Exp.

1: Carbonate Analysis CH102 일반화학실험 I 20210612 임원준

Exp. 1: Carbonate Analysis

Author: 20240612

Date: 2024. 03. 20

Abstract and temperature (T) of a gas. At STP (273 K and 760

torr), the molar volume of an ideal gas is 22.4 L/mol.
Abstract: This experiment’s objective is to deduce However, since the CO2 gas is collected over water,
the percentage of calcium carbonate (CaCO3) in a the vapor pressure of water must be considered when
heterogeneous mixture through two separate calculating the pressure of dry CO2. Dalton's law of
methods. The reaction between CaCO3 and partial pressures says that the total pressure of gas
hydrochloric acid (HCl) produced CO2 gas, which mixture is equivalent to the sum of the partial
was collected and measured. The mass loss of the pressures of each individual gas in the mixture.
sample was used to calculate the amount of CO2 Therefore, the pressure of dry CO2 can be calculated
evolved. Using the ideal gas law and accounting for by subtracting the vapor pressure of water from the
water vapor pressure, the molar volume of CO2 was total pressure.
determined. The percentage of CaCO3 in the original
sample was then calculated based on the
stoichiometry of the reaction.
III. Procedure
a. Preperation
I. Introduction
An Alka-Seltzer tablet was used to saturate the water
Calcium carbonate (CaCO3) is a common bath with CO2.
compound found in rocks, shells, and various
industrial materials. Determining the CaCO3 content (1) 2.00 g sample of the CaCO3 mixture was
in a mixture is important for various applications, weighed and transferred to a small test tube.
including construction, environmental analysis, and (2) 10 mL of HCl solution was placed in a
chemical manufacturing. This experiment utilizes the larger test tube.
reaction between CaCO3 and HCl to produce CO2 (3) The smaller test tube was carefully placed
gas, allowing for the quantification of CaCO3 inside the larger test tube without mixing
content and the determination of the molar volume of the contents.
CO2 at STP. (4) The combined mass of the test tubes and
their contents was recorded.
II. Theoretical Background (5) A graduated cylinder was filled with water
The reaction between CaCO3 and HCl proceeds as and inverted in the water bath.
follows: (6) The larger test tube was capped with a
rubber stopper connected to a hose, which
was inserted into the opening of the
CaCO3(s) + 2 HCl(aq) CaCl2(aq) + H2O(l) + CO2(g) graduated cylinder.

This reaction demonstrates that one mole of CaCO3 b. Reaction and CO2 Preperation
reacts with two moles of HCl to produce one mole of (1) The test tube was gently shaken to initiate
CO2 gas. By measuring the amount of CO2 the reaction between CaCO3 and HCl.
produced, the amount of CaCO3 in the original (2) The reaction was allowed to proceed until
sample can be calculated. no more gas was produced.
(3) The water level in the graduated cylinder
The ideal gas law, PV = nRT, is utilized to relate was adjusted to be equal to the water level
the pressure (P), volume (V), number of moles (n), outside, and the volume of CO2 collected
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Exp. 1: Carbonate Analysis CH102 일반화학실험 I 20210612 임원준

was recorded. resources): approximately 16.5 mmHg.

c. Measurement and Calculation b. Calculation

The mass of the test tubes and their contents was Pressure of dry CO2:
measured again to determine the mass loss due to
CO2 evolution. Total pressure = Barometric pressure = 765 mmHg

(1) The temperature of the water bath and the Vapor pressure of water at 19 °C = 16.5 mmHg
barometric pressure were recorded.
(2) The vapor pressure of water at the recorded Pressure of dry CO2 = Total pressure - Vapor
temperature was obtained from a reference pressure of water
table.
(3) The pressure of dry CO2 was calculated Pressure of dry CO2 = 765 mmHg - 16.5 mmHg =
through subtracting the vapor pressure of 748.5 mmHg
water from the atmospheric pressure.
(4) The number of moles of CO2 evolved was Moles of CO2 evolved:
calculated using the ideal gas law,
accounting for the pressure of dry CO2. Using the ideal gas law: PV = nRT
(5) The number of moles of CaCO3 in the
sample was determined based on the n = PV(/RT)
stoichiometry of the reaction.
(6) The mass of CaCO3 in the sample and the P = Pressure of dry CO2 = 748.5 mmHg (convert to
percentage of CaCO3 in the original mixture atm: 748.5 mmHg * 1 atm/760 mmHg = 0.985 atm)
were calculated.
V = Volume of CO2 = 0.033 L
(7) The mass loss of the test tubes due to CO2
were calculated. R = Gas constant = 0.0821 L·atm/mol·K
(8) The mass percentage of CaCO3 was
calculated through the stoichiometric of the T = Temperature in Kelvin = 292 K
reaction.
n = (0.985 atm * 0.033 L) / (0.0821 L·atm/mol·K *
(9) Compare the two values, and a thorough 292 K) = 0.00134 mol
error analysis is conducted if the
discrepancies between them are excessive. Moles of CaCO3 in the sample:

Ⅳ. Results From the balanced chemical equation: 1 mol CaCO3

produces 1 mol CO2. Therefore, moles of CaCO3 =
a. Data
moles of CO2 = 0.00134 mol
 Mass of sample: 2.00 g
Mass of CaCO3 in the sample:
 Mass of test tubes before reaction: 51.595 g
Molar mass of CaCO3 = 100.09 g/mol
 Mass of test tubes after reaction: 51.514 g

 Final volume of water in CO2 collecting Mass of CaCO3 = moles of CaCO3 * molar mass of
graduated cylinder: 12 mL CaCO3

 Volume of CO2 collected: 0.033 L (33 mL) Mass of CaCO3 = 0.00134 mol * 100.09 g/mol =
0.134 g
 Temperature of water: 19 °C (292 K)

 Barometric pressure: 765 mmHg Percent of CaCO3 in the sample:

 Vapor pressure of water at 19 °C (This value Percent CaCO3 = (mass of CaCO3 / mass of sample)
can be found in reference tables or online * 100%

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Exp. 1: Carbonate Analysis CH102 일반화학실험 I 20210612 임원준

Percent CaCO3 = (0.134 g / 2.00 g) * 100% = 6.7% experiment could be repeated multiple times, and the
average value for the percentage of CaCO3 could be
Mass percent of CaCO3 Calculated through mass calculated. Additional measures could be taken to
loss of test tubes: minimize potential errors, such as ensuring complete
reaction, checking for gas leaks, and controlling
Mass of CO2 = mass of test tubes before reaction - temperature fluctuations. The determined percentage
mass of test tubes after reaction = 51.595 g – 51.514 of CaCO3 can be used for various purposes, such as
g = 0.081 g assessing the quality of a material or determining the
From the balanced chemical equation: 1 mol CO2 is composition of a mixture.
produced by 1 mol CaCO3.
Ⅵ. Lab Questions
Mass of CaCO3 = mass of CO2 * (molar mass of
1. Ca(HCO3)2 + 2HCl -> CaCl2 + 2H2O +
CaCO3 / molar mass of CO2) = 0.081 g * ( 100.0869
2CO2
/ 44.01 ) = 0.184 g
2. (remaining equations are done above)
percent CaCO3 = (0.184 g / 2.00 g) *100% = 9.2%
3. The Absence of air inside the graduated
V. Discussion cylinder accounts to the absence of pressure.
The calculated pressure of dry CO2 accounts for CO2 is evolved and replaces water until the
the water vapor present in the collected gas, pressure inside is identical as the atmospheric
providing a more accurate representation of the CO2 pressure. This is the volume that is measured in
pressure. The calculated number of moles of CO2 the experiment.
and subsequently CaCO3 allows for the 4. You cannot determine the temperature if it is
determination of the CaCO3 content in the original not in the tub itself. Normally you place the
sample. The experiment det ermined that the sample thermometer in the tub to measure the
contained 6.7% CaCO3. The percentage calculated temperature of the saturated water. If this is not
by subtracting the mass before and after the reaction possible, use the temperature of the room as an
however, resulted in 9.2% CaCO3. There are several alternative. The mass of the gas is calculated by
possible sources for this significant error. measuring the loss volume of HCl and
The experiment was conducted only once, and heterogenous mixture. One has to use balanced
repeating the experiment multiple times would equation to calculate the lost mass of CO2.
provide a more reliable average value for the 5. CO2 Generated would instead dissolve in
percentage of CaCO3. Potential sources of error water, taking away which would have originally
include incomplete reaction, gas leaks, temperature been in the graduated cylinder. Less volume
fluctuations, and measurement inaccuracies. These means less CO2 and less CaCO3.
errors could affect the accuracy of the calculated
values. A discrepancy of 0.05 g in the expected 6. Reaction time would be 4 times quicker, if you
CaCO3 value between the two experiments might be look at the coefficient of HCl in the balanced
explained by the inadvertent addition of 0.05 mL of equation. CO2 might leave the graduated
water to the test tube. This could potentially occur cylinder at such speed.
due to using a wet glove while handling the test
tubes. 7. Error would increase the volume measured,
since mol number increased. It would account
Ⅵ. Conclusion for overestimating the amount of CO2, and
therefore CaCO3.
This experiment successfully determined the
percentage of CaCO3 in a heterogeneous mixture 8. Molar volume is affected by temperature and
using the reaction with HCl and the ideal gas law. pressure. No change happens. However, if you
While limitations and potential errors exist, the add calcium sulfate to the heterogenous mixture
experiment provides a valuable example of then total mass would increase and therefore the
quantitative analysis techniques in chemistry. percent CaCO3 would decrease.

To improve the accuracy of the results, the

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Exp. 1: Carbonate Analysis CH102 일반화학실험 I 20210612 임원준

References
[1]
Laboratory Manual for Principles of General Chemistry, tenth Edition, J.A.Beran, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

[2]

Petrucci, R. H., Herring, G. C., Madura, J. D., & Bissonnette, C. (2017).General chemistry: principles and mo