Hre Report
Hre Report
Hre Report
Infrastructure.
Introduction
Learning Objectives
Discussion
Transportation Infrastructures
1. Roads
2. Railways
3. Bridges and Tunnels
4. Ship Canals
5. Ports
6. Airports Runways
Roads
Roads such as streets, avenues and highways. Includes paved roads, unpaved
roads and roads with unique surfaces like cobblestone and such.
Pavement failure occurs when a surface no longer holds its original shape and
and develops material stress which causes issues.
1. Cracking
Asphalt cracking by far makes up for the majority of pavement failure issues
because of its tendency to spread and the wide variety of elements that can cause
cracking. It is fairly normal for an asphalt surface to crack over time due to the settling
of soil and the exposure to the outdoor elements, however, there are some less usual
and common cracking issues that can form from improper mix design for pavement
construction.
A. Fatigue Cracking
B. Longitudinal Cracking
C. Transverse Cracking
D. Block Cracking
E. Slippage Cracking
F. Reflective Cracking
G. Edge Cracking
2. Surface Deformation
Visible deformation within the surface of the road pavement.
A. Rutting
B. Corrugations
C. Shoving
D. Depressions
E. Swell
3. Disintegration
Breaking up of pavement into small, loose pieces including the dislodging of
aggregate particles.
A. Pot Holes
B. Patches
Highway Maintenance
1. Highway programs and activities are measured by the amount of expenditures for
construction of new facilities and reconstruction of new existing structure with the aim of
keeping up with the traffic demand.
2. Maintenance has its own role: by giving priority to local, rural and urban facilities
particularly the paving and rehabilitation after the construction has been completed.
1. Poor preparation of the base, insufficient slab thickness and poor mixture ratio will
only result to the very expensive road repair. Indeed, management absorbed the end
result of design and construction inefficiency.
2. Poor drainage design will mean erosion or deposition of materials that requires costly
clean up operations.
3. Sharp ditches and steep slopes require costly manual labor maintenance as
compared to flat ditches and slopes hat allow equipment to work at a lower cost.
4. Narrow road lanes usually forced large and heavy vehicles to travel with one set of
wheels near the edge or off the pavement, giving the maintenance personnel serious
problems in the care of pavements edges and the shoulder.
5. High maintenance cost is the result of poor design or construction methods. This
is the main problem that causes numerous demolitions and unending reconstruction
activities being undertaken by the highway people.
1. For Gravel Roads, blading and periodic re-shaping or resurfacing is a routine periodic
maintenance activity.
2. For Surface Treatment of low type bituminous pavement, maintenance could be
patching, seal coating, remixing and relaying.
3. For Slick Asphalt Surface, roughening, burning or non-skid seal is required.
4. For Concrete Road, maintenance could be removal and replacement or filling of
damage areas. Sometimes joint sealing or mid-jacking or undersealing is relatively
common maintenance work.
1. Sod shoulders should be removed and periodically bladed down to the roadway
elevation to avoid entrapment of water in the traveled way.
2. Grass prevents shoulder erosion. If necessary, fertilized, re-seeded, or treated to keep
them in good conditions.
3. Grave and earth shoulder should be maintained by blading under favorable weather
conditions.
4. Rutting or setting of the shoulder should be corrected at once by reconstruction or re-
surfacing.
Bridge Maintenance
1. For steel bridge structure, the routine maintenance calls for cleaning by sandblasting,
flame or other means of re-painting.
2. Cleaning and re-sealing of deck joints that are extruded or filled with dirt.
3. Repair of drainage handrails.
4. Re-surfacing of rough or slicky deck surface.
5. Correct serious scour around the pier and abutments.
6. Most bridges maintenance is considered specialized work. Traveling crews
exclusively for bridges work alone is a function of the maintenance operations.
7. Concrete bridge decks normally deteriorate due to deicing salts. The problem starts
when the sat penetrates and corrodes the reinforcing steel that spall-off the overlaying
concrete.
8. Correction is to remove the concrete, clean the steal and apply new material such as
polymer concrete.
9. Sometimes seal-out or overlay of asphalt materials are used as protective covering.
10. Check the bridge deck deterioration by:
a. Applying waterproof membranes.
b. Applying latex modified concrete.
c. Impregnating the deck with polymers.
d. Passing electric current through reinforcing steel.
11. If decks are dismantled, an epoxy coated reinforcing steel may be used.
Traffic Service
Maintenance Management
Today, maintenance and its management are considered the most intricate and
ever-changing highway and technology. Maintenance is now regarded as one of the
most important part of the highway maintenance program.
Continuous studies have been going focused on the best management, time
utilization, productivity, methods, and management of maintenance. Studies showed the
need for improvement on the following field.
1. Personnel who are devoted to the maintenance work are not those who just kill the
time and collect their salaries.
2. Personnel responsibility for keeping the roadway open to traffic moving under all
conditions.
3. Personnel rescue operation in assisting stranded motorists during bad weather, heavy
rain, removal of fallen trees, flood, erosion, etc.
4. Maintenance personnel are exposed to accidents, hazards during their maintenance
or rehabilitation
work.
Rehabilitation
1. Sufficiency ratings.
2. Accident data.
3. Skid tests.
4. Maintenance report.
5. Public comments and suggestions.
Resurfacing
Resurfacing is the addition pavement layer over the existing roadway or bridge
deck surface to provide additional capacity. The additional re-surface pavement should
not be less than 20 mm in thickness.
Reconstruction
2. In place Surface and Base Recycling. This procedure involves pulverizing all
existing pavement, followed by re-shaping, and compacting. Before relaying, the
materials are upgraded with lime, Portland cement or chemicals. This method is used for
both asphalt and Portland cement concrete pavement. One advantage of this method is
the ability to increase the load carrying capacity of the pavement without major changes
in the grade.
3. Central Plant Recycling is the removal materials from the roadway, crushing them,
mixing in the plant then laid and compacted with conventional equipment.
1. Sealing cracks of transverse and longitudinal construction and expansion joints is one
recommendation where maintenance Engineers could not agree on one question
whether sealing the narrow cracks is effective or not. The practice however, is to clean
properly wide cracks or spalled joints then applied with sealing materials to prevent the
intrusion of extraneous material, and to block the downward penetration of surface
water.
2. For small and scattered broken surface on good concrete pavement, patching with
concrete is economical. On affected portion old concrete is removed by vertical straight
line cut parallel and perpendicular to the roadway center-line. For corner repair, the
angle from the roadway center-line should be greater than 30°but less than 60°.
3. Sections that are removed should have a minimum area of 20 square meters. If the
sub-grade appears to be weak, suitable materials and compact properly. The new
concrete slab should be as thick as the original pavement.
4 . Good practice demand that extra thickness adjoining the old concrete be provided
extending the patch under the old pavement to width and depth of 1.0 centimeters
6. Pavement surface with spall from freezing and thawing or salt action are levelled
with asphalt mixture or surface treatment. Another method is to patch with concrete
bonded to the old concrete with a cement-water or epoxy.
7. Spalled joint can be repaired with cement grout containing epoxy mixed with
catalyst.
Railways
Railways including high speed rail, subways and elevated railway such as cable
car.
1. Crushed Head
● Heads get crushed, metal flows on the head of the rail.
● If the surface of cracks appears smooth and dark, it is called as piped rail.
1. Ballast Checking
2. Lubricating Places such as curves on the side of the head of the rails
3. Tightening of joints and Fittings
4. Use of special alloy rails where wear is more
5. Renewal of Rails
Creeps of Rails
Causes of Creep
1. Brakes
● Due to forces while starting or stopping.
A bridge is a structure to cross an open space or gap. Bridges are mostly made
for crossing rivers, valleys, or roads. While a tunnel is an underground passageway, dug
through the surrounding soil/earth/rock and enclosed except for entrance and exit,
commonly at each end.
1. Steel Materials
Corrosion of Steel
Paint Deterioration
Loose Connections
2. Concrete Material
Collapse
Spalling
Wear/Abrasion
Material Deterioration
Surface Defect
Delamination
Water Leak at Deck
3. Expansion Joint
Abnormal Spacing
Difference in Level
Rupture
Drainage Blocked
4. Drainpipe
Ports
A port is a maritime facility which may comprise one or more wharves where
ships may dock to load and discharge passengers and cargo. Although usually situated
on a sea coast, some ports can be miles inland, with access to the sea via river or canal.
Ship Canals
1. Material Deterioration
2. Damage of components
3. Scouring
4. Sedimentation
5. Collapsing of wharf / Settlement of Foundation
Airport Runways
A complex of runways and buildings for the take-off, landing, and maintenance of
civil aircraft, with facilities for passengers.
1. Cracking
2. Surface Deformation
3. Disintegration
4. Rubber Deposits
Airport maintenance means any work carried out to keep airports runways
excellent condition, keep their operations running smoothly and meet the high safety
standards.
2. Signs
Markings
4. Maintenance of Pavements
Surface repair
Repair of cracks
Portland cement concrete pavements
Bituminous pavements
Repair of joints and cracks
Joints in concrete pavements
Concrete joint maintenance
Joints in bituminous pavements
Repair of pavement edge damage
Edge repair
Corner repair
Repair of other pavement surface deficiencies
5. Sweeping
Purpose of sweeping
Surface monitoring
Cleaning of surfaces
Purpose of cleaning pavements
Removal of rubber deposits
Fuel and oil removal
7. Drainage
Cleaning of slot drains
Drain pipes or culverts between surfaces and collector basins
Oil and fuel separators
Water hydrants
SUMMARY
B. Though over time some of this infrastructure experience failures due to a lot of
factors.
C. That’s why Maintenance and rehabilitation is being carried out regularly to these
transportation infrastructure at a fixed interval or as and when damage is observed.