddith, John, admitted C.C., 1639.
liveryman, C.C., 1776 ; 1772–1776. Prideau , Edmund, 31, Hatton Garden ,
Potter, George, watchmaker, and 1790.
Mayor of Coventry, 1727. Pridham , William , Great Alie Street,
--, Harry, 5, Well Street, Alders Goodmans Fields, 1760–1763.
gate, master, C.C., 1795, and Priest, Thomas, admitted C.C. , 1729.
again in 1812, when he died be W. and James, 30, White
fore the expiration of his year of Cross Street, 1768-1772.
office ; 1775-1812 . Fleet Street, 1774.
Prigg , John, Bethlehem , liveryman , inventor of the repeating watch

C.C., 1776 ; 1766–1777. (see p. 97), 1660-1724. Lost, the
Ansell, clock and watch-spring 2nd inst., a Silver Pendulum
maker, Middle Moore Fields, 1781 Watch , the name Daniel Quare
1790. London ; it had but 6 hours upon
Prime, Abraham , admitted C.C. , 1672. the Dial-plate, with 6 small Cipher
Prince, Richard, admitted C.C., 1680. figures within every hour ; the
Print, Richard, admitted C.C., 1698 . hand going round every 6 hours,
Prior, George, 31, Prescot Street, which shows also the minutes
Goodman's Fields, 1769–1788. between every hour. Whoever
, George, 5, George Yard , Lom gives notice of it to Daniel Quare,
bard Street, 1798-1810. Clockmaker at the King's Arms,
J., Newington Causeway, 1830. in Exchange Alley, London, shall
Prosser, William , Strand, 1769-1772. have a guinea reward ” ( London
, John, 61, Piccadilly, 1822– Gazette, March 25-29, 1686 ).
1830. “Lost, between Firle and Shoram
Pryme, Andrew, admitted as a Ferry, in Sussex, a gold watch
brother, C.C. , 1647. made by D. Quare in a black
Pryor, Robert, 254, Tottenham Court Sbagreen Case with a Cypher J. C.
Road, 1835-1840. Whoever brings it to Mr. Shelly,
Puckridge, Charles, Goldsmiths' Goldsmith, in Panton Street, near
Street, Shoe Lane, 1790. the Haymarket, shall have 2
T. , 72, Snow Hill , 1790–1815. guineas reward ” ( London Gazette,
J. , 73, Snow Hill, 1730-1740. May 16-19, 1691).
Alfred , 7, Orange Street, “ Lost, April 25, a Gold Minute
Bloomsbury, 1840–1842. Pendulum Clock , the name on the
Pugh, Ellis, Cockspur Street, 1780– upper plate D. Quare, London ,
1785. 726 engraven on it, and a Shagrine
Benjamin , watch gilder, 34, case . Whoever gives notice of it
Jewin Street, 1790. to Daniel Quare, Clockmaker at
Puller, Jonathan, admitted C.C., the King's Arms in Exchange
1683 ; assistant, 1705 ; 1683–1705. Alley, shall have 3 guineas reward ;
Purfe, William , 336, Strand, 1804. or if already bought, their money
-, George, 487, Strand, 1804. returned again with content”
Purnell, J., 106, Upper Seymour (London Gazette, May 96-30, 1692).
Street, 1842. “ Lost, on the road between
Purrier, Richard, admitted C.C., 1705. Hungerford and Marlborough , a
Purse, G., 487, Strand, 1825. Gold Repeating Watch, made by
Purvis, Alexander, 4, North Audley Quare and Horseman, with an old
Street, 1835-1840. Gold Chain , and several seals
Putley, F. , 40, Newington Causeway, hanging to it. Whosoever will
1806-1842. bring them to Mr. Horseman, at
Puzzy, Isaac, London, maker of an Mr. Quare's, in Exchange Alley,
old twelve-hour lantern clock, shall have 20 guineas reward and
about 1625. no questions asked ” ( London
Pyke, John , watch motion maker, Gazette, August 9-12, 1718).
Bedford Row, 1700-1720. Quare and Horseman, at the King's
Pyne, Nathaniel, admitted C.C., 1677. Arms, Exchange Alley, 1700–1724.
Pyons, William , 66, Threadneedle Quelch , John, admitted C.C., 1646 ;
Street, 1790. known as a maker of lantern
clocks, 1646-1666.
Quare, Daniel, at the Plow and Quin, T. D., 18A, Great Titchfield
Harrow in Cornbill, and after Street, 1840.
wards at the King's Arms, Ex Quinton , Stephen , London , maker of
change Alley; admitted C.C. , 1670 ; long- case clocks, about 1750.
master, 1708 ; a celebrated maker,
2 B
Radford, Henry, admitted C.C. , 1721 . Ray, H., 3, Commercial Place, City
Ragsdale, George, 25, New Bond Road , 1835.
Street, 1769-1783. Henry, 22, Great Russell Street,
Raiment, Thomas, C.C., 1719. Covent Garden , 1840.
Raines ( Raynes ), William , Butcher Raymond, -, Leadenhall Street,
Row, East Smithfield, admitted 1774.
C.C., 1660 ; maker of lantern Rayner, John, admitted C.C. , 1697.
clocks, 1660-1665. Raynesford, Benjamin, C.C., 1709.
Rainier, John, livery, C.C., 1787 ; Read, George, Old Square, Lincoln's
1780-1788. Inn, 1820 .
Rainsford, Francis, Charing Cross, William , Newcastle Place,
admitted C.C. , 1689. Clerkenwell, 1820.
Raitt, Alexander, London, known George, 10, Rotherhithe Street,
as a maker of long -case clocks, 1825.
with striking rack between the William , 84, Jermyn Street,
plates, 1690-1720. Piccadilly, 1825.
Raker, P., 95, Bishopsgate Street, Recordon, Louis, Cockspur Street,
1775. Charing Cross. In 1780 he
Rambley, William , 407 , Oxford patented (No. 1249) a pedometer
Street, 1775. winding for watches ( see p. 246),
Ramier, John, summoned to livery, 1778-1810 .
C.C. , 1786. Reed, Alexander, admitted C.C., 1706.
Ramsay, David, near Temple Bar, Reeve, Thomas, in Pope's Head Alley ,
watchmaker to James 1., first admitted C.C. , 1648 ; assistant,
master of the C.C. (see p. 67), 1655 ; 1648-1655.
1600-1650. Henry, admitted C.C. , 1682 .
Ramsden , Thomas, admitted as a , John, admitted C.C., 1712.
brother, C.C., 1648. > Jarvis, admitted C.C., 1731 .
Ranceford , Bernard, C.C., 1677. William , 24, Ludgate Street,
Randall, John , Wine Office Court, 1830.
Fleet Street, 1790. > William , 13, Vigo Street,
Ransom , George, 18, King Street, Regent Street, 1835.
Soho, 1825 . > William , 37, Newington Cause
Rant, John , admitted C.C. , 1687. way, 1835-1812.
Jonathan, admitted C.C., 1687. Reeves, Richard, 208, High Street,
Ranzonet, The Sieur, Nancy, said by Shoreditch, 1820-1842.
Wood to have made a musical Regard, Reymond, clockmaker at the
watch in 1770. upper end of Russell Street, near
Ratcliffe, J., 45, Clerkenwell Close, Drury Lane ; admitted as a
1835. brother, C.C., 1677 ; mentioned in
Ratherain , C., 25, Cursitor Street, London Gazette, January 25-28 ,
Chancery Lane, 1825. 1691 .
Raven, Crispin , London, maker of Reid and Auld , Edinburgh , makers
long solid walnut-case clock , about of a fine regulator at the Horo
1780. logical Institute, 1800-1820.
Rawford , James, 75, Gray's Inn William , 32, Rosoman Street,
Lane, 1790. Clerkenwell , 1820.
Rawlings, Charles, Brook Street, 2 Adam , Clerkenwell, inventor
Holborn, C.C. , 1818-1860. of an adjustment for Graham's
2 George, 88, Whitechapel, 1790. pendulum (see p. 197), 1779–
Rawlins, Henry, admitted C.C., 1706. 1836.
-, James, livery, C.C. , 1787. Thomas, born 1750, died 1834,
Ray and Montague, 22, Denmark a celebrated Edinburgh clock
Street, Soho, 1804. maker, author of “ Treatise on
-- , Samuel, 35, Great Castle Street, Clock and Watchmaking,” pub
Oxford Street, 1830. lished in 1826.
Reilly, J. C. , 12, Middle Row, Riddlesdon , Samuel, C.C., 1766.

Holborn, 1825. J., watch - spring maker, Red
Reith, James, admitted C.C. , 1705 . Cross Square, 1790.
3 Relpb, E., 182, Tooley Street, 1835. Rider, John, Camberwell Green ,
Renshaw , Thomas, Ship Alley, Well 1835.
close Square, 1825. Ridgette, R., maker of an oval watch ,
Rentzsch , Sigismund, 2, George S.K.M., about 1600.
Street, St. James's Square. He Ridley, Josiah, admitted C.C. , 1685.
patented in 1813 an automatic - Thomas, 14, Waterloo Road,
timekeeper somewhat similar to 1842.
Hortsman's (see p. 190), 1813–1842. --, Joseph, received a reward of
Rewalling, Thomas, C.C., 1715. 20 guineas from the Society of
Rex , Thomas, 96, Broad Street, Arts for a sector and depthing
Ratcliff, 1842. tool, 1788.
Reyner , Stephen , at ye Dial , Bishops Riesle, E. , wooden and musical clock
gate Within , admitted as a brother, maker, 2, Garden Row, London
C.C., 1691 . Road, 1840.
Reynolds, Joseph, admitted C.C., 1691 . Rigby, Joshua, 5, Berkeley Street,
> Thomas, admitted C.C. , 1705. Clerkenwell, hon , freeman , C.C.,
Francis, Kensington, about 1781 ; spoken of by Hatton ; maker
1776. of a repeater watch for the Duke
Thomas, and Son, 1 , Sparrow of Sussex ; 1770-1800.
Corner, Minories, 1783–1788. E. , and Son, 6 , Berkeley Street,
T. (materials ), 2, St. Martin's Clerkenwell, 1795–1800.
le -Grand ; a verge watch by him James, 35, Rosoman Street,
in the Guildhall Museum , tortoise Clerkenwell, 1804.
shell case, 1800-1810. Joshua, 8, King Street, Gos
> G. , 10, Gough Square, 1830. well Road, 1820 .
T., 25, Coppice Row , Clerken J. , watch-movement maker,
well , 1835. Nelson Terrace, City Road, 1820.
Richard, Peter, admitted as a brother, 9 James, 8, Charing Cross, 1806–
C.C., 1679. 1830.
Richards, Luke, admitted as a brother, Rimbault, Stephen , 7, Great St.
C.C., 1648. Andrew Street, 1760–1781 .
> Henry, admitted C.C. , 1699. Paul, 9, Denmark Street, St.
Hugh, master, C.C , 1735 ; Giles's, 1679–1785 .
1720-1735. Ring, Joseph, admitted C.C., 1693.
Thomas, 114, Strand, 1770-1772. Rippin, William , Holbeach , Lincoln
William , Albemarle Street, shire, worked at his trade as watch
Clerkenwell ; liveryman, C.C., 1776. and clock repairer for thirty years
William , 43, Brick Lane, Old after he lost his sight, vouched for
Street, 1794. by his daughter and many other
Thomas, 17, Bridgewater persons ; he died in 1857.
Square, Barbican, 1801 ; 96, Shore Rippon , R., 46, King's Street, Seven
ditch, 1830. Dials, 1820.
Richardson, Richard , C.C. , 1675. Risbridger, William , Dorking, maker
of London , “ a good wheel of thirty -hour long.case clocks,
cutter ” (Hatton ), 1750. about 1700.
James, master, C.C., 1788 ; Ritherdon , Robert, 3, Aldgate With
1762-1789. in, 1758-1800.
- , John, Racquet Court, livery Rivers, David, 3, Sweeting's Alley ;
man , C.C. , 1810 ; 1798-1811 . master, C.C., 1773 ; 1760–1783.
Rickman, W. , 35, Great Pulteney David , 3 , Bridgewater Square,
Street, 1820. 1753-1775.
Ricord, Richard , admitted as a William , master, C.C. , 1794 ;
brother, C.C. , 1649. 1780-1795.
Rivers and Son, 38, Cornhill, 1790 Robinson , Richard , watch-chain

1810. maker, 4, Goldsmith Row, 1790.
- , William , 33 , Cornbill, 1820. M., watch -movement maker, 8,
Riviere, $. N., 63, New Bond Street, Charterhouse Street, 1790.
1804 . Owen, an escapement maker
Robbin, Fabian, London , maker of a who worked for Arnold, mentioned
walnut marqueterie long - case loy Reid as the maker of a double
month clock, square dial, bull's chronometer escapement, 1780
eye in front of pendulum bob, 1810.
about 1690 . --, Anthony, 232, Strand, 1783.
Robbins, J., 24, Percival Street, Richard , watcb -movement
Clerkenwell, 1842 . maker, 27, Key Street, Clerken
Roberts, H. , admitted C.C., 1664 ; in well, 1835.
the B.M. is a large astronomical Robotham , Feis, High Street, Hamp
watch by him ; 1630–1670. stead Road, 1840.
Gideon, Bristol, Conn ., U.S.A., Robson, William , musical clock
maker of American clocks, 1790. maker, 48, Redcross Street, master ,
J., St. James's Market, 1790. C.C., 1809 ; 1798-1810.
W. , St. James's Market, 1806 ; Roby, James, 2, Prince's Street,
5, St. Alban's Place, Pall Mall , Leicester Square , 1800.
1820-1830. Rochat, Jules, 82, Dean Street,
, George, 27, Marchmont Street , Soho, 1840-1842.
Brunswick Square, 1820. Rochford, M. F., 212, Piccadilly,
James, 87, Union Street, Boro', 1804-1825.
1812. , F., 29, Jermyn Street, 1830.
Robertson, Benjamin, 14, Jewin St., Rogers, William , admitted as a
1783. brother, C.C., 1641 .
Robin, -, Paris, 1794. John , admitted C.C., 1731 .
Robins, John, 67, Aldersgate Street, William , Broad Street Build
1783. ings, liveryman, C.C., 1776.
William, 13, Fleet Street, Fenchurch Street, 1774.
1783–1804. Isaac, White Hart Court,
New Lisle Street, 1794 . Gracechurch Street, a maker of
John, 13, Clerkenwell Green , good watches ; a specimen in gold
1800-1804. repoussé outer case is in the B.M.;
John, 13, Frith Street, Soho did a good trade in foreign markets ;
Square, 1823-1830. 1750-1794.
Robinson, Robert, C.C., 1652. Isaac, 4, White Hall Court,
Williain , admitted C.C., 1667. Gracechurch Street ; admitted C.C.,
Thomas, admitted C.C. , 1703. 1776 ; master, 1824 ; succeeded to
. Francis, apprenticed to Thomas his father's business, 1776 .; re
Williamson , 1672 ; master, C.C., moved to 24, Little Bell Alley,
1725 ; maker of a repeating watch Coleman Street. in 1802 ; died
movement in the Guildhall 1839 ; 1776-1839.
Museum, silver case, inscribed , Thomas, 63, Charing Cross,
“ Servant to his Royal Highness, " liveryman , C.C., 1810 ; 1800-1811 .
1679-1726. C. , 59, Charlton Street, Somers
Ruhamer, admitted C.C., 1713. Town, 1820.
, William , apprenticed to Daniel Rogerson , William , Exchange,
Delander ; admitted C.C., 1720. master, C.C. , 1774 ; 1760-1775.
Philip, Fleet Street, 1737 Henry, London, clockmaker ;
1740. about 1800.
- , James, at the Dial in Grace's Rolf, Joseph, and Son, 17, Foster
Alley, Well Close Square, known Lane, 1769-1788 .
as a maker of long-case clocks, Rolfe, Robert, 29, St. John's Square,
1730-1760. Clerkenwell , 1835.
Romback, J., 103, Regent Street, Roumieu, Adam, C.C. , 1695.

1835. John, admitted C.C , 1720.
Rome, William , 6, Shepperton Place, Adam , admitted C.C., 1726.
North Road, 1842. Roumyen, James, admitted as a
Romer, Flack, admitted C.C. , 1661. brother, C.C., 1692.
Romeux, Lewis de, C.C., 1706 . Rousseau, Jean, maker of a silver
Romilly, Peter, Frith Street, Soho watch in the S.K.M., engraved
Square, 1769–1775. with figures of the seasons and
Romney, Joseph, admitted C.C., 1664. with Aowers, also a crystal- cased
Ronnizen, Adam , admitted C.C. , 1687 . watch in the form of a cross, in
Roof, Daniel, admitted as a brother, the Fellows Collection ; his father
C.C., 1676. also was a watchmaker ; 1680
Rooke, John , 26, Berkeley Square, 1700
1790. Rowden, John, London ; example of
Rooker, Richard, Chelsea, admitted his work, verge watch, silver dial ,
C.C., 1728 ; maker of a large with raised figures, square pillars,
silver watch, silver chased dial , no jewel, about 1700.
behind an aperture in which a Rowe, Thomas, admitted C.C., 1699.
pendulum swings ; 1728-1740. Benjamin , admitted C.C. , 1708.
Rookes, Barlow , admitted C.C. , 1667. John, St. Paul's Churchyard ;
Rooksby. “ Stolen on the 23rd instant, liveryman, C.C., 1770-1780.
out of Mr. Jeffreys House in York , Rowland and Co., 8, Coventry Street,
a guld pendulum watch with 1825 .
minutes and seconds, made by Mr. Rowlands, William , and Son, 92,
Rooksby, of Hull, with a gold Quadrant, 1823.
studded case . Notice to be given William , Smith Street,
to Mr. Hill, Goldsmith , in the Clerkenwell, watch -case maker ;
Strand ” ( London Gazette, Novem. treasurer and a liberal supporter
her 26-30, 1691 ). of the Clock and Watchmakers'
Rose, Michael, admitted C.C., 1676. Asylum ; master, C.C., 1860 ; 1820
John, and Son, 19, Foster Lane, 1861.
1768. --- , C., 9, Coventry Street, 1835.
- , junior, St. Ann's Lane, R., watch - case maker, 35,
1774. Meredith Street, Clerkenwell ,
-- Joseph, Sɔn , and Payne, 17, 1835.
Foster Lane, 1771-1790. C., 33, Leadenball Street,
John, 96, Fleet Market, 1830. 1840.
Roskell, Robert, the elder, Liver Roy, David, admitted as a brother
pool , introduced the rack lever C.C., 1682.
patented by Litherland, and was William , 30, Bell Yard, Lin
à collector of curious horological coln's Inn, 1804.
specimens, 1805-1830. Roycroft, Thomas, admitted as a
Ross and Peckham , 41 , Bedford freeman , C.C. , 1699.
Street, Covent Garden, 1810. Royer, William , 40, Gie Strect,
Rosse, Samuel , adınitted C.C., 1679. Goswell Road, 1820.
Rossi, W. , 5, Blackman Street, Boro', Roylands, William , watch -movement
1830. maker, 29, Obiswell Street, 1790.
Rotheram , Thomas, C.C. , 1662. Rudkin , Thomas, C.C., 1683.
, Coventry. See Vale. Ruffel, Charles; and Thomas, 18, Bar
Rotherodd, Benjamin , maker of a bican , 1804.
silver rose -shaped watch which Rugendas, Nicholas, Augsburg, 1550.
was in the Bernal Collection seven Rugg and Thaine, 15, Cheapside ;
teenth century work . a watch by them , S.K.M. , 1769
Rothwood, Robert, C.C., 1632. 1788.
9 Robert, admitted as a brother, Rugless, G., 43, Ratcliff Highway,
C.C., 1648. 1820-1825.
Rugless, T. , 3, Cannon Street, St. Salmon , C. E., 151 , Bishopsgate With

George's East, 1842. out, 1823.
Rundell and Bridge, 32, Ludgate Salter, Edward, 20, Cannon Street,
Hill, 1788-1823. 1788 .
Rush, Samuel, 16, Ludgate Hill , John , 35 , Strand , 1804 ; 73,
1759-1790. Strand, 1825-1830.
Russel, Thomas, watch - case maker, Saltmarsh , Samuel, 74, Middleton
18, Barbican , 1775. Street, Clerkenwell , 1840.
Charles, 18, Barbican , 1790. Sambrook , John, C.C. , 1680.
Russell, Nicholas, apprenticed to Wil Samley, —, Gutter Lane, 1775.
liam Rogers in 1653 ; master, C.C., Samon , John, admitted C.C., 1654.
1692. “ A plain hour watch goes Samson, Samuel, Westminster, maker
but 24 hours, the name on it is of a silver repoussé pair -case
Nicolus Russell, Londoni, fecit ” watch , apparently for the Dutch
( London Gazette, December 22– market; hall -mark 1800 ; also a
27, 1697). 1663-1700. musical and mechanical bracket
Thomas, Barbican, liveryman , clock, 1798-1805.
C.C., 1776. J., 11 , Denmark Street, Soho,
Charles and Thomas, 18, Bar maker of a verge watch with
bican, 1787-1815. engraving of the Crucifixion in
T. , 50, Great Sutton Street, white inetal fastened above the
1842. balance wheel, and a semicircular
Rutland, Jonathan , 114, Oxford piece of metal fastened below it,
Street, 1800-1804. and decorated with doublet rubies,
James, 83, Oxford Street, emeralds and topazes, 1800-1805.
1822-1830. and Grandin , Denmark Street,
Ruttiven, William , maker of a lantern Soho, 1810.
clock, 1630. Samuel, Humphrey, Panton Street,
Ryder, Thomas, admitted C.C. , 1698. Haymarket, 1790.
Thomas, admitted C.C., 1712. > Abraham , 11, Little Alie Street,
Ryler, William , admitted C.C., 1712. Goodman's Fields, 1820-1825.
Ryley, Thomas, admitted C.C., 1704. J. , 142, High Street, Shad well,
1835.
Sacheverell, Benassir , apprenticed to Abraham , and Sɔn , 11, Little
Tompion , admitted as a brother, Alie Street, Goodman's Fields,
C.C., 1687. 1840-1812.
Sadleir, Samuel, warden, C.C. , 1723 ; Sanders, Daniel, admitted C.C., 1632.
1720-1723. George, 57, Lion Gardens,
Sadler, Stephen, 134, Bishopsgate Aldermanbury, 1790.
Without, 1830 . James, 46, St. John Street,
Saer, Joseph, admitted as a brother, 1790 .
C.C., 1687 ; maker of a square John, 3, Holborn Hill, 1810
dial brass eight -day clock, two 1815.
hands, inscription “ Joseph Saer, , George, 8, Gee Street, Goswell
in Penpool Lane, London ," 1686– Road, 1820.
1700. Sanderson, Robert, Strand, admitted
Saffory, John, 13, Tokenhouse Yard, C.C., 1703 ; afterwards Sanderson
1760-1775. and Son . Hatton in 1773 speaks
Sainsbury, J. (tools), 2, Cowcross of the late Mr. Sanderson as an
Street, 1806-1823. improver of calendir work , and
Richard, 9, Wingrove Place, the son as clever, 1703-1730 .
Clerkenwell, 1840-1842. - George, patentee of tools for
St. Leu. See De St. Leu. duplicating parts of watches (1761,
Salmon, Henry, Coventry Street, No. 763), also a lunar and calen
Piccadilly, 1769-1772. dar watch -key (1762, No. 777),
Robert, 49, Strand, 1790-1794. 1761 , 1762.
Sanderson , Henry, 301 , Strand, 1778– Savage, Thomas. “ Stolen out of the
1781 . house of John Shorren, Esq.,
Thomas, 105, Bishopsgate Norfolk Street, a gold watch made
Within , 1815. by Thomas Savage of London ”
Samuel, 63, Mark Lane, 1840. (London Gazette, September 10
Sandford, William , 15, Conduit 14 , 1691 )
Street, 1800-1825. Saville , John, admitted C.C., 1656 ;
Sands, John , St. Dunstan's Alley, assistant, 1675 ; died 1679 ; maker
1790. of a watch reputed to have be
Saplin, P., 42, Whitcomb Street, longed to William of Orange,
Haymarket, 1835--1842. dated 1656, tortoiseshell case
, T. , 17, East Road, Hoxton, 1842. decorated with silver ; 1656-1679 .
Sarbitt, John, 11 , St. Martin's Court, John, admitted C.C., 1678.
Leicester Square, 1804. There was a brass lantern clock
Sargeant, B., 40, Garden Row, of his production at Blackburn
London Road, 1835. in 1887 ; 1678–1680.
H., 10, Wells Street, Oxford Savory, Andrew , admitted C.C., 1676 ;
Street, 1835. known as a maker of lantern and
Sargent, Robert, admitted C.C., 1720. bracket clocks, 1676-1700.
Benjamin, 133, Fleet Street, Joshua, 48, Cheapside, 1788.
1769-1788. and Co., 48, Cheapside, 1810.
, J., 106, Jermyn Street, 1794– A. , 54, Cheapside, 1825.
1810. Adey B., and Son, 9 and 14,
Sarl, J., 18, Cornhill, 1812. Cornhill, and 5, Finsbury Place,
Satchabell, Thomas, 9, Bridgewater 1840-1842.
Square, 1804. Sawyer, Paul, admitted C.C., 1718.
Sattell, C., watch -case maker, 36 , John, 1 , Poultry, 1804 .
Clerkenwell Green, 1795–1800. Say, Nehemiah, admitted C.C. , 1654.
Saunders, John, admitted C.C., 1721 . Scafe, William ,King Street, admitted
John, admitted C.C., 17:30. C.C. , 1720 ; master in 1749 ; 1720
Joshua, Cripplegate Buildings, 1750.
1765-1770. Scale, Henry. Of him was bought
D., Parkside, Knightsbridge , Huggerford's watch with false
1820-1840. jewelling used as evidence against
Savage and Vincent, 60, Red Lion Facio (see p. 231), 1705.
Street, 1800-1815. G., musical clockmaker, 15,
, Thomas, 3, Red Lion Street , Wellington Street, Goswell Street,
1820-1840. 1840.
W., 8, Chapel Street, Bedford Scales, Edward, 33, Strand, 1775–
Row, 1820-1825. 1780.
Samuel, 8, Red Lion Street, Scantlebury, W., 17, Golden Lane,
Clerkenwell , 1825. 1780-1792.
D., 7, Queen Street, North Scherer, George F. , 227, Regent's
ampton Square, 1835. Street, 1835–1840.
Thomas, 21, Sidney Street, Schilsky, Joseph, 90, Hounsditch ,
Goswell Road, 1842. 1840-1845 .
George, a watchmaker who, Schlott, Hanns. In the B.M. is a
in the early part of this century, clock in the form of a ship by him,
did much to perfect the lever said to have been made for the
escapement, besides inventing the Emperor Rudolph II. ; 1578–1581 .
two-pin variety. He spent the Schmidt, John , patentee of mysterious
early part of his life in Clerken clock (1808 ,No.3185), (see p. 159),
well, but in his old days emigrated 1800-1810.
to Canada, and founded a flourish Schofield, W., 35, Cheyne Walk ,
ing retail business in Montreal, Chelsea, maker of long -case clocks,
where he died, 1800–1855. 1815-1825.
Schofield , William , 2, Clerkenwell for a clock set up in the Treasury

Close , 1830-1835. Chambers, 1670-1682. “ A silver
Scholefield, James, London, maker of Pendulum watch, with a Tortoise
long- case clocks, about 1800. shell case inlaid with silver, made
Schuler, M. and J., 16, Commercial by Mr. Seignoir, Exchange Alley
Place, London Road, 1835-1842. ( London Gazette, December 16-19,
Schutt, Jasper, admitted as a brother, 1695 ).
C.C. , 1648. Sellars, John, warden, C.C. , 1692 ;
Schwilgue, J. B., restored Strasburg excused from serving as master in
clock ( see p. 145 ), 1838. 1696 , on account of ill health ;
Science, John, admitted C.C. , 1724. 1685-1696.
Scolding, John , 7, Great Prescot Sellers, William , Long Acre, 1740.
Street, 1794-1810. Selwood, William , ye Mermaid , in
Scotchford, Thomas Charles, London , Lothbury ; admitted as a brother,
a good maker of lever pallets, C.C. , 1633 ; an early maker of
1830-1876. lantern clocks, 1620-1636.
Scott, Daniel, admitted C.C., 1697. John , admitted as a brother,
Gracechurch Street, 1770 C.C., 1641.
1775. Sens, William , admitted C.C., 1711 .
James, apprenticed to John Sergeant, Nathaniel, 224, Wapping,
Jackson, 1752 ; admitted C.C., master, C.C. , 1783 ; 1784-1769.
1766. 2 Benjamin , 133, Fleet Street,
John , 40, Gloucester Street, 1754-1768.
Red Lion Square, hon. freeman , Servant, H. , 68, Salisbury Court,
C.C. , 1781 ; 1770-1794. 1775.
William , 79, Dartmouth Street, Sewell, George, 47, Blackman Street,
1790. 1790.
Thomas, 65, Charing Cross, Sexty, R., 71 , Carlisle Street, Lam
1810-1820 . beth, 1830-1840.
A. , and Co., 64, West Smith Seymore, John, admitted C.C. , 1710.
field , 1828-1832. Seymour, William , maker of a ma
William , 40, Skinner Street, hogany.case bracket clock, handle
Clerkenwell , 1830-1842. on top, brass dial, style 1740.
Jesse, 45, King Square, St. Shalcross, Josiah, maker of cylinder
Luke's, 1835 ; 1835-1842. escapements with ruby cylinders,
Robert, 20 , Bell Yard, Temple and of duplex escapements ; for
Bar, 1835-1840. many years in the employ of
Wing and Co., 59 and 60, McCabes ; born 1800, died 1866 .
Red Lion Street, Holborn, 1840 Sharp, J., 20, Little Tower Street,
1842. 1794-1808.
Sea, Frederick , 18, Bartholomew —, John, 30, Fish Street, Holborn ,
Close, 1820–1830. 1810-1825.
Seaborne, James, C.C., 1648-1650. 2 and Son, 30, Fish Street, Hol
Seagrave, Matthew , C.C., 1730. born (John Sharp, master, C.C.,
Robert, 35, Gutter Lane, 1790. 1833 and 1835 ) ; 1830-1840.
Searle, George, 15, Wellington Street, George, 9, Postern Row, Tower
Goswell Road, 1830-1840. Hill , 1822-1825.
Seddon, James, in St. James's, ad Sharpe, William , admitted C.C., 1681 .
mitted C.C., 1662. Sharpwell, James, Charing Cross,
Nathaniel, admitted as a 1775.
brother, C.C., 1691 . Shaw, John, in Holborn, admitted
Humphrey, Southwark, about C.C., 1682 ; master in 1712 ; maker
1730. of a splendid marqueterie -case
Sedwell, Edward, C.C., 1664. clock ; 1682–1712.
Seignior, Robert, an eminent maker William , 22, Wood Street,
in his day ; received, in 1682, £20 Cheapside, 1760-1772.
Shayler, Richard, Ball Alley, Lom Shirley, John, admitted C.C., 1720 ;
bard Street, 1753-1756. in 1724 paid £20 to be transferred
William, 44, Loinbard Street, to the Vintners' Company ; 1720
1755-1775. 1725.
Sheate, William ,16, Bell Alley, Cole Shirt, W., 10, City Road, 1835.
man Square, 1790. Short, Joshua, admitted C.C., 1665.
Shearer, James, 23, Devonshire - Surrey Street, Strand .
Street, Queen Square . The Duke Harrison's son,before starting on
of Sussex had a skeleton -move his voyage to Barbadoes , in 1764,
ment astronomical clock by him ; set his chronometer by Mr. Short's
1830-1842. regulator; 1750-1770.
Sheldrick, Edward, 48, Cheapside, Shorter, E., 4, Bridge Road, South
1798-1803. wark, 1830.
Shelly, Joseph, admitted C.C., 1717. Shrapnell, James, 36, Ludgate Street,
and King, 149, Shoreditch, 1761–1770 ; 60, Charing Cross,
1772-1775. 1788.
Samuel, 61 , St. Paul's Church Shuckburg, Charles, C.C., 1719.
yard, 1775. Shuttleworth, Henry, C.C. , 1669.
Shelton, Samson, member of the F. , 23, Duke Street, Piccadilly,
Blacksmiths' Company ; active in 1806-1810.
obtaining the charter of the C.C., of Sibbald , William , 1, Cannon Street
which he was one of the first Road, 1835.
wardens in 1631 ; died 1619, Sidey, Benjamin , 5, Moorfields, ad
leaving £50 to the C.C .; 1629– mitted Č.C., 1730 ; master, 1761
1649. and 1789 ; known as a good watch
John, Shoe Lane, C.C., 1720 ; maker, and active in matters
livery, 1766 ; 1720-1766. affecting the interests of the trade ,
Shepherd , Henry, 4, Pope's Head 1730-1790.
Alley, Cornhill, 1760-1775. Sidley, John, admitted C.C., 1701 .
W. , 199, Strand, 1822-1825. > Benjamin , admitted C.C., 1710.
Sheppard, Samuel, 1 , Hanover Street, Sills, William , a marine chronometer
Hanover Square, 1830. finisher of surpassing merit ; born
Shepperd, Thomas, C.C., 1632. 1812, died 1884 ; he worked for
Sarah, 199, Strand, 1830. Robert and Henry Molyneux and
Charles, 7, Chadwell Street, other eminent makers, 1832-1884.
1840-1842 . Silver, Frederick, livery, 1810 ; 1800
Sheraton, Thomas (see p. 184 ), 1803. 1811 .
Sherbird , J. , Turk's Street, Bethnal -, J. and J., 28, Hatton Garden ,
Green , 1820. 1825-1830.
Sherborn, Thomas, 6, Strand, 1800. Simcox, William , admitted C.C., 1682.
Shere, Henry, and Arnold , 46 , Lom Samuel, admitted C.C., 1708.
bard Street, 1753-1768. Simkin , Ben, 16, High Street, Boro',
Sherwood, William , apprenticel to 1788–1793.
James Delander ; admitted C.C., Simmons, John, Fleet Street, 1753
1695 ; 1695-1721 . 1756.
William , admitted C.C. , 1720 ; - , E., 1, Pavement,Moorfields, 1820.
master in 1740 ; 1720-1740. Ebenezer, 26, Coleman Street,
Shick, William , 43, Brick Lane, Old 1810-1842.
Street, 1820. George, 49, King Square, Gos
Shields, John, 19, Bridge Street, well Road , 1810-1842.
Lambeth, 1835. Morrice, 40, Great Prescot
John, 33, Great Marylebone Street, 1842.
Street, 1840-1842. Simonds, Thomas, Fleet Street, ad
Shindler, Thomas, Canterbury, known mitted C.C., 1661 ; maker of a
as a maker of long-case clocks, lantern clock, frets Fig. 100,
about 1720. balance escapement ; 1661-1670.
Simonds, J. L., 19, Holborn Hill, Slater, W., 13. Ship Alley, Wellclose
1820-1830 . Square, 1335.
Simons, John, watch - case coverer , Sloagh, William , C.C., 1687.
Sutton Street, Clerkenwell, 1790 Sloper, Jeremiah, C.C., 1726.
1793. Sly, Robert, admitted C.C., 1720.
--, G., 49, King's Square, 1810 Smalle, Lewis, received payments for
1842. “ keping the clocke ” of Lambeth
Simpkins, Thomas, C.C., 1710 . parish church, 1585–1605.
Benjamin , 35, Frith Street, Smalley, Thomas, admitted C.C.,
Soho, 1800. 1687 ; maker of a clock at Battle
Simpkinson, Roger, 41 , Fleet Street, Abbey, Sussex ; 1687-1700.
1758-1775. Smart, John, admitted C.C. , 1682.
Simpson, John, admitted C.C., 1700 Orpheus, 1750.
1710. , Benjamin , 35, Frith Street,
> John , admitted C.C., 1723. Soho, 1800.
and Ward, Fleet Street, 1737 Thomas, 4, Little Ryder Street,
1740. St. James's, 1825-1830 .
William E., hon. freeman, C.C., Samuel, 198, South Audley
1770-1781 . Street , 1835.
Archibald, 10, Prince's Street, Alexander, 70, South Audley
Leicester Square, 1790-1794. Street, 1835–1840 .
- Hector, 127, Pall Mall, 1788– Smeaton, John , York . In the B.M.
1792. is a circular rather large silver
--, R., 19 , Albion Buildings, 1790 watch by him silver dial, outer
1795 ; 481 , Strand , 1805–1815. case of leather piqué, about 1640.
- , John, 6, Middle Row, Holborn , Smeed, George, 17, Chapel Street,
1825-1840. Edgware Road, 1835–1842.
Robert, 55, Park Street, Dorset Smith, John, petitioner for incorpora
Square, 1835-1840 ; 15, New tion of C.C., and one of the first
Street, 1842. assistants, 1630-1649.
Robert, junior, 11 , Great Castle George, admitted C.C, 1632.
Street, Regent Street, 1810. Walter, admitted as a brother,
Thomas, Oxford Street, 1835 C.C., 1641 .
1842. Robert, admitted as a brother,
Sims, John, 64, Lombard Street, 1773 C.C. , 1648 ; warden in 1650, and
1778. died during his year of office,
, Henry, Canterbury, maker of 1640-1651 .
long- case clocks, about 1780. John, admitted C.C., 1654.
Sinclair, Charles, 69, Old Street, John, admitted C.C., 1656.
1835-1842. David , admitted C.C., 1662.
Sinderby, Francis H., Devereux Robert, adınitted as a brother,
Court, Strand, 1790 ; livery, C.C., C.C., 1695 ; on the disc of a long
1810 ; 18, Bull and Mouth Street, walnut-case clock appeared the
1830 ; 1790-1840. inscription, “Robert Smith, Dun
Sindry, Lawrence, C.C., 1661. stable ; ” 1680-1700.
Skeggs, L., 355, Rotherhithe Street, John , admitted C.C., 1674,
1788-1810. clockmaker and author of “ Horo
William , 355, Rotherhithe logical Disquisitions," 12mo. , pub
Street, 1820-1810. lished in 1694, second edition,
Skerry, W., Dartmouth Street, West 1708. This was probably the first
minster, 1835-1842. English book on clock and watch
Skinner, Matthew , master, C.C., 1746 ; making ; he also published “ Horo
1730-1747. logical Dialogues," in 1675 ; 1670
, Charles, 23, Pool Terrace, City 1708 .
Road, 1840. , Thomas, admitted C.C. , 1700.
Slack, Joseph, admitted C.C., 1723. Morris, admitted C.C., 1702.
Smith , Henry , admitted C.C., 1703. Smith, George, Charlotte Terrace,

John, admitted C.C., 1703 ; New Cut, 1820.
maker of the turret clock at West > William , 35, Poultry, 1823.
minster Abbey, 1730. The move John, 27, Cornbill, 1825.
ment of this clock was replaced by - and Co. , Piccadilly, 1825.
a modern one in 1860 ; 1703–1740. T. W. , 27, Fenchurch Street,
Tudor, admitted C.C. , 1717. 1820-1830.
> Thomas, admitted C.C., 1718. B., 12, Duke Street, Lincoln's
Obadiah, admitted C.C. , 1725. Inn Fields, 1830.
Joseph, Chester, maker of G. , 11 , St. Martin's Churchyard ,
bracket clock, about 1740. 1823-1830.
Maurice, Royal Exchange, J., 256, Borough, 1825-1830.
1728-1732. H. ( watch-movement maker ),
Edward, Bury, maker of lantern 12, Berkeley Street, Clerkenwell,
clocks, about 1730. 1825-1835.
James, Chiswell Street, 1758– Thomas, 17, John Street, Oxford
1760. Street, 1823-1835.
James, White Horse Court, hon . J., and Son, St. John's Square,
freeman, C.C., 1790. Clerkenwell, 1835-1842.
2 Bishopsgate Street, 1775. John, 70, Charlotte Street,
George, 110, Wood Street, 1770 Fitzroy Square, 1842.
1776. Joseph, 18, Bride Lane, Fleet
James, 115, Fleet Street, 1760 Street, 1842.
1780. Smitton , Peter, 12, Crown Street,
William , 32, Cornhill, 1769 Russell Square, 1820-1835.
1780. Snell, George, admitted C.C., 1688 ;
and Sharp, 14, Bartholemew maker of long-case clocks, 1688–
Close , 1780-1785. 1700.
Richard, Cloak Lane, 1780 Snelling, Thomas, C.C. , 1680.
1785. James, Poultry, admitted C.C. ,
9 Joseph, 49, Lombard Street, 1712 ; master in 1736 ; a watch by
1783-1790 . him in B.M .; 1712–1748.
, George, 4, Huggin Lane, Wood , Henry, Ball Alley, Lombard
Street, 1783-1790. Street, 1769-1775.
James and Son, 118, Bunhill Snosswell, William , 24, Farringdon
Row, 1769-1790. Street, 1835–1842.
and Wareham, Davies Street, Snow, John, Saruin . “ A watch the
Berkeley Square, 1790. hours in the form of Diamonds,
Jabez, 16, Fenchurch Street, the Out-case holes with bizels for
1790. the sound of the Bell ” (London
Charles, 118, Bunhill Row, Gazette, March 29, April 1 , 1680).
1790-1823. Syar, James, 5, Paradise Street,
James (clockmaker to George Finsbury, 1842.
IIÍ. ), Jermyn Street, 1790. Soffleur, Thomas, London, 1680.
John, 143, Hounsditch ; livery, Sɔlomon, Henry, Coventry Street,
C.C. , 1776-1790. 1775.
William , 170, Wapping, 1800 S. C., 13, St. Mary Axe, 1794
1804. 1804.
9 William , 3, Bridgewater Square, Moses, King Street, 1810 ;
1803-1810. Bevis Marks, 1820 ; Great Alie
James, 98, Oxford Street, 1790 Street, 1830.
1815. , Henry, 46, Duke Street, Ald
Samuel, patented ( 1812, No. gate, 1835.
3620) a vertical escape wheel with -, Henry, and Co., 31 , Houns
five teeth. Several watches were ditch , 1840-1842.
made on this plan ; 1800–1820. -, P., 26, Mansell Street, 1840-1842.
Solomon, J. , 24, Great Prescot Street, maker of a tall walnut long -case
1812. clock, brass dial, with arch riveted
Somerfall, Richard, Finsbury Place, on, containing Father Time on
66
Moorfields, 1788 ; 1798-1804. wing, with the words , * Tempus
Somersal, John , admitted C.C., 1708. fugit," 1699-1720 .
Somersall, George, Leadenhall Street, Spurrier, John, admitted C.C., 1684 .
1750 : Finsbury, Moorfields, 1779. Spyer, J., and Solomon, 26, Prescot
Richard, summoned to livery, Street, 1804 ; 20, Leman Street,
C.C. , 1786 ; 1776-1787. 1825.
Sones, Thomas, watch -case maker, Stables, Thomas, admitted C.C.,1685 .
6 , Lilly pot Alley, 1790 . Siacey, John , admitted C.C., 1683.
South, Joseph, admitted C.C., 1709. William , maker of a bell-top
Southan, Samuel, 28, Red Lion Street, mahogany - case bracket clock ,
1790 . period 1750.
Southwarth , John, C.C., 1689. Stafford, John, admitted C.C., 1708.
Southworth, Peter, C.C., 1664. Stainsburg, Robert, Chippenham .
Sowerby, Thomas, 79, Chiswell Street, “ A silver watch with a black
1830 . Fish -Skin case, studded with silver,
Thomas, 124, Long Acre, Robert Stainsburg, Chippenham ,
1830 . engraven on the Dial Plate
Sowter, John, admitted C.C., 1683. ( London Gazette, August 29, Sep
Sparkes, Nicholas, presented C.C. tember 1 , 1698).
with a piece of plate in lieu of Stainton, Matthew, 1 , Aldermanbury ,
serving as steward , 1659. 1772.
Sparrow, Thomas, 113, Leadenhall Stamp, J., 86, Cheapside, 1775 .
Street, 1790-1794. Stamper, Francis, at " ye Golden
Speakman , Thomas, C.C., 1685. Ball in Lumbard Streete ,” a good
> Edward, admitted C.C. , 1691 . maker ; admitted C.C., 1682. In
John, junior, C.C., 1706. 1687 ordered by the C.C. to be
William, master, C.C., 1701 ; prosecuted for refusing to admit to
1690-1715 . his workroom master and wardens
Spear, Jacob, musical clockmaker, when they were upon a search ,
39, Myddelton Street, 1835. but he submitted himself to the
Spence, John, London . In the B.M. court, and was fined 208.; maker
is a round silver watch by him , of a clock with square dial on a
dated 1650, silver dial, matted lantern movement; 1682-1700.
ground with Roman hour nume 9 John, 148, Fleet Street, 1772.
rals engraved on polished lozenge Stanbury, Henry, admitted C.C. , 1709 ;
shaped plaques, day of the month maker of a thirty -hour long- case
shown on outer circle, glass over clock ; 1709-1720 .
dial; 1650-1670. Standish , William , C.C., 1668.
Spencer, Thomas, Strand, threatened Stanes, Jeffery, admitted C.C., 1686.
with prosecution by C.C. for undue Stanger, Hugh, 46, Old Street Road,
taking of apprentices , 1682 ; ad 1835-1840.
mitted C.C. , 1685 ; 1680–1686. Stanley, John, admitted C.C., 1732.
Arthur, admitted C.C. , 1732. Stanton, John, admitted C.C., 1692.
and Perkin, 44, Snow Hill , Edward, admitted C.C., 1662 ;
1775-1794. master, 1696 ; 1662–1697.
J., 20, Red Lion Street, Clerken , Joseph, admitted C.C., 1703.
well, 1820-1830. 9 Samuel, admitted C.C., 1714.
Spiegalhalter, G. , musical clock Staples, James, 7, Rosoman Street,
maker, 6 , Mount Place, White Clerkenwell, 1788-1792.
chapel, 1835-1842 . Stapleton, Thomas, C.C. , 1694.
Spink, M., 8, Gracechurch Street, Staptoe, William , Charing Cross, ad
1828-1830. mitted C.C., 1703 ; 1703-1710. i
Spittle, Richard, admitted C.C., 1699 ; Starey , John , 4, Sweeting's Alley,
Cornhill ; livery, C.C., 1787 ; 1770 Stevens, Richard, C.C. , 1715.

1794 . - , Joseph, 32, Aldyate Without ;
Starkey, Joseph, admitted C.C., 1706. master, C.C., 1752 and 1756 ; 1745
Stauffer, Robert, and Co. , 43, Skinner 1777.
Street, Clerkenwell, 1842. W., 31, Ironmonger Lane, Old
Robert, Son, and Co. , Snow Street, 1835.
Hill, 1840-1842. Ezek ., 49, King Terrace, New
Julius, 43, Skinner Street, North Road, 1840-1842.
1840-1842. 9 William ,junior, 11 , Ironmonger
Staunton , Edward, Leadenhall Street, Street, 1840-1842.
66a new Gold Clock - Watch graved 5 William , 14, Bartholomew
with a cypher, on the back Ed. Square, St. Luke's, 1840-1842.
ward Staunton, maker” ( London D. , 5, New Gloster Street,
Gazette, November 16-19, 1696) . Hoxton, 1842.
Stayne, Thomas, admitted C.C., 1654. Stevenson, Adam, summoned to livery,
Stedman, J. , Red Lion Street, 1790. C.C. , 1786.
Steele, F. , 71, Oxford Street, 1825– J. , Bethnal Green Road, 1835.
1833. Stewart, Joseph, 61 , Red Lion Street,
Stegar, John, admitted C.C. , 1699. 1842..
Steinmann, Daniel, 29, North Audley Stiebel, B., 5, Chandos Street, 1823.
Street, 1840–1842. Stiles, John, admitted C.C., 1704.
Stephens , Francis, C.C., 1632. Nathaniel, Wood Street, ad
Joseph, Whitechapel, admitted mitted C.C., 1725 ; master, 1751 ;
C.C., 1721 ; master, 1752 ; 1721 1725-1770.
1766. Richard, probably son of the
Joseph, 32, Aldgate, master, above ; master, C.C., 1790 ; 1770
CC., 1776 , 1760-1790. 1790.
Thomas, 93, Strand, 1823. William , 28, Tottenham Court
Stephenson , Benjamin , Ludgate Road, 1835.
Hill, 1774-1777. Still, Francis, admitted C.C., 1699.
Thomas Samuel, livery, C.C. , Stirling, John, 38, Abchurch Lane,
1810. 1788 .
D. W., 27, Lombard Street, Stirrup , Thomas, publisher “ Hoo
1820-1830. meter ; or, Complete Dialist,” in
Sterck, William, Portugal Street , 1652 .
Lincolu's Inn , 1760–1768. Stock, Jabez, Whitechapel, maker of
(Sterk), William , Cockspur a long black parrow-case clock,
Street, 1772-1790. with Japanese decoration down the
Sterens, Samuel, 26, Whitechapel, front, and a small circular glass in
1790. the door, about 1700. In the
Steuart, James, 8, Green Street, panel is
Leicester Square, 1790 . “ I labour here with all my might,
Stevens, Samuel, Grub Street, ad To tell the time by day and night ;
mitted C.C., 1680 ; threatened in In thy devotion copy me,
1682 with prosecution by C.C. for And serve thy God as I serve thee."
undue taking of apprentices, 1680–
1682. Stoddart, Robert, 61 , Red Lion Street,
> Daniel, admitted C.C. , 1661 . Clerkenwell, 1815–1842.
George, admitted C.C., 1673. J., 7, Charles Street, North
> Thomas, admitted C.C., 1700 . ampton Square, 1835–1840.
Nathaniel, admitted C.C., 1702. ) James, 13, Red Lion Street,
, Samuel, admitted C.C., 1706 ; 1842 ; died at Hastings, 1886 ,
maker of a square dial lantern aged 80.
clock, cherub corners, inscribed Stogden (Stockten ), Matthew , ad
“ Sam . Stevens, Londini, fecit,” on mitted C.C. , 1716 ; inventor of im
circle ; 1706-1718. proved repeating motion (see p.
217 ) ; died in abject poverty ; Stratton, Joseph, Church Street,

1716-1770 . Hackney, 1830-1835 .
Stokes, Henry, Turnmill Street, Clerk Street, Richard, admitted as a brother,
en well, bequeathed his best clock C.C. , 1687 ; warden , 1715 ; maker
to Robert Stokes, 1586. of a clock costing £50, which was
Stone, Andrew, admitted C.C., 1699. presented by Sir Isaac Newton to
-, William , admitted C.C., 1700 . Dr. Bradley , Master of Trinity
Roger, admitted C.C., 1710 . College, Cambridge, in 1708 ;
Samuel , 8, London Road , 1680-1816 .
Obelisk , 1820. Strelly, Francis, admitted C.C. , 1665.
Stones, Thomas, Lothbury, admitted Stretton, Sarah, admitted C.C. , 1710.
C.C., 1692 ; master, 1730 ; 1692 Stribling, Benjamin , Stowmarket,
1731 . known as a maker of lantern clocks,
Storer, Robert, and Son , 11 , Berkeley about 1700.
Court, Clerkenwell, 1788-1798. Strigel, William , St. James's Street,
-, C., 11, Berkeley ( 'ourt, ('lerken 1760-1775.
well , 1790-1800). George Philip, Stafford Row,
J., 61, Wynyat Street, Goswell near Buckingham Court, 1760–1788.
Road , 1835 . Strigner, In the B.M. is a watch
- , W., 5, Felix Terrace, Islington , by him in an outer case of car
1810-1812 . nelian. It was made for James II . ,
Storey, James , admitted C.C., 1703. and by him given to his daughter,
Charles, Sidney Alley, Leicester Catherine, Countess of Anglesey
Fields, 1758-1760. and Duchess of Buckingham, about
J. , 176, Regent's Street, 1830. 1687.
Storr, Marmaduke, 20, Lombard Strongfellow , John, C.C., 1691 .
Street, 1760-1774. Storr and Mortimer, 13, New Bond
William , 44 , St. James's Street, Street, 1830.
hon , freeman , C.C. , 1781-1794. Stroud, Elizabeth, 5, Henry Street,
Story, William , Red Lion Street, Pentonville, 1840.
Clerkenwell, 1769-1772. Stubbs, Gabriel, admitted C.C. , 1675 ;
-, Henry, 7, Charterhouse Lane, described as a small clockmaker
1820 . ( watchmaker ?) and a celebrated
Stracey, ohn, 34, Prince's Street, member of the Company ; 1675–
Lothbury, 1790. 1677.
Strachan, Andrew, a Scotsman ; to J. , 28, Penton Street, Hay
avoid prosecution for practising market, 1830.
his art in the city of London Prince's Street, Leicester
he bound himself apprentice to Square, maker of a gold chrono
Thomas Warden ; the Chamberlain meter half-quarter repeater, gold
ordered the indenture to be can dial, raised numerals, 1817.
celled , as Strachan was between Stuk , William , Cockspur Street, 1781.
thirty and forty years old, 1691 . Style, Richard, 3, Carey Lane, Foster
A. and J. , 125 , Long Acre, 1830. Lane ; master, C.C., 1790 ; 1780–
Straiton, Alexander, 146, Leadenhall 1796.
Street, 1825 ; 15, Little Knight Nathaniel, Wood Street, ad
rider Street, 1842 ; died 1873, aged mitted C.C., 1725 ; master, 1751 ;
83. 1725-1770.
Stram , Alfred, Ashby Street, Clerken Sudbury, John, admitted C.C. , 1686.
well ; born in Switzerland , died Sully, Henry ,apprenticed to Charles
1893, aged 80. An excellent Gretton , admitted C.C., 1704 ; an
watch -case maker . eminent man who settled in France
Stratford, George, admitted C.C., 1704. (see p. 110) ; 1704–1728.
Stratton , Richard, C.C., 1720. Summer, William , C.C., 1662.
-- , John , 133, Bunhill Row, 1820 Francis, 26, Greek Street,
1825. Soho, 1790.
Supple, John, Vigo Lane, Piccadilly , Taylor,William , admitted C.C., 1682.

1783. Thomas, Holborn, at the end of
Sutton , Isaac, admitted C.C., 1662. Fetter Lane, admitted C.C., 1685 ;
Swale, Jaques (alien), threatened with master, 1710 ; maker of a fine
prosecution for working as clock pair -case repoussé repeating watch ,
maker in liberties of C.C., 1668. gold dial , 1685–1715.
Swannell and Co. , Staples Inn, John, admitted C.C., 1687 . “ Lost
Holborn , 1790. between Pickadilly and St. James
Swannick , G. , 38, Banner Street, Street, a gold watch made fast in a
Bunhill Row, 1820. gold studded case , with high pins
Swanson , Robert, admitted C.C., 1730. at each hour; made by Mr. Taylor,
1 William , 5, Banner Street, at the Upper End of Fetter Lane,
Bunhill Row, 1790. in Holborn . Whoever brings it to
Swearer and Sons, wooden clock Mr. Harrison, Goldsmith , etc., the
makers, 7, Upper Street, Smith Three Flower-de-Luces, in the
field, 1820. Strand, shall have a guinea re
J. , 30, Park Terrace, Regent's ward ” ( London Gazette, February
Park, 1810-1842. 9-12, 1692).
Sweeby, John, admitted C.C., 1671 ; Jasper, in Gray's Inn, admitted
maker of a fine long inlaid -case C.C., 1694. On a pair-case copper
clock, period William III ., 1671 verge watch, outside case of leather,
1700. with many small rivets, lock-spring
Swift, Thomas, Essex Street, Isling projecting through the dial , is the
ton, lever pallet maker, 1825-1867. inscription, “ Jasper Taylor, in
Swindells, Jasper, watch- case maker, Holbourn ."
Salmon and Ball Court, Bunhill John, admitted C.C., 1702.
Row, 1800-1813. George, admitted C.C., 1703.
Sydenham , H. and J., 126, New Bond To him and his wife Lucy, Rebecca
Street, 1800–1804. Fisher was bound apprentice in
> J. , 126, Bond Street, 1823. 1715 ; 1703-1715.
Sylvester, John, admitted C.C. , 1693. Charles, admitted C.C., 1723.
Symonds, Thomas, 27, Cheapside, > Richard, admitted C.C., 1724.
1770-1775 ; 20, Fleet Street, 1775– > Jasper, of Barnard's Inn, ad
1788 mitted C.C., 1729 ; took an active
part in the affairs of the Coin
Taber, Thomas, 29, Compton Street, pany ; was master in 1754, and
Clerkenwell, 1825. clerk from 1760 to 1770 ; 1729
Tallibart, Louis, 48, Rathbone Place, 1770.
1842. -- , Edward, livery, C.C., 1810. In
Tallis, Aaron, admitted C.C., 1722 . the B.M. is a curious watch of his,
Tanner, Joseph, admitted C.C. , 1682. with symbolical figures and texts
, clock engraver and varnisher, of Scripture in the enamel on the
Fleet Street, 1790. dial and case, 1800–1830.
Tapp, Francis, 85, Strand, 1775–1785. Samuel, 10, Bell Alley, Lom
Tarman , J. B. , 34, Regent Street, bard Street ; master, C.C., 1807 ;
Piccadilly, 1825. 1788-1810.
Tate, Ruth , East Sheen, on an oak -, Edward, 25, Leadenhall Street,
long-case clock , about 1790. 1825.
Taylor, a well-known family among Joseph, 2, Bouverie Street,
the London watchmakers from Fleet Street, 1825 .
1640 till past the middle of the John, 8, Wilderness Row,
present century. Clerkenwell, 1810–1840.
Thomas, admitted C.C., 1646 ; Kennard, and Co., 3, Crescent,
master, 1668 ; 1646-1670. Jewin Street, 1830.
Richard , admitted C.C. , 1655. —, David, 27, Northampton Square,
Abraham , admitted C.C., 1668. 1842. Between 1850 and 1860 he
did a large trade with the Ameri Thitchener, J. , 14, Maiden Lane,
can market. Covent Garden, 1835.
Taylor, James, 3, Corporation Lane, Thomas, 18, High Row,
Clerkenwell , 1835. Knightsbridge, 1840–1812.
Robert, 47, William Street, Thomaque, Abraham , C.C., 1675.
Regent Street, 1835. -, Isaac, maker of a silver repeat
Charles, 62, John Street, Fitzroy ing watch, about 1729.
Square, 1840. Thomas, John, 55, St. James's Street,
Team , John, 25, Redcross Square, verge watch movement by him
1790. Guildhall Museum, 1800-1804.
Tebball, Benjamin, C.C., 1683. 5 Richard, 3, Strand, 1804.
Tebbatt, Benoni, Little Old Bailey Thomas, 314, Borough , 1825.
C.C. seized at his shop a gold and Son, 3, Strand , 1825–1830.
watch- case, both for that it was F. L. and J. W., 153, New
of coarse and unwarrantable gold, Bond Street, 1823–1830 .
and also so extremely thin that John, New Road, St. George's
it was insufficient in strength. East, 1835.
William Brafield , who made the Thomegay, Mark ,Moorfields, 1768.
case , admitted his fault, and was Thompson, John, admitted C.C., 1662.
tined 58., the case being broken > Robert, admitted C.C., 1681 .
up ; 1688 . Isaac, admitted C.C. , 1699.
Temple, Thomas, admitted C.C., 1720. William , admitted C.C. , 1708.
Templer, Charles, admitted C.C., 1673. John , admitted C.C., 1720.
Tenant, Leonard, paid £ 37 for a new Troughton, admitted C.C., 1731 .
clock and chimes for St. Margaret's Ann , and Son, Red Lion Street,
Church, Westminster, 1617. Clerkenwell, 1790.
Tennant, Thomas, C.C., 1668. James, Bride Lane, Fleet
Terold, Henry , Ipswich , maker of a Street, 1790,
round silver watch - case with inter John, 10, Red Lion Street,
lacing bands, silver dial, Fellows Clerkenwell, 1765–1790.
Collection , about 1670. W. , Skinner Street, Clerken
Terrier, James, admitted C.C., 1694. well , 1790.
Thomas, admitted C.C., 1694. E., 32, Exeter Street, Sloane
Mary, admitted C.C., 1713. reet, 1835–1840.
Terry, Eli, Plymouth, Lichfield J., 19, Red Lion Street, Clerken
County, Connecticut , U.S.A.; well, 1835.
maker of American clocks, and William , 5, Great Tower Street,
patentee of equation clock in 1797 ; 1840-1842.
1791-1845. Edward J., 43, Windsor Ter
- Isaac, 15, King Street, Clerken race, 1812.
well, 1835. Thomson, Philip, and Son, 11 ,
Isaac, 35, Prince's Street, Lei Exeter Court, Strand, 1769.
cester Square, 1842. Adam, 25, New Bond Street.
Thacke, Philip, admitted C.C., 1685 ; A very able man ; published
maker of marqueterie long -case “ Timeand Timekeepers ” in 1843 ;
clock , square dial, 1685–1700. 1842-1860.
Thead and Pickett, Ludgate Hill, Thorn, Thomas, 23, Wood Street,
1758-1765. Cheapside, 1758-1769.
Thiout, l'Aine, a clever French watch --, Robert, 12, Wood Street, Cheap
maker, inventor of many ingenious side, 1760–1768.
forms of repeating work, curious Thorne, John, 56, Whitechapel, 1790
clocks, etc., described in his 1815.
" Traité d'Horlogerie,” Paris, 1741 ; - ,'John , and Son, 56, Whitechapel,
1730-1745. 1820.
Thitchener, W. , 36, High Street, > James, Limekiln Hill, Lime
Shadwell, 1835-1840. house, 1835-1842.
Thorne, John, 19, Rahere Street, 1842. Tollison, John, admitted C.C., 1714 .
Thornton , Henry, C.C., 1699. Tomkins, William , 11 , Winchester
-- , John, admitted C.C., 1731 . Street, 1768-1772.
Thorogood, John, admitted C.C., 1660. Tomkinson, Humphry, Maiden Lane,
William , admitted C.C. , 1660. Covent Garden , 1768-1775.
Richard, 175, Fenchurch Tomlin, Edward, 6 ), Threadneedle
Street, 1783. Street, 1772-1788.
Thorowgood, L., London , a maker of Tomlinson , Thomas, admitted as a
long-case clocks, about 1770. brother, C.C., 1647.
Threlkeld, William , London, 1780. William , admitted C.C., 1699 ;
A silver watch with an engraved master in 1733. There is a watch
Case and a Cipher, G. K., in the by him in S.K.M., hall mark
middle, the Dial Plate having 1719 ; 1699-1734.
Flower- de-luces at the half -hours, Tomlyns, Nicholas, C.C. , 1647.
the Maker's. name, W. Threlkeld , Tompion, Thomas, “ father of English
London ” ( London Gazette, May watchmaking ” ( see p. 83) ; ad
12-15, 1701). mitted C.C., 1671–1713. “ Lost
Thuret, — , Paris, maker of a clock out of a gentleman's Pocket, the
at S.K.M., about 1750. 19th past, betwixt Lyme St. end
Thwaites, Ainsworth, Rosoman in Fenchurch St., and the end of
Street, Clerkenwell ; made the the Minories, an indifferent small
Horse Guards clock, 1756 ; 1740– size gold pendulum watch, going
1780. without striny or chain , showing
5, James, Ratcliff Highway, 1770 the hours of the day, and day of
1790. the month, the name Tompion, in
John , 4, Rosoman Street, a shagreen case, pinned with a
Clerkenwell ; master, C.C., three Cypher in the bottom of the case,
times, 1815, 1819, 1820 ; presented wound up on the dial plate, at the
to the C.C. Sully's timekeeper ; hour of 12, a straight key with a
1780-1816. Steel Nose. Whoever brings it
and Reed, 4, Rosoman Street, to Mr. Tompion, Clockmaker, at
Clerkenwell, 1817–1812. Water Lane, and in Fleet St.,
Tidbury and Son, 206, Oxford Street, shall have one guinea reward, or,
1825. if bought, their money again with
Tiesse, J., London, maker of an oval reasonable profit” ( London Ga
watch, about 1650. zette, November 10–13 , 1690).
Tilly, Joseph, admitted C.C., 1703 ; “ Lost, the 3rd inst.,betwixt the
maker of a walnut long -case clock , Sun - Dial, in St. James Park, and
square dial, 1703-1720 . Man's Coffee House, a silver
Tipping, George, C.C., 1674. Minute Pendulum watch, made
Tobias, Morris, 68, Bell Dock Yard , by Tho. Tompion, in a Shagreen
Wapping, 1798-1800. studded caso, on the bottom of the
Morris, and Co., 68, Bell Dock inner case the number 458 ; with
Yard, Wapping, 1804. In 1812 a gold Ring hanging upon the
Messrs. Tobias patented (No. silver chain, with the Effigies of
3584 ) a binnacle timepiece, 10 their Present Majesties ” ( London
show the time by “ bells," as Gazette, March 3 to 7, 1691 ).
watches are kept on board ship. “ Lost on the 24 instant, about
-, Morris, and Co., 31 , Minories, Kingston - on - Thames, a Gold
1830-1842. Minute and Second Chain Pendu
Tolby, Charles, admitted C.C., 1720. lum watch, with a Stop, the hours
Tolkin and Dancer, 148, St. John seen through a hole in the Dial
Street, 1807. Plate, and in a plain Shagreen Out
Tolkien, George, 145, St. John Case, the name Tho. Tompion,
Street, 1810. London , a number in the bottom
Tolley, Charles, admitted C.C., 1683. of the Box , 0201. Whoever gives
2 C
notice of it to Mr. Tho. Tompion, Toutin , Jean, Château Surr, cele

Clockmaker, at the corner of brated enamel painter (see p . 71).
Water Lane, in Fleet St., shall Henry, Blois (brother of Jean),
have 3 guineas reward ; or if (see p. 72).
bought already, your money again Tovey, William , watch and clock
with reasonable profit ” (London spring -maker ,64, Red Lion Street,
Gazette, June 25-29, 1691 ). Clerkenwell , 1798 .
“ Lost, some time in November William , watch and clock
last, at Oxon, a Gold Minute Pep spring -maker, 53, Upper Moor
dulum watch in a plain gold case ; fields, 1804.
the names on the upper peak, Townsend, Samuel, C.C., 1702.
Tho. Tompion, Edwd . Banger, Elizabeth and John, 61 , St.
London ; and on the Dial Plate, Paul's Churchyard, 1760-1769.
Tompion , Banger, London, with Elizabeth , 119, Fetter Lane,
this number, 3128, on the bottom 1804.
of the Box within side, and like 9 William , 99, Guildford Place,
wise upon the upper plate. Who Spafield, 1842.
ever give notice of it (so as it may Trail, Edwin, 68, Old Broad Street,
be had again) to the Reverend 1835.
Dr. King, of Christ Church Col Edwin, Edgware Road, 1842.
lege, at Oxon, or to Tho. Tompion, Travers, William , Red Lion Street,
Clockmaker, at the Dial and Three Clerkenwell, 1788-1810.
Crowns, at the Corner of Water Adam , 9, Red Lion Street,
Lane, Fleet St. , London, shall Clerkenwell, 1783–1790.
have three guineas reward ; or if Mathew, watch-case maker,
bought or pawned, your money 12, Great Sutton Street, 1810.
again with reasonable profit Tregent, James, 35, Strand, 1775 ;
( London Gazette, December 4-7, 29, Cranbourne Street, Leicester
1704). Square, 1780 ; watchmaker to the
Tompion, Thomas, junior, apprenticed Prince of Wales ; hon . freeman ,
to Charles Keinp, 1694 ; admitted C.C., 1781. A celebrated French
C.C., 1702. maker, who settled in London, and
T., and Banger, E., inscribed on was intimate with Garrick, Sheri
some watches. See Banger. dan, and other notabilities of the
Tompson, J. , 9, Hooper Court, theatre. The Duke of Sussex
Clerkenwell, 1842. paid him £400 for a repeater and
Toms, T. E. , 7, Swan Street, Minories, alarum travelling watch ; 1770
1820. 1804.
Topham , J., 9, Basing Lane, 1788– Trelegon, James, Strand, 1775.
1800. Trenholm , - , admitted 'C.C., 1728 .
Torado, Francis, Gray's Inn, ad Trewinnard , Joseph and James, 16,
mitted as a brother, C.C. , 1633 ; Rotherhithe Wall, 1790–18+2.
maker of an oval watch in Guild Joshua, 40, Strand , 1807-1810.
hall Museum . His widow became Edward, Grange Road, Ber
a pensioner of C.C. in 1690 ; 1633– mondsey, 1825 .
1675. James, 32, London Road,
Torin , James Lewis, 30, Throgmorton 1835.
Street, 1738-1780. Joseph , 23, Grange Road, 1835.
Torkler, Peter, 9, Red Lion Street, > George, Kingsland Place, 1835.
Clerkenwell, 1785-1790. Trigg, Thomas, admitted C.C., 1701.
Tothaker, William , C.C., 1703. Triggs, Thomas, admitted C.C., 1708.
Toulmin , Samuel, 27, Strand, maker Tringham , George, 15, Golden Laue,
of a centre seconds watch, beating 1835-1812.
full seconds, in the Guildhall Tripp, Job, Bridge Street, 1772.
Museum , cylinder escapement ; Trippett, Robert,admitted C.C., 1700.
1766-1783. Trippitt, William , C.C., 1706.
Tritschler and Co., wooden and Tyas, W. T., Thavies Inn, Holborn,
musical clockmaker, 191 , High 1830-1835.
Holborn, 1835-1840. Tyler, George, Pope's Head Alley,
Troughton, Bryan, 35, Fenchurch maker of a bracket clock, Japanese
Street, 1760-1775. tortoiseshell case, 1687.
Troup, J. , 233, Tooley Street, 1822 ; James Henry, 211 , Northamp
120, Cheapside, 1835-1842. ton Street, 1835.
Trowe, Gilbert, admitted C.C. , 1722. Tymms, A. , 6, Rennington Lane, 1820.
Trubshaw , John , admitted C C., 1686 ; M. , 5, Rennington Lane, 1820.
a gilt metal- cased repeating watch Tyrer, Thomas, patented in 1782 ( No.
by him S.K.M. , 1686–1700 . 1311) the duplex escapement. His
Tubet, Edward, Fenchurch Street, specification says, 66 Horizontal
liveryman, C.C., 1776. scapement for a watch to act with
Tuck, J. and L., 8, Haymarket, 1804– two wheels," 1780-1783.
1830. H. , 32, Northampton Street,
Tudman, James, The Crown, Lom Clerkenwell, 1806-1830.
bard Street, 1697-1710. , James, 65, Red Lion Street,
Tuite, William , 41 , Great Queen 1812.
Street, 1769-1775.
Tulet, Edward, 13, Fenchurch Street, Udall, J. , 5, Great New Street, Shoe
1765-1770 . Lane, 1819–1822.
Tunnell, J. , 18, Fleet Street, 1825. Ulrich, John Gottleib , 26, Nicholas
Tupling, B. , 191 , Strand, 1820. Lane, in 1835 ; he devised and
Tupman, G. , 6, Charles Street, patented several methods of com
Grosvenor Square, 1806-1830. pensating chronometers, 1830-1874.
-, James, Great Russell Street, Underhill, Cave, admitted as a
Bloomsbury, 1820-1842. brother, C.C., 1655.
Turges, Josiah, 23, Smithfields, 1768 Underwood , John, and Sons, Foster
1772 . Lane, 1758–1760.
Turner, Joseph, admitted C.C., 1717. John, 36, Noble Street, Cheap
William , Church Street, Spital side, 1754-1775.
fields, 1768-1772. Robert, 3, Falcon Street, 1769–
1 John, 10, London Wall, 1788. 1801.
William, Fenchurch Street, , Cæsar, 3, Panton Street, 1798–
1825-1835. 1800 ; 9, Ranelagh Street, Pimlico ,
J. and Charles, 58 and 59, New 1820.
Bond Street, 1830. Uneman, John and William , Dutch
Turpin , Benjamin, 65, Banner Street, clockmakers in England (see p. 23),
St. Luke's, 1835-1842. 1368.
Turvee, Jarrett, admitted as a Unwin , Edward, 30, Upper Lisson
brother, C.C., 1688. Street, Paddington, 1820 .
Tutet, Edward, 10, Fenchurch Street, Upjohn, James, Threadneedle Street,
livery, C.C., 1766 ; master, 1786 ; 1760-1763 ; Lombard Street, 1774.
1766-1790. -, James, and Wirgman , 18, Red
Tuttell, Thomas, admitted C.C., 1695. Lion Street, Clerkenwell, 1769–
Twhing, James, admitted C.C., 1688. 1781 .
Twycross, S., and Son, 8, Haymarket, -, Francis, 1, Bridgewater Square,
1801 . livery, C.C., 1786 ; suggested dis
Twyford, Robert, 40, Strand, hon. tinctive marks on foreign watches,
freeman, C.C. , 1781 ; 1770-1782. 1780-1787.
Robert, and Co. , 9, Finch Lane, J., 11 , St. John's Square,
Cornhill, 1790 ; 10 , Salisbury Clerkenwell, 1815–1820.
Street, Strand, 1800 ; 1790-1810. Peter, 11, Red Lion Street,
Tyas, J. A. , watch - case maker, 77, 1783-1835.
Rahere Street, Goswell Road, J. and T., 5, Chandos Street,
1835. Covent Garden, 1835.
Upjohn and Bright, 5, King William Turnstyle, Holborne, ” maker of

Street, Strand, 1842. lantern clocks, about 1650.
Urseau, Nicholas. There is an entry Vernon, Samuel, admitted as a
of a payment to him as a clock brother, C.C., 1649 ; master in
maker in 1553, and on New Year's 1679 ; 1645-1680.
Day, 1556, he presented a clock to admitted C.C., 1685.
Queen Elizabeth, 1553-1556. Thomas, maker of a verge watch ,
Nicholas, probably a son of repoussé case, about 1700.
the preceding, clockmaker to Vesper, J., Fore Street, Limehouse,
Queen Elizabeth, 1572–1590. 1820.
Usherwood, William , 19, Strand, T. and W., 4, Grosvenor Place,
1830. Commercial Road, 1835.
Thomas, 5, Wellington Place,
Vale, Samuel, Coventry, 1747. Commercial Road, 1842.
, Howlett, and Carr, Coventry, William , 12 , Sidney Place,
1754-1790. Commercial Road, 1842.
and Rotherham (R. K. Rother Vevers, Richard, 2, Cateaton Street,
ham apprenticed to Vale, Howlett, 1825-1830.
and Carr), 1790–1810. Vial, Charles, 1685. “ Silver pendu
William , 12, Bunhill Row, lum watch made by Charles Vial ,
1781-1790. with a tortoise-shell case inlaid ”
William , musical clockmaker, (London Gazette, January 17–20,
32, Paul Street, Finsbury, 1820 1697).
1840 . Vick , Richard, in the Strand, ad
Valentine, Charles D. F. , livery , C.C., mitted C.C. , 1702 ; maker of a
1810 ; 1800-1811 . repeating watch inscribed “Richard
Vallance, Thomas, 5, Wilderness Row, Vick, watchmaker to his late
Goswell Street, 1820. Majesty.”
Van Ceulen, John, Hague, maker of Viel, George, 29, King Street, Soho,
a clock on Huygens' plan (see 1812.
p. 107), about 1660. Viet, Claude. His daughter Marianne
Vandenburg, John , 8, Owen's Row, was bound apprentice to him in
Clerkenwell , 1830. 1715 ; C.C., 1698-1715.
Vangnion , Daniel, Spring Gardens, Vieyres, Anthony, 40, Pall Mall ,
Charing Cross, 1790. 1842.
Vanham , Leonard, Addle Street, Vigne, James, 2, Strand, hon, free
1737-1740. man , C.C., 1781 ; 1775-1791.
Vanscolina, Richard, 70, Charlotte Villiscun, Stephen , Church Abbey,
Terrace, New Cut, 1842. Basinghall Street, 1780-1785.
Vantroleyer, James , one of the first Vincent, John, 157, Drury Lane,
assistants, C.C., 1631-1649. 1842.
Vardon, Samuel and Thomas, 29, Frith Vine, James, 2, Charing Cross,
Street, Soho, 1783. 1790.
Vaslet, Andrew, admitted C.C., 1717. James, 5, Staiving Lane, 1825.
Vaucher, Fritz, 27, Gerrard Street, Viner, Charles, and Hopkins, 235,
Soho, 1842. Regent Street, and 8, Sweeting's
Vaultrollier, James , one of the first Alley, 1830-1842.
assistants of the C.C., 1630–1649. Charles Edward, 19, Sackville
Vautyer, - , Blois, maker of a hand Street, 1840 ; Pall Mall, 1855.
some octagonal watch , B.M., case Vines, James, admitted C.C., 1708.
decorated with filigree work and C. E., and Co., 231 , Regent
jewels, 1620. Street, 1835.
Vecue, Thomas, admitted C.C., 1632. Joseph, Newbury, Berks, maker
Vere, John Henry, 48, Lombard Street, of a curious astronomical clock.
1769. 1836.
Vernon, Christopher, in “ye Great Virgoe, Thomas, admitted C.C., 1682,
Voght, Auty, 26, Up. Cleveland Waldoe, John, adınitted as a brother,

Street, 1835. C.C., 1677.
Charles Frederick , 30, Wigmore Waldron, John, 38, Cornhill, maker
Street , 1842. of a watch in the Massey-Main
Volant, Ely , admitted C.C., 1632. waring Collection, gold case, re
Volk , P. , 38, Goodge Street, Totten poussé, 1760-1772.
ham Court Road, 1835-1840. Waldvogel, Anthony, 82, Ratcliff
Vossière, Thomas, C.C., 1698. Highway, 1835-1840.
Voughan, Edward, C.C., 1715. Walford, John, admitted C.C., 1717.
Daniel, Charing Cross, 1775. Walkden, Thomas, C.C., 1694.
George, 11 , Granville Street, Walker, John, admitted C.C., 1632.
Hatton Garden , 1820. , George, admitted C.C., 1683.
Vouloire, Matthew , admitted as a Jonadab, admitted C.C., 1687.
brother, C.C., 1692. -, John, Fleet Street, and after
Voyce, Gamaliel, admitted C.C., wards at the White Horse and Bell,
1694 ; maker of an arch -top ebony near Cheapside Conduit ; admitted
bracket clock , pull quarters, C.C., 1717 ; inventor of a lamp
original rise and fall, 1694-1700. clock, 1710-1730.
Vuicar, J. B., Zug, maker of a small Ezekiel, of Lynn, wrote an
round watch, silver dial , about article in Nicholson's Journal on
1610. longitude and the use of chro
Vuille Brothers, 2, Easton Street, nometers, 1770-1804.
Spitalfields, 1840-1842. Joseph, 1 , Warwick Street, Hol
Vulliamy, Justin, carried on business born, 1790.
at Pall Mall, in partnership with William , 38, Fetter Lane,
Benjamin Gray, whose daughter 1790.
he married, 1730-1775 . and Son, 49, Red Lion Street,
Benjamin , Pall Mall , son of Clerkenwell, 1810.
Justin, and father of Benjamin D., and Son, 46, Clerkenwell
Lewis ; bon. freeman , C.C., 1781 ; Close, 1820.
1775-1820. J. , musical watchmaker, 7,
> Benjamin Lewis, 68, Pall Mall, Nassau Street, Soho, 1820.
an eminent maker ( see p. 133), John, 29, Gloucester Street,
1810-1854. Queen's Square, 1825.
Vuolf, J. C. (Swiss), maker of a stuall Thomas, and Son, 17, Castle
skull watch in the B.M. , 1600. Street, Oxford Street, 1825-1830 .
E. , watch - case maker , 46,
Wade, Henry , admitted C.C. , 1728. Whiskin Street , Clerkenwell , 1835 .
Wagdon, Stephen, C.C., 1724. and Blundell, 4, Red Lion Street,
Wagstaff, Thomas, 33, Gracechurch Clerkenwell, 1835-1840.
Street, maker of a bracket clock William , patented (1841 , No.
playing four tunes at the hour, 8997) a wheel for lever escapement,
black wood case, 1769–1774. in which the spaces between the
James, 16, Brown's Lane, 1835. teeth were portions of circles, so us
Waine, – Queen Street, 1774. to dispense with the necessity of
Wainwright, John, C.C., 1679. banking pips.
Wait and Son, Wapping, 1772. Waller, J., 17, Shoreditch, 1790 .
Wakefield, John, 3, South Street, Wallis, William , admitted C.C., 1715 .
Berkeley Square, 1835-1842. Peter, Fleet Street, 1737-1740.
2 T., 5 , Smith Street, Northamp Henry, Red Lion Street, 1768.
ton Square, 1835. J., 14, Skinner Street, Bishops
Wakelin and Taylor, Panton Street, gate, 1835–1840.
St. James's, 1788. Wallitt, Richard, admitted C.C., 1693.
and Garrard, Panton Street, St. Walsh, Arthur Paul, a celebrated
James's, 1800-1805. watch and chronometer maker and
Waker. Peter, admitted C.C., 1663. springer ; apprenticed to T. F.
Cooper ; carried on business as a Waters, John, 4, Cornhill, 1775.

tool dealer, at Frith Street, Soho, Watkins, John , 9, Giltspur Street,
in partnership with Robert . Oli Smithfield . Received £33 from
phant, and afterwards settled in Society of Arts for improvement in
George Street, Euston Road ; born the spring detent escapement, 1804.
1815, died 1893. , Joseph, 21 , Coldbath Fields,
Walter, Nicholas, maker of an oval 1810 ; 21 , Great Warner Street ,
watch in the B.M., about 1620. 1815.
Walton, Christopher, 24, Ludgate Watson , William , C.C. , 1691 .
Street, 1823. 1 Samuel, Coventry, admitted
Warburton, William , C.C., 1693. C.C., 1692 ; inventor and maker of
Ward, John , admitted C.C. , 1731 . a curious piece of clockwork . In
Edward, admitted C.C., 1731 . 1682 is mentioned a payment of
-, John,Barbican, liveryman,C.C., £215 for a clock he sold to his late !
1776. Majesty, Charles I. The clock
-, Robert, 19, Abchurch Lane, " showes the rising and setting of
Cannon Street, 1769-1785. the sun and many other motions
Richard, 18, Lower Street, ( London Gazette, September 4-8 ,
1790. 1690 ) ; 1670-1692. 1
Henry, of Blandford, a well Walter, admitted C.C., 1720. 1
known clockmaker, about 1770 Hatton , in 1773, mentions the
1790. astronomical or complicated work
John, 9, Fore Street, master of Mr. Watson as being rare ;
C.C., 1797 ; 1775-1798. 1720-1773.
Benjamin, 45, Upper Moor John, Michael's Alley, Cornhill,
fields, 1790. 1780-1785.
-, John, 39, Greek Street, Soho, Thomas, 23, Aldersgate Street,
1790. 1785–1790.
Robert, musical clockmaker, James, 24, Arundel Street,
20, Plumtree Street, Bloomsbury, Strand, 1788–1805.
1790. William , 149, Strand, 1800
Richard, 27, Banner Street, 1805.
1835-1842. W. , 67, Red Lion Street, Clerk
Warden, Thomas, 1691 . enwell, 1820.
Ware, Robert, admitted C.C., 1701 . Edward, 16, King Street, Cheap
Wareham , John, 18, Davies Street, side, 1820-1842.
Berkeley Square, 1820-1823. William , 25, North Audley
Warfield, Alexander, C.C., 1692. Street, 1842.
Warne, James, 7, Queen Street, Wattes, John, admitted C.C., 1664.
Cheapside, 1760-1775. Watts, Richard, admitted C.C., 1680.
Warner, John, admitted C.C., 1682. Brouncker, apprenticed to
John, admitted C.C., 1696. Joseph Knibb, 1684 ; admitted
John, 8, Trinity Row , Islington, C.C., 1693 ; a repeating watch by
1835. him in the Guildhall Museum ,
Warnes, Robert, 2, Leicester Square, engraved cap, gold dial, well en
1825. graved and pierced inner case.
Warre, W. H., Skinner Street, Snow “ Lost, on the 21st instant, in Gutter
Hill ; on the Court of C.C. , 1863. Lane, Cheapside, a Silver watch
Warren , Richard, C.C., 1668. with Tortoise -shell Out-Case, with
Washboure, Thomas, Queen's Square, a Lion rampant and 3 oaken leaves
Bartholomew Clo : e, 1754-1759. for the coat, engraven on the Back
Wassell, J. , 9, Picket Street, Strand , side, made by Bro. Watts ; the
1830. movements are the hours, minutes,
Waters, John, admitted C.C., 1646. and seconds. Whoever brings it
John, admitted C.C., 1683. to the sign of the Goldsmiths'
> Thomas, admitted C.C., 1731 . Hall in Gutter Lane, or to Bro .
Watts in Fleet Street, shall have at the Dial and Three Crowns in
a Guinea reward ” (London Gazette, Exchange-Alley, London, served
April 27-30, 1696). his apprenticeship, and served as a
Watts, John, admitted C.C., 1712. Journeyman a considerable Time
James, admitted C.C. , 1720. with the said Mr. Tompion, and
-, William , 8, Cripplegate Build by his Industry and Care, is fully
ings, 1770 ; 8, Fore Street, 1775. acquainted with his secrets in the
Wayland, Henry, Stratford, 1835. said Art.” This William Webster
Waylett, John , 9, Bell Alley, Lom was warden, C.C., 1734, and died
bard Street, 1795-1810. in office, 1735.
Weadon, William , C.C., 1695. Webster, William , 26, Change Alley ;
Weakman , William , C.C., 1661 . master, C.C., 1755 ; livery, 1766.
Weatherley and Roberts, 9, Poultry, Samuel, livery, C.C., 1766.
1804. and Son, 11 , Change Alley,
and Son, 9, Poultry, 1823. 1781-1800.
Weaver, Cuthbert, admitted as a Richard, 26, Change Alley ;
brother, C.C. , 1682. livery, C.C., 1810 ; 1800-1830.
Webb, Charles, Cheapside, 1737-1740. Richard , 43, Cornbill, and
Peter, 28, Throgmorton Street, afterwards at No. 5, Queen Victoria
1753-1768. Street, which he had built when
Benjamin , 21 , St. John's Square, the thoroughfare was formed ; died
hon. freeman, C.C., 1778–1790 ; 3, in 1882, aged 62 ; an accomplished
Red Lion Street, 1806-1810. horologist.
· Arthur, 86, Portland Street, Charles, 19, Broad Street, Long
1780-1885. Acre, 1835 ; 24, Red Lion Street,
, Robert, 14, Berkeley Street, St. Holborn, 1842.
John's Square, 18 : 5. Weekes, Thomas, admitted as a
Edward, 245, Tottenham Court brother, C.C., 1688.
Road, 1620 . Weeks, Thomas, admitted as а
J. , Seward Street, Goswell brother, C.C., 1654.
Road, 1820. Charles, admitted C.C., 1713.
William , 19, Wilderness Row, John, clock-case maker, Great
Goswell Road, 1820. Sutton Street, 1810.
William , 2, Northampton Welborne, William , Leather Lane,
Terrace, City Road, 1840 ; after Holborn . In 1813 fined £ 15 by
wards at Pulleu's Row, Islington ; C.C. for refusing to take up the
a noted watch and chronometer livery, 1800-1813.
maker, died 1887, aged 78. Welch , E. N. , founder of E. N.
Webster. Many generations of this Welch Clock Co., Forestville, New
family have carried on business in England , U.S.A., died 1887, aged
the City of London from 1675. 78 ; 1840-1887.
Robert, admitted C.C., 1675. Welcome, John, one of the first
> John, admitted C.C., 1695. wardens of C.C., 1631-1649.
George, admitted C.C., 1703. , John, admitted C.C., 1705.
Henry, admitted C.C., 1709. Welder, Thomas, 40, Foster Lane,
Thomas, admitted C.C., 1709. 1780-1785.
9 William . The following ex Welle, Robert, 30, Red Lion Square,
tract from the London Gazette, 1825.
from November 24-28, 1713, re Weller, John , admitted C.C., 1713.
specting him , may be of interest : Wellington ,John,admitted C.C., 1726.
" On the 20th Instant, Mr. Tompion , Wells, John , admitted C.C., 1682.
noted for making of all Sorts of John, 4, Cheapside, 1758–1768.
the best Clocks and Watches, de Matthew , Russell Court, Covent
parted this Life: This is to certify Garden, 1755-1760.
all Persons of wbatever Quality or Wescott, John, admitted C.C., 1703.
Distinction that William Webster, West, William , admitted C.C., 1697.
West, Thomas, London, 1704 . balance escapements, inscribed

Thomas, completed his ap “ Thomas Wheeler, near theFrench
prenticeship in 1604 ; maker of a Church in Londini; ” died 1694 ;
large metal pair -case verge watch , 1655-1694.
elaborate dial and movement, Wheeler, John, admitted C.C. , 1680.
inscribed “ Thomas West, London ," John, 17, Shoreditch , 1794.
1694-1710. Whichcote, Samuel, Crane Court,
Samue', Royal Exchange, Fleet Street, admitted C.C.,
livery , C.C .; example of his work , 1724 ; master in 1748 ; 1724-1752.
an eight-day bracket clock, with 1 Samuel, 175, Fleet Street,
verge escapement, in black wood master, C.C., 1764 ; livery, 1766 ;
case, with brass mounts and brass 1765-1772.
dial silvered, has a landscape Whipple, G. M., superintendent of
painted at the top, with two men the Kew Observatory, Richmond.
in the foreground playing tennis, Initiated a system of watch ra
the ball being represented by a ting in 1884 ; died 1893, aged 50.
small brass button , attached by a Whiptan, Thomas, 61, Fleet Street,
wire to the staff of the verge, and 1775.
working backwards and forwards Whitaker, - Camberwell, maker
in a slot cut in the dial ; 1750– of a watch at S.K.M. , 1720.
1767. S., 12, Long Lane, 1830.
Westaway, John, 1 , Gower Street, William , 8, High Street, Cam
1840. berwell, 1835–1842.
Westbrook, William , London ,maker White, John, admitted as a brother,
of long-case clocks, about 1730. C.C., 1648.
Westlake, John , 33, High Street, Thomas, admitted as a brother,
Borough, 1820 ; 41 , Castle Street, C.C. , 1683.
Borough , 1835-1842. 9 John, admitted C.C. , 1692.
Westoby, John, admitted C.C. , 1677. Joseph, admitted C.C. , 1713.
Weston and Willis, enamellers, 23, William , 306, Oxford Street,
Greenhill's Rents, Smithfield, 1810. 1830.
Westwood, Richard, admitted C.C., John , 3, Northampton Terrace,
1691 ; known as a maker of lantern City Road, 1840-1842.
clocks, 1691-1705. Whitear and Raves, 30, Fleet Street,
– , Robert, patented (1829, No. 1790.
5850) an eight-day watch with Whiteaves, Richard, 30, Fleet Street,
large barrel extending over the 1804-1840 .
train. Whitebread, William , C.C. , 1728. 1
Wetherell and Janaway, 114, Cheap- | Whitehead, Richard, C.C., 1671.
side, 1785-1790. —, Robert, 3, St. James's Street,
Weylett, J., 7, Mark Lane, 1790. Clerkenwell, 1810–1815.
Whaley, J. , 14, Mount Street, Lam Whitehear, Richard, admitted as a
beth , 1840-1842. brother, C.C., 1648 ; seems to have
Wham , - , 13, Knightsbridge, 1820. settled at Reading. Example of
Wheatley, John, admitted C.C., 1668. his work , a lautern clock, dolphin
William , admitted C.C., 1698. frets, inscribed “ Richard Whit
ohr 18, Bull and Mouth heare ,Reading ,fecit ; " 1648-1660.
Street, 1820–1825 . Whitehurst, John, Derby, and after
Wheatstone, Sir Charles, an eminent wards of Bolt Court, Fleet Street,
electrician, inventor of a system F.R.S. A well-known maker of
of synchronous clocks driven by turret and other clocks, inventor
magnetic -electric currents ; died of tell-tale clocks ; born at Con
1875, aged 73. gleton , 1713, died in London ,
Wheeler, Thomas, admitted C.C., 1788 ; 1735-1788.
1655 ; master, 1684 ; maker of a Whitewick and Moss, 24, Ludgate
lantern clock, dolphin frets, altered Hill, 1790.
FORMER CLOCK AND WATCEMAKERS. 393
Whitfield, Henry, C.C., 1662. Wieland, William , 11 , St. James's

Whitford, Thomas, 1 , Smithfield Walk , Clerkenwell, 1820.
Bars, 1790-1800. F., 25, Penton Street, Wal
and Son, 1 , Smithfield Bars, worth, 1835.
1810-1823. -, Charles, 12, Workworth Place,
George, 1 , Smithfield Bars, Commercial Road, 1835-1842.
1830-1842. R. and W. , 7. Lower Street,
Whittaker, Edward , C.C., 1711 . Islington, 1835–1842.
Whittey , John, 42, Wynyatt Street, Frederick, 14, Crosby Row,
Whittingham , William , cited by Wiggins, Thomas, 129, High Street,
C.C., he not having served seven Borough, 1835.
years, 1688. Wigginton, William , 11 , St. James's
Whittle, Thomas, C.C., 1683. Walk , Clerkenwell , 1806–1820.
Whitway, Samuel, Cheapside, 1735 Wight, James, 12, Union Street,
1740. Southwark, 1820.
Whitwell, Robert, C.C. , 1648. Wightman, William , C.C., 1696.
Wichell, Samuel, St. James's Street, Thomas, 95, St. Martin's Lane,
maker of a marqueterie long -case 1798-1810 .
clock, about 1710. Wightwick and Moss, 24, Ludgate
Wickes, John, 27, Cannon Street ; Street ( John htw hon.
summoned to livery, C.C., 1786 ; freeman, C.C.), 1775-1804.
1776-1790. Wigram , Thomas, 67, St. James's
John, 8, Clement's Lane, 1804. Street, 1804.
W. G. , 114, Leadenhall Street, Wild, James, Frith Street, Soho,
1823. 1790.
and Son, 8, Clement's Lane, E. ( tools ), 2 , St. John's Square,
1810-1835. Clerkenwell, 1798-1810.
John Haughton, 88, Lombard Wilder, Richard, Richmond Build
Street, livery, C.C., 1810 ; 1800 ings, Soho ; liverymau, C.C.,
1820. 1776.
W. , 8, Skinner Street, Clerken Wildman , Watkinson, Cheapside,
well, 1835. 1753-1760.
and Netherton , Panton Street, Samuel, 63, Cheapside, 1760
1753-1760 . 1783.
Wicks, William , London, maker of Charles, 6, Great Newport
long-case clocks,about 1800. Street, 1800.
and Bishop, 170, New Bond Wilkins, Robert, C.C., 1670.
Street, 1825. George, 3 , Frith Street, Soho,
, William , watch -case maker, 1820-1825.
34, Percival Street, Clerkenwell, Samuel, 4, Norman Street, St.
1820. Luke's, 1835.
W. G. , 120, Long Lane, 1836. Wilkinson , William , C.C., 1718.
Thomas, 34, Union Street, 2 T., 32, Piccadilly, 1825–1830.
Kingsland Road, 1835. > James, 18, Castle Street, 1830 ;
Alfred, 8, Clement's Lane, 1842. 19, Farringdon Street, 1835.
Wicksteed, Edward, 9, Fore Street, Willard , J., Boston, U.S.A. , American
Cripplegate, 1768 ; 114 , Bunhill clockmaker, 1800.
Row, 1795. Willcocks, Richard, 46, Red Lion
Widdowson, Joseph, 100, Fleet Street, Street, Clerkenwell, 1790-1800.
1830. Willerme, Pierre, admitted as а
Wideham , Richard, 6, East Street, brother, C.C., 1648.
Clerkenwell, 1830 ; 13, Lombard Willerton, Skull, and Green, 21 , New
Street, 1835. Bond Street, 1783.
and Adams, 13, Lombard Street, Williams, Joseph (Ireland ), admitted
1840-1842. as a brother, C.Q., 1685
Williams, John, 11 , Old Bond Street, Willoughby, Benjamin, High Cross,

1769. 1708 .
J., 35, Goodge Street, 1794. Willowe, John, Fleet Street. In
, John , 168, Shoreditch, 1800 the B.M. is a watch by him in a
1804. fancy case of escallop shape, 1630
-, John, watch - case maker, 56, 1640 .
Great Sutton Street, Clerkenwell, Willshire, James, Glasshouse Yard,
1820. Goswell Street, 1769.
E. , 1, Albany,Saville Row, 1825 . James, 19, High Holborn, 1781.
John , 4, Amen Corner, 1821 ; Willson , Thomas, admitted C.C.,
70, St. Paul's Churchyard , 1831 . 1659, as assistant, 1685.
S. , 16, John's Row, St. Luke's, George, admitted C.C., 1692.
1842. > William , C.C., 1693.
Baldwin Street, St. Luke's, John , admitted C.C., 1714.
1848. G. V. , 5, St. Alban's Place, St.
Williamson , William , C.C., 1664. James's, 1835.
Thomas, admitted C.C., 1668. Wilmot, George, admitted C.C., 1670.
“Lost on the 19th day of August, Stephen , London, maker of 30
from Mr. Will. Clinch's house at hour long-case clock , square dial,
Epsom, a silver Minute Pendulum about 1730.
Watch with a scollop -shell case > Richard , 1 , Wilmington Square ,
studded with silver, made by 1842.
Thomas Williamson, London, with Wilson, Joshua , London, maker of a
a silk string and a silver seal with lantern clock , finely engraved dial,
a Coat of Arms. Whoever brings it about 1700.
to Mr. Robert Dingly, watchmaker James, admitted C.C., 1723 ;
in George Yard, Lombard Street, Susannah Smith was apprenticed
shall have 2 guineas Reward ” to his wife Hannah Wilson in
( London Gazette, Sept. 5-8, 1692). 1747, C.C., 1723-1747.
9 John, admitted C.C. , 1682. George, admitted C.C., 1730.
Robert, St. Bartholomew Lane, Alexander, 132, Drury Lane,
admitted C.C., 1666 ; master, 1698 ; hon. freeman , C.C., maker of a
maker of a watch with a Shagreen verge .watch, pair of brass cases ,
case in the B.M., 1666-1720. with outside case of tortoiseshell,
Edward, apprenticed to Jona on which are representations of
than Puller for seven years ending ferns, 1783-1790.
1694, maker of a long marqueterie ► James , 4, King Street, West
case clock ; 1694-1720 . minster, 1790.
- , Joseph , invented an equation James, 27, Threadneedle Street,
clock in 1720 ; master of C.C. , 1724, 1804 ; 53, Lombard Street, 1810 ;
and died in office, 1725 ; 1700-1725 . 1804-1810.
Timothy, 196, Fleet Street, G., 17, Craven Buildings,
1769-1775 ; 90, Great Russell Drury Lane, 1820.
Street, 1788. W., 38, Southampton Street,
Christopher, 24 , Cornhill, 1840 Strand, 1830-1840.
1842. Wilter, John, maker of a watch in
Williamston, Ralph, C.C. , 1706. the Guildhall Museum, silver dial,
Willin, William , livery, C.C., 1800 silver repoussé case ; another ex
1811 . ample, a silver repoussé pair- case
Willis, M., 81 , Bishopsgate Street watch, Dutch style, 1760-1780.
Without, 1825. Wilton , Clay, admitted C.C., 1697.
Willmot, Stephen , C.C., 1674. Wiltshire and Sons, 136, Cornhill,
Thomas, admitted C.C., 1715. 1830.
Willmott, John, 86, St. Margaret's Winch, Amos, admitted C.C., 1677.
Hill, 1768-1775. Windham , James, 22, Bircbin Lane,
Willoughby, John, C.C., 1686. 1840.
Windmills, Joseph, St. Martin's-le Wise, Peter, son of John, admitted

Grand, well known as a good C.C., 1693 ; master in 1725 ; 1693–
maker of clocks and watches ; 1726.
admitted as a brother, C.C., 1671 ; > Luke, admitted C.C., 1694.
master, 1702. In the B.M. is a Robert, admitted C.C., 1694.
handsome watch by bim : silver > John, admitted C.C., 1710.
dial, in which is a semicircular > Mark, admitted C.C. , 1719.
opening above the centre, through Wiseman, John, admitted C.C. , 1617.
it appears a representation of blue Wiswall, Thomas, 20, Ely Place,
sky, with the sun pointing to the Holborn, 1800.
hour by day, and the moon by and Co., 52, Red Lion Street,
night ; tortoiseshell case. There 1810.
is a similar watch by John Hut Wither, John, admitted C.C., 1699 ;
chin ; 1658–1703. maker of long -case clocks, 1699
Thomas, apprenticed to Joseph 1720.
Windmills, 1686 ; admitted C.C., Witte, Samuel, admitted C.C.,
1695 ; master, 1719. A repeating 1660.
watch by him in the Guildhall Woerd, Charles V., born 1821 , died
Museum ; 1695-1730 . 1888. A clever mechanician who
J. and T., Great Tower Street did much to advance the art of
( Thomas Windmills, master, C.C., machine watch-making by de
1718 ) ; many excellent long-case signing automatic tools for the
clocks by them are to be met with, Waltham Watch Company, of
period 1700–1735. which he was mechanical superin
Windon , Daniel, C.C., 1718. tendent, from 1875–1882.
Windsor, James, 99, Paul Street, Wolf, J., Wieune, maker of a book
Finsbury, 1835-1842 . shaped watch shown on p. 56, 1627.
Winerow , William , C.C., 1718. Joseph, Mitre Court, near Ald.
Wing, Mark , 2, Goswell Street, gate, 1769-1772.
1822-1842. Wolverstone, Thomas, C.C., 1650.
Winnook, Joshua, C.C., 1672. Benjamin , apprenticed to R.
Daniel, admitted C.C., 1707. Richards, 1647 ; admitted C.C.,
Winsmore, John,admitted C.C., 1712. 1657 ; alarum watch by bim in the
Wint, Smithfield , 1774. Guildball Museum, silver dial,
Winterhalter, J., 47, St. Andrew one hand ; 1657-1680.
Street, 1840. Wolveston, Thomas, C.C., 1670.
Wintle, Thomas, 9, Poultry, 1760 Wontner, John, 125, Minories ; livery,
1788 . C.C., 1810 ; maker of a horn.
Wirgman, Peter, St. James's Street, covered , pair -cased verge watch ;
1775–1783. 1783-1812.
G. and G., 31 , Castle Street, , John, and Son, 125, Minories,
Holborn , 1804. 1804-1812.
-, Thomas, 68, St. James's Street, Wood, Thomas, admitted C.C., 1691.
1823. Robert, admitted C.C., 1670.
, G., Hewitt's Court, Strand, - , John, admitted C.C., 1701 .
1825. > Henry , admitted C.C., 1720.
--, C., 5, George Street, 1830. Thomas, admitted C.C., 1727.
Wirrall, Copley, C.C., 1618. Robert, Horse Shoe Alley,
Wise, Luke, Reading, 1686. Moorfields, 1807.
or Wyse. Several generations John, 32, Minories, 1775.
among the early makers. Thomas, 86, Charlotte Street,
John, admitted C.C., 1669. Rathbone Place, 1825-1830.
3 Richard, admitted C.C. , 1679. Robert, 4, Hartley Place, Kent
-, John, admitted C.C., 1683. Roud, 1820-1835.
2 Thomas, admitted C.C., 1686. Woodall; T. J., 3, Birchin Lane, 1804
Joseph, admitted C.C., 1687. 1810.
Woodhill, Jabez, 63, St. Paul's Church Wright, John, admitted C.C., 1714.
yard , 1830. Thomas, Duke's Street, St.
Woodman, Mary, 29, Paradise Ruw , Martin's Lane, Charing Cross,
Chelsea, 1835. 1765-1775.
Woodruff and Son, 43, Kirby Street, Thomas, 6, Poultry, “ maker to
Hatton Garden , 1823–1830. the Ring,' on a bracket clock ;
Woods, Thomas, admitted C.C., 1713. hon. freeman , C.C. , 1760–1790.
C. R., 21 , White Lion Street, · Charles, 9, Avemary Lane,
Pentonville, 1842. 1780 ; 76, Strand, 1788.
Woodward, J., 8, New Inn Yard, T. , watch -glass maker, Red
Shoreditch, 1835. Lion Street, Clerkenwell,1798 ; 127,
Thomas, 21, Curtain Road, Bunhill Row, 1805 ; 1798-1820.
1835. > S., 141 , Ratcliff Highway, 1820.
Woolard, John, 14, Bridge Road, Elizabeth, 141 , Ratcliff High
Lambeth, 1810. way , 1825.
Woolverton , James, admitted as a James, 181, Union Street,
brother, C.C. , 1677. Borough, 1835.
James, admitted C.C., 1690. Thomas, 22, Lisle Street, Lei
Worboys, Arthur, 4, Wine Office cester Square, 1835-1842.
Court, Fleet Street, 1769-1785. John , 1 , Batters Place, Penton
John, 30, Ludgate Hill, 1780 ville, 1812.
1788. William , 212, Tooley Street,
Worrall, John, 71 , Goswell Road, 1840-1842.
1840-1842 . Wrightman , James, C.C. , 1670.
Worsley, Thomas, 22, Cheapside , Thomas, admitted C.C., 1701.
1783. Wrightmark, Mark , 49, Percy Street,
Worthington, John, C.C., 1721 . Clerkenwell, 1840-1842.
Wotton, Thomas, Fleet Street, maker Wrightson, Thomas, master, C.C.,
of lantern clocks, 1690. 1737 ; 1734-1738.
Wragg , Houblon, admitted C.C., | Wyatt, Anthony, 167, Oxford Street,
1724, known as a maker of long 1800.
case clocks, 1724-1740. Henry, 46, South Audley
Wray, Hilton , Birchin Lane, master, Street, 1810 .
C.C., 1785 ; 1770-1786. Wych, David, next door to the Cross
Wren , John, 96, Bishopsgate With Keys Tavern , Strand ; C.C., 1694.
out, 1780-1785. Wycherley, John, born in 1718, at
Wrench, Charles, 57, Bishopsgate Prescot, Lancashire, where he
Street Within, 1790 ; 25, Camomile founded the machine-made watch
Street, 1798 ; 29, Paternoster Row, movement industry ; died at South
1810-1815. port, 1891 .
Wrigg , Johannes, in Covent Gar Wyeth , John, admitted as a brother,
den , admitted C.C. , 1661; part of C.C., 1655.
a watch made by him in Guildhall Wyke, R., 2, Evelyn's Buildings,
Museum ; 1661-1680. Oxford Street, 1825.
Wright, John, maker of an oval watch, Wylder and Hall, 16, Sun Street,
B.M., inscribed , “ Wm. Heade, the Bishopsgate Street, 1794.
owner," representation of the Wymark, M., 5, Percival Street,
crucifixion engraved inside, about Clerkenwell , 1830-1835.
1620. Wynn, W. M., 135, Fleet Street,
John , admitted C.C., 1661 . 1804.
Benjamin , watchmaker, Bell William , 19, Dean Street, Soho,
Alley, Coleman Street, C.C. , maker of an exceedingly fine clock
1685 . for Boston (Lincolnshire) church,
John, admitted C.C., 1696. no dials, hours and quarters on
Joseph, admitted C.C., 1671 . bells. Is said to have died in
> John, admitted C.C., 1700. Clerkenwell workhouse ; 1810-1835.
Wynne, Henry , admitted C.C. , 1662 ; Young, Henry, near the Wine House
master in 1690. in the Strand ; admitted C.C., 1671 .
Wythe, Lionel, admitted C.C. , 1616 ; “ A Gold Watch made by Mr. H.
a good maker. To him was Young, that went with a chain , the
apprenticed Charles Gretton, in Hour of the day and day of the
1662 ; 1646-1662 . Month . Having a studded Shagrine
case, and the square in the inner
Yarde, Thomas. A watch by him , case where the ring is riveted ”
B.M., about 1580 . ( London Gazette, April 26, 29,
Yardley, James, Bishop's Stortford, 1680).
maker of a long-case clock, arch Thomas, admitted C.C., 1699.
dial , date on back of day of month William , admitted C.C. , 1682 ;
circle, 1763. maker of a small-size walnut and
Yates, Samuel, admitted as a brother, ebony long -case clock, solid hood ,
C.C., 1648. spiral pillars, square dial , cherub
Samuel, admitted as a brother, corners ; 1682–1700.
C.C., 1685 . Henry, 89, Fleet Street, 1679
Yeatman, Andrew , maker of a silver 1775.
verge watch, in the Guildhall -, James, 32, Aldersgate Street,
Museum, about 1700. 1783, summoned to livery, C.C. ,
Yelverton , William , 115, Portland 1786.
Street, 1780-1785 . Henry, 18, Ludgate Street,
Yeomans, Ralph, C.C., 1722. 1783-1788.
Yonge, George, 131, Strand , 1798. , John, 44,Russell Street, Blooms
Yonge succeeded the celebrated bury, 1800-1807.
Holmes. The shop was pulled J. , 40, Old Gravel Lane,
down to make the entrance to Wapping, 1820.
Waterloo bridge in 1824. ,William ,15, Butcherthall Lane,
- George and Walter, 156, 1825.
Strand, 1835-1842. James, 34, Rosoman Street,
York , Thomas, admitted C.C. , 1716. 1835.
-, John , 8, Nelson Street, City
Road , 1840. Zachary , John, admitted C.C., 1694.
Young, William , admitted C.C. , Zech , Jacob, Prague. He invented the
1668 ; assistant, 1695 ; maker of a fusee in 1525 ; died in 1540 (see
long oak -case clock, square dial, page 36) ; 1525-1510.
day of month circle ; 1668-1696 .
LONDON : PRINTED BY WILLIAM CLOWES AND SONS, LIMITED,

STAMFORD STREET AND CHARING CROSS .
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Former Clock Watchmakers and Their Work

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3 2106 00275 3884

FORMER CLOCK AND WATCHMAKERS

AND THEIR WORK .

Former Clock & Watchmakers

and their Work .

AN ACCOUNT OF THE DEVELOPMENT OF

A DIRECTORY OF OVER FIVE THOUSAND NAMES,

SOME EXAMPLES OF MODERN CONSTRUCTION.

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O large a number of inquiries respecting the productions

facts and information relating to the subject which I have been

enabled to gather. The present work is in no way intended

still forms the most useful guide for clock or watchmakers'

35, NORTHAMPTON SQUARE, LONDON, E.C. ,

Clock by Henry de Vick (p. 26) 1360

Clock at Dover Castle (p. 30) 1360

Clock at Lübeck (p. 146)

Hele invented the mainspring (p. 34) about 1500

Watches first made (p. 34) about

Stackfreed (p. 36 ) about 1500

Zech invented the fusee (p. 36) about 1525

Clock by Zech, Society of Antiquaries (p. 38) 1525

Anne Boleyn's clock (p. 46) 1532

Turret clock at Hampton Court Palace (p. 32 ) 1540

Paris clockmakers incorporated by statute 1544

Skull watch by Moyse (p. 48) about 1560

Clock by Isaac Habrecht at British Museum (p. 149) ... 1589

Glasses for table clocks first used about 1598

Clock at Lyons Cathedral (p. 139) 1598

Watches by Ramsay (p. 67) 1600-1640

German clock -watch (p. 54) about 1620

Watches first worn in the pocket (p. 71 ) about 1625

Clockmakers' Company incorporated (p. 74) 1631

Hogarth's satirical dial (p. 160)

Ellicott's lever pendulum (p. 108) about 1735

Curious clock by Henry Bridges (p. 156) about 1740

Harrison's chronometer taken on a voyage to Jamaica (p. 116) 1761

Half- quarter repeater in a finger -ring by Arnold (p. 128)

Lever escapement invented by Mudge (p. 262) about 1765

“ Fencing Soldiers” ” watch (p. 167) about 1780

Duties imposed on owners of watches and clocks in

Mysterious clock with watch movement in hand (p. 159)

Westminster great clock fixed (p . 208 )

Self -winding clock by Horstmann (p. 190) 1865

Pneumatic clocks in Paris (p. 189) 1875

AND THEIR WORK .

S the most interesting period in connection with our

OLAR time is marked by the diurnal revolu

each place to the meridian at regular intervals ; this would be

Greenwich time is the standard adopted throughout Great

EQUATION TABLE COMPUTED TO MINUTES OF TIME.

Min. Min. Min. Min .

Maine to Florida , from Ohio to Alabama, and the Lower Lakes ,

The Astro The Astronomical Mean Solar Day is reckoned

Difference between Greenwich Mean Time and Local Time

Dewsbury 6 28 Malvern ( Great) slow 9 16