English - Na’vi Dictionary v. 15.

Compiled by Mark Miller

www.LearnNavi.org

Last updated: April 5th , 2024

This is an English to Na’vi dictionary. Bold indicates English words. Italics indicate the
Na’vi equivalent. Plain text indicates grammatical categorization: parentheses indicate further
notes. «x» represents an infix, where t«pre-first»«1»ar«2»on are the positions. Proper nouns
have been capitalized. – and + indicates that an affix or adposition can fall on either side.
Knowledge of lenition processes will be assumed.

Abbreviations:

– = morpheme boundary nfp. = not for people

+ = leniting morpheme boundary num. = number
<> = infix morpheme ofp. = only for people
adj. = adjective part. = particle
adp. = adposition pn. = pronoun
adv. = adverb prop.n. = proper noun
conj. = conjunction vtr. = transitive verb
c.w. = compound word vin. = intransitive verb
intj. = interjection vtrm. = transitive modal verb
inter. = interrogative vim. = intransitive modal verb
n. = noun sbd. = subordinated

Sources
We have sourced every word as best as we could. This sourcing is placed in a subscript after the
IPA transcription and reveals the source of each word. For historical interest, this dictionary
was originally based on an initial list of around 500 words provided by Dr. Frommer in early
March, 2010. As the language has continued to develop, additional vocabulary has been added
as it appears in communications from Dr. Frommer via his blog and emails. Dr. Frommer has
solicited the LearnNavi.org community to help come up with new vocabulary via the Lexical
Expansion Project. This project continues and many suggested words now appear in the canon
lexicon presented in this dictionary. Other sources are words modified by unproductive affixes
that are included here if Dr. Frommer has used them and words that have a modified semantic
meaning due to a productive affix. Order of canonicity, from most to least:

• PF = Dr. Paul Frommer

• M = The Movie
• JC = James Cameron
• G = The Avatar Games

1
 • C = The Comics
• ASG = The Survival Guide
• PND = Pandorapedia.com

above, over: ["i.o] P F adp. io– plish, achieve)

’ah, expression of warning or frustration, acquaintance (with the potential for be-
>
’crap!’, hell!’: ["tsa."hEj] ZS intj. tsa-hey coming a friend): [PEj.la."naj] P F n. ’eylanay
have a conversation, chat, converse: (derived from ’eylan friend)
[p·æN."k’·o] P F vin. pängkxo acquire, get: ["k·a.n·om] P F vtr. kanom
abandon, leave: [t’·IN] P F vtr. txìng across, aiming for the opposite side of: [fEw]
>
ability: ["tsu.Po] P F n. tsu’o P F adp. few–
about, concerning: [tE."Ri] P F adp. teri– across, covering thoroughly: [ka] P F adp. ka–
abstract idea of a creation: [tI."Nop^] P F n. act in a formally polite or honorific way:
tìngop (derived from ngop create) ["hE.Na s·i] P F vin. henga si (derived from
abstract idea of a suggestion: [tI."mok^] P F n. henga formally polite behavior)
>
tìmok (derived from mok suggest) act of kindness, favor: ["tstuN.kEm] P F n.
abstract idea), prayer (in general: [tI.a."ho] P F tstunkem (c.w. from tstunwi kind and kem
n. tìaho (derived from aho pray) action)
abstraction), thing (object, fact: [Pu] P F n. ’u acting on intuition, making an informed
accent, pronunciation: ["lI.Pu.pam] P F n. guess: [nI."PEn] P F adv. nì’en (derived from
lì’upam (c.w. from lì’u word and pam sound) ’en guess)
accept: [m·l."P·an] P F vtr. mll’an active, energetic: ["wa.lak^] P F adj. walak
" activity that keeps one busy: [tIn] P F n. tìn
accept some fact, get over, reconcile oneself,
move on: [w·a."l·Ew] P F vin. walew (derived from ’ìn be busy)
acceptance: [tI.ml."Pan] P F n. tìmll’an (derived actually, as a matter of fact: [nI.fkEj.to."Naj] P F
"
from mll’an accept) adv. nìfkeytongay (c.w. from tìfkeytok situa-
accident: ["fE.kEm] P F n. fekem (c.w. from fe’ tion and ngay true)
bad and kem action) add: [s·uN] P F vtr. sung
accident-prone, clumsy: [pI."saw] P F adj. pì- addition, post script: [tI."suN] LN n. tìsung (de-
saw rived from sung add)
accidentally, unintentionally: [nIt."kan.lu.ke] additionally, besides, furthermore: [nI."suN]
P F adv. nìtkanluke (c.w. from nìtkan purpo- P F adv. nìsung (derived from sung add)
sefully, deliberately and luke- without) additionally, too, also: [kop^] P F adv. kop
accomplish, achieve: ["m·uP.n·i] P F vtr. mu’ni adhere, stick, stick to: [sj·aR] P F vin. syar
accomplish, bring to a conclusion: [ha."sEj adjective: ["sjon.lI.Pu] P F n. syonlì’u (c.w. from
"s·i] P F vin. hasey si (derived from hasey do- syon feature, trait, characteristic and lì’u
ne, finished) word)
accomplishment, achievement: [tI."muP.ni] admit: [p·l."Naj] P F vin. pllngay (derived from
"
plltxe speak and ngay true)
P F n. tìmu’ni (derived from mu’ni accom-
plish, achieve) adorable, endearing, cute: ["ho.na] P F adj. ho-
accomplishment, feat, great deed: [sæ."Ro.Pa] na
P F n. säro’a adorableness, cuteness: [tI."ho.na] P F n. tìhona
according to, by, via, following: ["I.læ] or (derived from hona endearing)
[I."læ] P F adp. ìlä+ adorn: [i."o.i s·i] P F vin. ioi si (derived from ioi
achieve, accomplish: ["m·uP.n·i] P F vtr. mu’ni adornment)
achievement, accomplishment: [tI."muP.ni] adorn oneself: [i."o.i sæ."p·i] P F vin. ioi säpi
P F n. tìmu’ni (derived from mu’ni accom- (c.w. from ioi adornment and s«äp»i do (re-

2
 flexive)) against (as in: fight against): [wæ] P F adp.
adornment, or ceremonial apparel (item of): wä+
[i."o.i] P F n. ioi age: ["kE.wan] P F n. kewan (derived from koak
adposition: ["staR.lI.Pu] P F n. starlì’u (c.w. from old and ’ewan young)
sätare connection, relationship and lì’u word) aged (for living things), old: ["ko.ak^] P F adj.
adult person: ["fjEjn.tu] P F n. fyeyntu (derived koak
from fyeyn ripe, mature) ago: [kam] P F adp. kam–
adult, ripe, mature: [fjEjn] P F adj. fyeyn agree: [m·l."t·E] P F vin. mllte
> "
advantage, benefit, upside, gain: ["tsan.kum] ahead of time, before, already: [sRE."kr] P F
adv. srekrr (c.w. from sre before and krr" ti-
P F n. tsankum (c.w. from tsan’ul improve, get
better and kum result) me)
> aim, goal, purpose, target: [tI."kan] P F n. tìkan
advantageous: ["tsan.kum.NaP] P F adj. tsan-
kumnga’ (derived from tsankum advantage, (derived from kan aim)
benefit, upside, gain) aim, to intend; aim, to direct a weapon or ot-
adverb: ["fja.lI.Pu] P F n. fyalì’u (c.w. from fya’o her object at a target: [k·an] P F vtrm. kan
path, way, manner and lì’u word) aiming for the opposite side of, across: [fEw]
adverbial: [nI] P F nì– deriving affix P F adp. few–
air: [ja] P F n. ya
advice, bit or piece of advice: [mo."waR] P F n.
mowar alarm cry, call to defense: ["Raw.kE] P F intj.
rawke
advise: [mo."waR s·i] P F vin. mowar si (derived
alien: ["kE.tu.woN] P F n. ketuwong
from mowar advice)
alien: ["kE.woN] P F adj. kewong
advisor: [mo."waR.si.ju] P F n. mowarsiyu (deri-
alight, land (process of): [kl."w·o] P F vin. kllwo
ved from mowar advice) " wo reach for)
(c.w. from kllte ground and
affect negatively, disturb, disrupt, bother:
alive, living, living thing: [Ru."sEj] P F adj., n.
[t’·uN] P F vtr. txung
rusey (c.w. from rey live and «us» active par-
affix: ["lI.Pu.vi] P F n. lì’uvi (derived from lì’u
ticiple infix)
word)
all (of), in toto, completely: [nI."wot’] P F adv.
after: ["maw.fwa] P F conj. mawfwa (c.w. from nìwotx (derived from wotx totality, whole)
maw after and fwa that)
all is well, everything is fine or OK: [fRaw."zo]
after (temporal): [maw."kr.a] P F conj. mawkrra
" from krr time and P F intj. frawzo (derived from fra’u everyt-
variant of akrrmaw (c.w. hing and zo be well)
maw after) all the time, always: ["fRa.kr] P F adv. frakrr
after (temporal): [a."kr.maw] P F conj. akrrmaw (derived from krr time) "
variant of mawkrra" (c.w. from krr time and allergen: [fnE."t’um] P F n. fnetxum (derived
maw after) from txum poison)
after (time): [maw] P F adp. maw– allow: [t·uN] P F vtr. tung
after midnight: ["k’am.t’o.maw] P F n. kxam- almost: [stum] P F adv. stum
txomaw (c.w. from kxamtxon midnight and alone (as one person): [nI."Paw.tu] P F adv.
maw after) nì’awtu (c.w. from ’aw one and tute person)
after sunset, twilight, the time before dark: alone, on one’s own, by one’s self; lonely:
[t’on."PoN.maw] P F n. txon’ongmaw (c.w. [lE."Paw.tu] P F adj. le’awtu (c.w. from ’aw
from txon’ong sunset and maw after) one and tute person)
after, afterwards, later: ["maw.kr] P F adv. alongside, beside: ["Ro.fa] P F adp. rofa–
mawkrr (c.w. from maw after and" krr time) >
Alpha Centauri B: [tsaw.kE."naj] P F n. Tsawke-
afternoon: [haP."NiR] P F n. ha’ngir nay (derived from Tsawke sun)
afterwards, after, later: ["maw.kr] P F adv. Alpha Centauri C aka Proxima Centauri:
mawkrr (c.w. from maw after and" krr time) >
[taw."snr.tsjIp^] P F n. Tawsnrrtsyìp (derived
again: [nI."mun] P F adv. nìmun "
from taw sky and sänrr light source)

3
Alpha Centauri C aka Proxima Centauri and: [sI] P F part. sì (connects two things, can
>
(Colloquial): ["snr.tsjIp^] P F n. Snrrtsyìp be attached as –sì: for clauses use ulte and)
"
(derived from Tawsnrrtsyìp Alpha Centau- and (clausal conjunction): ["ul.tE] P F conj. ulte
ri C) and also: [kop^] P F conj. kop
alphabet: [sna.pam."REl.vi] P F n. snapamrelvi anger: [tI."sti] P F n. tìsti (derived from sti be
(derived from pamrelvi letter (phonetic sym- angry)
bol)) anger (intransitive), be angry: [st·i] P F vin. sti
already: [li] P F adv. li anger, make someone angry: [stEj."k·i] P F vtr.
already, before, ahead of time: [sRE."kr] P F steyki (derived from sti be angry and «eyk»
adv. srekrr (c.w. from sre before and krr " ti-
causative infix)
me) angrily: [nI."sti] P F adv. nìsti (derived from sti
also, too, additionally: [kop^] P F adv. kop be angry)
also, too, as well, likewise: [nI."tEN] P F adv. angry snarl, ’watch it!’: [o."Isss] LA intj. oìsss
nìteng (derived from teng same, equal) animal call: [zawr] P F n. zawr
although: [hu."fwa] P F conj. hufwa animal, beast: [i."o.aN] P F n. ioang
always, all the time: ["fRa.kr] P F adv. frakrr ankle: ["vEn.til] P F n. ventil (c.w. from venu
(derived from krr time) " foot and til joint)
am, be, is, are: [l·u] P F vin. lu (predicative co- annoy, bother: [sR·æt’] P F vtr. srätx
pula, existential verb) (signifies possession
annoyance: [sæ."sRæt’] P F n. säsrätx (derived
with dative of possessor)
from srätx annoy)
among: [kip^] P F adp. kip–
answer, respond: [P·EjN] P F vin. ’eyng
amount: [hIm."t’an] P F n. hìmtxan (c.w. from
answer, response: [tI."PEjN] P F n. tì’eyng (deri-
hìm small and txan much)
ved from ’eyng answer)
amulet, totem: ["lo.Pa] P F n. lo’a
any of a variety of lizard-like creatures, li-
amusing, humorous, funny: ["Pi.pu] P F adj.
zard: ["wu.wuk^] P F n. wuwuk
’ipu >
apologise (apologize): [tsap."Pa.lu.tE "s·i] P F
an acquisition, something acquired, a pos-
vin. tsap’alute si (derived from tsap’alute
session: [sæ."ka.nom] P F n. säkanom (deri-
apology)
ved from kanom acquire) >
apology: [tsap."Pa.lu.tE] P F n. tsap’alute
an exhibition, a showing: [sæ.wIn."t’u] P F n.
säwìntxu (derived from wìntxu show) apparently: [tat."lam] P F adv. tatlam (derived
an exploration or investigation: [sæ."laN] P F from lam seem)
n. sälang (derived from lang investigate, ex- apparently: [nI."lam] P F adv. nìlam (derived
plore) from lam seem)
an incidence of rescuing, rescue: [sæ."ta.REp^] appealing as food, fresh: ["p’a.sul] P F adj. px-
asul
P F n. sätarep (derived from tarep save, re-
scue) appear, materialize, come into view: [sR·ER]
an individual tall, thin waterfall that pours P F vin. srer
down a sheer high cliff, or off of a floa- appear, seem: [l·am] P F vin. lam
ting mountain (countable): [sE."Pajl] P F n. appearance: [tI."lam] P F n. tìlam (derived from
se’ayl lam seem)
an instance of defeat, defeat: [sæ.læ."t’ajn] P F appearance, sight, look: [PuR] P F n. ’ur
n. sälätxayn (derived from lätxayn defeat) apply (physical) pressure to, press, press on:
an instance of glowing; light source, glow, [t’·ap^] P F vtr. txap
>
lamp: [sæ."nr] P F n. sänrr (derived from nrr appreciate: ["lEj.tsl·am] P F vtr. leytslam (c.w.
glow) " from ley have value and tslam understand)
ancestor: ["pi.za.ju] P F n. pizayu apprentice teacher: [kaR.ju."naj] P F n. karyu-
ancient, very old: ["t’an.lal] P F adj. txanlal nay (derived from karyu teacher)
(c.w. from txan much and lal old) approach: [l·ok^] P F vtr. lok

4
approach, system, process, procedure: as found around a watering hole, smell of
["vE.fja] P F n. vefya (c.w. from ve’o order, living animals: [a."t’aR] P F adj. atxar
organization and fya’o way, manner) as is known (casual speech [naw."no.mum]),
appropriate, suitable, fitting: [lE."haP] P F adj. as you know: [nI.aw."no.mum] P F adv.
leha’ (derived from ha’ fit, suit, complement) nìawnomum (derived from «awn» passive
approval: [tI."maw] P F n. tìsmaw (derived from participle infix and omum know)
smaw approve of ) as we do (casual speech [naj."wEN]), like us:
approve of: [sm·aw] P F vtr. smaw [nI.aj."wEN] P F adv. nìayoeng (derived from
approximately, roughly: [wum] P F adv. wum ayoeng us (inclusive))
>
April: [vo.sp’I."tsIN] P F n. vospxìtsìng (c.w. as well, too, also, likewise: [nI."tEN] P F adv.
from vospxì month and tsìng four) nìteng (derived from teng same, equal)
April Fool’s Day: ["flEl.tr] P F n. fleltrr (c.w. >
as with a claw, scratch harmfully: [ts·up’] P F
from flel trick, fool and "trr day) vtr. tsupx
are, be, am, is: [l·u] P F vin. lu (predicative co- as you know, as is known (casual speech
pula, existential verb) (signifies possession [naw."no.mum]): [nI.aw."no.mum] P F adv.
with dative of possessor) nìawnomum (derived from «awn» passive
argue, dispute: [wæ."t·E] P F vtr. wäte participle infix and omum know)
argument, dispute: [tI.wæ."tE] P F n. tìwäte (de- as, like: [na] P F adp. na–
rived from wäte argue) as, like: [p’El] P F adp. pxel–
argumentative (of an agent), disagreeable: as, same way as (similar action): [nI."tEN.fja]
[lE.wæ."tE] P F adj. lewäte (derived from wä-
P F adv. nìtengfya (derived from tengfya as,
te argue) same way as (conj.))
arm: [p’un] P F n. pxun
as, same way as (situational similarity):
armband: ["p’aw.p’un] P F n. pxawpxun (c.w.
["tEN.fja] P F conj. tengfya (c.w. from teng sa-
from pxaw around and pxun arm)
me, equal and fya’o path)
around: [p’aw] P F adp. pxaw–
ascend, come up: [fæ."z·a.P·u] P F vin. fäza’u
arrival: [tI."pæ.hEm] P F n. tìpähem (derived
(c.w. from fäpa top and za’u come)
from pähem arrive)
ascend, go up: [fæ."k·æ] P F vin. fäkä (c.w. from
arrive: ["p·æ.h·Em] P F vin. pähem
fäpa top and kä go)
arrive, get to a place: ["p·a.t·E] ZS vin. pate
ash, cinder: ["t’E.pI.va] P F n. txepìva (derived
arrow: [swi."zaw] P F n. swizaw
> from txep fire and ìlva flake)
art: ["tsE.o] P F n. tseo
> ask: [p·awm] P F vtr. pawm
artist (generic term) : ["tsE.o.tu] P F n. tseotu
(derived from tseo art) ask for, request: [v·in] P F vtr. vin
> aspect, feature, trait, attribute, characteristic,
artist (visual) : ["REl.tsE.o.tu] P F n. reltseotu
(derived from reltseo visual art) point, facet, property: [sjon] P F n. syon
as a matter of fact, actually: [nI.fkEj.to."Naj] P F ass, butt, rear end: [t’Im] P F n. txìm
adv. nìfkeytongay (c.w. from tìfkeytok situa- asshole (vulgar): ["kuR.kuN] P F n. kurkung (c.w.
tion and ngay true) from kuru neural queue and kung putrid,
as always: [nI."fRa.kr] P F adv. nìfrakrr (derived rotten)
from frakrr always) " asshole, butthole, dickhead (vulgar):
as an example, for example: [nat."kE.noN] P F [von."væP] P F n. vonvä’ (c.w. from vitra soul
conj. natkenong (c.w. from na like, as and tì- and onvä’ bad-smelling) (lit. stinksoul)
kenong example) assign a task, command, order: [k’·Im] P F vtr.
as an itch, scratch non-harmfully: ["p·I.t·Ik^] kxìm
P F vtr. pìtìk assigning tasks, commanding, ordering:
>
as an obligation, dutifully: [nI."tson] P F adv. [tI."k’Im] P F n. tìkxìm (derived from kxìm
nìtson (derived from tson duty, obligation) command, order, assign tasks)
as before, yet, still: [mi] P F adv. mi assistance, help: [sRuN] P F n. srung

5
assistant, helper: ["sRuN.si.ju] P F n. srungsiyu tan (c.w. from taw sky and syuratan
(derived from srung help) (bio)luminescence)
assume: [sRE."fp·Il] P F vtr. srefpìl (derived from auspicious, favorable: ["Et.RIp^] P F adj. etrìp
sre+ before and fpìl think) authoritarian, domineering person; one who
at (locative): [Ro] P F adp. ro+ is bossy, or dictatorial: [æ."zan.tu] P F n.
at a distance, far away: [a."lIm] P F adv. alìm äzantu (derived from äzan force, compulsion)
>
(derived from lìm far, be far) autumn, fall: [zI.skr."tsawn] P F n. zìskrrtsawn
"
(c.w. from zìsìkrr season and tsawn harvest)
at close range, nearby: [a."sim] P F adv. asim
(derived from sim near, be near) auxiliary verb, postpositional non-bound
at first, originally: [nI."sNæ.Pi] P F adv. nìsngä’i verb do, make: [s·i] P F si deriving affix
>
(derived from sngä’i begin) availability: [tI.tsu."ka.nom] P F n. tìtsukanom
at long last, finally: [nI."PiP.a] P F adv. nì’i’a (derived from tsukanom available)
>
(derived from ’i’a end) available, obtainable: [tsu."ka.nom] P F adj.
at night: ["t’on.kr] P F adv. txonkrr (c.w. from tsukanom (derived from kanom acquire, get)
txon night and" krr time) avatar, dreamwalker body: [u.nil.tI."Ran.tok’]
>
at that time, then, that time: [tsa."kr] P F adv. JC,P F n. uniltìrantokx (c.w. from uniltìra-
tsakrr (derived from tsa- that and "krr time) nyu dreamwalker and tokx body)
at the time that, when: ["kr.a] P F conj. krra (de- avoid: ["P·aw.nIm] P F vtr. ’awnìm (c.w. from
rived from krr time) " ’ì’awn remain and alìm distance)
attack: ["P·E.k·o] P F vtr. ’eko awake: [t’En] P F adj. txen
attempt: [tI."fmi] P F n. tìfmi (derived from fmi awakeness, the state of waking: [tI."t’En] P F
attempt) n. tìtxen (derived from txen awake)
>
attempt: [sæ."fmi] P F n. säfmi (derived from awareness, notice: [tI."tsE.Ri] P F n. tìtseri (de-
fmi try, attempt) rived from tseri note, notice)
attempt, try: [fm·i] P F vtrm. fmi (with the away (direction): [nE."to] P F adv. neto (derived
subjunctive) from ne to)
attention to detail, thoroughness: [tI."no] P F away (position): [mI."so] P F adv. mìso (derived
n. tìno from mì in)
attribute, feature, trait, characteristic, point, awful, terrible, horrible: ["fp’a.mo] P F adj.
aspect, facet, property: [sjon] P F n. syon fpxamo
August: [vo.sp’I."vol] P F n. vospxìvol (c.w. from awfully, horribly, terribly: [nI."fp’a.mo] P F
vospxì month and vol eight) adv. nìfpxamo (derived from fpxamo horrib-
aurora: [taw.sju."Ra.tan] P F,LN n. tawsyura- le)

“bad guy”, bad person: ["kawN.tu] P F n. back (of the body): [t’al] P F n. txal
kawngtu (derived from kawng bad, evil) >
back down, give ground: ["t·IN "tsEN] P F vin.
a bit, a small amount (abstract): [nI."Pit^] tìng tseng (derived from tìng give and tseng
P F adv. nì’it (derived from ’it bit, a small ground)
amount) back, in response, in answer: [nI."PEjN] P F
a bite: [sæ."fRIp^] P F n. säfrìp (derived from frìp adv. nì’eyng (derived from ’eyng answer)
bite) bad: [fEP] P F adj. fe’ nfp.
baby carrier: ["pr.smuN] P F n. prrsmung (c.w. bad hearted, malicious: ["kawN.lan] P F adj.
from prrnen baby " and smung transportation
kawnglan (c.w. from kawng bad, evil and
device) txe’lan heart)
baby, infant: ["pr.nEn] P F n. prrnen bad person, “bad guy”: ["kawN.tu] P F n.
"
back (direction): [nE."PIm] P F adv. ne’ìm kawngtu (derived from kawng bad, evil)

6
bad tasting: [ft’I."væP] P F adj. ftxìvä’ (c.w. from (derived from tìkxìm commanding, ordering,
ftxì tongue and vä’ noisome) assigning tasks)
bad, evil: [kawN] P F adj. kawng be afraid: ["t’o.pu "s·i] P F vin. txopu si (derived
bad-smelling: [on."væP] P F adj. onvä’ (c.w. from txopu fear)
from ontu nose and vä’ unpleasant to the sen- be angry, anger (intransitive): [st·i] P F vin. sti
ses) be as it should be, be well, be intact, work
bad-sounding: [mik."væP] P F adj. mikvä’ (deri- correctly or as nature intended: [z·o] P F
ved from mikyun ear and vä’ unpleasant to vin. zo
the senses) be at, occupy a space: [t·ok^] P F vtr. tok
badly: [nI."fEP] P F adv. nìfe’ (derived from fe’ be bad at: [w·æt’] P F vtr. wätx
bad) be born: ["P·o.N·ok’] P F vin. ’ongokx (c.w. from
balance: [p·on] P F vtr. pon ’ong unfold and nokx give birth to)
ball: [Rum] P F n. rum be busy (negative sense): be tired out and
banana fruit: ["u.tu.ma.u.ti] P F n. utumauti overwhelmed by an activity that’s kee-
(c.w. from utu canopy and mauti fruit) (lit. ping one busy: ["v·r.·In] P F vin. vrrìn (de-
rived from ’ìn be busy) "
canopy fruit)
banshee catcher, mouth-binder: ["jIm.k’a] P F be busy (positive sense), be engrossed in so-
n. yìmkxa (c.w. from yìm bind and kxa mething one finds especially pleasant and
mouth) energizing: ["s·u.l·In] P F vin. sulìn (derived
from ’ìn be busy)
banshee rider visor: ["i.o.naR] P F n. ionar
be busy, be occupied: [P·In] P F vin. ’ìn
bar, exclude, keep out: [E."k’an s·i] P F vin. ekx-
be caniverous (ii), dine on flesh: [j·om."vEj]
an si (derived from ekxan barricade, obstruc-
P F vin. yomvey (c.w. from yom eat and vey
tion)
flesh)
bar, rod, pole: [swEk^] P F n. swek
be careful, watch out: ["na.Ri s·i] P F vin. nari si
bark (of a tree): ["tan.lEN] P F n. tanleng (deri-
(derived from nari eye)
ved from tangek trunk (of a tree) and ta’leng
be concerned about, care, have deep feelings
skin)
for: [t’u."k’·E.f·u] P F vin. txukxefu (c.w. from
barricade, obstruction: [E."k’an] P F n. ekxan txukx deep and ’efu feel)
barrier to one’s goals, source of frustration: be content, calm, there there: ["tam "tam] M
[tI.kan."k’an] P F n. tìkankxan (c.w. from tì- intj. tam tam
kan goal and ekxan barrier) be curious, odd, strange, unexpected: [h·Ek^]
>
base of operations: ["t’in.tseN] P F n. txintseng
P F vin. hek
(c.w. from txin main, primary and tseng pla- be curious, want to know: [n·Ew."o.mum] P F
ce) vin. newomum (c.w. from new want and
based on the cause, because: [ta."wEjk(a)] P F omum know)
conj. taweyk(a) be engrossed in something one finds especi-
basically, fundamentally, in essence: [nI."Ran] ally pleasant and energizing, be busy (po-
P F adv. nìran (derived from ran intrinsic sitive sense): ["s·u.l·In] P F vin. sulìn (deri-
character or nature) ved from ’ìn be busy)
bastard, loser (vulgar): [t’an."fwIN.tu] P F n. be enjoyable: [z·aw."pr.tEP] P F vin. zawprrte’
txanfwìngtu (derived from txan much and (derived from za’u "come and prrte’ pleasu-
fwìng humiliation) rable)
battle party, squad, military clan: be enthusiastic about, show enthusiasm for,
["wEm.po.Nu] P F n. wempongu (c.w. from be excited about: ["s·oP.h·a] P F vtr. so’ha
wem fight and pongu group) (Note: Being enthusiastic is always transi-
>
be able, can: [ts·un] P F vim. tsun tive in Na’vi -PF)
be above someone in a heirarchy, be someo- be excited about, be enthusiastic about,
ne’s superior: [tI."k’Im s·i] P F vin. tìkxìm si show enthusiasm for: ["s·oP.h·a] P F vtr.

7
 so’ha (Note: Being enthusiastic is always be pleasing or likeable, bring enjoyment:
transitive in Na’vi -PF) ["s·u.n·u] P F vin. sunu
>
be familiar, be known (with dative): [sm·on] be possible, may: ["ts·un.sl·u] P F vin. tsunslu
P F vin. smon (c.w. from tsun be able and slu become)
be famous: [t’an."R·o.P·a] P F vin. txanro’a (c.w. be pregnant (for animals) (ii): [N·aP."li.ni] P F
from txan much and ro’a inspire awe or re- vin. nga’lini (c.w. from nga’ contain and lini
spect) young of an animal)
be far: [l·Im] P F vin. lìm be pregnant (for people) (ii): [N·aP."pr.nEn] P F
vin. nga’prrnen (c.w. from nga’ contain " and
be good at: [fn·an] P F vtr. fnan
be horizontal, lie flat: [t’·aj] P F vin. txay prrnen baby)
be impressive, inspire awe or respect: be quiet, quiet: [fn·u] P F vin. fnu
["R·o.P·a] P F vin. ro’a be responsible: [kl."fR·oP] P F vin. kllfro’
"
be in order, be organized: [vE."z·o] P F vin. ve- be responsible for, look after, take care of:
zo (c.w. from ve’o order and zo be as it should [v·EwN] P F vtr. vewng
be) be shocked, be startled: ["Pa.sap s·i] P F vin.
be intact, be well, be as it should be, work ’asap si (derived from ’asap sudden shock)
correctly or as nature intended: [z·o] P F be someone’s superior, be above someone in
vin. zo a heirarchy: [tI."k’Im s·i] P F vin. tìkxìm si
be interesting, intriguing: ["El.tuR tI."t’En s·i] (derived from tìkxìm commanding, ordering,
P F vin. eltur tìtxen si (derived from eltu-r assigning tasks)
brain (dative) and tìtxen awakeness) be startled, be shocked: ["Pa.sap s·i] P F vin.
be known (with dative), be familiar: [sm·on] ’asap si (derived from ’asap sudden shock)
P F vin. smon be surprising (experiencer in dative):
be luminous, glow: [n·r] P F vin. nrr ["l·o.h·o] P F vin. loho
" be useful, be of use, come in handy: [lE."saR
be miserable, suffer mentally or emotional-
ly: [N·æ."P·æn] P F vin. ngä’än s·i] P F vin. lesar si (derived from lesar use-
be naughty, do mischief: ["sti.wi s·i] P F vin. ful)
stiwi si (derived from stiwi mischief ) be vertical: [k’·Em] P F vin. kxem
>
be near: [s·im] P F vin. sim be violent, use violence: ["tsak.tap s·i] P F vin.
be occupied, be busy: [P·In] P F vin. ’ìn tsaktap si (derived from tsaktap violence)
> be well, be intact, be as it should be, work
be of importance, matter: ["tsR·an.t·En] P F vin.
tsranten correctly or as nature intended: [z·o] P F
be of use, be useful, come in handy: [lE."saR vin. zo
s·i] P F vin. lesar si (derived from lesar use- be worth something, be of value, have some
ful) positive value: [l·Ej] P F vin. ley
be of value, have some positive value, be be, am, is, are: [l·u] P F vin. lu (predicative co-
worth something: [l·Ej] P F vin. ley pula, existential verb) (signifies possession
be organized, be in order: [vE."z·o] P F vin. ve- with dative of possessor)
zo (c.w. from ve’o order and zo be as it should be, or get drunk: ["R·o.·u] P F vin. rou (example
be) use: rou fa pxir)
be painful, hurt: [tI."sRaw "s·i] P F vin. tìsraw si bead (decorative): [sRok^] P F n. srok
(derived from tìsraw pain) beak of a bird or animal: [PEN] P F n. ’eng
be particularly interested in, focus on, speci- beast, animal: [i."o.aN] P F n. ioang
alize in: ["k·an.P·In] P F vtr. kan’ìn (c.w. from beat (rhythmic): ["PE.koN] P F n. ’ekong
kan aim and ’in be busy) beat, strike, slap: ["t·a.k·uk^] P F vtr. takuk
be patient (ii): [ma."wEj.p·Ej] P F vin. maweypey beautiful (inner beauty): ["ju.Ej] P F adj. yuey
(c.w. from mawey calm and pey wait) ofp.
be perfect, flawless: [j·oP] P F vin. yo’ beautiful sounding, pleasant sounding:

8
 [mik."loR] P F adj. miklor (derived from mi- beginning, starting time: ["sNæ.Pi.kr] P F n.
kyun ear and lor beautiful) sngä’ikrr (c.w. from sngä’i begin and " krr ti-
beautiful visually: [naR."loR] P F adj. narlor (de- me)
rived from nari eye and lor beautiful, plea- begrudgingly, disagreeably: [nI.wæ."tE] P F
sant to the senses) adv. nìwäte (derived from wäte argue)
beautiful, pleasant to the senses: [loR] P F adj. behave: ["vo.Ik s·i] P F vin. voìk si (derived from
lor voìk behavior)
beauty: [tI."loR] P F n. tìlor (derived from lor behavior, how one conducts oneself: ["vo.Ik^]
beautiful) P F n. voìk
because of that, therefore: [ta."fRal] P F adv. behind: ["u.o] P F adp. uo–
tafral belief (abstract concept): [tI."spaw] P F n.
because of, due to: [ta."lun] P F adp. talun– tìspaw (derived from spaw believe)
because, based on the cause: [ta."wEjk(a)] P F belief (particular instance): [sæ."spaw] P F n.
conj. taweyk(a) säspaw (derived from spaw believe)
because, from the reason: [ta."lun(a)] P F conj. believe: [sp·aw] P F vtr. spaw
talun(a) (c.w. from ta from and lun reason) belong: [m·an] P F vin. man
because, from the reason: [a."lun.ta] P F conj. beloved: ["jaw.nE] P F adj. yawne
alunta below, under: ["æ.o] P F adp. äo–
become one with, merge: ["n·a.w·aN] P F vin. bench; any tool or device to facilitate sitting,
nawang chair, stool: [sEjn] P F n. seyn (derived from
become stuck, get caught in something: sä’o tool and heyn sit)
[n·ip^] P F vin. nip bend: [i·l] P F vin. il
>
become well, heal, get fixed (ii): ["zo.sl·u] P F benefit, advantage, upside, gain: ["tsan.kum]
vin. zoslu (c.w. from zo be well and slu be- P F n. tsankum (c.w. from tsan’ul improve, get
come) better and kum result)
before: ["sRE.fwa] P F conj. srefwa (derived from berry: ["pa.suk^] P F n. pasuk
sre+ before and fwa that) beside, alongside: ["Ro.fa] P F adp. rofa–
before (time): [sRE] P F adp. sre+ besides, additionally, furthermore: [nI."suN]
before dawn: [sRE.sr."PoN] P F n. sresrr’ong (c.w. P F adv. nìsung (derived from sung add)
from sre before and " trr’ong dawn) best: [swEj] P F adj. swey
before midnight: [sRE."kam.t’on] P F n. srekam- best, optimally: [nI."swEj] P F adv. nìswey (de-
txon (c.w. from sre before and kxamtxon rived from swey best)
midnight) betray: [ka."vuk^ "s·i] P F vin. kavuk si (derived
before, already, ahead of time: [sRE."kr] P F from kavuk treachery)
adv. srekrr (c.w. from sre before and krr " ti-
between: [mI."kam] P F adp. mìkam–
me) beyond: ["nu.æ] P F adp. nuä+
before, by, up to but not after: ["li.sRE] P F adp. beyond perfection, sublime: ["fjo.lE] P F adj.
lisre+ (c.w. from li already and sre+ before) fyole
before, in front of (place): ["E.o] P F adp. eo– bib necklace: ["fk’i.lE] P F n. fkxile
>
begin, start: ["sN·æ.P·i] P F vim. sngä’i big (in size), tall: [tsawl] P F adj. tsawl ofp.
>
begin, start: [tsj·ul] P F vtr. tsyul bind: [j·Im] P F vtr. yìm
beginner: ["sNæ.Pi.ju] P F n. sngä’iyu (derived bind / bring two or more things together (ii):
from sngä’i begin) [Paw.stEN."j·Em] P F vtr. ’awstengyem (c.w.
>
beginning, start: [tI."tsjul] P F n. tìtsyul (deri- from ’awsiteng together and yem put)
ved from tsyul begin, start) bioluminescence: [sju."Ra.tan] JC,P F n. syura-
beginning, starting position, initial location: tan (c.w. from syura energy and atan light)
>
["sNæ.Pi.tsEN] P F n. sngä’itseng (c.w. from bioluminescent freckle, star: [tan."hI] P F n.
sngä’i start and tseng place) tanhì

9
bird: ["ja.jo] P F n. yayo (c.w. from ya air and blunt (as a point), dull: [fwEm] P F adj. fwem
ioang animal) boat: ["u.Ran] P F n. uran
>
bird’s nest: ["ja.jo.tsRul] P F n. yayotsrul (c.w. bodily, physical: [lE."tok’] P F adj. letokx (deri-
from yayo bird and tsrul nest) ved from tokx body)
bird, young of an animal, fish, insect: ["li.ni] body: [tok’] P F n. tokx
>
P F n. lini bond (neural connection): [tsa."hEj.lu] JC,P F
birth: [tI."Po.Nok’^] P F n. tì’ongokx (derived n. tsaheylu
from ’ongokx be born) bond with, establish a neural connection:
bit of language, expression: ["lIP.fja.vi] P F n. >
[tsa."hEjl "s·i] P F vin. tsaheyl si (derived
lì’fyavi (derived from lì’fya language) from tsaheylu bond)
bit or piece of advice, advice: [mo."waR] P F n. bone: ["t’æ.REm] P F n. txärem
mowar boom (onomatopoeic): ["k’aN.aN.aN] P F intj.
bit, a small amount: [Pit^] P F n. ’it kxangangang
bite: [fR·Ip^] P F vtr. frìp border, edge, brink, limit, end: [t’Ew] P F n.
bitter: ["sjæ.Pæ] P F adj. syä’ä txew
black: [la."jon] P F adj. layon border, perimeter, circumference: ["p’aw.pa]
black: [la."jom.pin] P F n. layompin (derived
P F n. pxawpa (c.w. from pxaw around and
from layon black) pa’o side)
>
bladder lantern, nectar lantern: ["tsmi.snr] P F bored: [skEjk’] P F adj. skeykx
n. tsmisnrr (c.w. from tsmi nectar and" nrr borrow: [za."sR·In] P F vtr. zasrìn (derived from
glow) srìn temporarily transfer from one to another)
blade of grass: ["zE.swa.vi] P F n. zeswavi (deri-
bother, annoy: [sR·æt’] P F vtr. srätx
ved from zeswa grass)
bother, disturb, disrupt, affect negatively:
blame: [k·i."·an] P F vtr. kian
[t’·uN] P F vtr. txung
blameworthy person: [ki."an.tu] P F n. kiantu
bottom: ["kl.pa] P F n. kllpa
(derived from kian blame) "
bounce: [p·u.w·up^] P F vin. puwup
blemish, deformity, stain, flawed feature:
["fEP.Ran.vi] P F n. fe’ranvi (derived from boundless, endless, without limit:
fe’ran flawed nature, inherently defective) ["t’Ew.lu.kE] P F adj. txewluke (c.w. from tx-
ew limit, border and luke without)
bless: [t·IN sjawn] P F vin. tìng syawn (derived
from syawn blessing) bout of suffering; episode of depression:
blessing: [sjawn] P F n. syawn [sæ.Næ."Pæn] P F n. sängä’än (derived from
blind: [kak."REl] P F adj. kakrel (derived from rel ngä’än suffer mentally or emotionally)
>
image, picture) bow (weapon): [tsko] P F n. tsko
>
blindness: [tI.kak."REl] P F n. tìkakrel (derived bow and arrow: [tsko swi."zaw] P F n. tsko swi-
from kakrel blind) zaw (c.w. from tsko bow and swizaw arrow)
blizzard: [t’an."fwER.wI] P F n. txanfwerwì (de- boy: ["PE.vE.Nan] P F n. ’evengan (derived from
rived from txan much and hufwe+herwì ’eveng child)
wind+snow) boy (colloquial): ["PE.van] P F n. ’evan (derived
blocked, obstructed; frustrated: [lE."k’an] P F from ’evengan boy)
>
adj. lekxan (derived from ekxan barrier) braid, queue: [tswin] P F n. tswin
blood: ["REj.paj] P F n. reypay (c.w. from rey live brain: ["El.tu] P F n. eltu
and pay water) branch (of a tree): [vul] P F n. vul
blooming, unfolding: [tI."PoN] P F n. tì’ong branch, fork, point of divergence: [jak^] P F n.
(derived from ’ong bloom) yak
>
blossom, unfold: [P·oN] P F vin. ’ong brave: [tstEw] P F adj. tstew ofp.
>
blue, green: ["E.an] P F adj. ean brave, courageous: [tI."tstEw.NaP] P F adj. tìt-
blue, green: ["E.am.pin] P F n. eampin (derived stewnga’ (derived from tìtstew courage, bra-
from ean blue, green) very) nfp. (e.g. a brave deed)

10
 > >
bravely, courageously: [nI."tstEw] P F adv. nìt- brother: ["tsmu.kan] P F n. tsmukan (derived
stew (derived from tstew brave) from tsmuk sibling)
>
bravery, courage: [tI."tstEw] P F n. tìtstew brow, forehead: [za."REP] P F n. zare’ (c.w. from
brawny person, strongman/woman: ["t’uR.tu] zapxì front and re’o head)
P F n. txurtu (derived from txur strong (phy- brown: ["kl.vawm] P F adj. kllvawm (c.w. from
sically)) "
kllte ground and vawm dark)
> >
breach, gap: ["mEk.tsEN] P F n. mektseng (c.w. bruise, cut, minor wound: ["sk’iR.tsjIp^] P F n.
from mek empty and tseng place) skxirtsyìp (derived from skxir wound)
>
break into pieces, shatter: [ts·awN] P F vin. brush, comb: [sl·ajk^] P F vtr. slayk
tsawng bubble: [t’at’] P F n. txatx
>
break, small rest or relaxation: [tI."sjoR.tsjIp^] bud: ["pr.nE.sjul] P F n. prrnesyul (c.w. from
" baby and syulang flower)
P F n. tìsyortsyìp (derived from syor relax, prrnen
chill out) build, construct: ["t’·u.l·a] P F vtr. txula
break, snap in two: [k’·ak’] P F vin. kxakx >
bulwark, fortification, fortress: ["t’uR.tsEN] P F
breastplate (armor): ["ma.sat^] P F n. masat n. txurtseng (c.w. from txur strong (physical-
breath: ["sjE.ha] P F n. syeha ly) and tseng place)
breathe: ["sjE.ha s·i] P F vin. syeha si (derived burn: ["p·a.l·on] P F vin. palon
from syeha breath) burn, consume: [n·Ek’] P F vtr. nekx
>
breeze, light wind: [hu."fwE.tsjIp^] P F n. bury: [kl."j·Em] P F vtr. kllyem (c.w. from kllte
hufwetsyìp (derived from hufwe wind) ground " and yem put)
>
bridge: [sEm."kæ] P F n. semkä (derived from bush: ["ut.Ral.tsjIp^] P F n. utraltsyìp (derived
emkä cross) from utral tree)
briefly, shortly (of time): [nI."jol] P F adv. nìyol but: [slæ] P F conj. slä
(derived from yol short (of time)) but also: ["slæ.kop^] P F adv. släkop (c.w. from
bright, vivid: ["t’a.na.tan] P F adj. txanatan slä but and kop also)
(c.w. from txan much and atan light) but instead, but rather: [ki] P F conj. ki
bring: [za."m·u.N·E] P F vtr. zamunge (derived but only rarely), a wall or bank of powerful
from munge bring) waterfalls noted for its deafening roar and
bring enjoyment, be pleasing or likeable: deadly force (countable: [k’oR] P F n. kxor
["s·u.n·u] P F vin. sunu but only rarely), whitewater rapids (countab-
> >
bring forth, reveal, uncover (literally and le: ["tsEl.tsul] P F n. tseltsul
metaphorically): ["k·u.l·at^] P F vtr. kulat but rather, but instead: [ki] P F conj. ki
bring to a conclusion, accomplish: [ha."sEj butcher (in the sense of separating or proces-
"s·i] P F vin. hasey si (derived from hasey do- sing the carcass of a dead animal): [s·Ej."to]
ne, finished) P F vtr. seyto
bring, take: ["m·u.N·E] P F vtr. munge butchering tool: [sæ.sEj."to] P F n. säseyto (deri-
bringing fun, exciting: [PoP] P F adj. ’o’ ved from seyto butcher (in the sense of separa-
brink, edge, limit, border, end: [t’Ew] P F n. ting or processing the carcass of a dead animal))
txew butt, rear end, ass: [t’Im] P F n. txìm
broad, vast, expansive: ["ho.Et^] P F adj. hoet butthole, asshole, dickhead (vulgar):
broken: [fwEl] P F adj. fwel [von."væP] P F n. vonvä’ (c.w. from vitra soul
broken heart, broken heartedness: and onvä’ bad-smelling) (lit. stinksoul)
[jawn."jEw.la] P F n. yawnyewla (c.w. from by chance or coincidence: [nI."sjaj.vi] P F adv.
yawne beloved and yewla disappointment) nìsyayvi (derived from syayvi luck)
>
broken heartedness, broken heart: by climbing: [nI."tsjIl] P F adv. nìtsyìl (derived
[jawn."jEw.la] P F n. yawnyewla (c.w. from from tsyìl climb)
yawne beloved and yewla disappointment) by desire, voluntarily, willingly: [nI."nEw] P F
brook: [a."maj] P F n. amay adv. nìnew (derived from new want)

11
by drinking, in a liquid way: [nI."næk^] P F ved from slele swim)
adv. nìnäk (derived from näk drink) by the way, incidentally: [nI."viN.kap^] P F adv.
by hiding, secretly, in hiding: [nI."wan] P F nìvingkap (derived from vingkap occur to
adv. nìwan (derived from wan hide) one, pop into one’s mind)
by imagination, in imagination: [nI."Ron.sREl] >
by whispering, in a whisper: [nI."tsI.sjI] P F
P F adv. nìronsrel (derived from ronsrel so- adv. nìtsìsyì (derived from tsìsyì whisper, v.)
mething imagined)
by means of, with: [fa] P F adp. fa– by whistling, in a whistling manner:
by one’s self; lonely, alone, on one’s own: [nI."fwE.fwi] P F adv. nìfwefwi (derived from
[lE."Paw.tu] P F adj. le’awtu (c.w. from ’aw fwefwi whistle)
one and tute person) by, before, up to but not after: ["li.sRE] P F adp.
by reading: ["ni.nan] P F adv. ninan (derived lisre+ (c.w. from li already and sre+ before)
from inan read) by, via, following, according to: ["I.læ] or
by swimming: [nI."slE.lE] P F adv. nìslele (deri- [I."læ] P F adp. ìlä+

’crap!’, expression of warning or frustration, canoe paddle: [spul.ja."nEj] P F n. spulyaney

>
’ah, hell!’: ["tsa."hEj] ZS intj. tsa-hey (c.w. from spule propel and yaney canoe)
>
a climb, climbing event: [sæ."tsjIl] P F n. sätsyìl cape, poncho, shawl: ["Pa.RE] P F n. ’are
(derived from tsyìl climb) captive: [spE."PE.tu] P F n. spe’etu (derived
a competition: [sæ."wæ.sul] P F n. säwäsul (de- from spe’e capture)
rived from wäsul compete) capture: [sp·E."P·E] P F vtr. spe’e
>
a contest: [sæ."wæ.sul.tsjIp^] P F n. säwäsultsyìp capture: [tI.spE."PE] P F n. tìspe’e (derived from
(derived from säwäsul a competition) spe’e capture)
a cough, instance of coughing: [sæ."hE.Pa] P F care, be concerned about, have deep feelings
n. sähe’a (derived from he’a cough) for: [t’u."k’·E.f·u] P F vin. txukxefu (c.w. from
call: [sj·aw] P F vin. syaw txukx deep and ’efu feel)
call: [tI."lEjm] P F n. tìleym (derived from leym care, concern: [tI.t’u."k’E.fu] P F n. tìtxukxefu
call, cry out, exclaim) (derived from txukxefu care)
call to defense, alarm cry: ["Raw.kE] P F intj. carefully, firmly: [nIk.tuN."zup^] P F adv. nìk-
rawke tungzup (derived from ke tungzup not drop)
call, cry out, exclaim: [l·Ejm] P F vin. leym lit.: ’without letting it fall’
calm: [ma."wEj] CM adj. mawey carrier, container, vessel: [sæ."hE.na] P F n. sä-
calm, be content, there there: ["tam "tam] M hena (derived from hena carry)
intj. tam tam carry: ["h·E.n·a] P F vtr. hena
calmly, peacefully: [nIm."wEj] P F adv. nìmwey carved from wood, goggles, (made from in-
(derived from mawey calm) sect wings, etc): ["REn.tEn] P F n. renten
camera: [sjEp."REl] P F n. syeprel (c.w. from syep catch: ["st·æP.n·I] P F vtr. stä’nì
trap and rel image) cause: [o."Ejk^] P F n. oeyk
camp: [tI."Pawm "s·i] P F vin. tì’awm si (derived cave: [slæR] P F n. slär
from ’awm camp) cavity, hole, excavation with a bottom (visib-
>
camp: [Pawm] P F n. ’awm le or presumed): ["tsoN.Rop’] P F n. tsongropx
camping: [tI."Pawm] P F n. tì’awm (derived (c.w. from tsong valley and ropx hole)
from ’awm camp) celebrate: [ft’o."zæ s·i] P F vin. ftxozä si (deri-
>
can, be able: [ts·un] P F vim. tsun ved from ftxozä celebration)
cannot be pluralised), food (collective noun: celebration, happy occasion: [ft’o."zæ] P F n.
["sju.vE] P F n. syuve ftxozä
canoe: [ja."nEj] P F n. yaney celebratory: [lE."ft’o.zæ] P F adj. leftxozä

12
celebrity, famous person: [t’an."RoP.tu] P F n. child’s toy, plaything: [fil] P F n. fil
txanro’tu (c.w. from txanro’a be famous and chill out, relax: [sj·oR] P F vin. syor
tute person) chilly, cool: [wuR] P F adj. wur
> >
center, place in the middle: ["k’am.tsEN] P F chin: ["tsuk.sIm] P F n. tsuksìm
n. kxamtseng (c.w. from kxam middle and chip, flake, drop: ["Il.va] P F n. ìlva
tseng place) choice: [tI."ft’Ej] P F n. tìftxey (derived from ftx-
ceremonial), song (ancient: [waj] P F n. way ey choose)
ceremonious: ["PE.o.i.o] P F adj. ’eoio choose: [ft’·Ej] P F vtr. ftxey
ceremoniously: [nI."PE.o.i.o] P F adv. nì’eoio cinder, ash: ["t’E.pI.va] P F n. txepìva (derived
(derived from ’eoio ceremonious) from txep fire and ìlva flake)
ceremony, ritual, rite: [sæ."PE.o.i.o] P F n. circle: ["joP.ko] P F n. yo’ko (derived from yo’
sä’eoio (derived from ’eoio ceremonious) perfect and ko’on ring)
certain, clear: [law] P F adj. law circumference, perimeter, border: ["p’aw.pa]
chair, stool, bench; any tool or device to fa- P F n. pxawpa (c.w. from pxaw around and
cilitate sitting: [sEjn] P F n. seyn (derived pa’o side)
from sä’o tool and heyn sit) clan: [o."loP] P F n. olo’
challenge (ceremonial): [fpE."i.o] P F n. fpeio clan leader: [o.lo."PEjk.tan] JC n. olo’eyktan
chance, luck: ["sjaj.vi] P F n. syayvi (derived (c.w. from olo’ clan and eyktan leader)
from syay fate) clan member, member of a community:
chance, opportunity: [sk’om] P F n. skxom [o."lo.tu] P F n. olo’tu (derived from olo’
change: ["l·a.t·Em] P F vin. latem (l«eyk»atem clan)
vtr. change) clan or tribal domain, country: [t’an.lo."k’E]
change (abstract concept): [tI."la.tEm] P F n. P F n. txanlokxe (c.w. from txan; olo’ great;
tìlatem (derived from latem change) tribe, clan and atxkxe land)
change (instance of), edit, modification: clan, or group of avatars: [u.nil.tI."Ran.tok’.o.loP]
[sæ."la.tEm] P F n. sälatem (derived from la- P F n. uniltìrantokxolo’ (c.w. from uniltìran-
tem change) tokx avatar, dreamwalker body and olo’ clan)
change direction, diverge, go astray: [j·ak^ s·i] clap hands: [t·ak."sjok’] P F vin. taksyokx (deri-
P F vin. yak si (derived from yak point of di- ved from takuk strike and tsyokx hand)
vergence) class (for instruction): [nu.mul."t’a] P F n. nu-
chaotic, messy, disorganized, in shambles: multxa (c.w. from nume learn and ultxa me-
["vEl.ke] P F adj. velke (c.w. from ve’o order, eting)
organization and luke without) classmate, member of a class: [nu.mul."t’a.tu]
characteristic, feature, trait, attribute, point, P F n. numultxatu (derived from numultxa
aspect, facet, property: [sjon] P F n. syon class (for instruction))
>
charge: ["k’l "s·i] P F vin. kxll si (derived from classroom, division of a school: ["num.tsEN.vi]
"
kxll charge) P F n. numtsengvi (derived from numtseng
charge, running attack: [k’l] P F n. kxll school)
"
chase: ["f·E.w·i] P F vtr. fewi clause - level attributive marker: [a] P F,LN
chat, converse, have a conversation: part. a
>
[p·æN."k’·o] P F vin. pängkxo claw, nail: [tsin] P F n. tsin
chatter, converser: [pæN."k’o.ju] P F n. pängkx- clean: ["la.Ro] P F adj. laro
oyu (derived from pängkxo chat) clean, make free of dirt: ["la.ro s·i] P F vin. laro
check out, taste, try, sample, evaluate, test- si (derived from laro clean)
drive: [m·ajP] P F vtrm. may’ clear (for cloudless skies), open: [pi."ak^] P F
check, examine: [st·E."ft’·aw] P F vtr. steftxaw adj. piak
cheek: [flawm] P F n. flawm clear, certain: [law] P F adj. law
chest: [hEjR] P F n. heyr clear, free, unblocked, unobstructed:
child: ["PE.vEN] P F n. ’eveng [kaw."k’an] P F adj. kawkxan (c.w. from ke

13
 ’aw not one and ekxan barricade, obstruction) coarse, vulgar, socially unacceptable:
clearly: [nI."law] P F adv. nìlaw (derived from [ræp."tum] P F adj. räptum
law clear) coarsely, vulgarly: [nI.ræp."tum] P F adv. nìräp-
clever, smart (thing): [sIl."Ron.sEm] P F adj. sìl- tum (derived from räptum coarse, vulgar,)
ronsem (c.w. from sìltsan good and ronsem cold: [wEw] P F adj. wew
mind) cold, coldness: [tI."wEw] P F n. tìwew (derived
clever/special methodology, trick, sleight of from wew cold)
> coldness, cold: [tI."wEw] P F n. tìwew (derived
hand: ["iN.jEn.tsjIp^] P F n. ingyentsyìp (deri-
ved from ingyen feeling of mystery) from wew cold)
cliff: [Pawk’] P F n. ’awkx collar / choker: [Pa."liP.æ] P F n. ’ali’ä
> colleague: ["lER.tu] P F n. lertu
climb, scale (pulling entire body up): [tsj·Il]
P F vtr. tsyìl
collect, gather: ["st·aR.s·Im] P F vtr. starsìm
> collection (put together intentionally by a
climbing event, a climb: [sæ."tsjIl] P F n. sätsyìl
(derived from tsyìl climb) person): [sæ."staR.sIm] P F n. sästarsìm (de-
> rived from starsìm gather, collect)
close: ["tstu "s·i] P F vin. tstu si (derived from
tstu closed) colloquial form of txanso’hayu (fan, enthusi-
close by itself, close oneself, close on its own: ast): ["soP.ju] P F n. so’yu
> colloquial form of zìsìtsaltrr (yearly anniver-
["tstu sæ."p·i] P F vin. tstu säpi (c.w. from >
tstu closed and s«äp»i do (reflexive)) sary): [zI."tsal.tr] P F n. zìtsaltrr
"
close on its own, close oneself, close by itself: colloquial form of tìkangkem, work:
> ["kaN.kEm] P F n. kangkem
["tstu sæ."p·i] P F vin. tstu säpi (c.w. from
tstu closed and s«äp»i do (reflexive)) color: ["Po.pin] P F n. ’opin
color in, color: ["Po.pin.s·uN] P F vtr. ’opinsung
close oneself, close by itself, close on its own:
> (c.w. from ’opin color and sung add)
["tstu sæ."p·i] P F vin. tstu säpi (c.w. from
color, color in: ["Po.pin.s·uN] P F vtr. ’opinsung
tstu closed and s«äp»i do (reflexive))
(c.w. from ’opin color and sung add)
close to: [lok^] P F adp. lok–
colorful, multicolored, variegated: ["p’aj.o.pin]
closed shape roughly circular, ring, oval:
P F adj. pxayopin (c.w. from pxay many and
["ko.Pon] P F n. ko’on (derived from koum
’opin color)
rounded, curved and ’on shape)
comb, brush: [sl·ajk^] P F vtr. slayk
closed, shut, overcast (for cloudy skies):
> come: ["z·a.P·u] P F vin. za’u
[tstu] P F adj. tstu
come down, descend: [kl."z·a.P·u] P F vin. kll-
cloth; a piece of cloth woven on a loom: [sRæ] "
za’u (c.w. from kllte ground and za’u come)
P F n. srä come in handy, be useful, be of use: [lE."saR
cloud: [pI."wop’] P F n. pìwopx s·i] P F vin. lesar si (derived from lesar use-
cloudy: [lEp."wop’] P F adj. lepwopx (derived ful)
from pìwopx cloud) come into view, appear, materialize: [sR·ER]
club (weapon): [t’Ewk^] P F n. txewk P F vin. srer
clump, set, group, pile, stand: ["sna.Po] P F n. come out, emerge: [wr."z·a.Pu] P F vin. wrrza’u
sna’o nfp. (derived from wrrpa " outside and za’u come)
clumsiness: [tIp."saw] P F n. tìpsaw (derived come to the senses as, resemble in a sensory
from pìsaw clumsy, accident-prone) modality: [fk·an] P F vin. fkan
clumsy, accident-prone: [pI."saw] P F adj. pìsaw come up, ascend: [fæ."z·a.P·u] P F vin. fäza’u
coarse or swear word: [ræp.tu."lIP.fja] P F n. (c.w. from fäpa top and za’u come)
räptulì’u (c.w. from räptum coarse, vulgar, comfort: ["ho.an] P F n. hoan
and lì’u word) comfortable: [lE."ho.an] P F adj. lehoan (derived
coarse, vulgar language: [ræp.tu."lIP.fja] P F n. from hoan comfort)
>
räptulì’fya (c.w. from räptum coarse, vulgar, comfortable, mild, moderate: ["tsja.fE] P F adj.
and lì’fya language) tsyafe

14
comfortably: [nI."ho.an] P F adv. nìhoan (deri- completely, one hundred percent: ["zam mI
ved from hoan comfort) "zam] P F adv. zam mì zam (derived from
command, order, assign a task: [k’·Im] P F vtr. zam sixty-four and mì in, on)
kxìm complex: [Ep."PaN] P F adj. ep’ang
>
commander, one with authority over anot- composer, music creator: [pam.tsE.o."Nop.ju]
her: ["k’Im.ju] P F n. kxìmyu (derived from P F n. pamtseongopyu (c.w. from pamtseo
kxìm command, order, assign tasks) music and ngopyu creator) eg. James Hor-
commanding, ordering, assigning tasks: ner
[tI."k’Im] P F n. tìkxìm (derived from kxìm compulsion, force: [æ."zan] P F n. äzan
command, order, assign tasks) computer: ["El.tu lE."fNap^] P rr n. eltu lefngap
commands only), do not (for negative impe- (c.w. from eltu brain and lefngap metallic)
ratives: [Ræ."Pæ] P F part. rä’ä concede defeat, give up, surrender: ["v·E.l·Ek^]
comment: [sæ.pl."t’E.vi] P F n. säplltxevi (deri- P F vin. velek
"
ved from säplltxe statement) concentrate, focus one’s attention: ["k·an.fp·Il]
common, often found: [lE."p’Im.Run] P F adj. P F vin. kanfpìl (c.w. from kan aim and fpìl
lepxìmrun (derived from pxìm often and run think)
find) concern, care: [tI.t’u."k’E.fu] P F n. tìtxukxefu
communal: [jl] P F adj. yll (derived from txukxefu care)
"
communal fire or fire pit: ["jl.t’Ep^] P F n. yll- concerning language, regarding language:
txep (c.w. from yll communal " and txep fire) [lE."lIP.fja] P F adj. lelì’fya (derived from
communally, in a communal manner: [nI."jl] lì’fya language)
" concerning, about: [tE."Ri] P F adp. teri–
P F adv. nìyll (derived from yll communal)
commune: [ti."RE.a.p·æN.­k’·o] P F vin. tirea- conclude, end: ["P·iP.·a] P F vin. ’i’a
pängkxo (c.w. from tirea spirit and pängkxo conclude, judge: [p·EP."Naj] P F vin. pe’ngay
chat) (c.w. from pe’un decide and ngay true)
communicate (ii): [sæ."fpIl.y·Ewn] P F vin. säf- conclusion: [tI.pEP."Naj] P F n. tìpe’ngay (deri-
pìlyewn (c.w. from säfpìl thought and yewn ved from pe’ngay judge, conclude)
express, convey) conclusion, ending: [tI."PiP.a] P F n. tì’i’a (de-
communicate with, contact (in a social sen- rived from ’i’a end)
se): ["p·a.l·aN] P F vtr. palang condition, state, situation: [tI."fkEj.tok^] P F n.
communication: [tI.sæ."fpIl.yEwn] P F n. tìsäf- tìfkeytok (derived from fkeytok exist)
>
pìlyewn (derived from säfpìlyewn commu- conference, large gathering: [tsawl.ul."t’a] P F
>
nicate) (colloquial [tsæ."fpIl.yewn]) n. tsawlultxa (c.w. from tsawl big and ultxa
compel, force: [æ."zan s·i] P F vin. äzan si (de- meeting)
rived from äzan force, compulsion) confident, strong (emotionally, spiritually,
compete: ["wæ.s·ul] P F vin. wäsul not physical): [sEj."k’El] P F adj. seykxel
competition: [tI."wæ.sul] P F n. tìwäsul (deri- confident, sure: [am."Pa.kE] P F adj. am’ake
ved from wäsul compete) (c.w. from am’a doubt and ke not)
complain: [l·Ejm."fEP] P F vin. leymfe’ (c.w. confidently: [nam."Pa.kE] P F adv. nam’ake (de-
from leym call, cry out, exclaim and fe’ bad) rived from am’ake confident)
complaining: [tI.lEjm."fEP] P F n. tìleymfe’ (de- confirm, validate: [ka."Naj s·i] P F vin. kangay si
rived from leymfe’ complain) (derived from kangay valid)
complaint: [sæ.lEjm."fEP] P F n. säleymfe’ (deri- confusing: [ja."jajR.NaP] P F adj. yayayrnga’
ved from leymfe’ complain) (derived from yayayr confusion)
complement, fit, suit, inherently enhance: confusion: [ja."jajR] P F n. yayayr
[h·aP] P F vin. ha’ conjunction: ["ti.lI.Pu] P F n. tilì’u (c.w. from til
complete: [Pæn."sjEm] P F adj. ’änsyem joint, hinge and lì’u word)
completely, all (of), in toto: [nI."wot’] P F adv. connect, relate to, have a relationship with:
nìwotx (derived from wotx totality, whole) ["t·a.R·E] P F vtr. tare

15
connection, relationship: [sæ."ta.RE] P F n. sä- conundrum, mystery, riddle, enigma:
>
tare (derived from tare connect, relate to) ["iN.jEn.tsim] P F n. ingyentsim (c.w. from
conquer, defeat in battle: [l·æ."t’·ajn] P F vtr. ingyen feeling of mystery and tsim source)
lätxayn convenient, usable without much expenditu-
consider, ponder (ii): [t’a."kr.fp·Il] P F vtr. tx- re of effort: [nik^] P F adj. nik
akrrfpìl (c.w. from txankrr for" a long time and conversation, discussion: [tI.pæN."k’o] P F n.
fpìl think) tìpängkxo (derived from pängkxo chat)
>
considerate, kind, thoughtful: ["tstun.wi] P F converse, chat, have a conversation:
adj. tstunwi [p·æN."k’·o] P F vin. pängkxo
constant, continual: [lE."tut^] P F adj. letut (de- conversely, on the contrary: [nI."wæ] P F adv.
rived from tut continuation marker) nìwä
constant, continual: [luk."ftaN] P F adj. lukftang converser, chatter: [pæN."k’o.ju] P F n. pängkx-
(c.w. from luke without and ftang stop) oyu (derived from pängkxo chat)
constellation: [sna.tan."hI] P F n. snatanhì (c.w. convey (a thought or feeling), express: [j·Ewn]
from sna’o clump and tanhì star) lit.: ’a P F vtr. yewn
clump of stars’ cook: [P·Em] P F vtr. ’em
constititution; basic nature of something re- cook, cooker: ["PEm.ju] P F n. ’emyu (derived
sulting from the totality of its properti- from ’em cook)
es; often best translated as personality, in- cooker, cook: ["PEm.ju] P F n. ’emyu (derived
trinsic character or nature, essence: [Ran] from ’em cook)
P F n. ran cooking pot: ["hu.Ru] P F n. huru
constrict, tighten: [sn·Ew] P F vtr. snew cool, chilly: [wuR] P F adj. wur
construct, build: ["t’·u.l·a] P F vtr. txula cord: [tE."lEm] P F n. telem
constructed device for keeping something corpulent, fat: ["om.pu] P F adj. ompu
off the ground and clean: [fjan] P F n. fyan correct path, right way (of doing something):
constructed thing, construction: [tI."t’u.la] P F [e."jawR.fja] P F n. eyawrfya (derived from
n. tìtxula (derived from txula build) eyawr correct, right and fya’o path, way,
construction, constructed thing: [tI."t’u.la] P F manner)
n. tìtxula (derived from txula build) correct, right: [E."jawR] P F adj. eyawr
consume, burn: [n·Ek’] P F vtr. nekx correctly, rightly: [nI."jawR] P F adv. nìyawr (de-
contact (in a social sense), communicate rived from eyawr correct, right)
with: ["p·a.l·aN] P F vtr. palang correctness: [tI."jawR] P F n. tìyawr (derived
contain: [N·aP] P F vtr. nga’ from eyawr correct)
container, vessel, carrier: [sæ."hE.na] P F n. sä- cough: ["h·E.P·a] P F vin. he’a
hena (derived from hena carry) count: ["t·i.·am] P F vtr. tiam
content, satisfied, satiated, full: [jE] P F adj. ye country, clan or tribal domain: [t’an.lo."k’E]
continual, constant: [lE."tut^] P F adj. letut (de- P F n. txanlokxe (c.w. from txan; olo’ great;
rived from tut continuation marker) tribe, clan and atxkxe land)
>
continual, constant: [luk."ftaN] P F adj. lukftang courage, bravery: [tI."tstEw] P F n. tìtstew
>
(c.w. from luke without and ftang stop) courageous, brave: [tI."tstEw.NaP] P F adj. tìt-
continually: [nI."tut^] P F adv. nìtut (derived stewnga’ (derived from tìtstew courage, bra-
from tut continuation marker) very) nfp. (e.g. a brave deed)
>
continuation marker: [tut^] P F part. tut courageously, bravely: [nI."tstEw] P F adv. nìt-
continuously, incessantly, without stopping: stew (derived from tstew brave)
[nIl.kE."ftaN] P F adv. nìlkeftang (c.w. from course (as a collection of classes):
luke without and ftang stop) [sna.nu.mul."t’a] P F n. snanumultxa (deri-
control: [hip’] P F vtr. hipx ved from numultxa class (for instruction))
control: [tI."hip’] P F n. tìhipx (derived from course, direction: [sa."lEw.fja] P F n. salewfya
hipx control) (derived from salew proceed and fya’o path)

16
cover: ["lEw "s·i] P F vin. lew si (derived from cruel: ["zE.vak’] P F adj. zevakx ofp.
lew cover) cruel: [tI."zE.vak’.NaP] P F adj. tìzevakxnga’ (de-
cover oneself: ["lEw sæ."p·i] P F vin. lew säpi rived from tìzevakx cruelty) nfp.
(c.w. from lew cover and s«äp»i do (reflexi- cruelly: [nI."zE.vak’] P F adv. nìzevakx (derived
ve)) from zevakx cruel)
cover up, obfuscation: [tI."wan] P F n. tìwan cruelty: [tI."zE.vak’] P F n. tìzevakx (derived
(derived from wan hide) from zevakx cruel)
cover, lid: [lEw] P F n. lew crush, object of desire: ["tu.nu.tu] P F n. tunutu
covering thoroughly, across: [ka] P F adp. ka– (derived from tunu romantic)
coward: [fna."wEP.tu] P F n. fnawe’tu (derived crush, trample: [sR·uP] P F vtr. sru’
from fnawe’ cowardly) cry out, call, exclaim: [l·Ejm] P F vin. leym
cowardice: [tI.fna."wEP] P F n. tìfnawe’ (derived >
cry, weep: ["tsN·aw.v·Ik^] P F vin. tsngawvìk
from fnawe’ cowardly) cultural: [lE."REj.fja] P F adj. lereyfya (derived
cowardly: [fna."wEP] P F adj. fnawe’ from reyfya way of living)
craft, master of an art, or skill, expert: culture, way of living: ["REj.fja] P F n. reyfya
>
[tsul."fæ.tu] P F n. tsulfätu (derived from (c.w. from rey live and fya’o path, way)
tsulfä mastery) >
> cup: [tsNal] P F n. tsngal
crawl: [tslik’] P F vin. tslikx
> cup or bowl minimally modified from natu-
crayon: ["Po.pin.vul.tsjIp^] P F n. ’opinvultsyìp
rally occuring resources: [sEj] P F n. sey
(c.w. from ’opin color and vultsyìp stick)
curiosity: [tI."no.mum] P F n. tìnomum (derived
crayon: ["pin.vul] P F n. pinvul (c.w. from ’opin
from newomum be curious)
color and vul branch (of a tree)) short for
curious: [lE."no.mum] P F adj. lenomum (deri-
’opinvultsyìp
ved from newomum be curious)
crazy, insane: [lEk."jE.PuN] P F adj. lekye’ung
(derived from keye’ung insanity) current: [lE."fkr] P F adj. lefkrr (derived from
"
fìkrr this time)
create: [N·op^] P F vtr. ngop >
creation: [sæ."Nop^] P F n. sängop (derived from current: ["tswE.sja] P F n. tswesya
ngop create) currently, lately: [nI."fkr] P F adv. nìfkrr (deri-
"
ved from fìkrr this time)
creator: ["Nop.ju] P F n. ngopyu (derived from
ngop create) curved, rounded: ["ko.um] P F adj. koum
creature: [swi."Ræ] P F n. swirä cut: [m·un."P·i] P F vtr. mun’i
crest on the head of a bird or animal: [zeN] P F cut into parts, divide: [p’I.m·un."P·i] P F vtr. px-
n. zeng ìmun’i (c.w. from hapxì part and mun’i cut)
>
crime, evil deed: ["kawN.kEm] P F n. kawngkem cut, bruise, minor wound: ["sk’iR.tsjIp^] P F n.
crooked: ["lIk.tap^] P F adj. lìktap skxirtsyìp (derived from skxir wound)
cross: [Em."k·æ] P F vtr. emkä (derived from cute, endearing, adorable: ["ho.na] P F adj. ho-
emza’u pass, overcome and kä go) na
>
crossbow: ["tska.lEp^] P F n. tskalep cuteness, adorableness: [tI."ho.na] P F n. tìhona
crossing, ford: [em."kæ.fja] P F n. emkäfya (de- (derived from hona endearing)
rived from emkä cross and fya’o path) cycle: ["joP.ko.fja] P F n. yo’kofya (c.w. from
crouch: [z·uN] P F vin. zung yo’ko circle and fya’o path, way)

CANNOT FIND OSLETTER

utterance), what (word: ["lI.Pu.pE] PF inter. utterance), what (word: [pE."lI.Pu] PF inter.
lì’upe variant of pelì’u pelì’u variant of lì’upe

17
D

’damn!’, expression of warning or frustra- death (in abstract sense): [tI."tER.kup^] P F n.

tion: ["wi.ja] ZS intj. wiya tìterkup (derived from terkup die)“Death is
daddy: ["sEm.pu] P F n. sempu (affectionate inevitable."
form of sempul father) decay, rot, degrade over time: [sn·æm] P F vin.
daily: [lE."tr] RL adj. letrr (derived from trr day) snäm
"
daily, every day: [fRa."tr] P F adv. fratrr (deri- December: [vo.sp’I.vo."sIN] P F n. vospxìvosìng
ved from trr day) "
(c.w. from vospxì month and vosìng twelve)
damp, moist, humid: ["paj.NaP] P F adj. decide: ["p·E.P·un] P F vtr. pe’un
paynga’ (derived from pay water and nga’ decision: [tI."pE.Pun] P F n. tìpe’un (derived
contain) from pe’un decide)
dance: [sR·Ew] P F vin. srew decrease: [n·æn] P F vin. nän
dandetiger: ["la.nut.Ral] P F n. lanutral (c.w. decreasingly, less and less: [nI."næn.æn] P F
from lan resin and utral tree) adv. nìnänän (derived from nän decrease)
danger: ["hr.ap^] P F n. hrrap deed, thing (action): [kEm] P F n. kem
"
dangerous: [lE."hr.ap^] P F adj. lehrrap (derived deep (physically): [t’uk’] P F adj. txukx
"
from hrrap danger) deeply: [nI."t’uk’] P F adv. nìtxukx (derived
dank (non-animal decay), smell of decaying from txukx deep)
wood and leaves: [NEt^] P F adj. nget
defeat in battle, conquer: [l·æ."t’·ajn] P F vtr.
dare: [k·om] P F vim. kom
lätxayn
dark: [vawm] P F adj. vawm
defeat, an instance of defeat: [sæ.læ."t’ajn] P F
dark color: ["vawm.pin] P F n. vawmpin (deri-
n. sälätxayn (derived from lätxayn defeat)
ved from vawm dark)
defend, save: [z·oN] P F vtr. zong
darkness: [tI."vawm] P F n. tìvawm (derived
deformity, blemish, stain, flawed feature:
from vawm dark)
> ["fEP.Ran.vi] P F n. fe’ranvi (derived from
darling, little loved one: ["jawn.tu.tsjIp^] P F
fe’ran flawed nature, inherently defective)
n. yawntutsyìp (derived from yawntu loved
degrade over time, rot, decay: [sn·æm] P F vin.
one)
snäm
daughter: ["Pi.tE] JC,P F n. ’ite
dawn after sunrise: [tr."PoN.maw] P F n. degree of complexity: [fjin.Ep."PaN] P F n. fy-
trr’ongmaw (c.w. from " trr’ong dawn and inep’ang (c.w. from fyin simple and ep’ang
maw after) complex)
dawn, sunrise: [tr."PoN] P F n. trr’ong (c.w. degree of tightness, looseness: [PE."k’i.num]
from trr day and" ’ong unfold) P F n. ’ekxinum (c.w. from ’ekxin tight and

day: [tr] P F n. trr um loose)

" deliberately, purposefully: [nIt."kan] P F adv.
day of commemoration: ["Pok.tr] P F n. ’oktrr
(c.w. from ’ok remembrance and " trr day) nìtkan (derived from tìkan aim, goal, purpo-
day time smoking pleasure, vibrating ton- se)
gue (Na’vi idiom): ["pr.k’En.tr.kr] Skxawng delicate, fragile: [su."sjaN] P F adj. susyang
n. prrkxentrrkrr (c.w. from " prrte’
" "pleasurab- delicious, good tasting: [ft’I."loR] P F adj. ftxìlor
le, kxener smoke, trr day and krr time) (c.w. from ftxì tongue and lor beautiful)
dead: ["kE.Ru.sEj] P F adj. kerusey (c.w. from ke demand, require: [fN·oP] P F vtr. fngo’
not and r«us»ey alive (participle infix)) demand, requirement: [sæ."fNoP] P F n. säfngo’
deaf: [kak."pam] P F adj. kakpam (derived from (derived from fngo’ require)
pam sound) demon: ["vr.tEp^] P F n. vrrtep
"
deafness: [tI.kak."pam] P F n. tìkakpam (derived depart, leave: [h·um] P F vin. hum
from kakpam deaf ) depend on, rely on, trust for protection:
death: [k’it’] P F n. kxitx [m·oN] P F vtr. mong

18
 >
dependable, reliable: [tsuk."moN] P F adj. tsuk- fnel type)
mong (derived from mong rely on) dickhead (vulgar), butthole, asshole:
deputy, general, one step down from leader: [von."væP] P F n. vonvä’ (c.w. from vitra soul
[Ejk.ta."naj] JC,P F n. eyktanay (derived from and onvä’ bad-smelling) (lit. stinksoul)
eyktan leader) dictionary: ["lI.Pu.puk^] P F n. lì’upuk (c.w. from
descend, come down: [kl."z·a.P·u] P F vin. kll- lì’u word and puk book (English loan word))
"
za’u (c.w. from kllte ground and za’u come) die: ["t·ER.k·up^] P F vin. terkup
descend, go down: [kl."k·æ] P F vin. kllkä (c.w. difference: [tI."kE.tEN] P F n. tìketeng (c.w. from
from kllpa bottom and " kä go)
ke not and teng same)
>
describe: ["sl·aP.ts·u] P F vtr. sla’tsu different: ["kE.tEN] P F adj. keteng (c.w. from ke
>
description: [tI."slaP.tsu] P F n. tìsla’tsu (deri- not and teng same, equal)
ved from sla’tsu describe) difficult, hard: ["Næ.zIk^] P F adj. ngäzìk
design: ["Po.N·op^] P F vtr. ’ongop (c.w. from ’on difficulty, problem: [tI."Næ.zIk^] P F n. tìngäzìk
shape, form and ngop create) (derived from ngäzìk difficult)
design (a particular instance of designing): dig up: [kl."k·u.l·at^] P F vtr. kllkulat
[sæ."rE.Nop^] P F n. särengop (derived from "
diligently, hard: [kawl] P F adv. kawl
rengop design) diligently, hard, with effort (RN dialect):
design (finer detail): ["rE.N·op^] P F vtr. rengop [val] P F adv. val
(c.w. from renu pattern and ngop create) dim: ["snu.mI.na] CP adj. snumìna ofp. (refers
design (the act or art of designing: [tI."rE.Nop^] to a ’dim’ person)
> >
P F n. tìrengop (derived from rengop design) dimple: ["tsoN.tsjIp^] P F n. tsongtsyìp (derived
designer: ["Po.Nop.ju] P F n. ’ongopyu (derived from tsong valley)
from ’ongop design) dine on flesh, be caniverous (ii): [j·om."vEj]
desire: [tI."nEw] P F n. tìnew (derived from new P F vin. yomvey (c.w. from yom eat and vey
want) flesh)
>
desperation; feeling of great worry: dinner, served meal: ["wu.tso] P F n. wutso
[t’an."sNum] P F n. txansngum (c.w. from tx- dip into liquid: [jEm."fpaj "s·i] P F vin. yemfpay
an much and sngum worry) si (derived from yemfpay dipping)
despite, in spite of: [kEn] P F adp. ken dipping, immersion (into liquid): [jEm."fpaj]
>
destination: ["kan.tsEN] P F n. kantseng (c.w. P F n. yemfpay (c.w. from yem put and pay
from kan aim and tseng place) water)
destroy: [sk·a."P·a] P F vtr. ska’a direction, course: [sa."lEw.fja] P F n. salewfya
destruction: [tI.ska."Pa] P F n. tìska’a (derived (derived from salew proceed and fya’o path)
from ska’a destroy) directly, straight to the point; just: [nI."jEj] P F
detail-orientated (of a person), thorough: adv. nìyey (derived from yey straight)
>
[lE."no] P F adj. leno dirty: [tsEwt’] P F adj. tsewtx
detailed, fine, precise, intricate (of things): disadvantage, drawback, downside:
[hI."no] P F adj. hìno ["fE.kum] P F n. fekum (c.w. from fe’ bad and
determination: [tI."Pæ.lEk^] P F n. tì’älek (deri- kum result)
ved from ’älek determined) disadvantageous: ["fE.kum.NaP] P F adj. fe-
determined: ["Pæ.lEk^] P F adj. ’älek kumnga’ (derived from fekum disadvantage,
determinedly, with determination: [nI."Pæ.lEk^] drawback, downside)
P F adv. nì’älek (derived from ’älek determi- disagreeable, argumentative (of an agent):
ned) [lE.wæ."tE] P F adj. lewäte (derived from wä-
devoid of content, meaningless: ["Ral.kE] P F te argue)
adj. ralke (derived from ral meaning and ke disagreeably, begrudgingly: [nI.wæ."tE] P F
not) adv. nìwäte (derived from wäte argue)
dialect, variety of a language: ["lIP.fja.fnEl] P F disappear, vanish, recede from view: [P·Ip^]
n. lì’fyafnel (c.w. from lì’fya language and P F vin. ’ìp

19
disappoint: ["jEw.la s·i] P F vin. yewla si (deri- diverge, change direction, go astray: [j·ak^ s·i]
ved from yewla disappointment) P F vin. yak si (derived from yak point of di-
disappointing: [lE."jEw.la] P F adj. leyewla (de- vergence)
rived from yewla disappointment) divide, cut into parts: [p’I.m·un."P·i] P F vtr. px-
disappointment, emotional let-down, failed ìmun’i (c.w. from hapxì part and mun’i cut)
expectation: ["jEw.la] P F n. yewla divided, torn apart, strife-ridden: [kE."Paw]
disapproval: [tI.na."t’u] P F n. tìnatxu (derived P F adj. ke’aw (c.w. from ke not and ’aw one)
>
from natxu disapprove of ) division of a school, classroom: ["num.tsEN.vi]
disapprove of: [n·a."t’·u] P F vtr. natxu P F n. numtsengvi (derived from numtseng
discourse on, talk about, say something con- school)
cerning: [l·awk^] P F vtr. lawk do: ["kEm "s·i] P F vin. kem si (derived from kem
discover, find: [R·un] P F vtr. run action, deed)
>
discussion, conversation: [tI.pæN."k’o] P F n. do a favor: ["tstuN.kEm s·i] P F vin. tstunkem si
tìpängkxo (derived from pängkxo chat) (derived from tstunkem favor)
disease, sickness, illness: [sæ."sp’in] P F n. do again, repeat: [l·Ejn] P F vtr. leyn
säspxin (derived from spxin sick) do great deeds: [sæ."Ro.Pa s·i] P F vin. säro’a si
disgusting: [t’a."væP] P F adj. txavä’ (derived (derived from säro’a great deed)
from txan much and vä’ unpleasant to the do mischief, be naughty: ["sti.wi s·i] P F vin.
senses) stiwi si (derived from stiwi mischief )
dishonest act or scheme, trick, hoax: [sæ."flEl] do not (for negative imperatives, commands
P F n. säflel (derived from flel trick, fool) only): [Ræ."Pæ] P F part. rä’ä
dishonor: [kE."mu.i.a] P F n. kemuia (c.w. from do wrong, mess up, foul: [tI."k’Ej "s·i] P F vin.
ke not and meuia honor) tìkxey si (derived from tìkxey incorrectness)
dishonor: [kE."mu.i.a s·i] P F vin. kemuia si (de- dodgy, sneaky (of a person): [lEt."wan] P F adj.
rived from kemuia dishonor) letwan (derived from tute person and wan
dishonorable: [kE."mu.i.a.NaP] P F adj. kemui- hide)
anga’ (c.w. from ke not and meuianga’ ho- domineering person; one who is bossy, aut-
norable) horitarian, or dictatorial: [æ."zan.tu] P F n.
disorganized, chaotic, messy, in shambles: äzantu (derived from äzan force, compulsion)
["vEl.ke] P F adj. velke (c.w. from ve’o order, don, put on (clothing): ["j·Em.stok’] P F vtr.
organization and luke without) yemstokx (c.w. from yem sìn put on and tokx
disparagement: [pak^] P F part. pak body)
display an attitude towards, treat (emotio- done, finished: [ha."sEj] P F adj. hasey
nally): [z·Et^] P F vtr. zet doorway, entrance: [rawN] P F n. rawng
dispute, argue: [wæ."t·E] P F vtr. wäte doubt: [am."Pa] P F n. am’a
dispute, argument: [tI.wæ."tE] P F n. tìwäte (de- down (direction): [nE."kl] P F adv. nekll
"
rived from wäte argue) down to: [Raw] P F adp. raw–
disrupt, disturb, bother, affect negatively: downside, disadvantage, drawback:
[t’·uN] P F vtr. txung ["fE.kum] P F n. fekum (c.w. from fe’ bad and
distance between two places or objects, sepa- kum result)
ration: ["la.Pa] P F n. la’a drab, grey: [Nul] P F adj. ngul
distinct, special: [zEj] P F adj. zey draw, illustrate: [w·Ejn] P F vtr. weyn
distribute (ii): ["ka.t·IN] P F vtr. katìng drawback, disadvantage, downside:
distribution: [tI."ka.tIN] P F n. tìkatìng (derived ["fE.kum] P F n. fekum (c.w. from fe’ bad and
from katìng distribute) kum result)
disturb, disrupt, bother, affect negatively: dream: ["u.nil] JC n. unil
[t’·uN] P F vtr. txung dream: ["u.nil s·i] P F vin. unil si (derived from
dive, duck: [t·awN] P F vin. tawng unil dream)

20
 >
dream about, dream of: ["u.nil.ts·a] P F vtr. drop of water: ["paj.I.va] P F n. payìva (derived
uniltsa (derived from unil dream and tse’a from pay water and ìlva drop)
see) drop, flake, chip: ["Il.va] P F n. ìlva
>
dream of, dream about: ["u.nil.ts·a] P F vtr. drought: ["tom.pa.kel] P F n. tompakel (derived
uniltsa (derived from unil dream and tse’a from tompa rain)
see) drown: ["sp·a.k·at^] P F vin. spakat
dreamwalker: [u.nil.tI."Ran.ju] P F n. uniltìra- drum (made of skin): ["a.u] JC n. au
nyu (c.w. from unil dream and tìranyu wal- dry: [u."k’o] P F adj. ukxo
ker) dry land: [REjm] P F n. reym
dreamwalker body, avatar: [u.nil.tI."Ran.tok’] duck, dive: [t·awN] P F vin. tawng
JC,P F n. uniltìrantokx (c.w. from uniltìra-
due to, because of: [ta."lun] P F adp. talun–
nyu dreamwalker and tokx body)
dull (as a blade): ["tE.tE] P F adj. tete
drink: [n·æk^] P F vtr. näk
dull, blunt (as a point): [fwEm] P F adj. fwem
drink, something able to be drunk: [na."ER]
during: ["kr.ka] P F adp. krrka– (derived from
P F n. naer
drinking gourd: [PE."Pin.sEj] P F n. ’e’insey krr time)"
(c.w. from ’e’in gourd and sey cup or bowl dusk, evening before sunset: [sRE.ton."PoN] P F
minimally modified from naturally occurring n. sreton’ong (c.w. from sre before and txon-
resources) ’ong night-fall)
drinking vessel made of shell: ["sum.sEj] P F dusk, night-fall, sunset, gloaming: [t’on."PoN]
n. sumsey (c.w. from sum shell and sey cup P F,P rr n. txon’ong (c.w. from txon night and
or bowl minimally modified from naturally oc- ’ong unfold)
curring resources) dust (in the air): [fwop’] P F n. fwopx (derived
drip: [l·ip’] P F vin. lipx from fwep dust and pìwopx cloud)
drive out: [k·u."R·ak’] P F vtr. kurakx dust (on a surface): [fwEp^] P F n. fwep
>
drizzle: [tom.pa."mEjp^] P F n. tompameyp (de- dutifully, as an obligation: [nI."tson] P F adv.
rived from tompa rain and meyp weak) nìtson (derived from tson duty, obligation)
drop: [t·uN."z·up^] P F vtr. tungzup (c.w. from duty, obligation, imposed requirement:
>
tung allow and zup fall) [tson] P F n. tson
drop (of a liquid): [sæ."lip’] P F n. sälipx (deri- dwell, live: ["kEl.ku "s·i] P F vin. kelku si (deri-
ved from lipx drop) ved from kelku home)

’et cetera’: [saj."la.hE] P F adv. saylahe (derived mikyun ear and tsang piercing)
from sì alahe and others) (contraction) earthquake: [kl."rik’] P F n. kllrikx (c.w. from
>
each other: [fI."tsap^] P F adv. fìtsap (c.w. from kllte ground "and rikx move)
fìpo this one and tsapo that one) easily: [nI."ftu.E] P F adv. nìftue (derived from
each time, every time, every instance: ["fRa.lo] ftue easy)
P F adv. fralo (derived from alo time) easy, simple: ["ftu.E] P F adj. ftue
ear: ["mik.jun] JC n. mikyun eat: [j·om] P F vtr. yom
early: [lE."jEP.kr] P F adj. leye’krr (derived from eating (the act): [tI.ju."som] P F n. tìyusom (de-
ye’krr early)" rived from yom eat)
early: ["jEP.kr] P F adv. ye’krr (derived from echo: [Nam] P F n. ngam
ye’rìn soon" and krr time) eclipse: ["uk.jom] P F n. ukyom (c.w. from uk
early afternoon, the time immediately af- shadow and yom eat)
ter noon: ["k’am.tr.maw] P F n. kxamtrrmaw eclipse: ["uk.jom s·i] P F vin. ukyom si (derived
(c.w. from kxamtrr" noon and maw after) from ukyom eclipse)
>
earring: ["mik.tsaN] P F n. miktsang (c.w. from edge, brink, limit, border, end: [t’Ew] P F n.

21
 txew endless, boundless, without limit:
>
edible: [tsuk."jom] P F adj. tsukyom (derived ["t’Ew.lu.kE] P F adj. txewluke (c.w. from tx-
from yom eat) ew limit, border and luke without)
edit, change (instance of), modification: endless, never-ending (in a temporal sense):
[sæ."la.tEm] P F n. sälatem (derived from la- [tIP."i.lu.kE] P F adj. tì’iluke (c.w. from tì’i’a
tem change) ending, conclusion and luke without)
egg: ["lo.i] P F n. loi endure, stand, tolerate: [l·Ewn] P F vtr. lewn
eight: [vol] P F num. vol enemy: ["k’u.tu] P F n. kxutu (derived from kxu
eighth (ordinal): ["vol.vE] P F adj. volve (deri- harm)
ved from vol eight) energetic, active: ["wa.lak^] P F adj. walak
ejective consonant: ["p’oR.pam] P F n. pxorpam energy (physical or spiritual): [sju."Ra] P F n.
(c.w. from pxor explode and pam sound) syura
elbow: ["p’un.til] P F n. pxuntil (c.w. from pxun enforce: [lEj."k·Ek^] P F vtr. leykek (derived from
arm and til joint) lek obey and «eyk» causative infix)
elegance, grace: ["lo.Ran] P F n. loran (c.w. from English, of the English language: [lE."PIN.lI.sI]
lor beautiful and ran intrinsic character or na-
P F adj. le’Ìnglìsì (derived from ’Ìnglìsì Eng-
ture) lish language)
elevated utilitarian surface, table: ["fjan.jo]
enigma, mystery, riddle, conundrum:
P F n. fyanyo (c.w. from fyan constructed de- >
["iN.jEn.tsim] P F n. ingyentsim (c.w. from
vice for keeping something off the ground and
ingyen feeling of mystery and tsim source)
clean and yo surface) Note: colloquially, yo
enigmatic, mysterious, puzzling: ["iN.jE.NaP]
can be used in place of fyanyo.
P F adj. ingyenga’ (derived from ingyen fe-
else, other: ["la.hE] P F adj. lahe
eling of mystery)
embarrassment, humiliation, loss of face:
enjoy tremendously, love greatly:
[fwIN] P F n. fwìng
[t’a."s·u.n·u] P F vin. txasunu (derived from
embrace, hug: [sæm."yam] P F n. sämyam (deri-
txan much and sunu be likeable) nfp.
ved from meyam hug)
enjoyable (physically, pleasing, sexually):
embrace, hug, hold in one’s arms: [m·E."y·am]
[mo."wan] P F adj. mowan
P F vtr. meyam
enjoyably, in a manner which is enjoyable:
emerge, come out: [wr."z·a.Pu] P F vin. wrrza’u
" outside and za’u come) [nI."PoP] P F adv. nì’o’ (derived from ’o’ exci-
(derived from wrrpa
ting)
emotional let-down, disappointment, failed
expectation: ["jEw.la] P F n. yewla enough: [nI."tam] P F adv. nìtam (derived from
empty, or metaphorically: having no value: tam suffice)
[mEk^] P F adj. mek enter: ["fp’·æ.k·Im] P F vin. fpxäkìm
enclosed open area, space, hollow: [mo] P F n. enthusiasm, having a good attitude:
mo [tI."soP.ha] P F n. tìso’ha (derived from so’ha
encounter, meet by chance (ii): [ul."t’a.R·un] be enthusiastic about)
P F vtr. ultxarun (c.w. from ultxa meeting
enthusiast), colloquial form of txanso’hayu
and run find) (fan: ["soP.ju] P F n. so’yu
end, conclude: ["P·iP.·a] P F vin. ’i’a enthusiast, fan: [t’an."soP.ha.ju] P F n. txan-
end, edge, brink, limit, border: [t’Ew] P F n. so’hayu (c.w. from txan much and so’ha be
txew enthusiastic about)
endearing, adorable, cute: ["ho.na] P F adj. ho- enthusiastic, keen: [lE."soP.ha] P F adj. leso’ha
na (derived from so’ha be enthusiastic about)
endearingly, sweetly: [nI."ho.na] P F adv. nìho- ofp.
na (derived from hona endearing) enthusiastically: [nI."soP.ha] P F adv. nìso’ha
ending, conclusion: [tI."PiP.a] P F n. tì’i’a (de- (derived from so’ha be enthusiastic about)
rived from ’i’a end) entrance, doorway: [rawN] P F n. rawng

22
enviously, jealously: [nI."fmok’] P F adv. nìfmo- every night: [fRa."t’on] P F adv. fratxon (derived
kx (derived from fmokx jealousy) from txon night)
environment: ["p’aw.Nip^] P F n. pxawngip (c.w. every time, every instance, each time: ["fRa.lo]
from pxaw around and ngip space) P F adv. fralo (derived from alo time)
envy, jealousy: [fmok’] P F n. fmokx everyone: ["fRa.po] P F pn. frapo (derived from
equal, same: [tEN] P F adj. teng po he/she)
equally, on the same level: [nI."PEN] P F adv. everything: ["fRa.Pu] P F pn. fra’u (derived
nì’eng (derived from ’engeng level) from ’u thing)
er, um: [I:] P F intj. ìì everything: [fRaw] P F pn. fraw
erect, upright: [p’im] P F adj. pxim everything is fine or OK, all is well: [fRaw."zo]
erectly, rightly: [nI."p’im] P F adv. nìpxim (deri-
P F intj. frawzo (derived from fra’u everyt-
ved from pxim erect, upright) hing and zo be well)
errand, task, step (in an instruction): ["tIn.vi] >
everywhere: ["fRa.tsEN] P F adv. fratseng (deri-
P F n. tìnvi
ved from tseng place)
error, mistake: ["k’E.jEj] P F n. kxeyey
evil: [tI."kawN] P F n. tìkawng (derived from
escape, flee: ["h·i.fw·o] P F vin. hifwo
kawng bad)
especially, pointedly, unambiguously:
evil deed, crime: ["kawN.kEm] P F n. kawngkem
[nI."p’i] P F adv. nìpxi (derived from pxi
sharp) evil, bad: [kawN] P F adj. kawng
essence, intrinsic character or nature, consti- examination: [tI.stE."ft’aw] P F n. tìsteftxaw
titution; basic nature of something resul- (derived from steftxaw examine)
ting from the totality of its properties; of- examine, check: [st·E."ft’·aw] P F vtr. steftxaw
ten best translated as personality: [Ran] P F example: [tI."kE.noN] P F n. tìkenong (derived
n. ran from kenong model)
establish a neural connection, bond with: excavation with a bottom (visible or presu-
> >
[tsa."hEjl "s·i] P F vin. tsaheyl si (derived med), hole, cavity: ["tsoN.Rop’] P F n. tson-
from tsaheylu bond) gropx (c.w. from tsong valley and ropx hole)
etc), goggles, (made from insect wings, car- exceedingly great, greatest of all: [tu."vom] P F
ved from wood: ["REn.tEn] P F n. renten adj. tuvom
etc.), save (time, food: ["P·a.v·un] P F vtr. ’avun >
excellent: ["t’an.tsan] P F adj. txantsan
Eureka! I found it! I understand!: [to."lEl] P F except: [muN."wr] P F adp. mungwrr–
intj. tolel (synonym: tslolam) "
except if (usually used with subjuncti-
Eureka! I’ve found it!: [Ro."lun] P F intj. rolun ve <iv>), unless: [muN."wr.t’o] P F conj.
evaluate, taste, try, sample, check out, test- mungwrrtxo (c.w. from mungwrr " except and
drive: [m·ajP] P F vtrm. may’ txo if )
>
even so, nevertheless: [tsal.su."Naj] P F adv.
exception: [tI.muN."wr] P F n. tìmungwrr (deri-
tsalsungay
ved from mungwrr" except)
even, so much as: [kEN] P F adv. keng
excessive: [lE."hawN] P F adj. lehawng (derived
evening (before twilight), late afternoon:
from hawng overabundance)
[kajm] P F n. kaym
excessively, too: [nI."hawN] P F adv. nìhawng
evening before sunset, dusk: [sRE.ton."PoN] P F
(derived from hawng overabundance)
n. sreton’ong (c.w. from sre before and txon-
’ong night-fall) excitement, fun: [tI."PoP] P F n. tì’o’ (derived
event, happening: [tI."lEn] P rr n. tìlen (derived from ’o’ exciting)
from len happen) exciting, bringing fun: [PoP] P F adj. ’o’
every day, daily: [fRa."tr] P F adv. fratrr (deri- exclaim, call, cry out: [l·Ejm] P F vin. leym
ved from trr day) " exclamation of consternation: [a."u] LA intj. au
every instance, every time, each time: ["fRa.lo] exclamation upon exertion, urgh: [sa."u] LA
P F adv. fralo (derived from alo time) intj. sau

23
exclude, keep out, bar: [E."k’an s·i] P F vin. ekx- expert, master of an art, craft, or skill:
>
an si (derived from ekxan barricade, obstruc- [tsul."fæ.tu] P F n. tsulfätu (derived from
tion) tsulfä mastery)
excuse: [E."Et’] P F n. ehetx explain (why) (ii): [o."Ejk.t·IN] P F vtr. oeyktìng
excuse me: [hI."t’o.a] P F intj. hìtxoa (derived (c.w. from oeyk cause and tìng give)
from hì’i small and txoa forgiveness) explanation: [tI."o.Ejk.tIN] P F n. tìoeyktìng (de-
excuse me madam, excuse me sir: rived from «eyk» cause (root)) (Pronounced
[ma."nawm.tu] P F intj. manawmtu (c.w. [tI."wEjk.tIN] in casual speech)
from ma O (vocative marker) and nawmtu explode: [p’·oR] P F vin. pxor
great person, noble person)
exploit: ["kawN.s·aR] P F vtr. kawngsar
excuse me sir, excuse me madam:
exploration: [tI."laN] P F n. tìlang (derived from
[ma."nawm.tu] P F intj. manawmtu (c.w.
lang investigate, explore)
from ma O (vocative marker) and nawmtu
great person, noble person) explore, investigate: [l·aN] P F vtr. lang
excuse me, hey: [ma."tu] P F intj. matu (derived express, convey (a thought or feeling): [j·Ewn]
from ma O (vocative marker) and tute person) P F vtr. yewn
exemplify (ii), model, represent: ["k·E.n·oN] expression: [tI."jEwn] P F n. tìyewn (derived
P F vtr. kenong from yewn express, convey)
>
exercise, train: ["tsk’E.kEN "s·i] P F vin. tskxe- expression of surprise and pleasure, wow:
keng si (derived from tskxekeng training) ["tEw.ti] P F intj. tewti
>
exercise, training: ["tsk’E.kEN] P F n. tskxekeng expression of warning or frustration, ’crap!’,
>
exhale; blow: [l·o."n·u.sjE] P F vin. lonusye (c.w. ’ah, hell!’: ["tsa."hEj] ZS intj. tsa-hey
from lonu release and syeha breath) expression of warning or frustration,
exhiliration of first bonding: ["PoN.lawn] P F n. ’damn!’: ["wi.ja] ZS intj. wiya
’onglawn (c.w. from ’ong blossom and law- expression, bit of language: ["lIP.fja.vi] P F n.
nol great joy) lì’fyavi (derived from lì’fya language)
exist: ["fkEj.t·ok^] P F vin. fkeytok (derived from exquisite, sublime in style: ["fjo.lup^] P F adj.
kifkeyti tok be in the world) fyolup (c.w. from fyole sublime and lupra
existing at or from the start, original, first in style)
a series: [lE."sNæ.Pi] P F adj. lesngä’i (derived
external: [ta."wr.pa] P F adj. tawrrpa (c.w. from
from sngä’i begin) "
ta from and wrrpa outside)
expansive, vast, broad: ["ho.Et^] P F adj. hoet
extract, pull out: [wr."z·æ.R·Ip^] P F vtr. wrrzärìp
expansively, in detail, thoroughly: [nI."no] P F
(c.w. from wrrpa" outside and zärìp pull)
adv. nìno
expect: [sRE."f·Ej] P F vtr. srefey (c.w. from sre+ extraordinarily: [nI."t’an.kEl.tr.tr] P F adv.
before and pey wait) nìtxankeltrrtrr (derived from" txankeltrrtrr
"

expect something bad to happen, feel dre- extraordinary)

ad, fear (with tsnì for thing dreaded) (ii): extraordinary: ["t’an.kEl.tr.tr] P F adj. txankel-
trrtrr (derived from txan " much
" and keltrrtrr
[feP."p·Ej] P F vin. fe’pey (derived from fe’
bad and pey wait) unusual)
experience: ["li.E] P F n. lie eye: ["na.Ri] P F n. nari
experience: ["li.E s·i] P F vin. lie si (derived eyes (two): [mE."na.Ri] P F n. menari (derived
from lie experience) from me+ dual and nari eye)

(for food), plate: ["jom.jo] P F n. yomyo (c.w. a few, several: ["Pa.Paw] P F adj. ’a’aw (Used
from yom eat and yo table, elevated utilita- with countable nouns in the singular form)
rian surface (colloquial form of fyanyo))
face: [kEj] P F n. key

24
face lead, rein: [sæ."zæ.RIp^] RL,P F n. säzärìp tute person)
(derived from za’ärìp pull) fan, enthusiast: [t’an."soP.ha.ju] P F n. txan-
facet, feature, trait, attribute, characteristic, so’hayu (c.w. from txan much and so’ha be
point, aspect, property: [sjon] P F n. syon enthusiastic about)
facial expression: ["kEj.REl] P F n. keyrel (c.w. fantastic, wonderful, terrific: [ko."sman] P F
from key face and rel image) adj. kosman
facial stripe: [pil] P F n. pil far away, at a distance: [a."lIm] P F adv. alìm
fact, thing (object, abstraction): [Pu] P F n. ’u (derived from lìm far, be far)
fail, falter, go astray, not obtain expected or fast: [win] P F adj. win
desired result: ["n·u.·i] P F vin. nui fast, quickly: [nI."win] P F adv. nìwin (derived
failed expectation, disappointment, emotio- from win fast)
nal let-down: ["jEw.la] P F n. yewla fasten, tie down: [j·æn] P F vtr. yän
failingly, falteringly, in vain, fruitlessly, not fat (substance in meat): ["sjE.wE] P F n. syewe
achieving the desired or expected end: fat, corpulent: ["om.pu] P F adj. ompu
[nI."nu] P F adv. nìnu (derived from nui fail, fate: [sjaj] P F n. syay
falter)
father: ["sEm.pul] P F n. sempul
failure (abstract concept): [tI."nu.i] P F n. tìnui
fatty: ["sjE.wE.NaP] P F adj. syewenga’ (c.w. from
(derived from nui fail, falter)
syewe fat (substance in meat) and nga’ con-
failure (particular instance of failure):
tain)
[sæ."nu.i] P F n. sänui (derived from nui fail, >
favor, act of kindness: ["tstuN.kEm] P F n.
falter)
tstunkem (c.w. from tstunwi kind and kem
fair, proper, right, justified: [mu."i.æ] P F adj.
action)
muiä
favorable, auspicious: ["Et.RIp^] P F adj. etrìp
fairness, justice: [tIm."wi.æ] P F n. tìmwiä (de-
fear: ["t’o.pu] P F n. txopu
rived from muiä proper, fair, right, justified)
faithfully, firmly, steadfastly: [nIk.lo."nu] P F fear (with tsnì for thing dreaded) (ii), feel
adv. nìklonu (derived from ke lonu not let dread, expect something bad to happen:
go) lit.: ’without releasing it’ [feP."p·Ej] P F vin. fe’pey (derived from fe’
fall: [z·up^] P F vin. zup bad and pey wait)
> feat, accomplishment, great deed: [sæ."Ro.Pa]
fall, autumn: [zI.skr."tsawn] P F n. zìskrrtsawn
(c.w. from zìsìkrr" season and tsawn harvest) P F n. säro’a
> feather: [yawr] P F n. yawr
false: [tslEN] P F adj. tsleng
> feature, trait, attribute, characteristic, point,
falsely: [nI."tslEN] P F adv. nìtsleng (derived
from tsleng false) aspect, facet, property: [sjon] P F n. syon
falter, fail, go astray, not obtain expected or February: [vo.sp’I."mun] P F n. vospxìmun (c.w.
desired result: ["n·u.·i] P F vin. nui from vospxì month and mune two)
falteringly, failingly, in vain, fruitlessly, not feed (with dative object) (ii): ["jom.t·IN] P F
achieving the desired or expected end: vin. yomtìng (c.w. from yom eat and tìng gi-
[nI."nu] P F adv. nìnu (derived from nui fail, ve)
falter) feel (not intentionally): [z·Im] P F vtr. zìm
family hammock: ["swaj.ni.vi] P F n. swayni- feel desperate: [t’an."sNum s·i] P F vin. tx-
vi (c.w. from soaia family and nivi sleeping ansngum si (derived from txansngum despe-
hammock) Note: soaia contracts to sway ration)
family member: [swa."p’I] P F n. swapxì (c.w. feel dread, expect something bad to hap-
from soaia family and hapxì part) pen, fear (with tsnì for thing dreaded) (ii):
famine: ["sju.vE.kEl] P F n. syuvekel (derived [feP."p·Ej] P F vin. fe’pey (derived from fe’
from syuve food) bad and pey wait)
famous person, celebrity: [t’an."RoP.tu] P F n. feel, sense, perceive: ["P·E.f·u] P F vtr. ’efu
txanro’tu (c.w. from txanro’a be famous and feel, touch, texture: [ziR] P F n. zir

25
feeling: [tI."PE.fu] P F n. tì’efu (derived from firmly, carefully: [nIk.tuN."zup^] P F adv. nìk-
’efu feel) tungzup (derived from ke tungzup not drop)
feeling of mystery or incomprehension: lit.: ’without letting it fall’
["iN.jEn] P F n. ingyen firmly, steadfastly, faithfully: [nIk.lo."nu] P F
feeling of pride, pride: ["nr.a] P F n. nrra adv. nìklonu (derived from ke lonu not let
" go) lit.: ’without releasing it’
feeling quenched, satisfied from thirst by
drink, slaked: ["jE.væN] P F adj. yeväng (de- first: [nI."Paw.vE] P F adv. nì’awve (derived
rived from ye satisfied and väng thirsty) from ’awve first)
female: ["fnE.lE] P F n. fnele (derived from fnel first (ordinal): ["Paw.vE] P F adj. ’awve (derived
kind, type) from ’aw one)
female: [lE."fnE.lE] P F adj. lefnele (derived from first in a series, original, existing at or from
fnele female) the start: [lE."sNæ.Pi] P F adj. lesngä’i (deri-
female (person): [tu."tE] P F n. tuté (derived ved from sngä’i begin)
from tute person) fish: [paj."o.aN] P F n. payoang (c.w. from pay
female clan leader: [o.lo.PEjk."tE] P F n. water and ioang animal)
olo’eykte (derived from olo’eyktan clan lea- fish, young of an animal, bird, insect: ["li.ni]
der) P F n. lini
female spouse, wife: [mun."t’a.tE] P F n. mun- fit, suit, complement, inherently enhance:
txate (derived from muntxatu spouse) [h·aP] P F vin. ha’
fern: [I."p’a] RL,P F n. ìpxa fitting, appropriate, suitable: [lE."haP] P F adj.
fetid, putrid, rotten: [kuN] P F adj. kung leha’ (derived from ha’ fit, suit, complement)
few: [hol] P F adj. hol five: [mr] P F num. mrr
"
few, not many: [nI."hol] P F adv. nìhol (derived five day work week: ["mr.tr] P F n. mrrtrr (de-
from hol few) rived from mrr five and " trr
" day)
field, open terrain, plain: ["t’a.jo] P F n. txayo fix, heal: [zEj."k·o] P F vtr. zeyko (derived from
fifth (ordinal): ["mr.vE] P F adj. mrrve (derived zo be well and «eyk» causative infix)
from mrr five) " flake, drop, chip: ["Il.va] P F n. ìlva
>
fight: [w·Em] P F vin. wem flame: ["t’Ep.tsjIp^] P F n. txeptsyìp (derived
fight: [sæ."wEm] P F n. säwem (derived from from txep fire)
wem fight) flavor, taste: [suR] P F n. sur
fighting: [tI.wu."sEm] P F n. tìwusem (derived flawed feature, blemish, deformity, stain:
from wem fight) ["fEP.Ran.vi] P F n. fe’ranvi (derived from
fill (with dative of thing filled): [tE."ja "s·i] P F fe’ran flawed nature, inherently defective)
vin. teya si (derived from teya full) flawed nature, something ill-conceived or in-
film, movie, video: ["rEl a.ru."sikx] P F n. rel herently defective: ["fEP.Ran] P F n. fe’ran
arusikx (c.w. from rel picture and rikx move) (c.w. from fe’ bad and ran intrinsic character
fin (of an aquatic animal): [pek^] P F n. pek or nature)
final, last: [sjEn] P F adj. syen flawless, be perfect: [j·oP] P F vin. yo’
finally, at long last: [nI."PiP.a] P F adv. nì’i’a flawlessly, perfectly: [nI."joP^] P F adv. nìyo’
(derived from ’i’a end) (derived from yo’ be perfect)
find, discover: [R·un] P F vtr. run flee, escape: ["h·i.fw·o] P F vin. hifwo
fine, detailed, precise, intricate (of things): flesh, food made from animal origin: [vEj] P F
[hI."no] P F adj. hìno n. vey
>
finger: ["zEk.wæ] P F n. zekwä flight (an instance of flying): [sæ."tswaj.on] P F
finished, done: [ha."sEj] P F adj. hasey n. sätswayon (derived from tswayon fly)
finite, having a limit, not without bounds: float (on the surface of a liquid): [fw·um] P F
["t’Ew.NaP] P F adj. txewnga’ (c.w. from txew vin. fwum
limit and nga’ contain) float in the air, hover: [l·IN] P F vin. lìng
fire: [t’Ep^] P F n. txep flood: [la.maj."t’a] P F n. lamaytxa

26
 >
flour: [tsjo] P F n. tsyo for example, as an example: [nat."kE.noN] P F
>
flow: ["tswE.sja s·i] P F vin. tswesya si (derived conj. natkenong (c.w. from na like, as and tì-
from tswesya current) kenong example)
flower: ["sju.laN] P F n. syulang for the benefit of, for the sake of: [fpi] P F adp.
fluent (for speech): [naw."fwE] P F adj. nawfwe fpi+
Contraction of na hufwe for the sake of, for the benefit of: [fpi] P F adp.
> fpi+
fly: ["tsw·aj.·on] P F vin. tswayon
focus on, specialize in, be particularly in- forbidden: ["k’a.nI] P F adj. kxanì
terested in: ["k·an.P·In] P F vtr. kan’ìn (c.w. force, compel: [æ."zan s·i] P F vin. äzan si (de-
from kan aim and ’in be busy) rived from äzan force, compulsion)
focus one’s attention, concentrate: ["k·an.fp·Il] force, compulsion: [æ."zan] P F n. äzan
P F vin. kanfpìl (c.w. from kan aim and fpìl
ford, crossing: [em."kæ.fja] P F n. emkäfya (de-
think) rived from emkä cross and fya’o path)
fog, mist, steam: ["ja.paj] P F n. yapay (c.w. forehead, brow: [za."REP] P F n. zare’ (c.w. from
from ya air and pay water) zapxì front and re’o head)
foggy, misty: [lE."ja.paj] P F adj. leyapay (deri- forest: ["naP.RIN] P F n. na’rìng
ved from yapay fog) forest canopy: ["u.tu] P F n. utu
follow, proceed after: [n·oN] P F vtr. nong forever, never-endingly: [nIt."Pi.lu.kE] P F adv.
nìt’iluke (c.w. from tì’i’a ending, conclusion
follow, track: [s·ut’] P F vtr. sutx
and luke without)
following common sense, of course, logical- >
forget: [tsw·aP] P F vtr. tswa’
ly: [nI."lun] P F adv. nìlun > >
forgettable: [tsuk."tswaP] P F adj. tsuktswa’ (de-
following, by, via, according to: ["I.læ] or
rived from tswa’ forget)
[I."læ] P F adp. ìlä+
forgiveness: ["t’o.a] P F n. txoa
food (collective noun, cannot be pluralised):
fork, branch, point of divergence: [jak^] P F n.
["sju.vE] P F n. syuve
yak
food made from animal origin, flesh: [vEj] P F
forked lightning: [a."tan.zaw] P F n. atanzaw
n. vey
> (derived from atan light and swizaw arrow)
food made from flour: ["tsjo.sju] P F n. tsyosyu form, shape: [Pon] P F n. ’on
(c.w. from tsyo flour and syuve food) formal: ["skE.pEk^] P F adj. skepek
food tray: ["sju.smuN] P F n. syusmung (c.w. formally polite: [lE."hEN] P F adj. leheng (deri-
from syuve food and smung transportation ved from henga formally polite behavior)
device) formally polite behavior: ["hE.Na] P F n. henga
food wrap (food items wrapped in edible former, old: ["spu.win] P F adj. spuwin nfp.
>
leaves or vines): ["nik.tsjEj] P F n. niktsyey formidable, imposing: [p’ul] P F adj. pxul
(c.w. from nik convenient and tsyey snack, formidableness, imposingness: [tI."p’ul] P F
light meal) n. tìpxul (derived from pxul formidable, im-
food, save (time, etc.): ["P·a.v·un] P F vtr. ’avun posing)
fool (someone), trick (someone): [fl·El] P F vtr. formidably, imposingly: [nI."p’ul] P F adv.
flel nìpxul (derived from pxul formidable, impo-
fool, sucker, mark, someone easily tricked: sing)
["flEl.tu] P F n. fleltu (derived from flel trick, >
fortification, fortress, bulwark: ["t’uR.tsEN] P F
fool) n. txurtseng (c.w. from txur strong (physical-
foolish, ignorant: ["jaj.mak^] P F adj. yaymak ly) and tseng place)
foot: ["vE.nu] P F n. venu >
fortress, fortification, bulwark: ["t’uR.tsEN] P F
footstep (sound): [tI."Ran.pam] P F n. tìranpam n. txurtseng (c.w. from txur strong (physical-
(c.w. from tìran walk and pam sound) ly) and tseng place)
for a long time: [t’aN."kr] P F adv. txankrr (c.w. foul, mess up, do wrong: [tI."k’Ej "s·i] P F vin.
from txan much and krr " time) tìkxey si (derived from tìkxey incorrectness)

27
 >
four: [tsIN] P F num. tsìng from the reason, because: [a."lun.ta] P F conj.
>
fourth (ordinal): ["tsI.vE] P F adj. tsìve (derived alunta
from tsìng four) from up among: [ta."fkip^] P F adp. tafkip– (c.w.
fragile, delicate: [su."sjaN] P F adj. susyang from ta from and fkip– up among)
free (from oppression): ["laj.Ro] P F adj. layro front (part or section): [za."p’I] P F n. zapxì (de-
free time, the absence of business: [tIk."PIn] rived from hapxì part)
P F n. tìk’ìn (derived from ’ìn be busy) frozen: [lEjr] P F adj. leyr
free, unblocked, unobstructed, clear: fruit: ["ma.u.ti] P F n. mauti
[kaw."k’an] P F adj. kawkxan (c.w. from ke
fruitlessly, failingly, falteringly, in vain, not
’aw not one and ekxan barricade, obstruction)
achieving the desired or expected end:
freedom: [tI."laj.Ro] P F n. tìlayro (derived from
[nI."nu] P F adv. nìnu (derived from nui fail,
layro free)
falter)
freeze (something): ["lEjr s·i] P F vin. leyr si
frustrating: [tI.kan."k’a.NaP] P F adj. tìkankx-
(derived from leyr frozen)
anga’ (derived from tìkankxan source of fru-
frenzied, hurried: [lE."t’i] P F adj. letxi (derived
stration)
from txi hurry)
frenzy, hurry, hurriedness: [t’i] P F n. txi fuel: [rEm] P F n. rem
fresh, appealing as food: ["p’a.sul] P F adj. px- full: [tE."ja] P F adj. teya
asul full fruition, ripeness, maturity: [tI."fjEjn] P F
fretfully, worryingly: [nI."sNum] P F adv. n. tìfyeyn (derived from fyeyn ripe, mature)
nìsngum (derived from sngum worry) full of self-pride: [lE.sno."nr.a] P F adj. lesnonr-
Friday: [tr."pu.vE] P F n. trrpuve (c.w. from trr ra (derived from snonrra" self-pride)
day and" puve sixth) full, satisfied from hunger: ["jE.hak’] P F adj.
friend: ["PEj.lan] P F n. ’eylan yehakx (derived from ye full and ohakx
friendship: [tI."PEj.lan] P F n. tì’eylan (derived hungry)
from ’eylan friend) full, satisfied, content, satiated: [jE] P F adj. ye
frighten: ["t’o.pu slEj."k·u] P F vtr. txopu sleyku fun, excitement: [tI."PoP] P F n. tì’o’ (derived
(derived from txopu fear and sleyku from ’o’ exciting)
produce) functional clothing (item of): [p’En] P F n. px-
frightening, scary: [t’Ewm] P F adj. txewm en
from (direction): [ftu] P F adp. ftu–
fundamentally, basically, in essence: [nI."Ran]
from (locative), from (temporal sense with
P F adv. nìran (derived from ran intrinsic
other time words): [ta] P F adp. ta–
character or nature)
from (temporal sense with other time
fungus, mushroom: [sp’am] P F n. spxam
words), from (locative): [ta] P F adp. ta–
from above: [ta."PEm] P F adv. ta’em funny story, joke: ["haN.vuR] P F n. hangvur
from among: [ta."kip^] P F adp. takip– (c.w. (c.w. from hangham laugh and vur story)
from ta from and kip– among) funny, humorous, amusing: ["Pi.pu] P F adj.
from behind: ["ftu.o.pa] P F adp. ftuopa– ’ipu
from inside, out of: ["ftum.fa] P F adp. ftumfa– funny, strange: ["hi.jIk^] P F adj. hiyìk
(derived from mìfa inside) furthermore, besides, additionally: [nI."suN]
from now (in the future): [kaj] P F adp. kay– P F adv. nìsung (derived from sung add)
from the reason, because: [ta."lun(a)] P F conj. future: [zu."saw.kr] P F n. zusawkrr (c.w. from
talun(a) (c.w. from ta from and lun reason) z«us»a’u coming " and krr time)

28
G
>
“good guy”, good person: ["tsan.tu] P F n. get over, accept some fact, reconcile oneself,
tsantu (derived from sìltsan good) move on: [w·a."l·Ew] P F vin. walew
a group or party of people: ["po.Nu] P F n. pon- get to a place, arrive: ["p·a.t·E] ZS vin. pate
gu (derived from po he/she) ofp. get worse, worsen: ["fE.P·ul] P F vin. fe’ul (c.w.
gain knowledge from sensory input, read from fe’ bad and ’ul increase)
(e.g. the forest): [·i."n·an] P F vtr. inan (stress get, acquire: ["k·a.n·om] P F vtr. kanom
moves to first syllable with infixation) giant loom, mother loom: [sa."PEw.RaN] P F n.
> sa’ewrang (derived from sa’nok mother and
gain, advantage, benefit, upside: ["tsan.kum]
P F n. tsankum (c.w. from tsan’ul improve, get ’ewrang loom)
>
better and kum result) giant, huge: ["t’an.tsawl] P F adj. txantsawl
game: [u."van] P F n. uvan (c.w. from txan much and tsawl big)
> gift: ["st’E.li] P F n. stxeli
gap, breach: ["mEk.tsEN] P F n. mektseng (c.w.
from mek empty and tseng place) girl: ["PE.vE.NE] P F n. ’evenge (derived from
> ’eveng child)
garbage dump, rubbish place: ["sNEl.tsEN] P F
n. sngeltseng (c.w. from sngel garbage and girl (colloquial): ["PE.vE] P F n. ’eve (derived
tseng place) from ’evenge girl)
garbage, trash, rubbish: [sNEl] P F n. sngel give: [t·IN] P F vtr. tìng
gather growing food from the forest; pick; give birth to: [n·ok’] P F vtr. nokx
> >
harvest (in agriculture): [ts·awn] P F vtr. give ground, back down: ["t·IN "tsEN] P F vin.
tsawn tìng tseng (derived from tìng give and tseng
ground)
gather, collect: ["st·aR.s·Im] P F vtr. starsìm
give instruction, teach, instruct: [sæ."nu.mE
gathering place: [mo."Pa.Ra] P F n. mo’ara
s·i] P F vin. sänume si (derived from sänu-
gel, viscous liquid: ["k’um.paj] P F n. kxumpay
me teaching, instruction)
(c.w. from kxum viscous, gelatinous, thick
give out a tune or melody, sing wordlessly:
and pay water, liquid)
[t·IN lawR] P F vin. tìng lawr (derived from
gelatinous, viscous, thick: [k’um] P F adj. kx- tìng give and lawr melody)
um
give shape (to something), shape: ["Pon s·i] P F
general, deputy, one step down from leader: vin. ’on si (derived from ’on shape)
[Ejk.ta."naj] JC,P F n. eyktanay (derived from give speech, orate: [ft’·u."lI.Pu] P F vin. ftxulì’u
eyktan leader) (c.w. from täftxu weave and lì’u word)
gentle, mild, tender (people or things): [flr] give thanks, thank: [i."Ra.jo "s·i] P F vin. irayo
"
P F adj. flrr si (derived from irayo thanks)
gentleness, tenderness: [tI."flr] P F n. tìflrr (de- give up, surrender, concede defeat: ["v·E.l·Ek^]
rived from flrr gentle) "
P F vin. velek
gently, tenderly: [nI."flr] P F adv. nìflrr (derived give up, surrender, relinquish: ["R·a.P·un] P F
from flrr gentle) "
vtr. ra’un
>
get better, improve: ["tsan.P·ul] P F vin. tsan’ul gladly, pleasurably, with pleasure: [nI."pr.tEP]
(c.w. from sìltsan good and ’ul increase) "
P F adv. nìprrte’ (derived from prrte’ pleasu-
get caught in something, become stuck: rable)
[n·ip^] P F vin. nip gloaming, night-fall, sunset, dusk: [t’on."PoN]
get fixed (ii), heal, become well: ["zo.sl·u] P F P F,P rr n. txon’ong (c.w. from txon night and
vin. zoslu (c.w. from zo be well and slu be- ’ong unfold)
>
come) glove: [hawn."tsjok’] P F n. hawntsyokx (c.w.
>
get it, I understand: [tslo."lam] P F intj. tslolam from hawnu protect and tsyokx hand)
(derived from tslam understand and «ol» glow, an instance of glowing; light source,
perfective aspect infix) lamp: [sæ."nr] P F n. sänrr (derived from nrr
"
29
 glow) grasp, hold in the hand, grip: [fj·Ep^] P F vtr.
glow, be luminous: [n·r] P F vin. nrr fyep
" grass: ["zE.swa] P F n. zeswa
glue: ["k’um.paj.sjaR] P F n. kxumpaysyar (c.w.
from kxumpay viscous liquid and syar stick grassroots movement: ["Nr.po.Nu] P F n. ngrr-
pongu (c.w. from ngrr root " and pongu party)
to, adhere)
go: [k·æ] P F vin. kä grassy: [lE."zE.swa] P F adj. lezeswa (derived
go astray, diverge, change direction: [j·ak^ s·i] from zeswa grass)
P F vin. yak si (derived from yak point of di-
gravel: [nIk’] P F n. nìkx
vergence) graze (ii): [j·om."zE.swa] P F vin. yomzeswa (c.w.
go astray, fail, falter, not obtain expected or from yom eat and zeswa grass)
desired result: ["n·u.·i] P F vin. nui great deed, feat, accomplishment: [sæ."Ro.Pa]
go down, descend: [kl."k·æ] P F vin. kllkä (c.w. P F n. säro’a
from kllpa bottom and " kä go) great joy: ["law.nol] P F n. lawnol
go out, go outside: [wr."k·æ] P F vin. wrrkä great person, noble person: ["nawm.tu] P F n.
(c.w. from wrrpa outside " and kä go) nawmtu (derived from nawm great, noble)
go outside, go out: [wr."k·æ] P F vin. wrrkä great, noble: [nawm] P F adj. nawm
(c.w. from wrrpa outside " and kä go) greatest of all, exceedingly great: [tu."vom] P F
go to the bathroom, relieve oneself; (on adj. tuvom
Earth) use the restroom: [fN·æP] P F vin. greed: [tI."t’a.nEw] P F n. tìtxanew (derived
fngä’ from txanew greedy)
greedy: ["t’a.nEw] P F adj. txanew (c.w. from tx-
go up, ascend: [fæ."k·æ] P F vin. fäkä (c.w. from
an much and new want)
fäpa top and kä go)
green, blue: ["E.an] P F adj. ean
go, proceed: [s·a."l·Ew] P F vin. salew
green, blue: ["E.am.pin] P F n. eampin (derived
goal, aim, purpose, target: [tI."kan] P F n. tìkan
from ean blue, green)
(derived from kan aim)
greet, say hello: [kal."t’I "s·i] P F vin. kaltxì si
goggles, (made from insect wings, carved
(derived from kaltxì hello)
from wood, etc): ["REn.tEn] P F n. renten
> > grey: ["Nul.pin] P F n. ngulpin (derived from
good (abstract concept), goodness: [tsIl."tsan]
ngul grey, drab)
P F n. tsìltsan (derived from sìltsan good)
> grey, drab: [Nul] P F adj. ngul
good (of its kind), well done: [sIl."tsan] P F grief: [a."fpawN] P F n. afpawng
adj. sìltsan grieve: [a."fpawN s·i] P F vin. afpawng si (deri-
good looking, handsome: ["saj.RIp^] P F adj. ved from afpawng grief )
sayrìp ofp. (male) grievingly, with grief: [na."fpawN] P F adv. naf-
>
good person, “good guy”: ["tsan.tu] P F n. pawng (derived from afpawng grief )
tsantu (derived from sìltsan good) grip, hold in the hand, grasp: [fj·Ep^] P F vtr.
good tasting, delicious: [ft’I."loR] P F adj. ftxìlor fyep
(c.w. from ftxì tongue and lor beautiful) ground: ["kl.tE] P F n. kllte
good-smelling: [on."loR] P F adj. onlor (c.w. "
ground rack (for smoking meats): ["mER.ki]
from ontu nose and lor pleasant to the senses) P F n. merki
> >
goodness, good (abstract concept): [tsIl."tsan] group, set, pile, clump, stand: ["sna.Po] P F n.
P F n. tsìltsan (derived from sìltsan good) sna’o nfp.
gourd, pod: [PE."Pin] P F n. ’e’in >
grow: ["tsawl "sl·u] P F vin. tsawl slu (c.w. from
grab: [n·i."·æ] P F vtr. niä tsawl big and slu become)
grace, elegance: ["lo.Ran] P F n. loran (c.w. from grow; germinate and develop (of a plant):
lor beautiful and ran intrinsic character or na- [p·aw] P F vin. paw
ture) growth: [tI."paw] P F n. tìpaw
grant (ii): [tE."swo.t·IN] P F vtr. teswotìng (c.w. guess, informed guess, hunch, intuition:
from tìng give) [PEn] P F n. ’en

30
guest, visitor: ["fr.tu] P F n. frrtu fya’o path and wìntxu show)
"
guidance: [tI.fja.wIn."t’u] P F n. tìfyawìntxu guideline, rule: [ko."REn] P F n. koren
(derived from fyawìntxu guide) guilt: [tI."to.kat^] P F n. tìtokat (derived from to-
guide: [fja.wIn."t’u.ju] P F n. fyawìntxuyu (deri- kat guilty)
ved from fyawìntxu guide) guiltily: [nI."to.kat^] P F adv. nìtokat (derived
guide (with dative of thing guided): from tokat guilty)
[fja.w·In."t’·u] P F vin. fyawìntxu (c.w. from guilty: ["to.kat^] P F adj. tokat

’How sad!’, unhappy, upset: [kE."ft’o] P F adj., ness, peace) nfp.

intj. keftxo hard: [t’aP] P F adj. txa’
> >
hail: ["tsk’aj.tsjIp^] P F n. tskxaytsyìp (derived hard covering of a plant or animal, shell:
from tskxepay ice) [lak^] P F n. lak
hair: ["nik.RE] P F n. nikre hard, difficult: ["Næ.zIk^] P F adj. ngäzìk
hair adornment: [nik."Ro.i] P F n. nikroi (c.w. hard, diligently: [kawl] P F adv. kawl
from nikre hair and ioi adornment) hard, diligently, with effort (RN dialect):
half: [mawl] P F n. mawl [val] P F adv. val
halt: [t’·Ej] P F vin. txey harm: [k’u] P F n. kxu
hamper or suspended rack: ["kuR.fjan] P F n. harm: [k’u s·i] P F vin. kxu si (derived from kxu
kurfyan (c.w. from kur hang and fyan con- harm)
structed device for keeping something off the harmonious: [mE."PEm] P F adj. me’em
ground and clean) harmony (general sense): [tI."mE.PEm] P F n.
>
hand: [tsjok’] P F n. tsyokx tìme’em (derived from me’em harmonious)
hand-sized, kava bowl (constructed from harmony, living at one with nature:
seed pods, used for drinking intoxicating [­mE.o.a.u.ni.a."E.a] P F n. meoauniaea
beverages): ["swo.a.sEj] P F n. swoasey (c.w. >
harvest (particular instance): [sA."tsawn] P F n.
from swoa intoxicating beverage or “sprits" sätsawn (derived from tsawn harvest)
and sey cup or bowl minimally modified from hat: [haw."REP] P F n. hawre’ (c.w. from hawnu
naturally occurring resources) protect and re’o head)
handle: [sæ."fjEp^] P F n. säfyep (derived from hate: [v·EP."k·I] P F vtr. ve’kì
fyep hold in the hand) hateful: [fkaj] P F adj. fkay
handsome, good looking: ["saj.RIp^] P F adj. hatred: [tI.vEP."kI] P F n. tìve’kì (derived from
sayrìp ofp. (male) ve’kì hate)
hang: [k·uR] P F vin. kur have a relationship with, connect, relate to:
hang out with, spend time with: ["k·æ.tEN] P F ["t·a.R·E] P F vtr. tare
vin. käteng have deep feelings for, care, be concerned
hanging vine: ["Pa.na] P F n. ’ana about: [t’u."k’·E.f·u] P F vin. txukxefu (c.w.
happen, occur: [l·En] P F vin. len from txukx deep and ’efu feel)
happening, event: [tI."lEn] P rr n. tìlen (derived have some positive value, be of value, be
from len happen) worth something: [l·Ej] P F vin. ley
happily, luckily: ["nEt.RIp^] P F adv. netrìp having a good attitude, enthusiasm:
happiness, well-being, peace: [fpom] P F n. [tI."soP.ha] P F n. tìso’ha (derived from so’ha
fpom be enthusiastic about)
happy (of people): [nit."Ram] P F adj. nitram having a limit, not without bounds, finite:
happy occasion, celebration: [ft’o."zæ] P F n. ["t’Ew.NaP] P F adj. txewnga’ (c.w. from txew
ftxozä limit and nga’ contain)
happy, peaceful, joyous, pleasant: [lE."fpom] having to do with the Na’vi, the People:
P F adj. lefpom (derived from fpom happi- [lE."naP.vi] P F adj. leNa’vi (derived from

31
 Na’vi the People) hell!’, expression of warning or frustration,
>
he (honorific): [po."han] P F pn. pohan ’crap!’, ’ah: ["tsa."hEj] ZS intj. tsa-hey
he (no plural form: use (ay)fo): [po."an] P F pn. hello: [kal."t’I] P F intj. kaltxì
poan (derived from po he, she) help: ["sRuN "s·i] P F vin. srung si (derived from
he, she: [po] P F pn. po srung help)
head: ["RE.Po] P F n. re’o help, assistance: [sRuN] P F n. srung
heal, become well, get fixed (ii): ["zo.sl·u] P F helper (inanimate), something that helps:
vin. zoslu (c.w. from zo be well and slu be- [sæ."sruN] P F n. säsrung (derived from
come) srung help)
heal, fix: [zEj."k·o] P F vtr. zeyko (derived from helper, assistant: ["sRuN.si.ju] P F n. srungsiyu
zo be well and «eyk» causative infix) (derived from srung help)
healer: [zEj."ko.ju] P F n. zeykoyu (derived from helpful: ["sRu.NaP] P F adj. srunga’ (derived
zeyko heal) from srung help) nfp.
>
health (physical): [fpom."tok’] P F n. fpomtokx helpful hint, tip: ["sRuN.tsjIp^] P F n. srungtsyìp
(c.w. from fpom well-being and tokx body) (derived from srung help)
ofp. her own, his own, its own: ["snE.jæ] P F pn.
sneyä (derived from sno his self, her self, its
health or well-being (mental): [fpom."Ron] P F
self )
n. fpomron (derived from fpom well-being >
here, this place: [fI."tsEN(E)] P F adv., n. fìt-
and ronsem mind) ofp.
seng(e) (derived from tseng place)
healthful (mentally): [fpom."Ro.NaP] P F adj. fp-
heritage: [sa."tuP.li] P F n. satu’li (Note: Also
omronga’ (c.w. from fpom well-being, peace,
name of canteen at Disney’s Pandora)
happiness and ronsem mind) nfp. >
hero: ["t’an.tstEw] P F n. txantstew (c.w. from
healthful (physically): [fpom."tok’.NaP] P F
txan much and tstew brave)
adj. fpomtokxnga’ (c.w. from fpom well-
hesitant, in a state of hesitation: [lE."hI.pEj] P F
being, peace, happiness and tokx body) nfp.
adj. lehìpey (derived from hìpey hesitate)
healthy (mentally): [lE.fpom."Ron] P F adj. lefp-
hesitantly: [nI."hI.pEj] P F adv. nìhìpey (derived
omron (derived from fpomron health or well-
from hìpey hesitate)
being (mentally)) ofp.
hesitate, hold back for a short time: ["hI.p·Ej]
healthy (physically) : [lE.fpom."tok’] P F adj.
P F vin. hìpey (derived from hì’i small and
lefpomtokx (derived from fpomtokx health
pey wait)
(physical) ) ofp.
hesitation: [ti."hI.pEj] P F n. tìhìpey (derived
hear: [st·awm] P F vtr. stawm from hìpey hesitate)
heart: [t’EP."lan] P F n. txe’lan hey you, hey: [ma."Na] P F intj. manga (c.w.
heartbeat: [t’EP."lan.koN] P F n. txe’lankong from ma O (vocative marker) and nga you)
(c.w. from txe’lan heart and ’ekong beat) hey, excuse me: [ma."tu] P F intj. matu (derived
heat: [tI."som] P F n. tìsom (derived from som from ma O (vocative marker) and tute person)
hot) hey, hey you: [ma."Na] P F intj. manga (c.w.
heavy (physical weight): ["ku.Pup^] P F adj. from ma O (vocative marker) and nga you)
ku’up hey, hi, hiya: [k’I] P F intj. kxì (derived from
heavy rain, rainstorm: [t’an."tom.pa] P F n. tx- kaltxi hello) colloquial, shortened form of
antompa (c.w. from txan much and tompa kaltxì
rain) hi, hiya, hey: [k’I] P F intj. kxì (derived from
heed, obey: [l·Ek^] P F vtr. lek kaltxi hello) colloquial, shortened form of
>
heel: [tsun] P F n. tsun kaltxì
heimat (ger.), personally significant or belo- hide: [w·an] P F vtr. wan
>
ved place: [t’an."wE.tsEN] P F n. txanwetseng high: [k’ajl] P F adj. kxayl
(derived from txanwawe(a) personally mea- high level: ["k’ajl.jI] P F n. kxaylyì (c.w. from
ningful, significant and tseng place) kxayl high and yì level)

32
 >
hill: ["Ram.tsjIp^] P F n. ramtsyìp (derived from honorific language: [lIP."fjEN] P F n. lì’fyeng
ram mountain) (c.w. from lì’fya language and leheng for-
> mally polite)
hinder: [h·ul."tst’·Em] P F vtr. hultstxem
hinge, joint: [til] P F n. til hook (for hanging or suspending an item):
hip: ["Pl.No] P F n. ’llngo ["kuR.fja.vi] P F n. kurfyavi (derived from
" kurfyan hamper or suspended rack)
his own, her own, its own: ["snE.jæ] P F pn. >
sneyä (derived from sno his self, her self, its hope (abstract concept): [tsIl."pEj] P F n. tsìlpey
self ) (derived from sìlpey hope)
hiss: [o."Isss s·i] P F vin. oìsss si (derived from hope (particular instance): [sæ.sIl."pEj] P F n.
oìsss angry snarl) säsìlpey (derived from sìlpey hope)
history (ancient): [Pok."Rol] P F n. ’okrol (deri- hope (with tsnì for thing hoped, unless in in-
ved from ’ok remembrance and rol sing) dependent clause) (ii): [sIl."p·Ej] P F vin. sìl-
history (non-ancient): [Pok."vuR] P F n. ’okvur pey (c.w. from sìltsan good and pey wait)
(c.w. from ’ok remembrance and vur story) hopefully: [nI.sIl."pej] P F adv. nìsìlpey (deri-
ved from sìlpey hope)
hiya, hi, hey: [k’I] P F intj. kxì (derived from
kaltxi hello) colloquial, shortened form of horizon, skyline: ["taw.t’Ew] P F n. tawtxew
kaltxì (c.w. from taw sky and txew edge)
horizontally: [nI."t’aj] P F adv. nìtxay (derived
hmm, let’s see, let me think: [fpi."vIl] P F in-
from txay be horizontal)
tj. fpivìl (derived from fpìl think and «iv»
horn of an animal: [sluk’] P F n. slukx
subjunctive infix)
horn, wind instrument: [pawk^] P F n. pawk
hoax, trick, dishonest act or scheme: [sæ."flEl]
horrible, terrible, awful: ["fp’a.mo] P F adj.
P F n. säflel (derived from flel trick, fool)
fpxamo
hobby, pleasure-yielding activity: [sæ."su.lIn]
horribly, terribly, awfully: [nI."fp’a.mo] P F
P F n. säsulìn (derived from sulìn be busy
adv. nìfpxamo (derived from fpxamo horrib-
(positive sense))
le)
hold back for a short time, hesitate: ["hI.p·Ej]
horror: [tI."fp’a.mo] P F n. tìfpxamo (derived
P F vin. hìpey (derived from hì’i small and
from fpxamo horrible)
pey wait)
hot: [som] P F adj. som
hold in one’s arms, hug, embrace: [m·E."y·am]
house, home: ["kEl.ku] P F n. kelku
P F vtr. meyam
hover, float in the air: [l·IN] P F vin. lìng
hold in the hand, grasp, grip: [fj·Ep^] P F vtr.
how: ["fja.pE] P F inter. fyape variant of pefya
fyep
how: [pE."fja] P F inter. pefya variant of fyape
hold off, suspend action: [fp·ak^] P F vin. fpak
how complex?: [pE.fjin.Ep."PaN] P F inter. pefy-
hole (going clear through an object): [Rop’] P F inep’ang (derived from fyinep’ang degree of
n. ropx complexity) variant of fyinep’angpe
hole, cavity, excavation with a bottom (visib- how complex?: [fjin.Ep."PaN.pE] P F inter. fyi-
>
le or presumed): ["tsoN.Rop’] P F n. tsongropx nep’angpe (derived from fyinep’ang degree
(c.w. from tsong valley and ropx hole) of complexity) variant of pefyinep’ang
hollow, not solid: ["mo.mEk^] P F adj. momek how far, how near: ["lIm.sim.pE] P F inter. lìm-
hollow, space, enclosed open area: [mo] P F n. simpe (derived from lìm be far and sim be
mo near)
home, house: ["kEl.ku] P F n. kelku how far, how near: [pE."lIm.sim] P F inter.
honor: [mE."u.i.a] P F n. meuia pelìmsim (derived from lìm be far and sim
honor: [mE."u.i.a s·i] P F vin. meuia si (derived be near)
from meuia honor) how far, how near, what distance: ["la.Pa.pE]
honorable: [mE."u.i.a.NaP] P F adj. meuianga’ P F inter. la’ape variant of pela’a
(derived from meuia honor and nga’ con- how far, how near, what distance: [pE."la.Pa]
tain) P F inter. pela’a variant of la’ape

33
how long (of physical extension), what hug, embrace: [sæm."yam] P F n. sämyam (deri-
length: [pE"Nim.pup^] P F inter. pengimpup ved from meyam hug)
variant of ngimpuppe hug, embrace, hold in one’s arms: [m·E."y·am]
how long (of physical extension), what P F vtr. meyam
>
length: ["Nim.pup.pE] P F inter. ngimpuppe huge, giant: ["t’an.tsawl] P F adj. txantsawl
variant of pengimpup (c.w. from txan much and tsawl big)
how long (of time), what length: [pE"nun.jol] human, sky-person: ["taw.tu.tE] P F n. tawtute
P F inter. penunyol variant of nunyolpe (c.w. from taw sky and tute person)
how long (of time), what length: ["nun.jol.pE] humble, modest, self-effacing: ["swa.Ran] P F
P F inter. nunyolpe variant of penunyol adj. swaran
how many: [pol."p’aj] P F inter. polpxay (c.w. humbleness, humility: [tI."swa.Ran] P F n. tìs-
from holpxay number and pe how) waran (derived from swaran humble, mo-
how many: [hol."p’aj.pE] P F inter. holpxaype dest)
(c.w. from holpxay number and pe how) humid, moist, damp: ["paj.NaP] P F adj.
how much: [hIm."t’am.pE] P F inter. hìmtxampe paynga’ (derived from pay water and nga’
variant of pìmtxan contain)
how much: [pIm."t’an] P F inter. pìmtxan vari- humiliate: [fwIN s·i] P F vin. fwìng si (derived
ant of hìmtxampe from fwìng humiliation)
how near, how far: ["lIm.sim.pE] P F inter. lìm- humiliation, embarrassment, loss of face:
simpe (derived from lìm be far and sim be [fwIN] P F n. fwìng
near) humility, humbleness: [tI."swa.Ran] P F n. tìs-
how near, how far: [pE."lIm.sim] P F inter. waran (derived from swaran humble, mo-
pelìmsim (derived from lìm be far and sim dest)
be near) humor: [tI."Pi.pu] P F n. tì’ipu (derived from
how near, how far, what distance: ["la.Pa.pE] ’ipu humorous)
P F inter. la’ape variant of pela’a humorous, funny, amusing: ["Pi.pu] P F adj.
how near, how far, what distance: [pE."la.Pa] ’ipu
P F inter. pela’a variant of la’ape hunch, guess, informed guess, intuition:
how one conducts oneself, behavior: ["vo.Ik^] [PEn] P F n. ’en
P F n. voìk hunger: [tI.o."hak’] P F n. tìohakx (derived from
how tight, loose?: [pE."k’in.um] P F inter. pekx- ohakx hungry)
inum (derived from ’ekxinum tightness, loo- hungry: [o."hak’] P F adj. ohakx
seness) hunt: ["t·a.R·on] JC,P F vtr. taron
how tight, loose?: [PE."k’i.num.pE] P F inter. hunt: [sæ."ta.Ron] P F n. sätaron (derived from
’ekxinumpe (derived from ’ekxinum tight- taron hunt)
ness, looseness) hunted thing, prey: [smaR] P F n. smar
how wide?, what width: [pE.slo."snEp^] P F in- hunter: ["ta.Ron.ju] JC,P F n. taronyu (c.w. from
ter. peslosnep (derived from snep narrow) taron hunt and –yu agent suffix)
variant of slosneppe hunting: [tI.tu."sa.Ron] P F n. tìtusaron (derived
how wide?, what width: [slo."snE.pE] P F inter. from taron hunt)
slosneppe (derived from snep narrow) vari- hunting: [tI."ta.Ron] P F n. tìtaron (derived
ant of peslosnep from taron hunt)
however: [Ni."an] P F,SW adv. ngian hurried, frenzied: [lE."t’i] P F adj. letxi (derived
howl: [R·o."Nu.waj] P F vin. ronguway (derived from txi hurry)
from rol sing and nguway howl) hurriedly, in a frenzied way: [nI."t’i] P F adv.
howl, viperwolf cry: ["Nu.waj] P F n. nguway nìtxi (derived from txi hurry)
(derived from way song) hurriedness, hurry, frenzy: [t’i] P F n. txi
howler: [Ro."Nu.waj.ju] P F n. ronguwayyu (de- hurry: ["win sæ."p·i] P F vin. win säpi (c.w. from
rived from ronguway howl) win fast and s«äp»i do (reflexive))

34
hurry, hurriedness, frenzy: [t’i] P F n. txi (derived from tìsraw pain)
hurt (someone or something): [tI."sRaw
hurt, injure: [p·uN] P F vtr. pung
sEj."k·i] P F vtr. tìsraw seyki (c.w. from tìs-
raw pain and s«eyk»i make (causative)) husband, male spouse: [mun."t’a.tan] P F n.
hurt, be painful: [tI."sRaw "s·i] P F vin. tìsraw si muntxatan (derived from muntxatu spouse)

in vain, useless: [kEl."saR] P F adj. kelsar (c.w. imitate, reflect: ["RIP.IR s·i] P F vin. rì’ìr si (deri-
from ke not and lesar useful) ved from rì’ìr reflection)
I (deferential or ceremonial form): ["o.hE] P F immaturely, like a child: [nI."PE.vEN] P F adv.
pn. ohe nì’eveng (derived from ’eveng child)
I don’t know: [kE."mum] P F ph. kemum (c.w. immediately (not as soon as pxiswaway):
from ke not and omum know) [p’i."jEP.RIn] P F adv. pxiye’rìn (c.w. from
I don’t know: [ko."mum] P F ph. komum (c.w. ye’rìn soon and pxi sharp)
from ke not and omum know) immediately, without delay: [tIk^] P F adv.,
I mean, rather (self-correcting): [ko."lan] P F conj. tìk
intj. kolan (derived from kan aim, intend) immersion (into liquid), dipping: [jEm."fpaj]
> P F n. yemfpay (c.w. from yem put and pay
I understand, get it: [tslo."lam] P F intj. tslolam
(derived from tslam understand and «ol» water)
perfective aspect infix) impatient: [kE.lEm."wEj.pEj] P F adj. kelemwey-
I, me: ["o.E] P F pn. oe pey (derived from ke not and lemweypey
> patient)
ice: ["tsk’E.paj] P F n. tskxepay (derived from
tskxe stone and pay water) impatiently: [nI.kEm."wEj.pEj] P F adv. nìke-
idea: [sæ."fpIl] P F n. säfpìl (derived from fpìl mweypey (derived from ke not and lemwey-
think) pey patient)
imply: [tI.pEP."Najt wr."zEy.k·æ.R·Ip^] P F ph.
idiot, moron: [sk’awN] P F n. skxawng " (c.w. from tìpe’ngay
tìpe’ngayt wrrzeykärìp
if: [t’o] P F conj. txo
conclusion and wrrzärìp pull out, extract)
if (counterfactual use): [zun] P F conj. zun
importance, meaning, significance: [wa."wE]
if not, or else, otherwise: ["t’o.kE.fjaw] P F
P F n. wawe
conj. txokefyaw (c.w. from txo-ke-fya’o-’aw >
important: [lE."tsRan.tEn] P F adj. letsranten
if not one path)
> (derived from tsranten matter)
if that’s so, if that’s the case: ["t’o.tsa.fja] P F imposed requirement, obligation, duty:
adv. txotsafya (c.w. from txo if and tsafya >
[tson] P F n. tson
that way)
> imposing, formidable: [p’ul] P F adj. pxul
if that’s the case, if that’s so: ["t’o.tsa.fja] P F imposingly, formidably: [nI."p’ul] P F adv.
adv. txotsafya (c.w. from txo if and tsafya nìpxul (derived from pxul formidable, impo-
that way) sing)
ignorant, foolish: ["jaj.mak^] P F adj. yaymak imposingness, formidableness: [tI."p’ul] P F
ignore, not notice, snub: [j·æk’] P F vtr. yäkx n. tìpxul (derived from pxul formidable, im-
illness, disease, sickness: [sæ."sp’in] P F n. posing)
säspxin (derived from spxin sick) >
impossible: [kEl."tsun] P F adj. keltsun (c.w.
illustrate, draw: [w·Ejn] P F vtr. weyn from ke not and tsun be able)
image, picture: [REl] P F n. rel improper, unfair, wrong, unjustified:
imaginary: [lE."Ron.sREl] P F adj. leronsrel (deri- [kEm."wi.æ] P F adj. kemwiä (c.w. from ke
ved from ronsrel something imagined) not and muiä proper, fair, right, justified)
>
imagination: [tI."Ron.sREl] P F n. tìronsrel (deri- improve, get better: ["tsan.P·ul] P F vin. tsan’ul
ved from ronsrel something imagined) (c.w. from sìltsan good and ’ul increase)

35
improvement (in the general or abstract sen- trap’
>
se): [tI."tsan.Pul] P F n. tìtsan’ul (derived in an original way, originally, with origina-
>
from tsan’ul improve) lity: [nI."tsim] P F adv. nìtsim (derived from
>
improvement (specific instance): [sæ."tsan.Pul] tsim source)
P F n. sätsan’ul (derived from tsan’ul impro- in answer, back, in response: [nI."PEjN] P F
ve) adv. nì’eyng (derived from ’eyng answer)
in a communal manner, communally: [nI."jl] in detail, expansively, thoroughly: [nI."no] P F
"
P F adv. nìyll (derived from yll communal) adv. nìno
in a disappointing fashion, in a way failing in English: [nI."PIN.lI.sI] P F adv. nì’Ìnglìsì (de-
to meet expectations: [nI."jEw.la] P F adv. rived from ’Ìnglìsì English)
nìyewla (derived from yewla disappoint- in essence, basically, fundamentally: [nI."Ran]
ment) P F adv. nìran (derived from ran intrinsic
in a fashion as if one’s life were at sta- character or nature)
ke: [nEm."REj] P F adv., intj. nemrey (derived in every way: ["fra.fja] P F adv. frafya (c.w. from
from emrey survive) fra’u everything and fya’o way)
in a frenzied way, hurriedly: [nI."t’i] P F adv. in exchange for: ["jo.a] P F adp. yoa–
nìtxi (derived from txi hurry) in front of (place), before: ["E.o] P F adp. eo–
in a liquid way, by drinking: [nI."næk^] P F in hiding, secretly, by hiding: [nI."wan] P F
adv. nìnäk (derived from näk drink) adv. nìwan (derived from wan hide)
in a manner: [nI."fja.Po] P F adv. nìfya’o (deri- in imagination, by imagination: [nI."Ron.sREl]
ved from fya’o way) P F adv. nìronsrel (derived from ronsrel so-
in a manner which is enjoyable, enjoyably: mething imagined)
[nI."PoP] P F adv. nì’o’ (derived from ’o’ exci- in just a second from now: [p’i.swaw."aj] P F
ting) adv. pxiswaway (c.w. from swaw moment
in a mediocre manner: [nIk."sRan] P F adv. nìks- and ay future marker)
ran (derived from kesran mediocre) in layers: [nI."fRiR] P F adv. nìfrir (derived from
in a puzzling fashion, mysteriously: ["niN.jEn] frir layer)
P F adv. ningyen (derived from ingyen fee- in order to, so that: [ftE] P F conj. fte (with
ling of mystery) subjunctive verb in dependant clause)
in a smart way, intelligently: [nI."ka.nu] P F in other words, that is: ["a.lu] P F conj. alu (de-
adv. nìkanu (derived from kanu smart) rived from a subordinator and lu be) (Used
in a state of hesitation, hesitant: [lE."hI.pEj] P F for appositions)
adj. lehìpey (derived from hìpey hesitate) in poor taste, tacky: ["fEP.lup^] P F adj. fe’lup
in a straight line, straight ahead: [nI."jEj.fja] (c.w. from fe’ bad and lupra style)
P F adv. nìyeyfya (derived from yeyfya in response, back, in answer: [nI."PEjN] P F
straight line) adv. nì’eyng (derived from ’eyng answer)
in a way failing to meet expectations, in a in season (of foods, vegetable or animal):
disappointing fashion: [nI."jEw.la] P F adv. [kI."maR] P F adj. kìmar
nìyewla (derived from yewla disappoint- in shambles, chaotic, messy, disorganized:
ment) ["vEl.ke] P F adj. velke (c.w. from ve’o order,
>
in a whisper, by whispering: [nI."tsI.sjI] P F organization and luke without)
adv. nìtsìsyì (derived from tsìsyì whisper, v.) in spirit, “spirit-ly”: [nIt."RE.a] P F adv. nìtrea
in a whistling manner, by whistling: (derived from tirea spirit)
[nI."fwE.fwi] P F adv. nìfwefwi (derived from in spite of, despite: [kEn] P F adp. ken
fwefwi whistle) in that case, so: [ha] P F conj. ha
in advance: [nI."li] P F adv. nìli (derived from li in the capacity of, something as, or in the role
already) of, something else: [sko] P F adp. sko+
>
in an iron grip, tightly: [nI."sjEp^] P F adv. in the meantime, until then: [tsa."kr.vaj] P F
nìsyep (derived from syep trap) lit.: ’like a adv. tsakrrvay (c.w. from tsakrr then" and vay

36
 up to) infix: ["kEm.lI.Pu.vi] P F n. kemlì’uvi (derived
in the right season, opportunely: [nIk."maR] from kemlì’u verb)
P F adv. nìkmar (derived from kìmar in se- informed guess, guess, hunch, intuition:
ason) [PEn] P F n. ’en
in this regard, related to this matter: inhale: ["m·uN.sjE] P F vin. mungsye (c.w. from
[mI."ft’E.lE] P F adv. mìftxele munge take and syeha breath)
in toto, all (of), completely: [nI."wot’] P F adv. inherently enhance, fit, suit, complement:
nìwotx (derived from wotx totality, whole) [h·aP] P F vin. ha’
in vain, failingly, falteringly, fruitlessly, not initial location, beginning, starting position:
>
achieving the desired or expected end: ["sNæ.Pi.tsEN] P F n. sngä’itseng (c.w. from
[nI."nu] P F adv. nìnu (derived from nui fail, sngä’i start and tseng place)
falter) injure, hurt: [p·uN] P F vtr. pung
in, on: [mI] P F adp. mì+ injustice, unfairness: [tI.kEm."wi.æ] P F n. tìke-
inappropriate: [kEl."haP] P F adj. kelha’ (deri- mwiä (derived from kemwiä improper, un-
ved from ke not and leha’ appropriate) fair, wrong, unjustified)
inappropriate, noise. sound that is excessi- innocence: [tI."lajl] P F n. tìlayl (derived from
ve, unnecessary, unexpected or startling: layl innocent)
["hawm.pam] P F n. hawmpam (derived from innocent: [lajl] P F adj. layl
hawng overabundance and pam sound) innocently: [nI."lajl] P F adv. nìlayl (derived
inauspicious, unfortunate: ["kEt.RIp^] P F adj. from layl innocent)
ketrìp (derived from etrìp favorable) insane, crazy: [lEk."jE.PuN] P F adj. lekye’ung
(derived from keye’ung insanity)
incessantly, continuously, without stopping:
insanity: [kE."jE.PuN] P F n. keye’ung
[nIl.kE."ftaN] P F adv. nìlkeftang (c.w. from
luke without and ftang stop) insect: ["hI.PaN] P F n. hì’ang (c.w. from hì’i
small and ioang animal)
incidentally, by the way: [nI."viN.kap^] P F adv.
insect, young of an animal, bird, fish: ["li.ni]
nìvingkap (derived from vingkap occur to
P F n. lini
one, pop into one’s mind)
inside: ["mI.fa] or [mI."fa] P F adv., n. mìfa
incorrect, wrong, not right: [kE."jawR] P F adj.
inside, into: ["nEm.fa] P F adp. nemfa– (c.w.
keyawr (c.w. from ke not and eyawr correct)
from ne towards and mìfa inside)
incorrectness, mistakeness: [tI."k’Ej] P F n.
inspiration: [slan.ti."RE] P F n. slantire (c.w.
tìkxey (derived from kxeyey mistake)
from slan support and tirea spirit)
increase: [P·ul] P F vin. ’ul
inspire: [slan.ti."RE s·i] P F vin. slantire si (deri-
increase: [tI."Pul] P F n. tì’ul ved from slantire inspiration)
increasingly, more and more: [nI."Pul.Pul] P F inspire awe or respect, be impressive:
adv. nì’ul’ul (derived from ’ul increase) ["R·o.P·a] P F vin. ro’a
indicate, point at: [v·l] P F vtr. vll instance of coughing, a cough: [sæ."hE.Pa] P F
"
indication, sign, signal: [sæ."vl] P F n. sävll n. sähe’a (derived from he’a cough)
(derived from vll indicate, point " at)
instance of protesting, protest: [sæ.lEjm."kEm]
individuality (negative connotation), selfish- P F n. säleymkem (derived from leymkem
ness: [tI."Paw.po] P F n. tì’awpo (derived protest)
from ’awpo one individual) instance, time, turn, one of a number of repe-
infant, baby: ["pr.nEn] P F n. prrnen ated or recurring actions: ["a.lo] P F n. alo
"
infer: [tI.pEP."Najt wr."z·æ.R·Ip^] P F ph. instead of, rather than: [tup^] P F conj. tup
tìpe’ngayt wrrzärìp (c.w. " from tìpe’ngay con-
instruct, teach, give instruction: [sæ."nu.mE
clusion and wrrzärìp pull out, extract) s·i] P F vin. sänume si (derived from sänu-
>
infinite, uncountable: [kE.tsuk."ti.am] P F adj. me teaching, instruction)
ketsuktiam (derived from ketsuk– not able to instruction, teaching: [sæ."nu.mE] P F n. sänu-
do and tiam count) me (derived from nume learn)

37
instructive, meaningful, something from intrinsic character or nature, essence, consti-
which a lesson can be learned: ["Ral.NaP] titution; basic nature of something resul-
P F adj. ralnga’ (c.w. from ral meaning and ting from the totality of its properties; of-
nga’ contain) ten best translated as personality: [Ran] P F
insult, offence: [zop."lo] P F n. zoplo n. ran
intelligence: [tI."ka.nu] P F n. tìkanu (derived introduce, present: [mu.w·In."t’·u] P F vtr.
from kanu smart) muwìntxu (derived from wìntxu show)
> intuition, guess, informed guess, hunch:
intelligence, understanding: [tI."tslam] P F n.
tìtslam (derived from tslam understand) [PEn] P F n. ’en
intelligent, smart: ["ka.nu] P F adj. kanu ofp. intuitive, speculative: [lE."PEn] P F adj. le’en
intelligently, in a smart way: [nI."ka.nu] P F (derived from ’en guess) nfp.
adv. nìkanu (derived from kanu smart) investigate, explore: [l·aN] P F vtr. lang
>
inter. marker for yes or no questions: invitation: [tsan."t’æl] P F n. tsantxäl (derived
["sRak(E)] P F part. srak(e) from sìltsan good and ätxäle request)
>
invite: [tsan."t’æl s·i] P F vin. tsantxäl si (deri-
interfered with, modified, no longer in a na-
ved from tsantxäl invitation)
tural state: ["zæ.fi] P F adj. zäfi
irregular, random: ["RE.nul.kE] P F adj. renulke
intermediate level: ["k’am.jI] P F n. kxamyì
(derived from renu pattern and luke wit-
(c.w. from kxam middle and yì level)
hout)
internal: [ta."mI.fa] P F adj. tamìfa (c.w. from ta
irrelevant: [kE.sæ."ta.RE.NaP] P F adj. kesäta-
from and mìfa inside)
renga’ (derived from sätare connection, rela-
interpret (ii): [Ral."p·EN] P F vtr. ralpeng (c.w.
tionship)
from ral meaning and peng tell)
is, be, am, are: [l·u] P F vin. lu (predicative co-
interpretation, translation: [tI.Ral."pEN] P F n. pula, existential verb) (signifies possession
tìralpeng (derived from ral meaning and with dative of possessor)
peng tell) island: ["spo.no] P F n. spono
interrupt, throw out of harmonious balance: isn’t it?, right?: [kE."fjak^] P F,P rr part. kefyak
[m·æ."k’u] P F vtr. mäkxu (derived from kxu (c.w. from ke fya not the way and srak ques-
harm) tion marker)
into, inside: ["nEm.fa] P F adp. nemfa– (c.w. >
it (as dative indirect object), that: [tsaR] P F
from ne towards and mìfa inside) pn. tsar (derived from tsaw that)
> >
intolerable, unacceptable: [kE.tsuk."lEwn] P F it (as intransitive subject), that: [tsaw] P F pn.
adj. ketsuklewn (derived from ketsuk– not tsaw
able to do and lewn endure, stand, tolerate) >
it (as object), that: [tsat^] P F pn. tsat
intoxicating beverage, or “spirits”: ["swo.a] >
it (as topical), that: ["tsa.Ri] P F pn. tsari (deri-
P F n. swoa ved from tsaw that)
>
intricate (of things), fine, detailed, precise: it (transitive subject), that: [tsal] P F pn. tsal
[hI."no] P F adj. hìno itch: ["fk’·a.k·E] P F vin. fkxake
intriguing, be interesting: ["El.tuR tI."t’En s·i] its own, his own, her own: ["snE.jæ] P F pn.
P F vin. eltur tìtxen si (derived from eltu-r sneyä (derived from sno his self, her self, its
brain (dative) and tìtxen awakeness) self )

January: [vo.sp’I."Paw] P F n. vospxì’aw (c.w. joint, hinge: [til] P F n. til

from vospxì month and ’aw one) joke, funny story: ["haN.vuR] P F n. hangvur
jealously, enviously: [nI."fmok’] P F adv. nìfmo- (c.w. from hangham laugh and vur story)
kx (derived from fmokx jealousy) journey: [tI."sop^] n. tìsop (derived from
PF
jealousy, envy: [fmok’] P F n. fmokx sop travel)

38
joyous, happy, peaceful, pleasant: [lE."fpom] June: [vo.sp’I."puk^] P F n. vospxìpuk (c.w. from
P F adj. lefpom (derived from fpom happi- vospxì month and pukap six)
ness, peace) nfp. just a moment ago: [p’i.swaw."am] P F adv. px-
judge: [pEP."Naj.ju] P F n. pe’ngayyu (derived iswawam (c.w. from swaw moment and –am
from pe’ngay judge, conclude) past)
judge, conclude: [p·EP."Naj] P F vin. pe’ngay
(c.w. from pe’un decide and ngay true) justice, fairness: [tIm."wi.æ] P F n. tìmwiä (de-
July: [vo.sp’I."kin] P F n. vospxìkin (c.w. from rived from muiä proper, fair, right, justified)
vospxì month and kinä seven) justified, proper, fair, right: [mu."i.æ] PF adj.
jump: [sp·æ] P F vin. spä muiä

kava bowl (constructed from seed pods, no: [sRan."kE.hE] P F part., intj. srankehe (c.w.
used for drinking intoxicating beverages), from srane yes and kehe no)
>
hand-sized: ["swo.a.sEj] P F n. swoasey (c.w. kind, thoughtful, considerate: ["tstun.wi] P F
from swoa intoxicating beverage or “sprits" adj. tstunwi
and sey cup or bowl minimally modified from kind, type: [fnEl] P F n. fnel
>
naturally occurring resources) kindness: [tI."tstun.wi] P F n. tìtstunwi (deri-
keen, enthusiastic: [lE."soP.ha] P F adj. leso’ha ved from tstunwi kind)
(derived from so’ha be enthusiastic about) kiss: [p·om] P F vtr. pom
ofp. kiss: [sæ."pom] P F n. säpom (derived from pom
keep out, exclude, bar: [E."k’an s·i] P F vin. ekx- kiss)
an si (derived from ekxan barricade, obstruc- knee: [ki."nam.til] P F n. kinamtil (c.w. from ki-
tion) nam leg and til joint)
> >
keep up with someone: [l·a."ts·i] LA vin. latsi knife: [tstal] P F n. tstal
>
keep, preserve, leave alone, not disturb: knife sheath: ["tstal.sE.na] P F n. tstalsena (c.w.
[sw·Ejn] P F vtr. sweyn from tstal knife and sähena carrier)
key assumption: ["Nr.fpIl] P F n. ngrrfpìl (c.w. knot: [fta] P F n. fta
from ngrr root and" fpìl think) knot, make or tie a knot: [fta s·i] P F vin. fta si
kick, shove: [p’·Ek^] P F vtr. pxek (derived from fta knot)
kid: ["PE.vi] P F n. ’evi (affectionate form of know: [·o."m·um] P F vtr. omum (stress moves
’eveng child) to first syllable with infixation)
>
kill: [tsp·aN] P F vtr. tspang know (RN dialect): [S·awm] P F vtr. syawm
>
kind: [tI."tstun.wi.NaP] P F adj. tìtstunwinga’ know (spiritual sense), see, see into, un-
(c.w. from tìtstunwi kindness and nga’ con- derstand: ["k·a.m·E] P F vtr. kame
tain) nfp. knowledge: [tI."o.mum] P F n. tìomum (derived
kind of, more or less, somewhat, yes and from omum know)

lack: [tI."kE.lu] P F n. tìkelu (derived from ke lake: ["Po.Ra] P F n. ’ora

not and lu be) lamp, glow, an instance of glowing; light
lack of notice, snubbing: [tI."jæk’] P F n. tìyäkx source: [sæ."nr] P F n. sänrr (derived from
nrr glow) "
(derived from yäkx not notice, ignore, snub)
>
lack of notice, unawareness: [tIk."tsE.Ri] P F n. land: [at’."k’E] P F n. atxkxe
tìktseri (derived from tseri note, notice) land (process of), alight: [kl."w·o] P F vin. kllwo
(c.w. from kllte ground and" wo reach for)
lacking sufficient energy, lethargic, lazy:
[NoN] P F adj. ngong land, reach the ground: [kl."p·æ] P F vin. kllpä
"
39
 (c.w. from kllte ground and pähem arrive) launch, take off: [ja."w·o] P F vin. yawo (c.w.
language: ["lIP.fja] P F n. lì’fya (c.w. from lì’u from ya air and wo reach for)
word and fya’o way) lava, magma: [t’E."k’um.paj] P F n. txekxum-
language group, language users: ["lIP.fja.o."loP] pay (derived from txep fire and kxumpay
P F n. lì’fyaolo’ (c.w. from lì’fya language and viscous liquid)
olo’ clan) law enforcer, police officer: [ho.­REn.lEj."kEk.ju]
language users, language group: ["lIP.fja.o."loP] P F n. horenleykekyu (c.w. from koren rule
P F n. lì’fyaolo’ (c.w. from lì’fya language and and leykek enforce)
olo’ clan) law enforcer, police officer: [lEj."kEk.ju] P F n.
large: [a."p’a] P F adj. apxa nfp. leykekyu variant of horenleykekyu
>
large gathering, conference: [tsawl.ul."t’a] P F law, societal rule: [ko."REn a."jl] P F n. koren ayll
(c.w. from koren rule and yll " communal)
n. tsawlultxa (c.w. from tsawl big and ultxa
meeting) lawlike: [lE.ko."REn] P F adj. lekoren (derived
large part, majority, most: [t’am."p’I] P F n. tx- from koren rule)
ampxì (derived from txan much) lawyer: [pæN."k’o.ju lE.ko."REn] P F n. pängkx-
large pestle (grinding tool); meal-mashing oyu lekoren (c.w. from pängkxoyu chatter
pole: ["i.kut^] P F n. ikut and lekoren lawlike)
large social kava bowl: ["swo.a.sEj a."jl] P F n. lay (something) on the ground: [kl.t’Ej."k·aj]
" bowl "
swoasey ayll (c.w. from swoasey kava P F vtr. klltxeykay (c.w. from kllte ground
(constructed from seed pods, used for drinking and txay lie flat) transitive form of klltxay
intoxicating beverages) and yll communal) layer: [fRiR] P F n. frir
last month: [vo.sp’I."am] P F n. vospxìam (deri- layered: [le."fRiR] P F adj. lefrir (derived from
ved from vospxì month) frir layer)
last night: [t’o."nam] P F adv. txonam (derived lazily, lethargically: [nI."NoN] P F adv. nìngong
from txon night and ham previous) (derived from ngong lazy)
last time: [ha."ma.lo] P F adv. hamalo (c.w. from laziness, lethargy: [tI."NoN] P F n. tìngong (de-
ham previous and alo time) rived from ngong lazy)
last week: ["kin.tr.am] P F n. kintrram (derived lazy, lethargic, lacking sufficient energy:
from kintrr week) " [NoN] P F adj. ngong
last weekend: ["mun.tr.am] P F n. muntrram lead: [·Ejk^] JC,P F vtr. eyk
(derived from muntrr " weekend)
leader: ["Ejk.tan] JC n. eyktan (derived from
last, final: [sjEn] P F adj. syen eyk lead)
last, ultimate, terminal: [toR] P F adj. tor (deri- leader (typically temporary, of a small group
ved from toruk last shadow) like a hunting party): ["Ejk.ju] P F n. eykyu
lastly: [nI."sjEn] P F adv. nìsyen (derived from (derived from eyk lead)
syen last) leadership: [tI."Ejk.tan] JC,P F n. tìeyktan (deri-
late: ["hawN.kr] P F adv. hawngkrr (c.w. from ved from eyktan leader)
"
hawng overabundance and krr time) leaf: [RIk^] P F n. rìk
late: [lE."hawN.kr] P F adj. lehawngkrr (derived leaf green: ["RI.kE.an] P F adj. rìkean (c.w. from
from hawngkrr " late) rìk leaf and ean green)
late afternoon, evening (before twilight): leaf plate: ["jom.yo lE."rIk^] P F n. yomyo lerìk
[kajm] P F n. kaym (c.w. from yomyo plate (for food) and lerìk
lately, currently: [nI."fkr] P F adv. nìfkrr (deri- leafy)
ved from fìkrr this time) " leafy: [lE."RIk^] P F adj. lerìk (derived from rìk
later, after, afterwards: ["maw.kr] P F adv. leaf )
mawkrr (c.w. from maw after and" krr time) lean: ["t·u.v·on] P F vin. tuvon
>
laugh: ["h·aN.h·am] P F vin. hangham lean, thin, lithe: ["li.tsi] P F adj. litsi
laughter: [tI."haN.ham] P F n. tìhangham (deri- leap year: [zI.sIt."nun] P F n. zìsìtnun (c.w. from
ved from hangham laugh) zìsìt year and nun long (of time))

40
leap year day: [zI.sI."nun.tr] P F n. zìsìtnuntrr subjunctive infix)
"
(c.w. from zìsìtnun leap year and trr day) lethargic, lacking sufficient energy, lazy:
learn: ["n·u.m·E] P F vin. nume [NoN] P F adj. ngong
least, minority, small part: [hIm."p’I] P F n. lethargically, lazily: [nI."NoN] P F adv. nìngong
hìmpxì (derived from ngong lazy)
leather: [flawk’] P F n. flawkx lethargy, laziness: [tI."NoN] P F n. tìngong (deri-
leave alone, keep, preserve, not disturb: ved from ngong lazy)
[sw·Ejn] P F vtr. sweyn letter (phonetic symbol): [pam."REl.vi] P F n.
leave, abandon: [t’·IN] P F vtr. txìng pamrelvi (derived from pamrel writing)
leave, depart: [h·um] P F vin. hum level: ["PEN.EN] P F adj. ’engeng
ledge, shelf, level, step, rung : [jI] P F n. yì level, shelf, ledge, step, rung : [jI] P F n. yì
(Can also be used metaphorically to refer (Can also be used metaphorically to refer
to the level of anything scalable - anyt- to the level of anything scalable - anyt-
hing that can have levels or degrees, highs hing that can have levels or degrees, highs
and lows, water level, temperature, talent, and lows, water level, temperature, talent,
anger, etc.) anger, etc.)
left (not right): [ftæR] P F adj. ftär lid, cover: [lEw] P F n. lew
left side: ["ftæR.pa] P F n. ftärpa (c.w. from ftär lie flat, be horizontal: [t’·aj] P F vin. txay
left and pa’o side) lie on the ground: [kl."t’·aj] P F vin. klltxay
(c.w. from kllte ground " and txay lie flat)
leg: [ki."nam] P F n. kinam
leggings (used in war): [Ra."spuP] P F n. raspu’ life: [tI."REj] P F n. tìrey (derived from rey live)
leisurely, unhurriedly: [nI."t’i.lu.kE] P F adv. lift, pick up: ["k’·El.t·Ek^] P F vtr. kxeltek
nìtxiluke (c.w. from txi hurry and luke wit- light: [a."tan] JC n. atan
hout) light (physical weight), lightweight: [sjo] P F
lend: [kæ."sR·In] P F vtr. käsrìn (derived from adj. syo
srìn temporarily transfer from one to another) light color: ["nEjm.pin] P F n. neympin (derived
length: [Nim."pup^] P F n. ngimpup (derived from neyn light, shade of white)
from ngim long and pup short) light colors, shades of white: [nEjn] P F adj.
length (of time): ["nun.jol] P F n. nunyol (c.w. neyn
>
from nun long (of time) and yol short (of ti- light meal, snack: [tsjEj] P F n. tsyey
>
me)) light wind, breeze: [hu."fwE.tsjIp^] P F n.
lent or borrowed thing: [sæ."sRIn] P F n. säsrìn hufwetsyìp (derived from hufwe wind)
(derived from srìn temporarily transfer from lightning (general term): [Rawm] P F n. rawm
one to another) lightweight, light (physical weight): [sjo] P F
less: [nI."næn] P F adv. nìnän (derived from nän adj. syo
decrease) like a child, immaturely: [nI."PE.vEN] P F adv.
less and less, decreasingly: [nI."næn.æn] P F nì’eveng (derived from ’eveng child)
adv. nìnänän (derived from nän decrease) like an adult, maturely: [nI."fjEjn.tu] P F adv.
lesson: [sæ."num.vi] P F n. sänumvi (derived nìfyeyntu (derived from fyeyntu adult)
from sänume teaching) like it or not: ["sun.kE.sun] P F adv. sunkesun
lest, so that not: ["ftE.kE] P F conj. fteke (c.w. (derived from sunu be likeable and ke not)
>
from fte so that and ke not) (with subjun- like that, that way: [tsa."fja] P F adv. tsafya
ctive verb in dependant clause) (c.w. from tsa- that and fya’o way)
let go, release: [l·o."n·u] P F vtr. lonu like the Na’vi, Na’vi-ly: [nI."naP.vi] P F adv. nì-
let me think, hmm, let’s see: [fpi."vIl] P F in- Na’vi (derived from Na’vi the People)
tj. fpivìl (derived from fpìl think and «iv» like this, this way: [fI."fja] P F adv. fìfya (deri-
subjunctive infix) ved from fya’o path)
let’s see, hmm, let me think: [fpi."vIl] P F in- like us, as we do (casual speech [naj."wEN]):
tj. fpivìl (derived from fpìl think and «iv» [nI.aj."wEN] P F adv. nìayoeng (derived from

41
 >
ayoeng us (inclusive)) little you, you little: ["Na.tsjIp^] P F pn. ngatsyìp
like, as: [na] P F adp. na– (derived from nga you)
like, as: [p’El] P F adp. pxel– live: [R·Ej] P F vin. rey
likewise, too, also, as well: [nI."tEN] P F adv. live, dwell: ["kEl.ku "s·i] P F vin. kelku si (deri-
nìteng (derived from teng same, equal) ved from kelku home)
limit, edge, brink, border, end: [t’Ew] P F n. living at one with nature, harmony:
txew [­mE.o.a.u.ni.a."E.a] P F n. meoauniaea
> living thing, alive, living: [Ru."sEj] P F adj., n.
limp: [tsk·awR] P F vin. tskawr
lip: ["sEj.Ri] JC n. seyri rusey (c.w. from rey live and «us» active par-
liquid, water: [paj] P F n. pay ticiple infix)
listen: ["t·IN "mik.jun] P F vin. tìng mikyun (de- living, alive, living thing: [Ru."sEj] P F adj., n.
rived from tìng give and mikyun ear) rusey (c.w. from rey live and «us» active par-
listen to (intentionally): ["j·u.n·E] P F vtr. yune ticiple infix)
lit. ’wooden writing stick.’, pencil: lizard, any of a variety of lizard-like creatu-
[pam."rel.vul le."RIn] P F n. pamrelvul ler (c.w. res: ["wu.wuk^] P F n. wuwuk
from pamrelvul pen, pencil and ler wooden, logically, of course, following common sen-
of wood) se: [nI."lun] P F adv. nìlun
lit. ’writing stick.’ (short form of pamrelvul), loincloth: [tEwN] P F n. tewng
pen, pencil: ["REl.vul] P F n. relvul long (of time): [nun] P F n. nun
lit. ’writing stick.’, pen, pencil: [pam."rel.vul] long (physical length): [Nim] P F adj. ngim
P F n. pamrelvul (c.w. from pamrel writing longer (time): [nul."kr] P F adv. nulkrr (derived
from krr time) "
and vul branch (of a tree))
> look: ["t·IN "na.Ri] P F vin. tìng nari (derived
lithe, thin, lean: ["li.tsi] P F adj. litsi
little (in size), small: ["hI.Pi] P F adj. hì’i from tìng give and nari eye)
> look after, take care of, be responsible for:
little conversation: [tI.pæN."k’o.tsjIp^] P F n.
tìpängkxotsyìp (derived from tìpängkxo [v·EwN] P F vtr. vewng
conversation) look at: [n·In] P F vtr. nìn
little daughter (term of endearment): look for, seek, search: [fw·Ew] P F vtr. fwew
> look, sight, appearance: [PuR] P F n. ’ur
["Pi.tE.tsjIp^] P F n. ’itetsyìp (derived from
’ite daughter) loom: ["PEw.RaN] P F n. ’ewrang
> >
little favor: ["tstuN.kEm.tsjIp^] P F n. tstunkemt- loose: [um] P F adj. um
syìp (derived from tstunkem favor) loose?, how tight: [pE."k’in.um] P F inter. pekx-
>
little hunter: ["ta.Ron.ju.tsjIp^] P F n. taronyut- inum (derived from ’ekxinum tightness, loo-
syìp (derived from taronyu hunter) seness)
>
little I, little me: ["wE.tsjIp^] P F pn. oetsyìp (de- loose?, how tight: [PE."k’i.num.pE] P F inter.
rived from oe I) ’ekxinumpe (derived from ’ekxinum tight-
> ness, looseness)
little loved one, darling: ["jawn.tu.tsjIp^] P F
n. yawntutsyìp (derived from yawntu loved loosely, weakly: [nI."mEjp^] P F adv. nìmeyp
one) (derived from meyp weak)
>
little me, little I: ["wE.tsjIp^] P F pn. oetsyìp (de- looseness, degree of tightness: [PE."k’i.num]
rived from oe I) P F n. ’ekxinum (c.w. from ’ekxin tight and
> um loose)
little moment, second: ["swaw.tsjIp^] P F n.
swawtsyìp (derived from swaw moment) lose: [sn·ajt’] P F vtr. snaytx
little mommy (used for young girls): lose: [h·an] P F vtr. han
>
["saP.nu.tsjIp^] P F n. sa’nutsyìp (derived lose awareness of something, lose track:
from sa’nu mommy) ["t·a.t·Ep^] P F vtr. tatep
> >
little queue: ["tswin.tsjIp^] P F n. tswintsyìp (de- lose oneself (spiritual sense): ["P·i.·a] P F vin.
rived from tswin queue) ’ia

42
lose track, lose awareness of something: [t’a."s·u.n·u] P F vin. txasunu (derived from
["t·a.t·Ep^] P F vtr. tatep txan much and sunu be likeable) nfp.
loser: ["snaj.tu] P F n. snaytu (derived from loved one: ["jaw.nE.tu] P F n. yawnetu (derived
snaytx lose) from yawne beloved)
loser (vulgar), bastard: [t’an."fwIN.tu] P F n. loved one: ["jawn.tu] P F n. yawntu (derived
txanfwìngtu (derived from txan much and from yawne beloved)
fwìng humiliation) low: [tIm] P F adj. tìm
loss: [tI."snajt’] P F n. tìsnaytx (derived from low level: ["tIm.jI] P F n. tìmyì (c.w. from tìm
snaytx lose) low and yì level)
loss: [tI."han] P F n. tìhan (derived from han lo- loyal: [saj] P F adj. say
se) loyally: [nI."saj] P F adv. nìsay (derived from
loss of face, humiliation, embarrassment: say loyal)
[fwIN] P F n. fwìng loyalty: [tI."saj] P F n. tìsay (derived from say
loud: [wok^] P F adj. wok loyal)
loudly: [nI."wok^] P F adv. nìwok (derived from luck, chance: ["sjaj.vi] P F n. syayvi (derived
wok loud) from syay fate)
love: [tI."jawn] P F n. tìyawn (derived from luckily, happily: ["nEt.RIp^] P F adv. netrìp
yawne beloved) lullaby: ["ha.waj] P F n. haway
>
love greatly, enjoy tremendously: lung: ["tso.pI] P F n. tsopì

(made from insect wings, goggles, carved make free of dirt, clean: ["la.ro s·i] P F vin. laro
from wood, etc): ["REn.tEn] P F n. renten si (derived from laro clean)
machine: [t’aw."nul.sruN] P F n. txawnulsrung make impervious, seal: [fj·El] P F vtr. fyel
magenta, violet, purple: ["Pom.pin] P F n. ’om- make or tie a knot, knot: [fta s·i] P F vin. fta si
pin (derived from ’om purple) (derived from fta knot)
magenta, violet, purple: [Pom] P F adj. ’om make someone angry, anger: [stEj."k·i] P F vtr.
magma, lava: [t’E."k’um.paj] P F n. txekxum- steyki (derived from sti be angry and «eyk»
pay (derived from txep fire and kxumpay causative infix)
viscous liquid) make something fast, rush something: ["win
main point: ["t’in.fpIl] P F n. txinfpìl (c.w. from "s·i] P F vin. win si (derived from win fast)
txin main and fpìl think) make to sing (poetic), play music: [REj."kol] P F
main, primary: [t’in] P F adj. txin vtr. reykol (derived from rol sing and «eyk»
majority, most, large part: [t’am."p’I] P F n. tx- causitive infix)
ampxì (derived from txan much) make, auxiliary verb, postpositional non-
make a sound: [pam s·i] P F vin. pam si (deri- bound verb do: [s·i] P F si deriving affix
ved from pam sound) making an informed guess, acting on intui-
make an exception: [tI.muN."wr s·i] P F vin. tion: [nI."PEn] P F adv. nì’en (derived from
"
tìmungwrr si (derived from tìmungwrr ex- ’en guess)
ception) male: ["fnE.lan] P F n. fnelan (derived from fnel
make an excuse, make excuses: [E."Et’ si] P F kind, type)
vin. ehetx si (derived from ehetx excuse) male: [lE."fnE.lan] P F adj. lefnelan (derived
make an informed guess: ["PEn "s·i] P F vin. ’en from fnelan male)
si (derived from ’en guess) male (person): [tu."tan] P F n. tutan (derived
make clear: ["law "s·i] P F vin. law si (derived from tute person)
from law clear) male clan leader: [o.lo.PEjk."tan] P F n.
make excuses, make an excuse: [E."Et’ si] P F olo’eyktan (derived from olo’eyktan clan le-
vin. ehetx si (derived from ehetx excuse) ader)

43
male spouse, husband: [mun."t’a.tan] P F n. maximally: [t’an."t’Ew.vaj] P F adv. txantx-
muntxatan (derived from muntxatu spouse) ewvay (derived from txantxew maximum)
malicious, bad hearted: ["kawN.lan] P F adj. maximum: [t’an."t’Ew] P F n. txantxew (c.w.
kawnglan (c.w. from kawng bad, evil and from txan much and txew limit, border, end)
txe’lan heart) May: [vo.sp’I."mr] P F n. vospxìmrr (c.w. from
manily, many: [nI."p’aj] P F adv. nìpxay (deri- vospxì month "and mrr five)
>
ved from pxay many) may, be possible: ["ts·un.sl·u] P F vin. tsunslu
manner, path, way: ["fja.Po] P F n. fya’o (c.w. from tsun be able and slu become)
many: [p’aj] P F adj. pxay (used with singular maybe, perhaps: [k’awm] P F adv. kxawm
or plural noun forms) me, I: ["o.E] P F pn. oe
many, manily: [nI."p’aj] P F adv. nìpxay (deri- meaning: [Ral] P F n. ral
ved from pxay many) meaning, importance, significance: [wa."wE]
map: [at’."k’E.REl] P F n. atxkxerel (c.w. from atx- P F n. wawe
kxe land and rel picture) meaningful, instructive, something from
March: [vo."sp’Ej] P F n. vospxey (c.w. from which a lesson can be learned: ["Ral.NaP]
vospxì month and pxey three) P F adj. ralnga’ (c.w. from ral meaning and
mark, fool, sucker, someone easily tricked: nga’ contain)
["flEl.tu] P F n. fleltu (derived from flel trick, meaningfully, significantly: [nI.wa."wE] P F
fool) adv. nìwawe (derived from wawe meaning,
marriage, mating: [tI.mun."t’a] P F n. tìmuntxa significance)
(derived from muntxa mated) meaningless, devoid of content: ["Ral.kE] P F
married, mated: [mun."t’a] P F adj. muntxa adj. ralke (derived from ral meaning and ke
not)
marry, mate (with someone): [mun."t’a "s·i] P F
means of transport, transportation device,
vin. muntxa si (derived from muntxa mated)
vehicle: [sæ.ka."hE.na] P F n. säkahena (deri-
mass of something twisted together, a tang-
ved from kahena transport)
le(ment): [tI."zin] P F n. tìzin (derived from >
meat: [tsNan] P F n. tsngan
zin tangled) >
> medicine: ["Pum.tsa] P F n. ’umtsa
master: [tsul."fæ "s·i] P F vin. tsulfä si (derived
mediocre, so-so: [kE."sRan] P F adj. kesran (c.w.
from tsulfä mastery)
from ke not and sran yes) (The derivation of
master of an art, craft, or skill, expert:
> this word is not entirely clear. It may have
[tsul."fæ.tu] P F n. tsulfätu (derived from
originally been kesrankekehe, literally, ’not
tsulfä mastery)
> yes, not no,’ in reference to whether a cer-
mastery: [tsul."fæ] P F n. tsulfä
tain action was performed well or not, and
mate (with someone), marry: [mun."t’a "s·i] P F over time it became shortened to just kes-
vin. muntxa si (derived from muntxa mated) ran, its use expanding to include anything
mated, married: [mun."t’a] P F adj. muntxa only mediocre in quality.)
materialize, appear, come into view: [sR·ER] meet by chance (ii), encounter: [ul."t’a.R·un]
P F vin. srer P F vtr. ultxarun (c.w. from ultxa meeting
mating, marriage: [tI.mun."t’a] P F n. tìmuntxa and run find)
(derived from muntxa mated) meet with someone intentionally (use hu
matter (subject): ["t’E.lE] P F n. txele with): [ul."t’a "s·i] P F vin. ultxa si (derived
>
matter, be of importance: ["tsR·an.t·En] P F vin. from ultxa meeting)
tsranten meeting: [ul."t’a] P F n. ultxa
mature, ripe, adult: [fjEjn] P F adj. fyeyn meeting participant: [ul."t’a.tu] P F n. ultxatu
maturely, like an adult: [nI."fjEjn.tu] P F adv. (derived from ultxa meeting)
nìfyeyntu (derived from fyeyntu adult) melody: [lawR] P F n. lawr
maturity, ripeness, full fruition: [tI."fjEjn] P F member: [ha."p’I.tu] P F n. hapxìtu (derived
n. tìfyeyn (derived from fyeyn ripe, mature) from hapxì part)

44
member of a class, classmate: [nu.mul."t’a.tu] miraculous: [pa."Rul.NaP] P F adj. parulnga’ (de-
P F n. numultxatu (derived from numultxa rived from parul miracle) nfp.
class (for instruction)) mischief: ["sti.wi] P F n. stiwi
member of a community, clan member: mischief-maker: ["sti.wi.si.ju] P F n. stiwisiyu
[o."lo.tu] P F n. olo’tu (derived from olo’ (derived from stiwi mischief )
clan) mischievous: ["sti.wi.NaP] P F adj. stiwinga’
member of the speaker community (of a lan- (c.w. from stiwi mischief and nga’ contain)
guage): ["lIP.fja.o."loP.tu] P F n. lì’fyaolo’tu miss, not hit a target: [h·up’] P F vtr. hupx
(derived from lì’fyaolo’ language group, lan- missed (as an absent person who is longed
guage users) for), missing: [lom] P F adj. lom
merge, become one with: ["n·a.w·aN] P F vin. missed person: ["lom.tu] P F n. lomtu (derived
nawang from lom missing, missed)
mess up, foul, do wrong: [tI."k’Ej "s·i] P F vin. missing, missed (as an absent person who is
tìkxey si (derived from tìkxey incorrectness) longed for): [lom] P F adj. lom
message: [Pu."p’a.RE] P F n. ’upxare mist, fog, steam: ["ja.paj] P F n. yapay (c.w.
messy, chaotic, disorganized, in shambles: from ya air and pay water)
["vEl.ke] P F adj. velke (c.w. from ve’o order, mistake, error: ["k’E.jEj] P F n. kxeyey
organization and luke without) mistakeness, incorrectness: [tI."k’Ej] P F n.
metal: [fNap^] P F n. fngap tìkxey (derived from kxeyey mistake)
metallic: [lE."fNap^] P F adj. lefngap (derived misty, foggy: [lE."ja.paj] P F adj. leyapay (deri-
from fngap metal) ved from yapay fog)
mid-day, noon: ["k’am.tr] P F n. kxamtrr (c.w. model, represent, exemplify (ii): ["k·E.n·oN]
from kxam middle and" trr day) P F vtr. kenong
middle, midpoint: [k’am] P F n. kxam >
moderate, mild, comfortable: ["tsja.fE] P F adj.
midnight: ["k’am.t’on] P F n. kxamtxon (c.w. tsyafe
from kxam middle and txon night) modest, humble, self-effacing: ["swa.Ran] P F
midpoint, middle: [k’am] P F n. kxam adj. swaran
mighty: [fkEw] P F adj. fkew modification, change (instance of), edit:
mild, gentle, tender (people or things): [flr] [sæ."la.tEm] P F n. sälatem (derived from la-
"
P F adj. flrr tem change)
>
mild, moderate, comfortable: ["tsja.fE] P F adj. modified, interfered with, no longer in a na-
tsyafe tural state: ["zæ.fi] P F adj. zäfi
military clan, squad, battle party: moist vegetation, pleasant smell of nearby
["wEm.po.Nu] P F n. wempongu (c.w. from running water, rain: [so."sul] P F adj. sosul
wem fight and pongu group) moist, humid, damp: ["paj.NaP] P F adj.
milk: ["o.kup^] P F n. okup paynga’ (derived from pay water and nga’
mind: ["Ron.sEm] P F n. ronsem contain)
minimally: [hIm."t’Ew.vaj] P F adv. hìmtxewvay moment: [swaw] P F n. swaw
(derived from hìmtxew minimum) mommy, mum: ["saP.nu] P F n. sa’nu (affectio-
minimum: [hIm."t’Ew] P F n. hìmtxew (c.w. nate form of sa’nok mother)
from hìm small and txew limit) Monday: [tr."mu.vE] P F n. trrmuve (c.w. from
> " muve second)
minor ailment: [sæ."sp’in.tsjIp^] P F n. säspxint- trr day and
syìp (derived from säspxin illness) month: [vo."sp’I] P F n. vospxì (derived from
>
minor wound, cut, bruise: ["sk’iR.tsjIp^] P F n. vosìpxì twelfth and zìsìtä of a year)
skxirtsyìp (derived from skxir wound) moon: [o."a.RE] P F n. oare
minority, least, small part: [hIm."p’I] P F n. more: [nI."Pul] P F adv. nì’ul
hìmpxì more and more, increasingly: [nI."Pul.Pul] P F
miracle: [pa."Rul] P F n. parul adv. nì’ul’ul (derived from ’ul increase)

45
 >
more or less, somewhat, yes and no, kind muscular: [tsaw."sNEm] P F adj. tsawsngem (de-
of: [sRan."kE.hE] P F part., intj. srankehe (c.w. rived from tsawl big and tsngem muscle)
from srane yes and kehe no) mushroom, fungus: [sp’am] P F n. spxam
morning: ["RE.won] P F n. rewon >
music: ["pam.tsE.o] P F n. pamtseo (c.w. from
moron, idiot: [sk’awN] P F n. skxawng pam sound and tseo art)
moss: ["pr.wl] P rr n. prrwll (c.w. from prrnen >
music creator, composer: [pam.tsE.o."Nop.ju]
" ’ewll
baby and " plant) P F n. pamtseongopyu (c.w. from pamtseo
most, majority, large part: [t’am."p’I] P F n. tx- music and ngopyu creator) eg. James Hor-
ampxì (derived from txan much) ner
mother: ["saP.nok^] P F n. sa’nok (from musical instrument (generic term): [Po."t’aN]
sa’atenuk C ) P F n. ’otxang
mother loom, giant loom: [sa."PEw.RaN] P F n. >
musical piece: ["pam.tsE.o.vi] P F n. pamtseovi
sa’ewrang (derived from sa’nok mother and (derived from pamtseo music)
’ewrang loom) >
musician: ["pam.tsE.o.tu] P F n. pamtseotu (de-
mountain: [Ram] P F n. ram rived from pamtseo music)
mouth: [k’a] P F n. kxa
must: ["z·E.n·E] P F vim. zene
mouth-binder, banshee catcher: ["jIm.k’a] P F
must not (ii): ["z·EN.kE] P F vim. zenke (c.w.
n. yìmkxa (c.w. from yìm bind and kxa
from zene must and ke not)
mouth)
move: ["P·æ.R·Ip^] P F vtr. ’ärìp mute: [kak."mok.ri] P F adj. kakmokri (derived
move by means of a sail, to sail: ["ka.fi s·i] P F from mokri voice)
vin. kafi si (derived from kafi sail) mutely: [nI.kak."mok.ri] P F adv. nìkakmokri
move on, get over, accept some fact, reconcile (derived from kakmokri mute)
oneself: [w·a."l·Ew] P F vin. walew muteness: [tI.kak."mok.ri] P F n. tìkakmokri (de-
move, shift position: [R·ik’] P F vin. rikx rived from kakmokri mute)
movie, film, video: ["rEl a.ru."sikx] P F n. rel my apologies (acknowledgment of guilt and
arusikx (c.w. from rel picture and rikx move) regret), sorry: [Naj."t’o.a] P F intj. ngaytxoa
much: [t’an] P F adj. txan (c.w. from ngeyä your and txoa forgiveness)
much (abstract), very: [nI."t’an] P F adv. nìtxan mysterious, puzzling, enigmatic: ["iN.jE.NaP]
(derived from txan much) P F adj. ingyenga’ (derived from ingyen fe-
mud: ["No.a] P F n. ngoa eling of mystery)
multicolored, colorful, variegated: ["p’aj.o.pin] mysteriously, in a puzzling fashion: ["niN.jEn]
P F adj. pxayopin (c.w. from pxay many and P F adv. ningyen (derived from ingyen fee-
’opin color) ling of mystery)
mum, mommy: ["saP.nu] P F n. sa’nu (affectio- mystery, riddle, enigma, conundrum:
>
nate form of sa’nok mother) ["iN.jEn.tsim] P F n. ingyentsim (c.w. from
>
muscle: [tsNEm] P F n. tsngem ingyen feeling of mystery and tsim source)

Na’vi-ly, like the Na’vi: [nI."naP.vi] P F adv. nì- narrative poem, story poem: ["vuR.waj] P F n.
Na’vi (derived from Na’vi the People) vurway (c.w. from vur story and way song)
>
nail, claw: [tsin] P F n. tsin narrow: [snEp^] P F adj. snep
naked, without clothing: [luk."pEn] P F adj. natural (something in its original, wild, un-
lukpen (c.w. from luke without and pen clot- modified, untampered-with natural state):
hing (plural)) [jr] P F adj. yrr
> "
name: [tst’o] P F n. tstxo naturally, without tampering with or chan-
>
nap: ["haw.tsjIp^] P F n. hawtsyìp (derived from ging the nature: [nI."jr] P F adv. nìyrr (de-
hahaw sleep) rived from yrr natural)"

46
navel: [NEp^] P F n. ngep next week: ["kin.tr.aj] P F n. kintrray (derived
> "
near-master: [tsul.fæ.tu."naj] P F n. tsulfätunay from kintrr week)
(derived from tsulfätu master) next weekend: ["mun.tr.aj] P F n. muntrray
nearby, at close range: [a."sim] P F adv. asim (derived from muntrr" weekend)
(derived from sim near, be near) next year: ["zI.sIt.aj] P F n. zìsìtay (derived from
>
nebula: [pI."wop’.tsjIp^] P F n. pìwopxtsyìp (de- zìsìt year)
rived from pìwopx cloud) lit.: ’little cloud’ night: [t’on] P F n. txon
necessarily: [nI."zEn] P F adv. nìzen (derived night-fall, sunset, dusk, gloaming: [t’on."PoN]
from zene must) P F,P rr n. txon’ong (c.w. from txon night and
necessary: [lE."kin] P F adj. lekin (derived from ’ong unfold)
kin need) nightmare: ["t’o.pu.nil] P F n. txopunil (c.w.
neck: [pEwn] P F n. pewn from txopu fear and unil dream)
>
nectar: [tsmi] P F n. tsmi no: ["kE.hE] P F part., intj. kehe
>
nectar lantern, bladder lantern: ["tsmi.snr] P F no (before a noun): ["kE.a] P F adj. kea
n. tsmisnrr (c.w. from tsmi nectar and" nrr no action or activity: ["kE.kEm] P F pn. kekem
glow) (c.w. from ke not and kem activity)
need: [k·in] P F vtr. kin no longer in a natural state, modified, inter-
need: [tI."kin] P F n. tìkin (derived from kin fered with: ["zæ.fi] P F adj. zäfi
need) no matter what, no matter, whatever:
>
needless to say, of course: [kE.zEm.pl."t’E] [kE."tsRan] P F adj., conj. ketsran (c.w. from
PF adv. kezemplltxe (contraction" of ke not and tsranten Matter, be of importance)
ke+zene+pivlltxe) no matter, no matter what, whatever:
nest; protected area serving as the home of >
[kE."tsRan] P F adj., conj. ketsran (c.w. from
>
Pandoran fauna: [tsRul] P F n. tsrul ke not and tsranten Matter, be of importance)
net, web: [hæn] P F n. hän no need to use honorific language:
neural queue: ["ku.Ru] P F n. kuru ["fjEN.kE.kin] P F intj. fyengkekin (c.w. from
never: ["kaw.kr] P F adv. kawkrr (c.w. from ke lì’fyeng honorific language and kelkin un-
’aw not one "and krr time) necessary)
never-ending (in a temporal sense), endless: no way! (vulgar), screw that!: ["p’a.sIk^] P F in-
[tIP."i.lu.kE] P F adj. tì’iluke (c.w. from tì’i’a tj. pxasìk
ending, conclusion and luke without) no-one: ["kaw.tu] P F pn. kawtu (c.w. from ke
never-endingly, forever: [nIt."Pi.lu.kE] P F adv. ’aw not one and tute person)
nìt’iluke (c.w. from tì’i’a ending, conclusion noble person, great person: ["nawm.tu] P F n.
and luke without) nawmtu (derived from nawm great, noble)
>
nevertheless, even so: [tsal.su."Naj] P F adv. noble, great: [nawm] P F adj. nawm
tsalsungay noise. sound that is excessive, unnecessa-
new: [mip^] P F adj. mip ry, inappropriate, unexpected or startling:
newcomer, someone who has just arrived on ["hawm.pam] P F n. hawmpam (derived from
the scene: [zI."ma.Pu.ju] P F n. zìma’uyu hawng overabundance and pam sound)
news, something to report: [fmawn] P F n. noise. ugly or unpleasant sound, screech:
fmawn ["væ.pam] P F n. väpam (derived from vä un-
next: [haj] P F adj. hay pleasant to the senses and pam sound)
next: [nI."haj] P rr adv. nìhay (derived from hay noisily: [nI."hawm.pam] P F adv. nìhawmpam
next) (derived from hawmpam noise)
next month: [vo.sp’I."aj] P F n. vospxìay (deri- noisome, unpleasant to the senses: [væP] P F
ved from vospxì month) adj. vä’
next time: [ha."ja.lo] P F adv. hayalo (c.w. from noisy: [lE."hawm.pam] P F adj. lehawmpam (de-
hay next and alo time) rived from hawmpam noise)

47
noon, mid-day: ["k’am.tr] P F n. kxamtrr (c.w. ke not and nì’aw only)
from kxam middle and" trr day) not physical), strong (emotionally, spiritual-
nose: ["on.tu] JC n. ontu ly, confident: [sEj."k’El] P F adj. seykxel
>
nose ring: ["on.tsaN] P F n. ontsang (c.w. from not right, incorrect, wrong: [kE."jawR] P F adj.
ontu nose and tsang piercing) keyawr (c.w. from ke not and eyawr correct)
not: [kE] P F adv., part. ke not solid, hollow: ["mo.mEk^] P F adj. momek
not a bit (used with ke; see ke kaw’it not...at not without bounds, having a limit, finite:
all in phrases), not at all: [kaw."Pit^] P F adv. ["t’Ew.NaP] P F adj. txewnga’ (c.w. from txew
kaw’it (c.w. from ke ’aw not one and ’it bit) limit and nga’ contain)
>
not achieving the desired or expected end, note, notice: ["ts·E.R·i] P F vtr. tseri
failingly, falteringly, in vain, fruitlessly: nothing: ["kE.Pu] P F pn. ke’u (c.w. from ke not
[nI."nu] P F adv. nìnu (derived from nui fail, and ’u thing)
falter) >
notice, awareness: [tI."tsE.Ri] P F n. tìtseri (de-
not at all, not a bit (used with ke; see ke rived from tseri note, notice)
kaw’it not...at all in phrases): [kaw."Pit^] P F >
notice, note: ["ts·E.R·i] P F vtr. tseri
adv. kaw’it (c.w. from ke ’aw not one and ’it >
noun: ["tst’o.lI.Pu] P F n. tstxolì’u (c.w. from
bit) tstxo name and lì’u word)
not derived from another source, original, noun phrase (phrase whose pivotal or central
> >
unique: [lE."tsim] P F adj. letsim (derived word is a noun): [tst’o."lIP.u.kı̀N.vi] P F n.
from tsim source) tstxolì’ukìngvi (c.w. from tstxolì’u noun and
not disturb, keep, preserve, leave alone: kìng thread)
[sw·Ejn] P F vtr. sweyn nourish, provide nourishment: [li."swa s·i] P F
not hit a target, miss: [h·up’] P F vtr. hupx vin. liswa si (derived from liswa nourish-
not hollow, solid: [vawt^] P F adj. vawt ment)
not many, few: [nI."hol] P F adv. nìhol (derived nourishment: [li."swa] P F n. liswa
from hol few) November: [vo.sp’I.vo."pEj] P F n. vospxìvopey
not necessarily: [kEn."zEn] P F adv. kenzen (c.w. (c.w. from vospxì month and vopey eleven)
from ke not and nìzen necessarily) now: [sEt^] P F adv. set
>
not notice, ignore, snub: [j·æk’] P F vtr. yäkx nowhere: ["kaw.tsEN] P F adv. kawtseng (c.w.
not obtain expected or desired result, fail, from ke ’aw not one and tseng place)
falter, go astray: ["n·u.·i] P F vin. nui number: [hol."p’aj] P F n. holpxay (c.w. from
not only: [kEn."Paw] P F adv. ken’aw (c.w. from hol few and pxay many)

O
>
“on top of things”, organized: ["vE.NaP] P F observation, something noticed: [sæ."tsE.Ri]
adj. venga’ (c.w. from ve’o order, organization P F n. sätseri (derived from tseri notice)
and nga’ contain) obstructed; frustrated, blocked: [lE."k’an] P F
O (vocative marker): [ma] P F part. ma adj. lekxan (derived from ekxan barrier)
obey, heed: [l·Ek^] P F vtr. lek obstruction, barricade: [E."k’an] P F n. ekxan
>
obfuscation, cover up: [tI."wan] P F n. tìwan obtainable, available: [tsu."ka.nom] P F adj.
(derived from wan hide) tsukanom (derived from kanom acquire, get)
object of desire, crush: ["tu.nu.tu] P F n. tunutu occupation, primary role in society: ["t’in.tIn]
(derived from tunu romantic) P F n. txintìn (c.w. from txin main and tìn
object, thing (physical or tangible): [zum] P F activity that keeps one busy)
n. zum occupy a space, be at: [t·ok^] P F vtr. tok
obligation, duty, imposed requirement: occur to one, pop into one’s mind: ["v·iN.k·ap^]
>
[tson] P F n. tson P F vtr. vingkap

48
occur, happen: [l·En] P F vin. len on one’s own, alone, by one’s self; lonely:
ocean, sea: [t’am."paj] P F n. txampay (c.w. from [lE."Paw.tu] P F adj. le’awtu (c.w. from ’aw
txan much and pay water) one and tute person)
October: [vo.sp’I.vo."mun] P F n. vospxìvomun on the contrary, conversely: [nI."wæ] P F adv.
(c.w. from vospxì month and vomun ten) nìwä
odd, be curious, strange, unexpected: [h·Ek^] on the opposite side, opposite: ["fEw.tu.sok^]
P F vin. hek P F adj. fewtusok (derived from few– ac-
oddly, strangely: [nI."hEk^] P F adv. nìhek (deri- ross)(In casual speech, fewtsok (few.tsok)
ved from hek be curious, odd) (sentence, not on the same level, equally: [nI."PEN] P F adv.
manner, adverbial) nì’eng (derived from ’engeng level)
of a small group like a hunting party), leader on, in: [mI] P F adp. mì+
(typically temporary: ["Ejk.ju] P F n. eykyu on, onto: [sIn] P F adp. sìn–
(derived from eyk lead) once: ["Paw.lo] P F adv. ’awlo
of course, logically, following common sen- once (in the past): [Paw."li.E] P F adv. ’awlie
se: [nI."lun] P F adv. nìlun one: [Paw] P F num. ’aw
of course, needless to say: [kE.zEm.pl."t’E] one hundred percent, completely: ["zam mI
PF adv. kezemplltxe (contraction" of "zam] P F adv. zam mì zam (derived from
ke+zene+pivlltxe) zam sixty-four and mì in, on)
>
of stone, stony: [lE."tsk’E] P F adj. letskxe (deri- one individual: ["Paw.po] P F pn. ’awpo
ved from tskxe rock, stone) one of a number of repeated or recurring ac-
of the English language, English: [lE."PIN.lI.sI] tions, time, turn, instance: ["a.lo] P F n. alo
P F adj. le’Ìnglìsì (derived from ’Ìnglìsì Eng- one step down from leader, deputy, general:
lish language) [Ejk.ta."naj] JC,P F n. eyktanay (derived from
of wood, wooden: [lE."rIn] P F adj. lerìn (deri- eyktan leader)
ved from rìn wood) one third, third: [pan] P F n. pan
offence, insult: [zop."lo] P F n. zoplo one under someone’s protection: ["hawn.tu]
offer: ["st’E.nu] P F n. stxenu (c.w. from stxeli P F n. hawntu (derived from hawnu protect)
gift and lonu release) One who is patient: [ma."wEj.pEj.ju] P F n.
offer: ["st’E.nu.t·IN] P F vtr. stxenutìng (derived maweypeyyu (derived from maweypey be
from stxenu offer, n.) patient)
often: [p’Im] P F adv. pxìm one with authority over another, comman-
often found, common: [lE."p’Im.Run] P F adj. der: ["k’Im.ju] P F n. kxìmyu (derived from
lepxìmrun (derived from pxìm often and run kxìm command, order, assign tasks)
find) one, they (singular usage) (unspecified
OK, that will suffice, that will do: [t·am] P F agent): [fko] P F pn. fko
vin., intj. tam one-eighth: [vo."p’I] P F n. vopxì (c.w. from vol
old (opposite of mip): [lal] P F adj. lal nfp. eight and hapxì part)
old man: ["ko.ak.tan] P F n. koaktan (derived one-fifth: [mr."p’I] P F n. mrrpxì (c.w. from mrr
from koak old, aged) "
five and hapxì part)
>
old person: ["ko.ak.tu] P F n. koaktu (derived one-fourth: [tsI."p’I] P F n. tsìpxì (c.w. from
from koak old, aged) tsìng four and hapxì part)
old woman: ["ko.ak.tE] P F n. koakte (derived one-seventh: [ki."p’I] P F n. kipxì (c.w. from
from koak old, aged) kinä seven and hapxì part)
old, aged (for living things): ["ko.ak^] P F adj. one-sixth: [pu."p’I] P F n. pupxì (c.w. from
koak pukap six and hapxì part)
old, former: ["spu.win] P F adj. spuwin nfp. only: [nI."Paw] P F adv. nì’aw (derived from ’aw
omen, sign: [a."u.Ni.a] P F n. aungia one)
on a daily basis, regularly: [nI."tr.tr] P F adv. only: [lE."Paw] P F adj. le’aw
nìtrrtrr (derived from trr day) " " onto, on: [sIn] P F adp. sìn–

49
oops!: [PæP] P F intj. ’ä’ or not: [fu."kE] P F conj. fuke (c.w. from fu or
open: [pi."ak^ s·i] P F vin. piak si (derived from and ke not)
piak open) or off of a floating mountain (countable), an
open by itself, open oneself, open on its own: individual tall, thin waterfall that pours
[pi."ak sæ."p·i] P F vin. piak säpi (c.w. from down a sheer high cliff: [sE."Pajl] P F n.
piak open and s«äp»i do (reflexive)) se’ayl
open on its own, open oneself, open by itself: or > skill, master of an art, craft, expert:
[pi."ak sæ."p·i] P F vin. piak säpi (c.w. from [ tsul."fæ.tu] P F n. tsulfätu (derived from
piak open and s«äp»i do (reflexive)) tsulfä mastery)
open oneself, open by itself, open on its own: or, whether: [ft’Ej] P F conj. ftxey
[pi."ak sæ."p·i] P F vin. piak säpi (c.w. from orange (“fire tun"): ["t’Ep.tun] P F adj. txeptun
piak open and s«äp»i do (reflexive)) (c.w. from txep fire and tun red, orange)
open or borderless area, space: [Nip^] P F n. orange, red: ["tum.pin] P F n. tumpin (c.w. from
ngip tun red, orange and ’opin color)
open terrain, field, plain: ["t’a.jo] P F n. txayo orange, red: [tun] P F adj. tun
open, clear (for cloudless skies): [pi."ak^] P F orate, give speech: [ft’·u."lI.Pu] P F vin. ftxulì’u
adj. piak (c.w. from täftxu weave and lì’u word)
opponent: ["wæ.tu] P F n. wätu (derived from oration, speech: [sæ.ft’u."lI.Pu] P F n. säftxulì’u
wä- against) (derived from ftxulì’u orate, give speech)
orator, (public) speaker: [ft’u."lI.Pu.ju] P F n.
opportunely, in the right season: [nIk."maR]
ftxulì’uyu (derived from ftxulì’u orate, give
P F adv. nìkmar (derived from kìmar in se-
speech)
ason)
order (as opposed to disorder or chaos), orga-
opportunity, chance: [sk’om] P F n. skxom
nization: ["vE.Po] P F n. ve’o
opposite, on the opposite side: ["fEw.tu.sok^]
order, command, assign a task: [k’·Im] P F vtr.
P F adj. fewtusok (derived from few– ac-
kxìm
ross)(In casual speech, fewtsok (few.tsok)
ordering, commanding, assigning tasks:
optimally, best: [nI."swEj] P F adv. nìswey (de-
[tI."k’Im] P F n. tìkxìm (derived from kxìm
rived from swey best)
command, order, assign tasks)
or: [fu] P F conj. fu ordinary: [lE."tr.tr] P F adj. letrrtrr (derived
or “spirits”, intoxicating beverage: ["swo.a] from trr day)" "
PF n. swoa organization, order (as opposed to disorder
or ceremonial apparel (item of), adornment: or chaos): ["vE.Po] P F n. ve’o
[i."o.i] P F n. ioi organize, put in order: [vE.zEj."ko] P F vtr. ve-
or dictatorial, domineering person; one who zeyko (derived from vezo be in order)
is bossy, authoritarian: [æ."zan.tu] P F n. organized, “on top of things”: ["vE.NaP] P F
äzantu (derived from äzan force, compulsion) adj. venga’ (c.w. from ve’o order, organization
or else, if not, otherwise: ["t’o.kE.fjaw] P F and nga’ contain)
conj. txokefyaw (c.w. from txo-ke-fya’o-’aw original, existing at or from the start, first in
if not one path) a series: [lE."sNæ.Pi] P F adj. lesngä’i (derived
or get drunk, be: ["R·o.·u] P F vin. rou (example from sngä’i begin)
use: rou fa pxir) original, unique, not derived from another
or group of avatars, clan: [u.nil.tI."Ran.tok’.o.loP] source: [lE."tsim] >
P F adj. letsim (derived
PF n. uniltìrantokxolo’ (c.w. from uniltìran- from tsim source)
tokx avatar, dreamwalker body and olo’ clan) originally, at first: [nI."sNæ.Pi] P F adv. nìsngä’i
or in the role of, something as, in the capacity (derived from sngä’i begin)
of, something else: [sko] P F adp. sko+ originally, in an original way, with origina-
>
or metaphorically: having no value, empty: lity: [nI."tsim] P F adv. nìtsim (derived from
[mEk^] P F adj. mek tsim source)

50
other one person or thing: ["la.po] P F pn. lapo from kä go and tseng place)
(c.w. from lahe other, else and po he, she) outcast: [kE."taR.tu] tare n. ketartu (derived
other, else: ["la.hE] P F adj. lahe from ke not)
others, the others (animate or non-animate): outside: ["wr.pa] P F adv., n. wrrpa
[aj."la.hE] P F pn. aylahe (derived from lahe oval, ring, " closed shape roughly circular:
other) ["ko.Pon] P F n. ko’on (derived from koum
others, the others (animate or non-animate): rounded, curved and ’on shape)
[aj."la] P F pn. ayla variant of aylahe over, above: ["i.o] P F adp. io–
otherwise, if not, or else: ["t’o.kE.fjaw] P F overabundance: [hawN] P F n. hawng
conj. txokefyaw (c.w. from txo-ke-fya’o-’aw overcast (for cloudy skies), closed, shut:
>
if not one path) [tstu] P F adj. tstu
ouch, ow: [Pak^] P F intj. ’ak overcome, pass (a test): [Em."z·a.P·u] P F vtr.
out of, from inside: ["ftum.fa] P F adp. ftumfa– emza’u (c.w. from za’u come)
(derived from mìfa inside) ow, ouch: [Pak^] P F intj. ’ak
>
out there: [kæ."sa.tsEN] P F adv. käsatseng (c.w. owe: ["l·u.a·n] P F vtr. luan

(piece of) information: [sæ."o.mum] P F n. säo- from ft«awn»em pass by (passive participle
mum (derived from omum know) form) and krr time)
(public) speaker, orator: [ft’u."lI.Pu.ju] P F n. path, way, manner: ["fja.Po] P F n. fya’o
ftxulì’uyu (derived from ftxulì’u orate, give patience: [tIm."wEj.pEj] P F n. tìmweypey (deri-
speech) ved from maweypey be patient)
>
a piercing: [tsaN] P F n. tsang patient: [lEm."wEj.pEj] P F adj. lemweypey (deri-
a possession, something acquired, an acqui- ved from maweypey be patient)
sition: [sæ."ka.nom] P F n. säkanom (derived patiently: [nIm."wEj.pEj] P F adv. nìmweypey
from kanom acquire) (derived from maweypey be patient)
a prediction: [sæ.sRE.sE."Pa] P F n. säsrese’a (de- pattern: ["RE.nu] P F n. renu
rived from srese’a prophetize) pay attention, quit goofing off: ["El.tu s·i] P F
pain: [tI."sRaw] P F n. tìsraw (derived from sraw vin. eltu si (derived from eltu brain)
painful) peace, well-being, happiness: [fpom] P F n.
painful: [sRaw] P F adj. sraw fpom
pair: ["mun.sna] P F n. munsna (derived from peaceful, happy, joyous, pleasant: [lE."fpom]
mune two and sna’o set, group) P F adj. lefpom (derived from fpom happi-
panic: [l·op’] P F vin. lopx ness, peace) nfp.
parent or set of parents: ["saP.sEm] P F n. sa’sem peacefully, calmly: [nIm."wEj] P F adv. nìmwey
(derived from sa’nok mother and sempul (derived from mawey calm)
father) pebble, small stone polished smooth by na-
part: [ha."p’I] P F n. hapxì >
tural forces: ["tsk’E.vi] P F n. tskxevi (deri-
pass (a test), overcome: [Em."z·a.P·u] P F vtr. ved from tskxe rock, stone)
emza’u (c.w. from za’u come) peel: ["fk·a.R·ut^] P F vtr. fkarut
pass by (something): [ft·Em] P F vtr. ftem pen, pencil, lit. ’writing stick.’: [pam."rel.vul]
passion: [tI."ft’a.vaN] P F n. tìftxavang (derived P F n. pamrelvul (c.w. from pamrel writing
from ftxavang passionate) and vul branch (of a tree))
passionate: ["ft’a.vaN] P F adj. ftxavang pen, pencil, lit. ’writing stick.’ (short form of
passionately, with all heart: [nI."ft’a.vaN] P F pamrelvul): ["REl.vul] P F n. relvul
adv. nìftxavang (derived from ftxavang pas- pencil, lit. ’wooden writing stick.’:
sionate) [pam."rel.vul le."RIn] P F n. pamrelvul ler (c.w.
past: [ftaw."nEm.kr] P F n. ftawnemkrr (c.w. from pamrelvul pen, pencil and ler wooden,
"
51
 of wood) physical or athletic game, sport: [u."van
pencil, pen, lit. ’writing stick.’: [pam."rel.vul] lE."tok’] P F n. uvan letokx (c.w. from uvan
P F n. pamrelvul (c.w. from pamrel writing game and letokx physical)
and vul branch (of a tree)) physical, bodily: [lE."tok’] P F adj. letokx (deri-
pencil, pen, lit. ’writing stick.’ (short form of ved from tokx body)
pamrelvul): ["REl.vul] P F n. relvul pick up, lift: ["k’·El.t·Ek^] P F vtr. kxeltek
pendulum drum: [wok."a.u] JC,P F n. wokau picture, image: [REl] P F n. rel
(c.w. from wok loud and au drum) piece of work, project: [tI."kaN.kEm.vi] P F n.
perceive, feel, sense: ["P·E.f·u] P F vtr. ’efu tìkangkemvi (derived from tìkangkem work)
perfection: [tI."joP^] P F n. tìyo’ (derived from pierce: [R·ip’] P F vtr. ripx
yo’ be perfect) pile of stinking, rotting animal matter:
perfectly, flawlessly: [nI."joP^] P F adv. nìyo’ ["la.PaN] P F n. la’ang
(derived from yo’ be perfect) pile, set, group, clump, stand: ["sna.Po] P F n.
perform a ritual, take part in a ceremony: sna’o nfp.
>
[sæ."PE.o.i.o s·i] P F vin. sä’eoio si (derived place: ["tsEN(E)] P F n. tseng(e)
>
from sä’eoio ceremony) place in the middle, center: ["k’am.tsEN] P F
n. kxamtseng (c.w. from kxam middle and
perform a task, run an errand: ["tIn.vi s·i] P F
tseng place)
vin. tìnvi si (derived from tìnvi task, errand)
place of refuge, sanctuary: [u."tu.Ru] P F n. ut-
perhaps, maybe: [k’awm] P F adv. kxawm
uru
perimeter, circumference, border: ["p’aw.pa]
place where a fire is burning or has burned:
P F n. pxawpa (c.w. from pxaw around and >
["t’Ep.tsEN] P F n. txeptseng (c.w. from txep
pa’o side)
fire and tseng place)
person: ["tu.tE] P F n. tute >
place where, where: ["tsE.Na] P F conj. tsenga
personal belongings rack: ["snok.fjan] P F n. (derived from tseng place)
snokfyan (c.w. from sno his self, her self, its place, put: [j·Em] P F vtr. yem
self and kurfyan hamper or suspended rack) plain, field, open terrain: ["t’a.jo] P F n. txayo
personal style or aesthetic, presence: plan, preparations: [tI."hawl] P F n. tìhawl (de-
["sno.lup^] P F n. snolup (c.w. from sno self rived from hawl prepare)
and lupra style) plant: ["PE.wl] P F n. ’ewll
personally meaningful, significant: "
plate, (for food): ["jom.jo] P F n. yomyo (c.w.
[t’an.wa."wE] P F adj. txanwawe (c.w. from from yom eat and yo table, elevated utilita-
txan much and wawe significance) rian surface (colloquial form of fyanyo))
personally significant or beloved place, hei- play (a game): [u."van "s·i] P F vin. uvan si (de-
>
mat (ger.): [t’an."wE.tsEN] P F n. txanwetseng rived from uvan game)
(derived from txanwawe(a) personally mea- play music (with fa for instrument played):
ningful, significant and tseng place) >
["pam.tsE.o "s·i] P F vin. pamtseo si (derived
pertinent, relevant: [sæ."ta.RE.NaP] P F adj. sä- from pamtseo music)
tarenga’ (derived from sätare connection, re- play music, make to sing (poetic): [REj."kol] P F
lationship) vtr. reykol (derived from rol sing and «eyk»
pervasively, widely: [nI."ho.Et^] P F adv. nìhoet causitive infix)
(derived from hoet vast, broad, expansive) plaything, child’s toy: [fil] P F n. fil
pet: ["PEjl.joN] P F n. ’eylyong (c.w. from ’eylan pleasant smell of nearby running water, rain,
friend and ioang annimal) moist vegetation: [so."sul] P F adj. sosul
philosophy: [sna."fpIl.fja] P F n. snafpìlfya (c.w. pleasant sounding, beautiful sounding:
from sna’o group and fpìlfya way of thin- [mik."loR] P F adj. miklor (derived from mi-
king) lit.: ’a group of mindsets’ kyun ear and lor beautiful)
phrase: ["lI.Pu.kIN.vi] P F n. lì’ukìngvi (derived pleasant to the senses, beautiful: [loR] P F adj.
from lì’ukìng sentence) lor

52
 >
pleasant, happy, peaceful, joyous: [lE."fpom] possibility: [tI."tsun.slu] P F n. tìtsunslu (deri-
P F adj. lefpom (derived from fpom happi- ved from tsunslu may, be possible)
>
ness, peace) nfp. possible: [lE."tsun.slu] P F adj. letsunslu (deri-
please: [Ru."t’E] P F intj. rutxe ved from tsunslu may, be possible)
pleasing, enjoyable (physically, sexually): post script, addition: [tI."suN] LN n. tìsung (de-
[mo."wan] P F adj. mowan rived from sung add)
pleasurable (of an activity): ["pr.tEP] P F adj. postpositional non-bound verb do, auxiliary
prrte’ "
verb, make: [s·i] P F si deriving affix
pleasurably, gladly, with pleasure: [nI."pr.tEP] pound: [fp·ap^] P F vtr. fpap
"
P F adv. nìprrte’ (derived from prrte’ pleasu- pour: [sl·o."·an] P F vtr. sloan
rable) >
power: [tswal] P F n. tswal
pleasure: [tI."pr.tEP] P F n. tìprrte’ (derived power, strength: [tI."t’uR] P F n. tìtxur (derived
"
from prrte’ pleasurable) from txur strong)
pleasure-yielding activity, hobby: [sæ."su.lIn] powerful: ["t’an.tuR] P F adj. txantur (c.w. from
P F n. säsulìn (derived from sulìn be busy txan much and txur strong) ofp.
(positive sense))
powerful: [tI."t’uR. NaP] P F adj. tìtxurnga’ (de-
pod, gourd: [PE."Pin] P F n. ’e’in
rived from tìtxur strength, power) nfp.
point at, indicate: [v·l] P F vtr. vll >
" powerful: [le."tswal] P F adj. letswal (derived
point of contention, source of argument,
from tswal power) ofp.
thing disputed: [sæ.wæ."tE] P F n. säwäte >
powerful: ["tswal.NaP] P F adj. tswalnga’ (deri-
(derived from wäte argue)
ved from tswal power) nfp.
point of divergence, fork, branch: [jak^] P F n. >
practical joke: [sæ."flEl.tsjIp^] P F n. säfleltsyìp
yak
(derived from flel trick, fool)
point, feature, trait, attribute, characteristic,
pray: [a."ho] P F vin. aho
aspect, facet, property: [sjon] P F n. syon
pointedly, especially, unambiguously: prayer: [sa."ho] P F n. saho (derived from aho
[nI."p’i] P F adv. nìpxi (derived from pxi pray)
sharp) prayer (in general, abstract idea): [tI.a."ho] P F
poison: [t’um] P F n. txum n. tìaho (derived from aho pray)
poisonous: ["t’um.NaP] P F adj. txumnga’ (deri- precise, fine, detailed, intricate (of things):
ved from txum poison and nga’ contain) [hI."no] P F adj. hìno
pole, bar, rod: [swEk^] P F n. swek predator animal: ["taR.ni.o.ang] P F n. tarnioang
police officer, law enforcer: [ho.­REn.lEj."kEk.ju] (c.w. from taron hunt and ioang animal)
P F n. horenleykekyu (c.w. from koren rule
predict, prophetize, prophesize, prophesy:
and leykek enforce) [sRE.s·E."P·a] P F vtr. srese’a (c.w. from sre+
police officer, law enforcer: [lEj."kEk.ju] P F n. before and tse’a see)
leykekyu variant of horenleykekyu prefer (ii): [nul."n·Ew] P F vtrm. nulnew (deri-
poncho, cape, shawl: ["Pa.RE] P F n. ’are ved from new want)
> prefix: ["E.o.lI.Pu.vi] P F n. eolì’uvi (derived
pond, pool: ["Po.Ra.tsjIp^] P F n. ’oratsyìp (deri-
ved from ’ora lake) from eo– before and lì’u word)
ponder (ii), consider: [t’a."kr.fp·Il] P F vtr. tx- pregnancy (for animals): [tI.NaP."li.ni] P F n.
akrrfpìl (c.w. from txankrr for" a long time and tìnga’lini (derived from nga’lini be pregnant
fpìl think) (for animals))
> pregnancy (for people): [tI.NaP."pr.nen] P F n.
pool, pond: ["Po.Ra.tsjIp^] P F n. ’oratsyìp (deri-
"
tìnga’prrnen (derived from nga’prrnen be
ved from ’ora lake)
pop into one’s mind, occur to one: ["v·iN.k·ap^] pregnant (for people))
P F vtr. vingkap preparations, plan: [tI."hawl] P F n. tìhawl (de-
>
position: ["kl.tsEN] P F n. klltseng (derived from rived from hawl prepare)
"
tseng place) prepare: [h·awl] P F vtr. hawl

53
presence, personal style or aesthetic: produce: [slEj."k·u] P F vtr. sleyku (derived
["sno.lup^] P F n. snolup (c.w. from sno self from slu become and «eyk» causative infix)
and lupra style) project, piece of work: [tI."kaN.kEm.vi] P F n.
present: ["sE.kr] P F n. sekrr (c.w. from set now tìkangkemvi (derived from tìkangkem work)
and krr time)" proliferate, spread: [v·i."R·æ] P F vin. virä
present, introduce: [mu.w·In."t’·u] P F vtr. proliferation, spread: [tI.vi."Ræ] P F n. tìvirä
muwìntxu (derived from wìntxu show) (derived from virä spread, proliferate)
preserve, keep, leave alone, not disturb: promise: ["pæ.nu] P F n. pänu
[sw·Ejn] P F vtr. sweyn promise (a thing to someone) (ii):
press on, press, apply (physical) pressure to: ["pæ.nu.t·IN] P F vtr. pänutìng (c.w. from
[t’·ap^] P F vtr. txap pänu promise and tìng give)
press, press on, apply (physical) pressure to: pronunciation, accent: ["lI.Pu.pam] P F n.
[t’·ap^] P F vtr. txap lì’upam (c.w. from lì’u word and pam sound)
pressure (physical): [tI."t’ap^] P F n. tìtxap (de- proof (particular instance): [sæ.wI."Naj] P F n.
rived from txap press) säwìngay (derived from wìngay proof )
pretence: [tI."la.Pum] P F n. tìla’um (derived proof, proving (abstract): [tI.wI."Naj] P F n.
from la’um pretend) tìwìngay (derived from wìngay prove)
pretend (use with tsnì): ["l·a.P·um] P F vin. propel: ["sp·u.l·E] P F vtr. spule
la’um proper, fair, right, justified: [mu."i.æ] P F adj.
pretty: [sE."vin] P F adj. sevin ofp. (female) muiä
prevent: [ft·aN."l·En] P F vtr. ftanglen (c.w. from property, feature, trait, attribute, characte-
ftang stop and len happen) ristic, point, aspect, facet: [sjon] P F n. syon
prophecy: [tI."sRE.sE.Pa] P F n. tìsrese’a (derived
prevention: [tI.ftaN."lEn] P F n. tìftanglen (deri-
from srese’a prophetize)
ved from ftanglen prevent)
prophesize, prophetize, prophesy, predict:
previous: [ham] P F adj. ham
[sRE.s·E."P·a] P F vtr. srese’a (c.w. from sre+
prey, hunted thing: [smaR] P F n. smar
before and tse’a see)
pride, feeling of pride: ["nr.a] P F n. nrra
" prophesy, prophetize, prophesize, predict:
primary role in society, occupation: ["t’in.tIn] [sRE.s·E."P·a] P F vtr. srese’a (c.w. from sre+
P F n. txintìn (c.w. from txin main and tìn before and tse’a see)
activity that keeps one busy)
prophetize, prophesize, prophesy, predict:
primary, main: [t’in] P F adj. txin [sRE.s·E."P·a] P F vtr. srese’a (c.w. from sre+
private space that one can retreat to: ["sno.mo] before and tse’a see)
P F n. snomo (c.w. from sno his or her self and protect: [tI."haw.nu "s·i] P F vin. tìhawnu si (de-
mo space) rived from tìhawnu protection)
probable, probably: ["sk’a.kEp^] P F adj., adv. protect, shelter: ["h·aw.n·u] P F vtr. hawnu
skxakep protection: [tI."haw.nu] P F n. tìhawnu (derived
probably, probable: ["sk’a.kEp^] P F adj., adv. from hawnu protect, shelter)
skxakep protest: [l·Ejm."kEm] P F vin. leymkem (c.w.
problem, difficulty: [tI."Næ.zIk^] P F n. tìngäzìk from leym call, cry out, exclaim and kemwiä
(derived from ngäzìk difficult) improper, unfair, wrong, unjustified)
procedure, system, process, approach: protest (abstract concept), protesting:
["vE.fja] P F n. vefya (c.w. from ve’o order, [tI.lEjm."kEm] P F n. tìleymkem (derived from
organization and fya’o way, manner) leymkem protest)
proceed after, follow: [n·oN] P F vtr. nong protest, instance of protesting: [sæ.lEjm."kEm]
proceed, go: [s·a."l·Ew] P F vin. salew P F n. säleymkem (derived from leymkem
process, system, procedure, approach: protest)
["vE.fja] P F n. vefya (c.w. from ve’o order, protesting, protest (abstract concept):
organization and fya’o way, manner) [tI.lEjm."kEm] P F n. tìleymkem (derived from

54
 leymkem protest) purple, violet, magenta: [Pom] P F adj. ’om
proud: [lE."nr.a] P F adj. lenrra (derived from purpose, aim, goal, target: [tI."kan] P F n. tìkan
nrra pride)" (derived from kan aim)
proudly, with pride: [nI."nr.a] P F adv. nìnrra purposefully, deliberately: [nIt."kan] P F adv.
(derived from nrra pride)" nìtkan (derived from tìkan aim, goal, purpo-
prove: [w·I."Naj] P F vtr. wìngay (derived from se)
wìntxu show and ngay true) pursue with an intent to capture: [n·oN."sp·EP]
provide: [v·un] P F vtr. vun P F vtr. nongspe’
provide nourishment, nourish: [li."swa s·i] P F push: [kæ."P·æ.R·Ip^] P F vtr. kä’ärìp (c.w. from
vin. liswa si (derived from liswa nourish- kä go and ’ärìp move)
ment) push: ["k·æ.R·Ip^] P F vtr. kärìp variant of
proving (abstract), proof: [tI.wI."Naj] P F n. kä’ärìp
tìwìngay (derived from wìngay prove)
put away, store: [n·op’] P F vtr. nopx
public speaking, speech-making: [tI.ft’u."lI.Pu]
put down: [k·Ejn] P F vtr. keyn
P F n. tìftxulì’u (derived from ftxulì’u orate,
put in order, organize: [vE.zEj."ko] P F vtr. ve-
give speech)
zeyko (derived from vezo be in order)
pull: [za."P·æ.R·Ip^] P F vtr. za’ärìp (derived
from ’ärìp move) put on (clothing), don: ["j·Em.stok’] P F vtr.
pull: ["z·æ.R·Ip^] P F vtr. zärìp variant of za’ärìp yemstokx (c.w. from yem sìn put on and tokx
pull out, extract: [wr."z·æ.R·Ip^] P F vtr. wrrzärìp body)
(c.w. from wrrpa" outside and zärìp pull) put out, quench: [t·oN] P F vtr. tong
pun, word-play: ["lI.Pu.van] P F n. lì’uvan (c.w. put, place: [j·Em] P F vtr. yem
from lì’u word and uvan game) putrid, fetid, rotten: [kuN] P F adj. kung
punish: [t’·aw] P F vtr. txaw putrid, smell of decaying animal/flesh, rot-
punishment: [tI."t’aw] P F n. tìtxaw (derived ting: ["k’æ.næN] P F adj. kxänäng
from txaw punish) puzzling, mysterious, enigmatic: ["iN.jE.NaP]
purple, violet, magenta: ["Pom.pin] P F n. ’om- P F adj. ingyenga’ (derived from ingyen fe-
pin (derived from ’om purple) eling of mystery)

quickly, fast: [nI."win] P F adv. nìwin (derived from fnu quiet)

from win fast) quit goofing off, pay attention: ["El.tu s·i] P F
quench, put out: [t·oN] P F vtr. tong vin. eltu si (derived from eltu brain)
question: [tI."pawm] P F n. tìpawm (derived quiver (attached to ikran’s saddle):
from pawm ask) [swi."zaw.sE.na] P F n. swizawsena (c.w. from
>
queue, braid: [tswin] P F n. tswin swizaw arrow and sähena carrier)
quiet: [tI."fnu.NaP] P F adj. tìfnunga’ (derived quiver (attached to the ikran’s saddle):
from fnu quiet) nfp. ["zaw.sE.na] P F n. zawsena variant of swi-
quiet, be quiet: [fn·u] P F vin. fnu zawsena
quiet, silence: [tI."fnu] P F n. tìfnu (derived quote, saying: [san] P F adv. san

rain: ["tom.pa] P F n. tompa from tompa rain and ìlva drop)

rain, pleasant smell of nearby running water, rainstorm, heavy rain: [t’an."tom.pa] P F n. tx-
moist vegetation: [so."sul] P F adj. sosul antompa (c.w. from txan much and tompa
rainbow: ["ka.tir] P F n. katir rain)
raindrop: ["tom.pI.va] PF n. tompìva (derived random, irregular: ["RE.nul.kE] PF adj. renulke

55
 (derived from renu pattern and luke wit- regarding language, concerning language:
hout) [lE."lIP.fja] P F adj. lelì’fya (derived from
rare: [kEl."p’Im.Run] P F adj. kelpxìmrun (deri- lì’fya language)
ved from ke not and lepxìmrun common) regret: [l·ap’] P F vtr. lapx
rather (self-correcting), I mean: [ko."lan] P F regret: [tI."lap’] P F n. tìlapx (derived from lapx
intj. kolan (derived from kan aim, intend) regret)
rather than, instead of: [tup^] P F conj. tup regularly, on a daily basis: [nI."tr.tr] P F adv.
ray: [a."tan.vi] P F n. atanvi (derived from atan nìtrrtrr (derived from trr day) " "
light) rein, face lead: [sæ."zæ.RIp^] RL,P F n. säzärìp
reach for: [w·o] P F vtr. wo (derived from za’ärìp pull)
>
reach the ground, land: [kl."p·æ] P F vin. kllpä reject: [tsj·æR] P F vtr. tsyär
" pähem arrive) >
(c.w. from kllte ground and rejection: [tI."tsjæR] P F n. tìtsyär (derived from
read (e.g. the forest), gain knowledge from tsyär reject)
sensory input: [·i."n·an] P F vtr. inan (stress relate to, connect, have a relationship with:
moves to first syllable with infixation) ["t·a.R·E] P F vtr. tare
reading: ["ti.nan] P F n. tinan (derived from in- related to this matter, in this regard:
an read) [mI."ft’E.lE] P F adv. mìftxele
ready: [a."lak.si] P F adj. alaksi relationship, connection: [sæ."ta.RE] P F n. sä-
real: [lE.fkEj.to."Naj] P F adj. lefkeytongay (c.w. tare (derived from tare connect, relate to)
from tìfkeytok situation and ngay true) relax, chill out: [sj·oR] P F vin. syor
reality: [tI.fkEj.to."Naj] P F n. tìfkeytongay (c.w. relaxation: [tI."sjor] P F n. tìsyor (derived from
from tìfkeytok situation and ngay true) syor relax)
rear (part or section): [kæ."p’I] P F n. käpxì (c.w. release, let go: [l·o."n·u] P F vtr. lonu
from kä go and hapxì part) relevant, pertinent: [sæ."ta.RE.NaP] P F adj. sä-
rear end, butt, ass: [t’Im] P F n. txìm tarenga’ (derived from sätare connection, re-
reason: [lun] P F n. lun lationship)
>
recede from view, disappear, vanish: [P·Ip^] reliable, dependable: [tsuk."moN] P F adj. tsuk-
P F vin. ’ìp mong (derived from mong rely on)
receive: [t·El] P F vtr. tel relieve oneself; (on Earth) use the restroom,
recent: [sok^] P F adj. sok go to the bathroom: [fN·æP] P F vin. fngä’
recently: [nI."sok^] P F adv. nìsok (derived from relinquish, surrender, give up: ["R·a.P·un] P F
sok recent) vtr. ra’un
reconcile oneself, get over, accept some fact, relinquishment, surrender: [tI."Ra.Pun] P F n.
move on: [w·a."l·Ew] P F vin. walew tìra’un (derived from ra’un surrender, re-
recording: ["stæP.nI.pam] P F n. stä’nìpam (c.w. linquish)
from stä’nì catch and pam sound) rely on, depend on, trust for protection:
red (“blood tun"): ["REj.paj.tun] P F adj. rey- [m·oN] P F vtr. mong
paytun (c.w. from reypay blood and tun red, remain, stay: [P·I."P·awn] P F vin. ’ì’awn
orange) remember: ["z·E.R·ok^] P F vtr. zerok
red, orange: ["tum.pin] P F n. tumpin (c.w. from remembrance: [Pok^] P F n. ’ok
tun red, orange and ’opin color) remove, take away, take off: ["P·a.k·u] P F vtr.
red, orange: [tun] P F adj. tun ’aku
reef: ["wi.on] P F n. wion repeat, do again: [l·Ejn] P F vtr. leyn
reflect, imitate: ["RIP.IR s·i] P F vin. rì’ìr si (deri- replace, substitute: [R·awn] P F vtr. rawn
ved from rì’ìr reflection) replacement, substitute, something that re-
reflection: ["RI.PIR] P F n. rì’ìr places something else: [sæ."Rawn] P F n. sä-
>
refuge, safe place: ["zoN.tsEN] P F n. zongtseng rawn (derived from rawn replace)
(c.w. from zong save and tseng place) replacement, the act of replacing: [tI."Rawn]
refuse (to do something): [st·o] P F vtrm. sto P F n. tìrawn (derived from rawn replace)

56
represent, model, exemplify (ii): ["k·E.n·oN] rhyme: ["Nam.pam s·i] P F vin. ngampam si (de-
P F vtr. kenong rived from ngampam rhyme)
request: [æ."t’æ.lE] P F n. ätxäle rhythm: ["ka.to] P F n. kato
request (with tsnì clause for object): [æ."t’æ.lE rich, savory, umami: [fwaN] P F adj. fwang
"s·i] P F vin. ätxäle si (derived from ätxäle re- riddle, mystery, enigma, conundrum:
>
quest) ["iN.jEn.tsim] P F n. ingyentsim (c.w. from
request, ask for: [v·in] P F vtr. vin ingyen feeling of mystery and tsim source)
require, demand: [fN·oP] P F vtr. fngo’ ride: ["m·ak.t·o] P F vtr. makto
requirement, demand: [sæ."fNoP] P F n. säfngo’ ride out: [kæ."m·ak.t·o] P F vin. kämakto (c.w.
(derived from fngo’ require) from kä go and makto ride)
rescue (from a dangerous or distressing situ- right (not left): ["ski.En] P F adj. skien
ation), save: ["t·a.R·Ep^] P F vtr. tarep right after: [p’i."maw] P F adp. pximaw– (c.w.
rescue, an incidence of rescuing: [sæ."ta.REp^] from maw after (time) and pxi sharp)
P F n. sätarep (derived from tarep save, re-
right before: [p’i."sRE] P F adp. pxisre+ (c.w.
scue) from sre before (time) and pxi sharp)
rescuee, someone who has been rescued or right now: [p’i."sEt^] P F adv. pxiset (c.w. from
saved: ["ta.REp.tu] P F n. tareptu (derived set now and pxi sharp)
from tarep save, rescue) right side: ["ski.Em.pa] P F n. skiempa (c.w. from
researcher: [tI.fti."a.tu] P F n. tìftiatu (derived skien right and pa’o side)
from tìftia study) right way (of doing something), correct path:
resemble in a sensory modality, come to the [e."jawR.fja] P F n. eyawrfya (derived from
senses as: [fk·an] P F vin. fkan eyawr correct, right and fya’o path, way,
manner)
resin: [lan] P F n. lan
right, correct: [E."jawR] P F adj. eyawr
resist: [ka."ra] P F vtr. kara
right, proper, fair, justified: [mu."i.æ] P F adj.
resistance: [tI.ka."ra] P F n. tìkara (derived from
muiä
kara resist)
right?, isn’t it?: [kE."fjak^] P F,P rr part. kefyak
respect: [lE.i.o."a.E] P F n. leioae
(c.w. from ke fya not the way and srak ques-
respond, answer: [P·EjN] P F vin. ’eyng
tion marker)
response, answer: [tI."PEjN] P F n. tì’eyng (deri- rightly, correctly: [nI."jawR] P F adv. nìyawr (de-
ved from ’eyng answer) rived from eyawr correct, right)
>
rest: [ts·u."R·ok’] P F vin. tsurokx rightly, erectly: [nI."p’im] P F adv. nìpxim (deri-
restore: [sp·EN] P F vtr. speng ved from pxim erect, upright)
restore oneself (metaphorically): [spæ."p·EN] ring, oval, closed shape roughly circular:
P F vin. späpeng (derived from speng resto- ["ko.Pon] P F n. ko’on (derived from koum
re) rounded, curved and ’on shape)
>
restroom (on Earth): ["fNæP.tsEN] P F n. ripe, mature, adult: [fjEjn] P F adj. fyeyn
fngä’tseng (c.w. from fngä’ relieve oneself ripeness, maturity, full fruition: [tI."fjEjn] P F
and tseng place) n. tìfyeyn (derived from fyeyn ripe, mature)
restroom (on Earth): ["mo a "fNæP] P F n. mo a rise to a challenge: [s·a] P F vin. sa
fngä’ (c.w. from mo space, enclosed open area >
risk: ["k’u.tslu] P F n. kxutslu (c.w. from kxu
and (a) fngä’ relieve oneself ) harm and tìtsunslu possibility)
result: [kum] P F n. kum >
risky: [lE."k’u.tslu] P F adj. lekxutslu (derived
return: [t·æ."t’·aw] P F vin. tätxaw from kxutslu risk)
reveal, bring forth, uncover (literally and rite, ceremony, ritual: [sæ."PE.o.i.o] P F n.
metaphorically): ["k·u.l·at^] P F vtr. kulat sä’eoio (derived from ’eoio ceremonious)
>
revenge, vengeance: ["tsE.fta] P F n. tsefta ritual, ceremony, rite: [sæ."PE.o.i.o] P F n.
rhyme: ["Nam.pam] P F n. ngampam (c.w. from sä’eoio (derived from ’eoio ceremonious)
ngam echo and pam sound) river: [kil."van] P F n. kilvan

57
rob, steal: [fm·oN] P F vtr. fmong roughly: [nI."ka.kan] P F adv. nìkakan (derived
>
rock, stone: [tsk’E] P F n. tskxe from kakan rouh)
rod, bar, pole: [swEk^] P F n. swek roughly, approximately: [wum] P F adv. wum
roll: ["P·r.k·o] P F vin. ’rrko rounded, curved: ["ko.um] P F adj. koum
" [tI."tu.nu]
romance: P F n. tìtunu (derived from rub: ["N·u.N·uN] P F vtr. ngungung
tunu romantic) >
rubbish place, garbage dump: ["sNEl.tsEN] P F
romantic: ["tu.nu] P F adj. tunu n. sngeltseng (c.w. from sngel garbage and
roof: ["fæp.jo] P F n. fäpyo (c.w. from fäpa top tseng place)
and yo surface)
rubbish, garbage, trash: [sNEl] P F n. sngel
root: [Nr] P F n. ngrr
" rule, guideline: [ko."REn] P F n. koren
rope: ["t’uR.tel] P F n. txurtel (c.w. from txur
strong and telem cord) run: [t·ul] P F vin. tul
rot, decay, degrade over time: [sn·æm] P F vin. run an errand, perform a task: ["tIn.vi s·i] P F
snäm vin. tìnvi si (derived from tìnvi task, errand)
rotate on an axis, turn: [m·In] P F vin. mìn Mìn rung , shelf, ledge, level, step: [jI] P F n. yì
ne ftärpa Turn to the left (Can also be used metaphorically to refer
rotten, putrid, fetid: [kuN] P F adj. kung to the level of anything scalable - anyt-
rotting animal matter, pile of stinking: hing that can have levels or degrees, highs
["la.PaN] P F n. la’ang and lows, water level, temperature, talent,
rotting, smell of decaying animal/flesh, put- anger, etc.)
rid: ["k’æ.næN] P F adj. kxänäng running attack, charge: [k’l] P F n. kxll
"
rough: [Ek’."t’u] P F adj. ekxtxu rush something, make something fast: ["win
rough: ["ka.kan] P F adj. kakan "s·i] P F vin. win si (derived from win fast)

S
>
(sense of) hearing: ["stawm.tswo] P F n. amount)
stawmtswo (derived from stawm hear) a small amount, bit: [Pit^] P F n. ’it
> >
(sense of) sight, vision: [tsE."Pa.tswo] P F n. a suggestion: [sæ."mok^] P F n. sämok (derived
tse’atswo (derived from tse’a see) from mok suggest)
>
(sense of) smell: ["hE.fi.tswo] P F n. hefitswo sacred: [swok^] P F adj. swok
(derived from hefi smell) sacred place: ["swo.tu] P F n. swotu
>
(sense of) taste: ["Ewk.tswo] P F n. ewktswo (de- sad: [tI.kE."ft’o.NaP] P F adj. tìkeftxonga’ (deri-
rived from ewku taste) ved from keftxo unhappy) nfp.
>
(sense of) touch: ["zIm.tswo] P F n. zìmtswo (de- sadly, unfortunately: [nI.kE."ft’o] P F adv. nì-
rived from zìm touch) keftxo (derived from keftxo unhappy)
(social) contact: [tI."p·a.l·aN] P F n. tìpalang sadness: [tI.kE."ft’o] P F n. tìkeftxo (derived
(derived from palang contact, communicate from keftxo unhappy)
with) safe: ["k’u.kE] P F adj. kxuke (c.w. from kxu
“spirit-ly”, in spirit: [nIt."RE.a] P F adv. nìtrea harm and ke not)
>
(derived from tirea spirit) safe place, refuge: ["zoN.tsEN] P F n. zongtseng
a showing, an exhibition: [sæ.wIn."t’u] P F n. (c.w. from zong save and tseng place)
säwìntxu (derived from wìntxu show) safely: [nI."zaw.noN] P F adv. nìzawnong (deri-
a single drop or series of smaller waterfalls ved from «awn» passive participle infix and
occurring sequentially along a stream or zong save)
series of pools (countable): ["sja.nan] P F n. safety: [tI."k’u.kE] P F n. tìkxuke (derived from
syanan kxuke safe)
a small amount (abstract), a bit: [nI."Pit^] sail: ["ka.fi] P F n. kafi
P F adv. nì’it (derived from ’it bit, a small sailboat: ["ka.fi.u.ran] P F n. kafiuran (c.w. from

58
 kafi sail and uran boat) scratch non-harmfully, as an itch: ["p·I.t·Ik^]
salty: [wip^] P F adj. wip P F vtr. pìtìk
same time as, while: [tEN."kr] P F conj. tengkrr scream: [z·awN] P F vin. zawng
(c.w. from teng same, equal" and krr time) screech, noise. ugly or unpleasant sound:
same way as (similar action), as: [nI."tEN.fja] ["væ.pam] P F n. väpam (derived from vä un-
P F adv. nìtengfya (derived from tengfya as, pleasant to the senses and pam sound)
same way as (conj.)) screw that!, no way! (vulgar): ["p’a.sIk^] P F in-
same way as (situational similarity), as: tj. pxasìk
["tEN.fja] P F conj. tengfya (c.w. from teng sa- sea, ocean: [t’am."paj] P F n. txampay (c.w. from
me, equal and fya’o path) txan much and pay water)
same, equal: [tEN] P F adj. teng seal, make impervious: [fj·El] P F vtr. fyel
sample, taste, try, evaluate, check out, test- search, look for, seek: [fw·Ew] P F vtr. fwew
drive: [m·ajP] P F vtrm. may’ season: ["zI.sI.kr] P F n. zìsìkrr (derived from
sanctuary, place of refuge: [u."tu.Ru] P F n. ut- zìsìt year and" krr time)
uru second (ordinal): ["mu.vE] P F adj. muve (deri-
sand: ["nE.ni] P F n. neni ved from mune two)
satiated, satisfied, content, full: [jE] P F adj. ye >
second, little moment: ["swaw.tsjIp^] P F n.
satisfied from hunger, full: ["jE.hak’] P F adj. swawtsyìp (derived from swaw moment)
yehakx (derived from ye full and ohakx
second, very short time: ["hI.kr] P F n. hìkrr
hungry)
(c.w. from hì’i little, small and" krr time)
satisfied from thirst by drink, feeling quen-
secretly, in hiding, by hiding: [nI."wan] P F
ched, slaked: ["jE.væN] P F adj. yeväng (deri-
adv. nìwan (derived from wan hide)
ved from ye satisfied and väng thirsty) >
see (physical sense): [ts·E."P·a] P F vtr. tse’a
satisfied, content, satiated, full: [jE] P F adj. ye
see into, see, understand, know (spiritual
Saturday: [tr."ki.vE] P F n. trrkive (c.w. from trr
" sense): ["k·a.m·E] P F vtr. kame
day and kive seventh)
see, see into, understand, know (spiritual
save (time, food, etc.): ["P·a.v·un] P F vtr. ’avun
sense): ["k·a.m·E] P F vtr. kame
save, defend: [z·oN] P F vtr. zong
seed: [Ri."naP] P F n. rina’ (derived from atoki-
save, rescue (from a dangerous or distressing
rina’ seeds of the great tree)
situation): ["t·a.R·Ep^] P F vtr. tarep
savory, umami, rich: [fwaN] P F adj. fwang seek, look for, search: [fw·Ew] P F vtr. fwew
say hello, greet: [kal."t’I "s·i] P F vin. kaltxì si seem, appear: [l·am] P F vin. lam
(derived from kaltxì hello) self-control: [sno."tip’] P F n. snotipx (c.w. from
say something concerning, discourse on, talk sno self and tìhipx control)
about: [l·awk^] P F vtr. lawk self-effacing, humble, modest: ["swa.Ran] P F
saying, quote: [san] P F adv. san adj. swaran
> self-pride (negative connotation): [sno."nr.a]
scale (pulling entire body up), climb: [tsj·Il]
"
P F vtr. tsyìl P F n. snonrra (c.w. from sno his/her self and
scary, frightening: [t’Ewm] P F adj. txewm nrra pride)
> selfishness, individuality (negative conno-
school: ["num.tsEN] P F n. numtseng (c.w. from
nume learn and tseng place) tation): [tI."Paw.po] P F n. tì’awpo (derived
science, the study of the physical world: from ’awpo one individual)
[tI.fti."a ki."fkE.jæ] P F n. tìftia kifkeyä (c.w. send: [fp·EP] P F vtr. fpe’
from tìftia study and kifkey world) sense (means of perception): [i."nan.fja] P F n.
scientist: [tI.fti".a.tu ki."fkEj.æ] P F n. tìftiatu kif- inanfya (c.w. from inan read, gain knowledge
keyä (c.w. from tìftiatu researcher and kif- from sensory input and fya’o path, way)
key world) sense, feel, perceive: ["P·E.f·u] P F vtr. ’efu
>
scratch harmfully, as with a claw: [ts·up’] P F sentence: ["lI.Pu.kIN] P F n. lì’ukìng (c.w. from
vtr. tsupx lì’u word and kìng thread)

59
separation, distance between two places or ground and clean and yì shelf, ledge, level,
objects: ["la.Pa] P F n. la’a step, rung)
September: [vo.sp’I.vo."law] P F n. vospxìvolaw shelf, ledge, level, step, rung : [jI] P F n. yì
(c.w. from vospxì month and volaw nine) (Can also be used metaphorically to refer
series of step-like levels, staircase: [sna."jI] P F to the level of anything scalable - anyt-
n. snayì (derived from yì level, step) hing that can have levels or degrees, highs
serve: [kI.tE."PE "s·i] P F vin. kìte’e si (derived and lows, water level, temperature, talent,
from kìte’e service) anger, etc.)
> shell (from the ocean): [sum] P F n. sum
served meal, dinner: ["wu.tso] P F n. wutso
service: [kI.tE."PE] P F n. kìte’e shell, hard covering of a plant or animal:
set, group, pile, clump, stand: ["sna.Po] P F n. [lak^] P F n. lak
sna’o nfp. shelter, protect: ["h·aw.n·u] P F vtr. hawnu
seven: ["ki.næ] P F num. kinä shield: [jok’] P F n. yokx
seventh (ordinal): ["ki.vE] P F adj. kive (derived shift position, move: [R·ik’] P F vin. rikx
>
from kinä seven) shimmyfly: ["loR.tsjal] P F n. lortsyal (c.w. from
several, a few: ["Pa.Paw] P F adj. ’a’aw (Used lor beautiful and tsyal wing)
with countable nouns in the singular form) shiver, tremble, shake: [r·I."k’·i] P F vin. rìkxi
sexually), pleasing, enjoyable (physically: shoe: [hawn."vEn] P F n. hawnven (c.w. from
[mo."wan] P F adj. mowan hawnu protect and venu foot)
shades of white, light colors: [nEjn] P F adj. shoot: [t·Em] P F vin. tem
neyn shoot: [t·ol."t·Em] P F vtr. toltem
shoreline, water’s edge: [paj."t’Ew] P F n.
shadow: [uk^] P F n. uk (derived from toruk
paytxew (c.w. from pay water and txew ed-
last shadow)
ge)
shake, tremble, shiver: [r·I."k’·i] P F vin. rìkxi
short (of time): [jol] P F adj. yol
shakily, tremblingly: [nI.RI."k’i] P F adv. nìrìkxi
short (physical length): [pup^] P F adj. pup
(derived from rìkxi tremble, shake, shiver)
shortly (of time), briefly: [nI."jol] P F adv. nìyol
shallow (physically): [REN] P F adj. reng nfp.
(derived from yol short (of time))
shaman: [ti."RE.tu] P F n. tiretu (derived from
should: ["swEj.l·u] P F vin. sweylu (derived
tirea spirit and tute person)
from swey best and lu is)
shame: [lEwN] P F n. lewng
shoulder: ["PEt.naw] P F n. ’etnaw
shameful: [lE."lEwN] P F adj. lelewng (derived shove, kick: [p’·Ek^] P F vtr. pxek
from lewng shame) ofp.
show: [w·In."t’·u] P F vtr. wìntxu
shameful: ["lEw.NaP] P F adj. lewnga’ (derived show enthusiasm for, be enthusiastic about,
from lewng shame) nfp. be excited about: ["s·oP.h·a] P F vtr. so’ha
shape, form: [Pon] P F n. ’on (Note: Being enthusiastic is always transi-
shape, give shape (to something): ["Pon s·i] P F tive in Na’vi -PF)
vin. ’on si (derived from ’on shape) shut, closed, overcast (for cloudy skies):
sharp (as a blade): [lit’] P F adj. litx >
[tstu] P F adj. tstu
sharp (as a point): [p’i] P F adj. pxi shy, timid: [nim] P F adj. nim
> >
shatter, break into pieces: [ts·awN] P F vin. sibling: [tsmuk^] P F n. tsmuk
tsawng >
sibling: ["tsmuk.tu] P F n. tsmuktu (derived
shawl, poncho, cape: ["Pa.RE] P F n. ’are from tsmuk sibling)
she (honorific): [po."hE] P F pn. pohe sick: [sp’in] P F adj. spxin
she (no plural form: use (ay)fo): [po."E] P F pn. sickness, disease, illness: [sæ."sp’in] P F n.
poe (derived from po he, she) säspxin (derived from spxin sick)
she, he: [po] P F pn. po sickness, the state of being ill: [tI."sp’in] P F n.
shelf: ["fjan.jI] P F n. fyanyì (c.w. from fyan con- tìspxin (derived from spxin sick)
structed device for keeping something off the side: ["pa.Po] P F n. pa’o

60
sight, look, appearance: [PuR] P F n. ’ur skeleton: [sna."t’æ.REm] P F n. snatxärem (c.w.
sign, indication, signal: [sæ."vl] P F n. sävll from sna’o group and txärem bone) lit.: ’set
(derived from vll indicate, point " at) of bones’
sign, omen: [a."u.Ni.a] P F n. aungia skin: ["taP.lEN] P F n. ta’leng
signal, sign, indication: [sæ."vl] P F n. sävll skin blue: ["taP.lE.NE.an] P F adj. ta’lengean
(derived from vll indicate, point " at) (c.w. from ta’leng skin and ean blue)
significance, meaning, importance: [wa."wE] skull: ["tEk.RE] P F n. tekre
P F n. wawe sky: [taw] P F n. taw
significant, personally meaningful: sky-person, human: ["taw.tu.tE] P F n. tawtute
[t’an.wa."wE] P F adj. txanwawe (c.w. from (c.w. from taw sky and tute person)
txan much and wawe significance) skyline, horizon: ["taw.t’Ew] P F n. tawtxew
significantly, meaningfully: [nI.wa."wE] P F (c.w. from taw sky and txew edge)
adv. nìwawe (derived from wawe meaning, slaked, satisfied from thirst by drink, feeling
significance) quenched: ["jE.væN] P F adj. yeväng (derived
silence, quiet: [tI."fnu] P F n. tìfnu (derived from ye satisfied and väng thirsty)
from fnu quiet) slap, strike, beat: ["t·a.k·uk^] P F vtr. takuk
silently: [nI."fnu] P F adv. nìfnu (derived from sleep: ["h·a.h·aw] P F vin. hahaw
fnu quiet) sleeping hammock (general term): ["ni.vi] P F
similar: [stEN] P F adj. steng n. nivi
similarly: [nI."stEN] P F adv. nìsteng (derived sleet: ["tom.pER.wI] P F n. tomperwì (derived
from steng similar) from tompa rain and herwì snow)
sleight of hand, trick, clever/special metho-
simple: [fjin] P F adj. fyin >
dology: ["iN.jEn.tsjIp^] P F n. ingyentsyìp (de-
simple, easy: ["ftu.E] P F adj. ftue
rived from ingyen feeling of mystery)
since (temporal): [ta."kr.a] P F conj. takrra vari-
" krr time and ta from) slide, slip: [fw·i] P F vin. fwi
ant of akrrta (c.w. from
slip, slide: [fw·i] P F vin. fwi
since (temporal): [a."kr.ta] P F conj. akrrta vari-
" slow: [kI."PoN] P F adj. kì’ong
ant of takrra (c.w. from krr time and ta from)
slowly: [nIk."PoN] P F adv. nìk’ong (derived
sing: [R·ol] P F vin. rol
from kì’ong slow)
sing: ["waj "s·i] P F vin. way si (derived from
small (in quantity): [hIm] P F adj. hìm
way song) > >
small or medium-sized city: ["tsaw.tsRaj] P F
sing wordlessly, give out a tune or melody: n. tsawtsray (c.w. from tsawl large and tsray
[t·IN lawR] P F vin. tìng lawr (derived from village)
tìng give and lawr melody) small part, minority, least: [hIm."p’I] P F n.
single-person hammock: ["sno.ni.vi] P F n. hìmpxì
snonivi (c.w. from sno his/her self and nivi >
small rest or relaxation, break: [tI."sjoR.tsjIp^]
sleeping hammock)
P F n. tìsyortsyìp (derived from syor relax,
sink: [w·ap’] P F vin. wapx chill out)
>
sister: ["tsmu.kE] P F n. tsmuke (derived from small stone polished smooth by natural for-
tsmuk sibling) >
ces, pebble: ["tsk’E.vi] P F n. tskxevi (derived
sit: [h·Ejn] P F vin. heyn from tskxe rock, stone)
situation, state, condition: [tI."fkEj.tok^] P F n. small, little (in size): ["hI.Pi] P F adj. hì’i
tìfkeytok (derived from fkeytok exist) smart (thing), clever: [sIl."Ron.sEm] P F adj. sìl-
six: ["pu.kap^] P F num. pukap ronsem (c.w. from sìltsan good and ronsem
sixth (ordinal): ["pu.vE] P F adj. puve (derived mind)
from pukap six) smart, intelligent: ["ka.nu] P F adj. kanu ofp.
sixty four: [zam] P F num. zam smell: [fa."hEw] P F n. fahew
>
size: [tsawl."hIP] P F n. tsawlhì’ (c.w. from tsawl smell: [t·IN "on.tu] JC,P F vin. tìng ontu (deri-
big (in size) and hì’i small (in size)) ved from tìng give and ontu nose)

61
smell (not intentionally): ["h·E.f·i] P F vtr. hefi yes, not no,’ in reference to whether a cer-
smell of decaying animal/flesh, rotting, put- tain action was performed well or not, and
rid: ["k’æ.næN] P F adj. kxänäng over time it became shortened to just kes-
smell of decaying wood and leaves, dank ran, its use expanding to include anything
(non-animal decay): [NEt^] P F adj. nget only mediocre in quality.)
smell of living animals, as found around a social or personal support) , support (emotio-
watering hole: [a."t’aR] P F adj. atxar nal: [tI."slan] P F n. tìslan (derived from slan
smile: ["lr.tok^] P F n. lrrtok support) ofp.
"
smile: ["lr.tok^ "s·i] P F vin. lrrtok si (derived social or personal support), support (emotio-
"
from lrrtok smile) nal: [sl·an] P F vtr. slan ofp.
smoke: ["k’E.nER] P F n. kxener socially unacceptable, coarse, vulgar:
>
smoke (lit. to suck smoke): [tsw·Ik^ "k’E.nE.Rit] [ræp."tum] P F adj. räptum
P F,D vin. tswìk kxenerit (c.w. from tswìk societal rule, law: [ko."REn a."jl] P F n. koren ayll
suck and kxener smoke) (c.w. from koren rule and yll " communal)
smooth: ["fa.o.i] P F adj. faoi soft (of a sound): ["Pa.No] P F adj. ’ango
smooth (for motion), steady: [lER] P F adj. ler soft (of an object): ["hEw.nE] P F adj. hewne
>
snack, light meal: [tsjEj] P F n. tsyey soil (fertile): ["Pak.Ra] P F n. ’akra
snake: [vak’] P F n. vakx solicit agreement: [ko] P F part. ko
snap in two, break: [k’·ak’] P F vin. kxakx solid), world (physical: [ki."fkEj] P F n. kifkey
sneaky (of a person), dodgy: [lEt."wan] P F adj.
solid, not hollow: [vawt^] P F adj. vawt
letwan (derived from tute person and wan
solve, untangle: [tI."kE.zin s·i] P F vin. tìkezin
hide)
si (derived from tìkezin untanglement solu-
snow: ["hER.wI] P F n. herwì
tion)
snow field: ["hER.t’a.jo] P F n. hertxayo (derived
somebody, someone: ["tu.tE.o] P F pn. tuteo
from herwì snow and txayo field)
(derived from tute person)
snow flurry: [hER."mEjp^] P F n. hermeyp (deri-
someone easily tricked, fool, sucker, mark:
ved from herwì snow and meyp weak)
["flEl.tu] P F n. fleltu (derived from flel trick,
snowflake: ["hER.wI.va] P F n. herwìva (derived
fool)
from herwì snow and ìlva flake)
snub: [sæ."jæk’] P F n. säyäkx (derived from someone who has been rescued or saved,
yäkx not notice, ignore, snub) rescuee: ["ta.REp.tu] P F n. tareptu (derived
snub, not notice, ignore: [j·æk’] P F vtr. yäkx from tarep save, rescue)
snubbing, lack of notice: [tI."jæk’] P F n. tìyäkx someone who has just arrived on the scene,
(derived from yäkx not notice, ignore, snub) newcomer: [zI."ma.Pu.ju] P F n. zìma’uyu
so much as, even: [kEN] P F adv. keng someone, somebody: ["tu.tE.o] P F pn. tuteo
so that not, lest: ["ftE.kE] P F conj. fteke (c.w. (derived from tute person)
from fte so that and ke not) (with subjun- something: ["Pu.o] P F pn. ’uo
ctive verb in dependant clause) something able to be drunk, drink: [na."ER]
so that, in order to: [ftE] P F conj. fte (with P F n. naer
subjunctive verb in dependant clause) something acquired, an acquisition, a pos-
so, in that case: [ha] P F conj. ha session: [sæ."ka.nom] P F n. säkanom (deri-
so, to such an extent: [fI."t’an] P F adv. fìtxan ved from kanom acquire)
(derived from txan great, much) something as, in the capacity of, or in the role
so, to such an extent: [nI."ft’an] P F adv. nìftxan of, something else: [sko] P F adp. sko+
(derived from fìtxan so, to such an extent) something confusing, source of confusion:
>
so-so, mediocre: [kE."sRan] P F adj. kesran (c.w. [ja."jajR.tsim] P F n. yayayrtsim (c.w. from
from ke not and sran yes) (The derivation of yayayr confusion and tsim source)
this word is not entirely clear. It may have something else, something as, in the capacity
originally been kesrankekehe, literally, ’not of, or in the role of: [sko] P F adp. sko+

62
something from which a lesson can be lear- sour: ["wE.Paj] P F adj. we’ay
>
ned, meaningful, instructive: ["Ral.NaP] P F source: [tsim] P F n. tsim
>
adj. ralnga’ (c.w. from ral meaning and nga’ source of (great) joy: ["law.nol.tsim] P F n. law-
contain) noltsim (c.w. from lawnol great joy and tsim
something humorous: [sæ."Pi.pu] P F n. sä’ipu source)
(derived from ’ipu humorous) source of argument, point of contention,
something ill-conceived or inherently de- thing disputed: [sæ.wæ."tE] P F n. säwäte
fective, flawed nature: ["fEP.Ran] P F n. (derived from wäte argue)
fe’ran (c.w. from fe’ bad and ran intrinsic cha- source of confusion, something confusing:
>
racter or nature) [ja."jajR.tsim] P F n. yayayrtsim (c.w. from
something imagined: ["Ron.sREl] P F n. ronsrel yayayr confusion and tsim source)
(c.w. from ronsem mind and rel image) source of frustration, barrier to one’s goals:
something in an untangled state, untangle- [tI.kan."k’an] P F n. tìkankxan (c.w. from tì-
ment solution: [tI."kE.zin] P F n. tìkezin (de- kan goal and ekxan barrier)
rived from kezin untangled) source of worry, worrisome matter:
> >
something noticed, observation: [sæ."tsE.Ri] ["sNum.tsim] P F n. sngumtsim (c.w. from
P F n. sätseri (derived from tseri notice) sngum worry and tsim source)
something that helps, helper (inanimate): space, hollow, enclosed open area: [mo] P F n.
[sæ."sruN] P F n. säsrung (derived from mo
srung help) space, open or borderless area: [Nip^] P F n.
something that replaces something else, re- ngip
placement, substitute: [sæ."Rawn] P F n. sä- spark: ["t’Ep.vi] P F n. txepvi (derived from txep
rawn (derived from rawn replace) fire)
something to report, news: [fmawn] P F n. speak: [p·l."t’·E] P F vtr. plltxe
fmawn "
speaker: [pl."t’E.ju] P F n. plltxeyu (derived
somewhat, more or less, yes and no, kind from plltxe " speak)
of: [sRan."kE.hE] P F part., intj. srankehe (c.w. spear: [tuk."Ru] P F n. tukru
from srane yes and kehe no) special, distinct: [zEj] P F adj. zey
>
somewhere: ["tsE.No] P F pn. tsengo (derived specialize in, focus on, be particularly in-
from tseng place) terested in: ["k·an.P·In] P F vtr. kan’ìn (c.w.
son: ["Pi.tan] JC,P F n. ’itan from kan aim and ’in be busy)
son of a bitch (vulgar): [kal."wEj.a.vEN] P F n. speculative, intuitive: [lE."PEn] P F adj. le’en
kalweyaveng (c.w. from kali’weya poisonous (derived from ’en guess) nfp.
arachnid and ’eveng child) speech sound; phoneme: [pl."t’E.pam] P F n.
song (ancient, ceremonial): [waj] P F n. way plltxepam (c.w. from plltxe" speak and pam
song (vocal): [tI."Rol] P F n. tìrol (derived from sound)
rol sing) speech, oration: [sæ.ft’u."lI.Pu] P F n. säftxulì’u
song cord: ["waj.tE.lEm] P F n. waytelem (c.w. (derived from ftxulì’u orate, give speech)
from way song and telem cord) speech-making, public speaking: [tI.ft’u."lI.Pu]
soon: ["jEP.RIn] P F adv. ye’rìn P F n. tìftxulì’u (derived from ftxulì’u orate,
sorrow: [jEN."wal] P F n. yengwal give speech)
sorry, my apologies (acknowledgment of spelling: [pam."REl.fja] P F n. pamrelfya (deri-
guilt and regret): [Naj."t’o.a] P F intj. ngaytx- ved from pamrel writing and fya’o way)
oa (c.w. from ngeyä your and txoa forgive- spend time with, hang out with: ["k·æ.tEN] P F
ness) vin. käteng
soul: [vit."Ra] P F n. vitra spike, thorn of a plant: [t’im] P F n. txim
sound: [pam] P F n. pam spin, to spin (something): [k·Im] P F vtr. kìm
sound play: ["pam.u.van] P F n. pamuvan (c.w. Pol rumit kolìm He spun the ball
from pam sound and uvan game) spiral: [PI."hE.ju] P F n. ’ìheyu

63
 >
spirit: [ti."RE.a] P F n. tirea start, begin: [tsj·ul] P F vtr. tsyul
>
spirit animal: [ti."RE.a.i.­o.aN] P F n. tireaioang start, beginning: [tI."tsjul] P F n. tìtsyul (deri-
(c.w. from tirea spirit and ioang animal) ved from tsyul begin, start)
spirit path: [ti."RE.a.­fja.Po] P F n. tireafya’o (c.w. starting position, beginning, initial location:
>
from tirea spirit and fya’o path) ["sNæ.Pi.tsEN] P F n. sngä’itseng (c.w. from
spiritually, strong (emotionally, not physi- sngä’i start and tseng place)
cal), confident: [sEj."k’El] P F adj. seykxel starting time, beginning: ["sNæ.Pi.kr] P F n.
sngä’ikrr (c.w. from sngä’i begin and " krr ti-
spit out, spit: ["hi·up^] P F vtr. hiup
spit, spit out: ["hi·up^] P F vtr. hiup me)
splash: ["fy·u.fy·e] P F vin. fyufye state, condition, situation: [tI."fkEj.tok^] P F n.
spoken poem (as a melodic recital): [waj a tìfkeytok (derived from fkeytok exist)
pl.t’E] P F ph. way a plltxe (derived from statement: [sæ.pl."t’E] P F n. säplltxe (derived
" sing (ceremonial register)) "
from plltxe speak)
way
spooky, weird: ["snEw.sjE] P F adj. snewsye (c.w. stay, remain: [P·I."P·awn] P F vin. ’ì’awn
from snew tighten, constrict and syeha bre- steadfastly, firmly, faithfully: [nIk.lo."nu] P F
ath) adv. nìklonu (derived from ke lonu not let
sport, physical or athletic game: [u."van go) lit.: ’without releasing it’
lE."tok’] P F n. uvan letokx (c.w. from uvan steadily: [nIk."Pæ.RIp^] P F adv. nìk’ärìp (deri-
game and letokx physical) ved from ke ärìp not move) lit.: ’without let-
spouse: [mun."t’a.tu] P F n. muntxatu (derived ting it move’
from muntxa mated) steadily: [nI."lER] P F adv. nìler (derived from
spread, proliferate: [v·i."R·æ] P F vin. virä ler steady, smooth)
spread, proliferation: [tI.vi."Ræ] P F n. tìvirä steady, smooth (for motion): [lER] P F adj. ler
(derived from virä spread, proliferate) steal, rob: [fm·oN] P F vtr. fmong
spring: [zI.skr."mi.paw] P F n. zìskrrmipaw (c.w. steam, mist, fog: ["ja.paj] P F n. yapay (c.w.
from zìsìkrr " season and mipa tìpaw new from ya air and pay water)
growth) steep: [fjEN] P F adj. fyeng
squad, military clan, battle party: step: [k·Ejn."vEn] P F vin. keynven (derived
["wEm.po.Nu] P F n. wempongu (c.w. from from keyn put down and venu foot)
wem fight and pongu group) step (in an instruction), task, errand: ["tIn.vi]
squeeze: [p’aw."t’·ap^] P F vtr. pxawtxap (c.w. P F n. tìnvi
from pxaw around and txap press) step, shelf, ledge, level, rung : [jI] P F n. yì
>
squirt: [ts·æP] P F vin. tsä’ (Can also be used metaphorically to refer
>
stab: [ts·uk’] P F vtr. tsukx to the level of anything scalable - anyt-
stain, blemish, deformity, flawed feature: hing that can have levels or degrees, highs
["fEP.Ran.vi] P F n. fe’ranvi (derived from and lows, water level, temperature, talent,
fe’ran flawed nature, inherently defective) anger, etc.)
>
staircase, series of step-like levels: [sna."jI] P F stick: ["vul.tsjIp^] P F n. vultsyìp (derived from
n. snayì (derived from yì level, step) vul branch (of a tree))
stand: [kl."k’·Em] P F vin. kllkxem stick to, stick, adhere: [sj·aR] P F vin. syar
" stick, stick to, adhere: [sj·aR] P F vin. syar
stand, endure, tolerate: [l·Ewn] P F vtr. lewn
stand, set, group, pile, clump: ["sna.Po] P F n. still, yet, as before: [mi] P F adv. mi
sna’o nfp. sting: [sN·ap^] P F vtr. sngap
>
star cluster: [sna.tan."hI.tsjIp^] P F n. snatanhìt- stomach: [NæN] P F n. ngäng
syìp (c.w. from sna’o group and tanhì(tsyìp) stone jar used to hold small toxic arachnid:
star) [E."p’aN] P F n. epxang
>
star, bioluminescent freckle: [tan."hI] P F n. stone, rock: [tsk’E] P F n. tskxe
>
tanhì stony, of stone: [lE."tsk’E] P F adj. letskxe (deri-
start, begin: ["sN·æ.P·i] P F vim. sngä’i ved from tskxe rock, stone)

64
stool, chair, bench; any tool or device to fa- strongman/woman, brawny person: ["t’uR.tu]
cilitate sitting: [sEjn] P F n. seyn (derived P F n. txurtu (derived from txur strong (phy-
from sä’o tool and heyn sit) sically))
stop: [ft·aN] P F vim. ftang student: ["nu.mE.ju] P F n. numeyu (derived
stop (someone or something) : [tI."ftaN s·i] P F from nume learn)
vin. tìftang si (derived from tìftang stop- study: [ft·i."·a] P F vtr. ftia
ping) study: [tI.fti."a] P F n. tìftia (derived from ftia
stopping, the glottal stop: [tI."ftaN] P F n. tìf- study)
tang (derived from ftang stop) style: ["lup.Ra] P F n. lupra
store, put away: [n·op’] P F vtr. nopx sublime in style, exquisite: ["fjo.lup^] P F adj.
storm: ["jr.ap^] P F n. yrrap (derived from ya air fyolup (c.w. from fyole sublime and lupra
"
and hrrap danger) style)
story: [vuR] P F n. vur sublime, beyond perfection: ["fjo.lE] P F adj.
story poem, narrative poem: ["vuR.waj] P F n. fyole
vurway (c.w. from vur story and way song) substitute, replace: [R·awn] P F vtr. rawn
straight: [jEj] P F adj. yey substitute, replacement, something that re-
straight ahead, in a straight line: [nI."jEj.fja] places something else: [sæ."Rawn] P F n. sä-
rawn (derived from rawn replace)
P F adv. nìyeyfya (derived from yeyfya
straight line) succeed: [fl·æ] P F vin. flä
straight line: ["jEj.fja] P F n. yeyfya (derived success (an instance of succeeding): [sæ."flæ]
from yey straight and fya’o path) P F n. säflä (derived from flä succeed)
success (in general): [tI."flæ] P F n. tìflä (deri-
straight to the point; just, directly: [nI."jEj] P F
ved from flä succeed)
adv. nìyey (derived from yey straight)
successful: [tI."flæ.NaP] P F adj. tìflänga’ (c.w.
strange, be curious, odd, unexpected: [h·Ek^]
from tìflä success and nga’ contain)
P F vin. hek
successfully: [nI."flæ] P F adv. nìflä (derived
strange, funny: ["hi.jIk^] P F adj. hiyìk
from flä succeed)
strange, unfamiliar, unknown: [st’oN] P F adj.
such: [na.fI."Pu] P F adj. nafì’u (c.w. from na as
stxong
and fì’u this)
strangely, oddly: [nI."hEk^] P F adv. nìhek (deri- >
suck: [tsw·Ik^] P F vtr. tswìk
ved from hek be curious, odd) (sentence, not
sucker, fool, mark, someone easily tricked:
manner, adverbial)
["flEl.tu] P F n. fleltu (derived from flel trick,
stream: ["paj.fja] P F n. payfya (c.w. from pay fool)
water and fya’o way) sudden shock: ["Pa.sap^] P F n. ’asap
strength, power: [tI."t’uR] P F n. tìtxur (derived >
suddenly, without warning: [tsIk^] P F adv.
from txur strong) tsìk
stress (mental or emotional feeling): ["fk’a.Ra] suffer mentally or emotionally, be miserable:
P F n. fkxara [N·æ."P·æn] P F vin. ngä’än
stressful: ["fk’a.Ra.NaP] P F adj. fkxaranga’ (deri- sufficient: [lE."tam] P F adj. letam (derived
ved from fkxara stress) from tam suffice)
stretcher: ["tut.sE.na] P F n. tutsena (c.w. from suffix: ["u.o.lI.Pu.vi] P F n. uolì’uvi (derived
tute person and sähena carrier) from uo– behind and li’u word)
strife-ridden, divided, torn apart: [kE."Paw] suggest: [m·ok^] P F vtr. mok
P F adj. ke’aw (c.w. from ke not and ’aw one) suit, fit, complement, inherently enhance:
strike, beat, slap: ["t·a.k·uk^] P F vtr. takuk [h·aP] P F vin. ha’
stringed instrument: ["iP.En] JC n. i’en suitable, appropriate, fitting: [lE."haP] P F adj.
strong (emotionally, spiritually, not physi- leha’ (derived from ha’ fit, suit, complement)
cal), confident: [sEj."k’El] P F adj. seykxel summary, synopsis: ["vuR.vi] P F n. vurvi (deri-
strong (physically): [t’uR] P F adj. txur ved from vur story)

65
summer: [zI.skr."som] P F n. zìskrrsom (c.w. surrender, relinquishment: [tI."Ra.Pun] P F n.
from zìsìkrr "season and som hot) tìra’un (derived from ra’un surrender, re-
>
sun; Alpha Centauri A: ["tsaw.kE] P F n. Tsaw- linquish)
ke surround (ii): ["p’aw.t·ok^] P F vtr. pxawtok
Sunday: [tr."Paw.vE] P F n. trr’awve (c.w. from (c.w. from pxaw around and tok be at, occupy
" ’awve first)
trr day and a space)
sung poem: [waj a Rol] P F ph. way a rol (deri- survival: [tEm."REj] P F n. temrey (derived from
ved from way sing (ceremonial register)) emrey survive)
sunrise, dawn: [tr."PoN] P F n. trr’ong (c.w. survive: [Em."R·Ej] P F vin. emrey
from trr day and" ’ong unfold) surviving (e.g. of entities from a group some
sunset, night-fall, dusk, gloaming: [t’on."PoN] of whom have died): [lEm."REj] P F adj. lem-
P F,P rr n. txon’ong (c.w. from txon night and rey (derived from emrey survive)
’ong unfold) suspend action, hold off: [fp·ak^] P F vin. fpak
supplies: ["mEk.RE] P F n. mekre sustain: [fm·al] P F vtr. fmal
support (emotional, social or personal sup-
swallow: [k’·uk’] P F vtr. kxukx
port): [sl·an] P F vtr. slan ofp. >
swarm: [tsjaN] P F n. tsyang
support (emotional, social or personal sup-
sweet berry (term of endearment):
port) : [tI."slan] P F n. tìslan (derived from
[pa.ska."lin] P F n. paskalin (derived from
slan support) ofp.
pasuk berry and (a)kalin sweet)
support (physically): ["k·a.v·an] P F vtr. kavan
sure, confident: [am."Pa.kE] P F adj. am’ake sweet to the taste: [ka."lin] P F adj. kalin
(c.w. from am’a doubt and ke not) sweetly aromatic (a flowery or aromatic
surface: [jo] P F n. yo woody sort of smell; may also refer to so-
surprise: [tI."lo.ho] P F n. tìloho (derived from me spices used in Na’vi cooking): [un."joR]
loho be surprising) P F adj. unyor

surprisingly: [nI."lo.ho] P F adv. nìloho (deri- sweetly, endearingly: [nI."ho.na] P F adv. nìho-
ved from loho be surprising) na (derived from hona endearing)
surprisingly (for unexpectedly negative swim: ["sl·E.l·E] P F vin. slele
outcomes): ["um.Pa] P F adv. um’a syllable: ["lIP.koN] P F n. lì’kong (c.w. from lì’u
surprisingly (for unexpectedly positive word and ’ekong rythmic beat)
outcomes): ["ti.Pa] P F adv. ti’a synopsis, summary: ["vuR.vi] P F n. vurvi (de-
surrender, give up, concede defeat: ["v·E.l·Ek^] rived from vur story)
P F vin. velek system, process, procedure, approach:
surrender, relinquish, give up: ["R·a.P·un] P F ["vE.fja] P F n. vefya (c.w. from ve’o order,
vtr. ra’un organization and fya’o way, manner)

(together) as members of a clan: [nI.o."loP] P F clean and yo surface) Note: colloquially, yo

adv. nìolo’ (derived from olo’ clan) can be used in place of fyanyo.
(together) as members of a family: tacky, in poor taste: ["fEP.lup^] P F adj. fe’lup
[nI.so."a.i.a] P F adv. nìsoaia (derived from (c.w. from fe’ bad and lupra style)
>
soaia family) tail: ["k’E.tsE] P F n. kxetse
a tangle(ment), mass of something twisted take: [kæ."m·u.N·E] P F vtr. kämunge (derived
together: [tI."zin] P F n. tìzin (derived from from munge bring)
zin tangled) take away, remove, take off: ["P·a.k·u] P F vtr.
table, elevated utilitarian surface: ["fjan.jo] ’aku
P F n. fyanyo (c.w. from fyan constructed de- take care of, look after, be responsible for:
vice for keeping something off the ground and [v·EwN] P F vtr. vewng

66
 >
take off, launch: [ja."w·o] P F vin. yawo (c.w. tears: ["tsNaw.paj] P F n. tsngawpay (c.w. from
from ya air and wo reach for) tsngawvìk cry and pay water)
take off, remove, take away: ["P·a.k·u] P F vtr. telephone: [spul."mok.Ri] P F n. spulmokri (deri-
’aku ved from spule propel and mokri voice)
take part in a ceremony, perform a ritual: tell: [p·EN] P F vtr. peng
[sæ."PE.o.i.o s·i] P F vin. sä’eoio si (derived temperature: [som."wEw] P F n. somwew (deri-
from sä’eoio ceremony) ved from som hot and wew cold)
>
take revenge: ["tsE.fta s·i] P F vin. tsefta si (de- tender (people or things), gentle, mild: [flr]
rived from tsefta revenge) "
P F adj. flrr
take, bring: ["m·u.N·E] P F vtr. munge tenderly, gently: [nI."flr] P F adv. nìflrr (derived
take/consume time (ii): [kr."n·Ek’] P F vin. krr- from flrr gentle) "
nekx (c.w. from krr time "and nekx consume) tenderness, gentleness: [tI."flr] P F n. tìflrr (de-
talent: [tI."naw.Ri] P F n. tìnawri (derived from rived from flrr gentle) "
nawri talented) tendril, tentacle: [fjIp^] P F n. fyìp
talented: ["naw.Ri] P F adj. nawri tentacle, tendril: [fjIp^] P F n. fyìp
talk about, discourse on, say something con- >
term of affection for children: [pa."Rul.tsjIp^]
cerning: [l·awk^] P F vtr. lawk
P F n. parultsyìp (derived from parul mirac-
tall thin mass or pile of something, tower: le)
["a.sip^] P F n. asip
> terminal, last, ultimate: [toR] P F adj. tor (deri-
tall, big (in size): [tsawl] P F adj. tsawl ofp. ved from toruk last shadow)
tangle up, tangle: [tI."zin s·i] P F vin. tìzin si
terrible, horrible, awful: ["fp’a.mo] P F adj.
(derived from tìzin tangle(ment))
fpxamo
tangle, tangle up: [tI."zin s·i] P F vin. tìzin si
terribly, horribly, awfully: [nI."fp’a.mo] P F
(derived from tìzin tangle(ment))
adv. nìfpxamo (derived from fpxamo horrib-
tangled: [zin] P F adj. zin
le)
target, aim, goal, purpose: [tI."kan] P F n. tìkan
terrific, wonderful, fantastic: [ko."sman] P F
(derived from kan aim)
adj. kosman
task, errand, step (in an instruction): ["tIn.vi]
terrifying: ["t’an.t’Ewm] P F adj. txantxewm
P F n. tìnvi
(c.w. from txan much and txewm scary,
taste: [t·IN ft’I] P F vin. tìng ftxì (derived from
frightening)
tìng give and ftxi tongue)
territory: [kl."p’Il.tu] P F n. kllpxìltu
taste (not intentionally): ["·Ew.k·u] P F vtr. "
ewku test: ["fm·E.t·ok^] P F vtr. fmetok
taste, flavor: [suR] P F n. sur test: [tI."fmE.tok^] P F n. tìfmetok (derived from
taste, try, sample, evaluate, check out, test- fmetok test)
drive: [m·ajP] P F vtrm. may’ test-drive, taste, try, sample, evaluate, check
teach: [k·aR] P F vtr. kar out: [m·ajP] P F vtrm. may’
teach, instruct, give instruction: [sæ."nu.mE texture, touch, feel: [ziR] P F n. zir
s·i] P F vin. sänume si (derived from sänu- teylu-face (vulgar): ["tEj.lu.pil] P F n. teylupil
me teaching, instruction) (c.w. from teylu beetle larva and pil facial
teacher: ["kaR.ju] P F n. karyu (derived from kar stripe)
teach) thank you, thanks: [i."Ra.jo] JC n., intj. irayo
teaching (the act): [tI.ku."saR] P F n. tìkusar (de- thank, give thanks: [i."Ra.jo "s·i] P F vin. irayo
rived from kar teach) si (derived from irayo thanks)
teaching, instruction: [sæ."nu.mE] P F n. sänu- thanks, thank you: [i."Ra.jo] JC n., intj. irayo
me (derived from nume learn) that: ["fu.ta] P F sbd. futa (c.w. from fì’u-t this
>
teardrop: ["tsNaw.paj.vi] P F n. tsngawpayvi (patientive) and a subordinator)
(c.w. from tsngawvìk cry and pay+vi water, that: ["fu.Ri.a] P F sbd. furia (c.w. from fì’uri this
with partitive marker) (topical) and a subordinator)

67
 > >
that: ["tsa.wa] P F sbd. tsawa (c.w. from tsa’u that way, like that: [tsa."fja] P F adv. tsafya (c.w.
that (subjective) and a subordinator) from tsa- that and fya’o way)
>
that: ["tsa.ta] P F sbd. tsata (c.w. from tsa’u-t that will do, that will suffice, OK: [t·am] P F
that (patientive) and a subordinator) vin., intj. tam
>
that: ["tsa.Ri.a] P F sbd. tsaria (c.w. from tsa’u-ri that will suffice, that will do, OK: [t·am] P F
that (topical) and a subordinator) vin., intj. tam
that: [sat^] P F pn. sat (lenited form of tsat) >
that, it (as dative indirect object): [tsaR] P F
that: ["fu.la] P F sbd. fula (c.w. from fì’ul this pn. tsar (derived from tsaw that)
(agentive) and a subordinator) >
that, it (as intransitive subject): [tsaw] P F pn.
that: ["fu.Ra] P F sbd. fura (c.w. from fì’u-r this tsaw
(dative) and a subordinator) >
> > that, it (as object): [tsat^] P F pn. tsat
that (action): ["tsa.kEm] or [tsa."kEm] P F n. tsa- >
that, it (as topical): ["tsa.Ri] P F pn. tsari (deri-
kem (derived from tsa- that and kem action) ved from tsaw that)
that (as a result): ["kum.a] P F conj. kuma (de- >
that, it (transitive subject): [tsal] P F pn. tsal
rived from kum result) this form precedes the absence of business, free time: [tIk."PIn]
the result, I.E. ’Lu poe sevin nìftxan kuma
P F n. tìk’ìn (derived from ’ìn be busy)
yawne slolu oer’ (She was so beautiful that I
the act of replacing, replacement: [tI."Rawn]
fell in love with her.); see also ’akum’
P F n. tìrawn (derived from rawn replace)
that (as a result): [a."kum] P F conj. akum (de-
the art of cooking: [tI."PEm] P F n. tì’em (deri-
rived from kum result) this form follows
ved from ’em cook)
the result, I.E. ’Poe yawne slolu oer akum,
the Balance of Life: [REj."PEN] P F n. rey’eng (de-
nìftxan lu sevin’ (She was so beautiful that I
rived from rey live)
fell in love with her.); see also ’kuma’
> the day after tomorrow, two days from now:
that (function word): [tsnI] P F sbd. tsnì (with
subjunctive verb in dependant clause) [mE.sr."aj] P F adv., n. mesrray (derived from
trr day)"
that (subordinate clause marker): [fwa] P F
sbd. fwa (c.w. from fì’u this (subjective) and the day and night cycle of Pandora: [tr.t’on]
"
a subordinator) P F n. trrtxon (c.w. from trr day and txon
> night)
that (thing): ["tsa.Pu] P F n. tsa’u (c.w. from tsa
that and ’u thing) the day before yesterday, two days ago:
that answer: ["tEjN.a] P F n. teynga (contraction [mE.sr."am] P F adv., n. mesrram (derived
from trr" day)
of tì’eyng a)
that answer (agentive): ["tEjN.la] P F n. teyngla the glottal stop, stopping: [tI."ftaN] P F n. tìf-
(contraction of tì’eyng–ìl a) tang (derived from ftang stop)
that answer (patientive): ["tEjN.ta] P F n. teyng- the others (animate or non-animate), others:
ta (contraction of tì’eyng–it a) [aj."la.hE] P F pn. aylahe (derived from lahe
that is, in other words: ["a.lu] P F conj. alu (de- other)
rived from a subordinator and lu be) (Used the others (animate or non-animate), others:
for appositions) [aj."la] P F pn. ayla variant of aylahe
that news: ["fmawn.ta] P F n. fmawnta (contrac- the People, having to do with the Na’vi:
tion of fmawn–it a) [lE."naP.vi] P F adj. leNa’vi (derived from
> Na’vi the People)
that one (for people only): ["tsa.po] P F pn. tsa-
po (c.w. from tsa– that and po he/she) the state of being ill, sickness: [tI."sp’in] P F n.
> tìspxin (derived from spxin sick)
that person: ["tsa.tu] P F n. tsatu (c.w. from tsa
that and tute person) the state of waking, awakeness: [tI."t’En] P F
> > > >
that place, there: [tsa."tsEN] or ["tsa.tsEN] P F n. n. tìtxen (derived from txen awake)
tsatseng (c.w. from tsa that and tseng place) the study of the physical world, science:
>
that time, then, at that time: [tsa."kr] P F adv. [tI.fti."a ki."fkE.jæ] P F n. tìftia kifkeyä (c.w.
tsakrr (derived from tsa- that and "krr time) from tìftia study and kifkey world)

68
 >
the symbol 8 (not the value eight): [PEjt^] P F thin, lean, lithe: ["li.tsi] P F adj. litsi
n. ’eyt thing (action), deed: [kEm] P F n. kem
the symbol 9 (not the value nine): [najn] P F thing (object, fact, abstraction): [Pu] P F n. ’u
n. nayn thing (physical or tangible), object: [zum] P F
the time before dark, twilight, after sun- n. zum
set: [t’on."PoN.maw] P F n. txon’ongmaw (c.w. thing disputed, point of contention, source
from txon’ong sunset and maw after) of argument: [sæ.wæ."tE] P F n. säwäte (de-
the time before noon: [sRE."kam.tr] P F n. sre- rived from wäte argue)
kamtrr (c.w. from sre before and " kxamtrr
things: [a."ju] P F n. ayu (derived from ’u thing)
mid-day) (never plural u)
the time immediately after noon, early af- think: [fp·Il] P F vtr. fpìl
ternoon: ["k’am.tr.maw] P F n. kxamtrrmaw third (ordinal): ["p’Ej.vE] P F adj. pxeyve (deri-
(c.w. from kxamtrr " noon and maw after)
ved from pxey three)
theft: [tI."fmoN] P F n. tìfmong (derived from third, one third: [pan] P F n. pan
fmong steal, rob) thirst: [tI."væN] P F n. tìväng (derived from
theft (particular instance): [sæ."fmoN] P F n. väng thirsty)
säfmong (derived from fmong steal, rob) thirsty: [væN] P F adj. väng
then (counterfactual use): [zEl] P F adv. zel this (action): [fI."kEm] P F pn. fìkem (derived
>
then, at that time, that time: [tsa."kr] P F adv. from kem action, deed)
tsakrr (derived from tsa- that and "krr time) this (thing): [fI."Pu] P F pn. fì’u (derived from
there there, calm, be content: ["tam "tam] M ’u thing)
intj. tam tam this one person or thing: ["fI.po] P F pn. fìpo
> > > >
there, that place: [tsa."tsEN] or ["tsa.tsEN] P F n. (derived from po he, she)
>
tsatseng (c.w. from tsa that and tseng place) this place, here: [fI."tsEN(E)] P F adv., n. fìt-
therefore, because of that: [ta."fRal] P F adv. seng(e) (derived from tseng place)
tafral this way, like this: [fI."fja] P F adv. fìfya (deri-
these words: [faj."lu.ta] P F n. fayluta (contrac- ved from fya’o path)
tion of fay+lì’u–t a, patientive case) thistle-like plant (generic term): [tajN] P F n.
they: [aj."fo] or ["aj.fo] P F pn. ayfo (derived tayng
from po he, she) thorn of a plant, spike: [t’im] P F n. txim
they: [fo] P F pn. fo (derived from ay+ deleted thorough, detail-orientated (of a person):
plural leniting morpheme and po he/she) [lE."no] P F adj. leno
they (3rd person singular honorific): ["po.ho] thoroughly, in detail, expansively: [nI."no] P F
P F pn. poho adv. nìno
they (singular usage) (unspecified agent), thoroughness, attention to detail: [tI."no] P F
one: [fko] P F pn. fko n. tìno
they, those two: ["mE.fo] P F pn. mefo (derived those two, they: ["mE.fo] P F pn. mefo (derived
from me+ dual marker and po he/she) from me+ dual marker and po he/she)
thick: [nut’] P F adj. nutx thought pattern, way of thinking: ["fpIl.fja]
thick, viscous, gelatinous: [k’um] P F adj. kx- P F n. fpìlfya (c.w. from fpìl think and fya’o
um path)
>
thickness: [flI."nut’] P F n. flìnutx (c.w. from flì thoughtful, kind, considerate: ["tstun.wi] P F
thin and nutx thick) adj. tstunwi
thief: ["fmoN.ju] P F n. fmongyu (derived from thread: [kIN] P F n. kìng
fmong steal, rob) threat: [k’ap^] P F n. kxap
thin: [flI] P F adj. flì nfp. threaten: [k’ap s·i] P F vin. kxap si (derived
thin waterfall that pours down a sheer high from kxap threat)
cliff, an individual tall, or off of a floating threatening: ["k’ap.NaP] P F adj. kxapnga’ (deri-
mountain (countable): [sE."Pajl] P F n. se’ayl ved from kxap threat) nfp.

69
threatening cry: ["sa:] LA intj. saa txe’lanti wrrzärìp (c.w. from txe’lan heart
threateningly: [nI."k’ap^] P F adv. nìkxap (deri- and wrrzärìp pull out, extract)
ved from kxap threat) to intend; aim, aim, to direct a weapon or ot-
three: [p’Ej] P F num. pxey her object at a target: [k·an] P F vtrm. kan
three days ago: [p’E.sr."am] P F adv., n. pxesr- to persist in a state, to continue to perform an
ram (derived from trr " day) action: [v·aR] P F vim. var
three days from now: [p’E.sr."aj] P F adv., n. to record: ["stæP.nI.pam s·i] P F vin. stä’nìpam
pxesrray (derived from trr day) " si (derived from stä’nìpam recording)
three times, thrice: ["p’E.lo] P F adv. pxelo (de- to respect: [lE.i.o."a.E s·i] P F vin. leioae si (deri-
rived from pxe+ trial marker and alo time) ved from leioae respect)
thrice, three times: ["p’E.lo] P F adv. pxelo (de- to sail, move by means of a sail: ["ka.fi s·i] P F
rived from pxe+ trial marker and alo time) vin. kafi si (derived from kafi sail)
throat: [flEw] P F n. flew to smell (intentionally): [sj·am] P F vtr. syam
through (via the middle of): ["k’am.læ] P F to spin (something), spin: [k·Im] P F vtr. kìm
adp. kxamlä– (derived from kxam middle) Pol rumit kolìm He spun the ball
>
throw: ["tsR·E.P·i] P F vtr. tsre’i to such an extent, so: [fI."t’an] P F adv. fìtxan
throw out of harmonious balance, interrupt: (derived from txan great, much)
[m·æ."k’u] P F vtr. mäkxu (derived from kxu to such an extent, so: [nI."ft’an] P F adv. nìftxan
harm) (derived from fìtxan so, to such an extent)
thunder: ["Pr.p’om] P F n. ’rrpxom to the left: [nI."ftæR] P F adv. nìftär (derived
" from ftär left)
thunder and lightning: ["Rawm.p’om] P F n.
rawmpxom (derived from rawm lightning to the others: [aj."la.Ru] P F pn. aylaru (contrac-
and ’rrpxom thunder) tion of ay+lahe–ru)
Thursday: [tr."mr.vE] P F n. trrmrrve (c.w. from to the right: [nI."ski.En] P F adv. nìskien (deri-
trr day and" mrrve
" fifth) ved from skien right)
tie down, fasten: [j·æn] P F vtr. yän to wake, to waken, wake up: [tI."t’En s·i] P F
tight: [PE."k’in] P F adj. ’ekxin vin. tìtxen si (derived from tìtxen awakeness)
tighten, constrict: [sn·Ew] P F vtr. snew to waken, to wake, wake up: [tI."t’En s·i] P F
tightly, in an iron grip: [nI."sjEp^] P F adv. vin. tìtxen si (derived from tìtxen awakeness)
nìsyep (derived from syep trap) lit.: ’like a to, towards (direction): [nE] P F adp. ne–
trap’ today: [fI."tr] P F adv. fìtrr (derived from trr
day) "
time: [kr] P F n. krr
" toe: ["vEn.zEk^] P F n. venzek (c.w. from venu
time, turn, instance, one of a number of repe-
ated or recurring actions: ["a.lo] P F n. alo foot and zekwä finger)
timid, shy: [nim] P F adj. nim together: [Paw.si."tEN] P F adv. ’awsiteng (c.w.
> >
tiny bite: ["tsjEj.tsjIp^] P F n. tsyeytsyìp (derived from ’aw one and teng same, equal)
from tsyey snack, light meal) tolerate, endure, stand: [l·Ewn] P F vtr. lewn
>
tip, helpful hint: ["sRuN.tsjIp^] P F n. srungtsyìp tomorrow: [tr."aj] P F adv. trray (derived from
(derived from srung help) trr day and" hay next)
tired: [NEjn] P F adj. ngeyn tomorrow night: [t’o."naj] P F adv. txonay (de-
>
to (with kxìm): ["tson.ta] P F conj. tsonta (deri- rived from txon night and hay next)
ved from tson obligation, duty, imposed requi- tongue: [ft’I] P F n. ftxì
rement) (contraction of tsonit a) tonight: [fI."t’on] P F adv., n. fìtxon (derived
to continue to perform an action, to persist in from txon night)
a state: [v·aR] P F vim. var too, also, additionally: [kop^] P F adv. kop
to direct a weapon or other object at a target, too, also, as well, likewise: [nI."tEN] P F adv.
aim, to intend; aim: [k·an] P F vtrm. kan nìteng (derived from teng same, equal)
to greatly move emotionally (lit.: to pull out too, excessively: [nI."hawN] P F adv. nìhawng
the heart): [t’EP."lan.ti wr."zæ.RIp^] P F ph. (derived from hawng overabundance)
"
70
tool, utensil: ["sæ.Po] P F n. sä’o trash, garbage, rubbish: [sNEl] P F n. sngel
tooth: [sREP] P F n. sre’ travel: [s·op^] P F vin. sop
top: ["fæ.pa] P F n. fäpa traveller: ["sop.ju] P F n. sopyu (derived from
torn apart, divided, strife-ridden: [kE."Paw] sop travel)
P F adj. ke’aw (c.w. from ke not and ’aw one) treachery: [ka."vuk^] P F n. kavuk
toruk rider: ["to.Ruk^ "mak.to] JC n. toruk mak- treasure; something rare and of great value:
>
to (c.w. from toruk leonopteryx and makto [tsjEjm] P F n. tsyeym
ride) treat (emotionally), display an attitude to-
totality, whole: [wot’] P F n. wotx wards: [z·Et^] P F vtr. zet
totem, amulet: ["lo.Pa] P F n. lo’a tree: ["ut.Ral] P F n. utral
touch: ["P·am.p·i] P F vtr. ’ampi tremble, shake, shiver: [r·I."k’·i] P F vin. rìkxi
touch (intentionally): ["t·IN "zEk.wæ] P F vin. tremblingly, shakily: [nI.RI."k’i] P F adv. nìrìkxi
tìng zekwä (derived from tìng give and (derived from rìkxi tremble, shake, shiver)
zekwä finger) trick (someone), fool (someone): [fl·El] P F vtr.
touch, feel, texture: [ziR] P F n. zir flel
towards (direction), to: [nE] P F adp. ne– trick, hoax, dishonest act or scheme: [sæ."flEl]
tower, tall thin mass or pile of something: P F n. säflel (derived from flel trick, fool)
["a.sip^] P F n. asip trick, sleight of hand, clever/special metho-
> >
trace (of animal or person), track: [tsmIm] P F dology: ["iN.jEn.tsjIp^] P F n. ingyentsyìp (de-
n. tsmìm rived from ingyen feeling of mystery)
track, follow: [s·ut’] P F vtr. sutx trickery (abstract concept): [tI."flEl] P F n. tìflel
>
track, trace (of animal or person): [tsmIm] P F (derived from flel trick, fool)
n. tsmìm troubling, worrisome: ["sNu.NaP] P F adj.
>
train, exercise: ["tsk’E.kEN "s·i] P F vin. tskxe- sngunga’ (derived from sngum worry)
keng si (derived from tskxekeng training) true: [Naj] P F adj. ngay
>
training, exercise: ["tsk’E.kEN] P F n. tskxekeng truly: [nI."Naj] P F adv. nìngay (derived from
trait, feature, attribute, characteristic, point, ngay true)
aspect, facet, property: [sjon] P F n. syon trunk (of a tree): ["ta.NEk^] P F n. tangek
trample, crush: [sR·uP] P F vtr. sru’ trust for protection, depend on, rely on:
transfer from one to another (rarely used wit- [m·oN] P F vtr. mong
hout prefix): [sR·In] P F vtr. srìn trust-inspiring, trustworthy: [mal] P F adj. mal
translation, interpretation: [tI.Ral."pEN] P F n. trustingly, without hesitation: [nI."mal] P F
tìralpeng (derived from ral meaning and adv. nìmal (derived from mal trustworthy)
peng tell) trustworthiness: [tI."mal] P F n. tìmal (derived
transport: [ka."h·E.na] P F vtr. kahena (c.w. from from mal trustworthy)
ka across and hena carry) trustworthy, trust-inspiring: [mal] P F adj. mal
transportation (abstract concept): [tI.ka."hE.na] truth: [tI."Naj] P F n. tìngay (derived from ngay
P F n. tìkahena (derived from kahena trans- true)
port) try, attempt: [fm·i] P F vtrm. fmi (with the
transportation device, means of transport, subjunctive)
vehicle: [sæ.ka."hE.na] P F n. säkahena (deri- try, taste, sample, evaluate, check out, test-
ved from kahena transport) drive: [m·ajP] P F vtrm. may’
transportation tool or device: [sæ."mu.NE] P F Tuesday: [tr."p’Ej.vE] P F n. trrpxeyve (c.w. from
" pxeyve third)
trr day and
n. sämunge (derived from munge take,
bring) Note: In compounds, the ä and e tunnel: [RoN] P F n. rong
drop, yielding –smung turn, rotate on an axis: [m·In] P F vin. mìn Mìn
trap: [sj·Ep^] P F vtr. syep ne ftärpa Turn to the left
trap: [sæ."sjEp^] P F n. säsyep (derived from turn, time, instance, one of a number of repe-
syep trap) ated or recurring actions: ["a.lo] P F n. alo

71
turner: ["mIn.ju] P F n. mìnyu (derived from two: ["mu.nE] P F num. mune
mìn turn) two days ago, the day before yesterday:
>
turtle: ["mawp.tsjIp^] P F n. mawuptsyìp (deri- [mE.sr."am] P F adv., n. mesrram (derived
ved from mawup turtapede) " day)
from trr
twice: ["mE.lo] P F adv. melo (derived from me+
dual marker and alo time) two days from now, the day after tomorrow:
twilight, the time before dark, after sun- [mE.sr."aj] P F adv., n. mesrray (derived from
"
trr day)
set: [t’on."PoN.maw] P F n. txon’ongmaw (c.w.
from txon’ong sunset and maw after) type, kind: [fnEl] P F n. fnel

ugly, unsightly: [naR."væP] P F adj. narvä’ (de- is excessive, unnecessary, inappropriate:

rived from nari eye and vä’ unpleasant to the ["hawm.pam] P F n. hawmpam (derived from
senses) hawng overabundance and pam sound)
ultimate, last, terminal: [toR] P F adj. tor (deri- unexpected, be curious, odd, strange: [h·Ek^]
ved from toruk last shadow) P F vin. hek
um, er: [I:] P F intj. ìì unfair, improper, wrong, unjustified:
umami, savory, rich: [fwaN] P F adj. fwang [kEm."wi.æ] P F adj. kemwiä (c.w. from ke
> not and muiä proper, fair, right, justified)
unacceptable, intolerable: [kE.tsuk."lEwn] P F
adj. ketsuklewn (derived from ketsuk– not unfairness, injustice: [tI.kEm."wi.æ] P F n. tìke-
able to do and lewn endure, stand, tolerate) mwiä (derived from kemwiä improper, un-
unambiguously, especially, pointedly: fair, wrong, unjustified)
[nI."p’i] P F adv. nìpxi (derived from pxi unfamiliar, strange, unknown: [st’oN] P F adj.
sharp) stxong
>
unavailable, unobtainable: [kE.tsu."ka.nom] unfold, blossom: [P·oN] P F vin. ’ong
P F adj. ketsukanom (derived from kanom unfolding, blooming: [tI."PoN] P F n. tì’ong
acquire, get) (derived from ’ong bloom)
> > >
unawareness, lack of notice: [tIk."tsE.Ri] P F n. unforgettable: [kE.tsuk."tswaP] P F adj. ketsukt-
tìktseri (derived from tseri note, notice) swa’ (derived from ketsuk– not able to do
unblocked, free, unobstructed, clear: and tswa’ forget)
[kaw."k’an] P F adj. kawkxan (c.w. from ke unfortunate, inauspicious: ["kEt.RIp^] P F adj.
’aw not one and ekxan barricade, obstruction) ketrìp (derived from etrìp favorable)
uncomfortable: [kEl."ho.an] P F adj. kelhoan unfortunately, sadly: [nI.kE."ft’o] P F adv. nì-
(derived from hoan comfort) keftxo (derived from keftxo unhappy)
>
uncountable, infinite: [kE.tsuk."ti.am] P F adj. unhappy, upset, ’How sad!’: [kE."ft’o] P F adj.,
ketsuktiam (derived from ketsuk– not able to intj. keftxo
do and tiam count) unhealthful (mentally): [kE.fpom."Ro.NaP] P F
uncover (literally and metaphorically), reve- adj. kefpomronga’ (c.w. from ke not and fp-
al, bring forth: ["k·u.l·at^] P F vtr. kulat omronga’ healthful (mentally)) nfp.
under, below: ["æ.o] P F adp. äo– unhealthful (physically): [kE.fpom."tok’.NaP]
>
understand: [tsl·am] P F vtr. tslam P F adj. kefpomtokxnga’ (c.w. from ke not and
understand, see, see into, know (spiritual fpomtokxnga’ healthful (physically)) nfp.
sense): ["k·a.m·E] P F vtr. kame unhealthy (mentally): [kEl.fpom."Ron] P F adj.
>
understanding, intelligence: [tI."tslam] P F n. kelfpomron (c.w. from ke not and lefpomron
tìtslam (derived from tslam understand) healthy (mentally)) ofp.
unexpected (usually for positive outcomes): unhealthy (physically): [kEl.fpom."tok’] P F
["hu.ta] P F adj. huta adj. kelfpomtokx (c.w. from ke not and fpom-
unexpected or startling, noise. sound that tokx health) ofp.

72
unhurried: [lE."t’i.lu.kE] P F adj. letxiluke (c.w. unquote: [sIk^] P F adv. sìk
from txi hurry and luke without) unsightly, ugly: [naR."væP] P F adj. narvä’ (de-
unhurriedly, leisurely: [nI."t’i.lu.kE] P F adv. rived from nari eye and vä’ unpleasant to the
nìtxiluke (c.w. from txi hurry and luke wit- senses)
hout) untampered-with natural state), wild, natu-
>
unidelta tree: ["tsaw.la.p’] P F n. tsawlapx vari- ral (something in its original, unmodified:
ant of tsawlapxangrr [jr] P F adj. yrr
"
unintentionally, accidentally: [nIt."kan.lu.ke] untangle, solve: [tI."kE.zin s·i] P F vin. tìkezin
P F adv. nìtkanluke (c.w. from nìtkan purpo- si (derived from tìkezin untanglement solu-
sefully, deliberately and luke- without) tion)
unique, original, not derived from another untangled: ["kE.zin] P F adj. kezin (derived
>
source: [lE."tsim] P F adj. letsim (derived from zin tangled)
from tsim source) untanglement solution, something in an un-
unjustified, improper, unfair, wrong: tangled state: [tI."kE.zin] P F n. tìkezin (deri-
[kEm."wi.æ] P F adj. kemwiä (c.w. from ke ved from kezin untangled)
not and muiä proper, fair, right, justified) until: [vaj."kr] P F conj. vaykrr (c.w. from vay–
unknown: [kaw."no.mum] P F adj. kawnomum up to and "krr time)
(c.w. from ke not and omum know) until next time: [ha."ja.lo.vaj] P F intj. hayalo-
unknown, strange, unfamiliar: [st’oN] P F adj. vay (c.w. from hayalo next time and vay- un-
stxong til)
unless in independent clause) (ii), hope until the end: [tI."PiP.a.vaj] P F adv. tì’i’avay
(with tsnì for thing hoped: [sIl."p·Ej] P F (c.w. from ’i’a end and vay until)
>
vin. sìlpey (c.w. from sìltsan good and pey until then, in the meantime: [tsa."kr.vaj] P F
wait) adv. tsakrrvay (c.w. from tsakrr then" and vay
unless, except if (usually used with up to)
subjunctive <iv>): [muN."wr.t’o] P F conj. unusual: [kEl."tr.tr] P F adj. keltrrtrr (derived
" from ke not and " " letrrtrr ordinary)
mungwrrtxo (c.w. from mungwrr except and
txo if ) up (direction): [nE."fæ] P F adv. nefä
unmodified, wild, natural (something in its up among: [fkip^] P F adp. fkip–
original, untampered-with natural state): up to: [vaj] P F adp. vay–
[jr] P F adj. yrr up to but not after, by, before: ["li.sRE] P F adp.
"
unnecessarily: [nI.kEl."kin] P F adv. nìkelkin lisre+ (c.w. from li already and sre+ before)
(derived from kelkin unnecessary) upright, erect: [p’im] P F adj. pxim
unnecessary: [kEl."kin] P F adj. kelkin upset, unhappy, ’How sad!’: [kE."ft’o] P F adj.,
unnecessary, noise. sound that is excessi- intj. keftxo
>
ve, inappropriate, unexpected or startling: upside, advantage, benefit, gain: ["tsan.kum]
["hawm.pam] P F n. hawmpam (derived from P F n. tsankum (c.w. from tsan’ul improve, get
hawng overabundance and pam sound) better and kum result)
unobstructed, free, unblocked, clear: urgh, exclamation upon exertion: [sa."u] LA
[kaw."k’an] P F adj. kawkxan (c.w. from ke intj. sau
’aw not one and ekxan barricade, obstruction) us (exclusive), we: [aj."o.E] P F pn. ayoe (deri-
>
unobtainable, unavailable: [kE.tsu."ka.nom] ved from oe I)
P F adj. ketsukanom (derived from kanom us (inclusive), we: [aj."wEN] P F pn. ayoeng (de-
acquire, get) rived from oe I) (ayoenga– base for suffix-
>
unobtanium: ["lIN.tsk’E] P F n. lìngtskxe (c.w. es)
from lìng float in the air, hover and tskxe us three (exclusive), we three: ["p’o.E] P F pn.
rock, stone) pxoe (derived from pxe+ trial and oe I)
unpleasant to the senses, noisome: [væP] P F us three (inclusive), we three: [p’o."EN] P F pn.
adj. vä’ pxoeng (derived from oe I)

73
us two (dual inclusive), we two, you and I: used for drinking intoxicating beverages),
["wEN] P F pn. oeng (derived from oe I) kava bowl (constructed from seed pods,
us two (exclusive), we two: ["mo.E] P F pn. moe hand-sized: ["swo.a.sEj] P F n. swoasey (c.w.
(derived from me+ dual and oe I) from swoa intoxicating beverage or “sprits"
usable without much expenditure of effort, and sey cup or bowl minimally modified from
convenient: [nik^] P F adj. nik naturally occurring resources)
use: [s·aR] P F vtr. sar used in full names: [tE] JC part. te
use honorific language: [lIP."fjEN s·i] P F vin. useful: [lE."saR] P F adj. lesar (derived from sar
lì’fyeng si (derived from lì’fyeng honorific use)
language) useless, in vain: [kEl."saR] P F adj. kelsar (c.w.
>
use violence, be violent: ["tsak.tap s·i] P F vin. from ke not and lesar useful)
tsaktap si (derived from tsaktap violence) utensil, tool: ["sæ.Po] P F n. sä’o

valid: [ka."Naj] P F adj. kangay (cognate with very old, ancient: ["t’an.lal] P F adj. txanlal
ngay true) (c.w. from txan much and lal old)
validate, confirm: [ka."Naj s·i] P F vin. kangay si very short time, second: ["hI.kr] P F n. hìkrr
(derived from kangay valid) (c.w. from hì’i little, small and" krr time)
>
valley: [tsoN] P F n. tsong very, much (abstract): [nI."t’an] P F adv. nìtxan
vanish, disappear, recede from view: [P·Ip^] (derived from txan much)
P F vin. ’ìp vessel, container, carrier: [sæ."hE.na] P F n. sä-
variegated, colorful, multicolored: ["p’aj.o.pin] hena (derived from hena carry)
P F adj. pxayopin (c.w. from pxay many and via, by, following, according to: ["I.læ] or
’opin color) [I."læ] P F adp. ìlä+
variety of a language, dialect: ["lIP.fja.fnEl] P F vibrating tongue (Na’vi idiom), day time
n. lì’fyafnel (c.w. from lì’fya language and smoking pleasure: ["pr.k’En.tr.kr] Skxawng
fnel type) n. prrkxentrrkrr (c.w. from" prrte’ " "pleasurab-
vast, broad, expansive: ["ho.Et^] P F adj. hoet le, kxener smoke, trr day and krr time)
vegetable (food): [fk’En] P F n. fkxen victory, a win: [tI.jo."RaP] P F n. tìyora’ (derived
vegetable or animal), in season (of foods: from yora’ win)
[kI."maR] P F adj. kìmar
video, movie, film: ["rEl a.ru."sikx] P F n. rel
vehicle, means of transport, transportation arusikx (c.w. from rel picture and rikx move)
device: [sæ.ka."hE.na] P F n. säkahena (deri- >
village: [tsRaj] P F n. tsray
ved from kahena transport) >
> violence: ["tsak.tap^] P F n. tsaktap
vengeance, revenge: ["tsE.fta] P F n. tsefta >
> violent: [lE."tsak.tap^] P F adj. letsaktap (deri-
vengeful: ["tsE.fta.NaP] P F adj. tseftanga’ (deri-
ved from tsefta revenge) ved from tsaktap violence)
verb: ["kEm.lI.Pu] P F n. kemlì’u (c.w. from kem violet, purple, magenta: ["Pom.pin] P F n. ’om-
action and lì’u word) pin (derived from ’om purple)
version: [sREj] P F n. srey violet, purple, magenta: [Pom] P F adj. ’om
vertical surface, wall: ["k’Em.jo] P F n. kxemyo viperwolf cry, howl: ["Nu.waj] P F n. nguway
(c.w. from kxem be vertical and yo surface) (derived from way song)
vertically: [nI."k’Em] P F adv. nìkxem (derived viscous liquid, gel: ["k’um.paj] P F n. kxumpay
from kxem be vertical) (c.w. from kxum viscous, gelatinous, thick
very cold: ["t’a.wEw] P F adj. txawew (derived and pay water, liquid)
from txan much and wew cold) viscous, gelatinous, thick: [k’um] P F adj. kx-
very hot: ["t’a.som] P F adj. txasom (derived um
from txan much and som hot) vision (spiritual): [æ."i.E] P F n. äie

74
 > >
vision, (sense of) sight: [tsE."Pa.tswo] P F n. adv. nìnew (derived from new want)
tse’atswo (derived from tse’a see) voluntarily, without force or compulsion:
visit: ["f·r.f·En] P F vtr. frrfen [æ."zan.lu.kE] P F adv. äzanluke (c.w. from
" .fEn]
visit: [sæ."fr P F n. säfrrfen (derived from äzan force, compulsion and luke without)
"
frrfen visit) vomit up, vomit: [·u."·EP] P F vtr. ue’
visitor, guest: ["fr.tu] P F n. frrtu
>" vomit, vomit up: [·u."·EP] P F vtr. ue’
visual art: ["REl.tsE.o] P F n. reltseo (c.w. from rel
image and tseo art) vulgar language, coarse: [ræp.tu."lIP.fja] P F n.
vivid, bright: ["t’a.na.tan] P F adj. txanatan räptulì’fya (c.w. from räptum coarse, vulgar,
(c.w. from txan much and atan light) and lì’fya language)
voice: ["mok.Ri] P F n. mokri vulgar, coarse, socially unacceptable:
volcano: [t’Ep."Ram] P F n. txepram (c.w. from [ræp."tum] P F adj. räptum
txep fire and ram mountain) vulgarly, coarsely: [nI.ræp."tum] P F adv. nìräp-
voluntarily, willingly, by desire: [nI."nEw] P F tum (derived from räptum coarse, vulgar,)

’watch it!’, angry snarl: [o."Isss] LA intj. oìsss warning: [sæ.pl."hr] P F n. säpllhrr (derived
" "
from pllhrr warn)
a wall or bank of powerful waterfalls no-
ted for its deafening roar and deadly for- >
warpaint: ["tsa.mo.pin] P F n. tsamopin (c.w.
ce (countable, but only rarely): [k’oR] P F n. from tsam war and ’opin color)
kxor >
warrior: ["tsam.si.ju] P F n. tsamsiyu (derived
a win, victory: [tI.jo."RaP] P F n. tìyora’ (derived from tsam si make war and –yu agent suffix)
from yora’ win) wash: [j·uR] P F vtr. yur
a wish: [sæ."Ra.Nal] P F n. särangal (derived waste: [P·al] P F vtr. ’al
from rangal wish)
wasteful: [lE."Pal] P F adj. le’al (derived from
wait for, wait: [p·Ej] P F vin. pey
’al waste) nfp.
wait, wait for: [p·Ej] P F vin. pey
wastefully: [nI."Pal] P F adv. nì’al (derived
wake up, to wake, to waken: [tI."t’En s·i] P F
from ’al waste)
vin. tìtxen si (derived from tìtxen awakeness)
wastefulness: [tI.".Pal] P F n. tì’al (derived
walk: [t·I."R·an] P F vin. tìran
from ’al waste)
wall, vertical surface: ["k’Em.jo] P F n. kxemyo
(c.w. from kxem be vertical and yo surface) watch out, be careful: ["na.Ri s·i] P F vin. nari si
(derived from nari eye)
wander: ["l·an.t·E] P F vin. lante
want: [n·Ew] P F vtrm. new water carrier: ["paj.smuN] P F n. paysmung (c.w.
from pay water and smung transportation
want to know, be curious: [n·Ew."o.mum] P F
device)
vin. newomum (c.w. from new want and
omum know) water container: ["paj.sE.na] P F n. paysena
> (c.w. from pay water and sähena container)
war: [tsam] P F n. tsam
war cry: [I."lEj] LA intj. ìley water that is aeriated while flowing among
> the rocks of a very gradually sloping
war party: ["tsam.po.Nu] P F n. tsampongu (c.w.
from tsam war and pongu party) stream (countable): [Ru."RuR] P F n. rurur
warm: [saN] P F adj. sang water’s edge, shoreline: [paj."t’Ew] P F n.
warn: [p·EN."hr] P F vin. penghrr (c.w. from paytxew (c.w. from pay water and txew ed-
peng tell and " hrrap danger) ge)
warn: [p·l."hr] P F vin. pllhrr (c.w. from plltxe water, liquid: [paj] P F n. pay
" "hrrap danger)
speak and watery: [lE."paj] P F adj. lepay (derived from
warning: [sæ.pEN."hr] P F n. säpenghrr (derived pay water)
from penghrr warn) " wave (of water): [wE."op’] P F n. weopx

75
wave-like: [lE.wE."op’] P F adj. leweopx (deri- breath)
>
ved from weopx wave (of water)) well: [nIl."tsan] P F adv. nìltsan (derived from
way of living, culture: ["REj.fja] P F n. reyfya sìltsan good)
(c.w. from rey live and fya’o path, way) well: [Ra."mu.noN] P F n. ramunong
way of thinking, thought pattern: ["fpIl.fja] >
well (conversation starter): [tsE] P F part. tse
P F n. fpìlfya (c.w. from fpìl think and fya’o
>
well done, good (of its kind): [sIl."tsan] P F
path) adj. sìltsan
way, path, manner: ["fja.Po] P F n. fya’o well-being, peace, happiness: [fpom] P F n.
we: [aw."Na] P F pn. awnga (derived from ayo- fpom
eng we) wet: ["mE.i] P F adj. mei
we three, us three (exclusive): ["p’o.E] P F pn. wetlands: [mE.i."ta.jo] P F n. meitayo (c.w. from
pxoe (derived from pxe+ trial and oe I) mei wet and txayo field)
we three, us three (inclusive): [p’o."EN] P F pn. what (action): ["kEm.pE] P F inter. kempe vari-
pxoeng (derived from oe I) ant of pehem (c.w. from kem action, deed)
we two, us two (dual inclusive), you and I:
what (action): [pE."hEm] P F inter. pehem vari-
["wEN] P F pn. oeng (derived from oe I)
ant of kempe (c.w. from kem action, deed)
we two, us two (exclusive): ["mo.E] P F pn. moe
what (thing): ["Pu.pE] P F inter. ’upe (c.w. from
(derived from me+ dual and oe I)
’u thing and pe inter. marker)
we, us (exclusive): [aj."o.E] P F pn. ayoe (deri-
what (thing): [pE."u] P F inter. peu variant of
ved from oe I)
’upe
we, us (inclusive): [aj."wEN] P F pn. ayoeng (de-
what (word, utterance): ["lI.Pu.pE] P F inter.
rived from oe I) (ayoenga– base for suffix-
lì’upe variant of pelì’u
es)
what (word, utterance): [pE."lI.Pu] P F inter.
weak: [mEjp^] P F adj. meyp
pelì’u variant of lì’upe
weakling: ["mEjp.tu] P F n. meyptu (derived
from meyp weak) what distance, how near, how far: ["la.Pa.pE]
weakly, loosely: [nI."mEjp^] P F adv. nìmeyp P F inter. la’ape variant of pela’a

(derived from meyp weak) what distance, how near, how far: [pE."la.Pa]
weakness: [tI."mEjp^] P F n. tìmeyp (derived P F inter. pela’a variant of la’ape

from meyp weak) what length, how long (of physical exten-
> sion): [pE"Nim.pup^] P F inter. pengimpup va-
weapon of war: ["tsam.sæ.Po] P F n. tsamsä’o
(c.w. from tsam war and sä’o tool) riant of ngimpuppe
weather: ["ja.fkEjk^] P F n. yafkeyk (derived what length, how long (of physical exten-
from fkeytok exist) sion): ["Nim.pup.pE] P F inter. ngimpuppe va-
weave: [t·æ."ft’·u] P F vtr. täftxu riant of pengimpup
weaver: [tæ."ft’u.ju] P F n. täftxuyu (derived what length, how long (of time): [pE"nun.jol]
from täftxu weave and –yu agent suffix) P F inter. penunyol variant of nunyolpe
web, net: [hæn] P F n. hän what length, how long (of time): ["nun.jol.pE]
> P F inter. nunyolpe variant of penunyol
Wednesday: [tr."tsI.vE] P F n. trrtsìve (c.w. from
"
trr day and tsìve fourth) what man: [pE."stan] P F inter. pestan variant of
week: ["kin.tr] P F n. kintrr (derived from kinä tutampe
seven and "trr day) what man: [tu."tam.pE] P F inter. tutampe vari-
weekend: ["mun.tr] P F n. muntrr (derived ant of pestan
from mune two "and trr day) what men: [paj."stan] P F inter. paystan variant
> of aystampe
weep, cry: ["tsN·aw.v·Ik^] P F vin. tsngawvìk
weight (physical) : [sjo."kup^] P F n. syokup (de- what men: [aj."stam.pE] inter. aystampe vari-
rived from syo light and ku’up heavy) ant of paystan
weird, spooky: ["snEw.sjE] P F adj. snewsye what people: [paj."su] P F inter. paysu variant
(c.w. from snew tighten, constrict and syeha of aysupe

76
what people: [aj."su.pE] P F inter. aysupe vari- what women: [aj."stE.pE] P F inter. aystepe va-
ant of paysu riant of payste
what temperature?: [pE.som."wEw] P F inter. whatever, no matter, no matter what:
>
pesomwew (derived from somwew tempera- [kE."tsRan] P F adj., conj. ketsran (c.w. from
ture) ke not and tsranten Matter, be of importance)
what temperature? (more common): when: ["kr.pE] P F inter. krrpe variant of pehrr
" krr time)
(c.w. from
[som."wEw.pE] P F inter. somwewpe (derived
from somwew temperature) when: [pE."hr] P F inter. pehrr variant of krrpe
what the hell, wth: [pE."la.PaN] P F inter., in- (c.w. from" krr time)
tj. pela’ang (derived from –pe+ interrogative when, at the time that: ["kr.a] P F conj. krra (de-
marker and la’ang pile of stinking, rotting ani- rived from krr time) "
mal matter) where: [pE."sEN] P F inter. peseng variant of
what three men: [pEp."stan] P F inter. pepstan tsengpe
>
variant of pxestampe where: ["tsEN.pE] P F inter. tsengpe variant of
what three men: [p’E."stam.pE] P F inter. px- peseng
>
estampe variant of pepstan where, place where: ["tsE.Na] P F conj. tsenga
what three people: [pEp."su] P F inter. pepsu va- (derived from tseng place)
riant of pxesupe whether, or: [ft’Ej] P F conj. ftxey
what three people: [p’E."su.pE] P F inter. pxesu- which kind: ["fnE.pE] P F inter. fnepe variant of
pe variant of pepsu pefnel
which kind: [pE."fnEl] P F inter. pefnel variant
what three women: [pEp."stE] P F inter. pepste
of fnepe
variant of pxestepe
while, same time as: [tEN."kr] P F conj. tengkrr
what three women: [p’E."stE.pE] P F inter. pxes-
(c.w. from teng same, equal" and krr time)
tepe variant of pepste
whirlwind: [tE.li."si] P F n. telisi
what two men: [pEm."stan] P F inter. pemstan >
whisper: ["ts·I.sy·I] P F vin. tsìsyì
variant of mestampe >
whisper: [sæ."tsI.sjI] P F n. sätsìsyì (derived
what two men: [mE."stam.pE] P F inter. mestam-
from tsìsyì whisper)
pe variant of pemstan
whistle: ["fw·E.fw·i] P F vin. fwefwi
what two people: [pEm."su] P F inter. pemsu va- white: ["tEjR.pin] P F n. teyrpin (derived from
riant of mesupe teyr white)
what two people: [mE."su.pE] P F inter. mesupe white: [tEjR] P F adj. teyr
variant of pemsu whitewater rapids (countable, but only ra-
what two women: [pEm."stE] P F inter. pemste > >
rely): ["tsEl.tsul] P F n. tseltsul
variant of mestepe who: [pE."su] P F inter. pesu variant of tupe
what two women: [mE."stE.pE] P F inter. meste- who: ["tu.pE] P F inter. tupe variant of pesu
pe variant of pemste whole, totality: [wot’] P F n. wotx
what width, how wide?: [pE.slo."snEp^] P F in- why: ["lum.pE] P F inter. lumpe variant of pelun
ter. peslosnep (derived from snep narrow) why: [pE."lun] P F inter. pelun variant of lumpe
variant of slosneppe wide: ["slo.a] P F adj. sloa
what width, how wide?: [slo."snE.pE] P F inter. widely, pervasively: [nI."ho.Et^] P F adv. nìhoet
slosneppe (derived from snep narrow) vari- (derived from hoet vast, broad, expansive)
ant of peslosnep width: [slo."snEp^] P F n. slosnep (derived from
what woman: [pE."stE] P F inter. peste variant snep narrow)
of tutepe wife, female spouse: [mun."t’a.tE] P F n. mun-
what woman: [tu."tE.pE] P F inter. tutepe vari- txate (derived from muntxatu spouse)
ant of peste wild, natural (something in its original, un-
what women: [paj."stE] P F inter. payste variant modified, untampered-with natural state):
of aystepe [jr] P F adj. yrr
"
77
willingly, voluntarily, by desire: [nI."nEw] P F with pride, proudly: [nI."nr.a] P F adv. nìnrra
adv. nìnew (derived from new want) (derived from nrra pride)"
win: [j·o."R·aP] P F vtr. yora’ with, by means of: [fa] P F adp. fa–
wind: [hu."fwE] P F n. hufwe without: ["lu.kE] P F adp. luke–
wind instrument: ["sjE.Po.t’aN] P F n. without a doubt: [am."Pa.lu.kE] P F adv.
sye’otxang (c.w. from syeha breath and ’otx- am’aluke (derived from am’ake sure, confi-
ang musical instrument) dent)
wind instrument, horn: [pawk^] P F n. pawk without clothing, naked: [luk."pEn] P F adj.
> lukpen (c.w. from luke without and pen clot-
wing: [tsjal] P F n. tsyal
winner: [jo."RaP.tu] P F n. yora’tu (derived from hing (plural))
yora’ win) without delay, immediately: [tIk^] P F adv.,
winter: [zI.skr."wEw] P F n. zìskrrwew (c.w. from conj. tìk
" and wew cold)
zìsìkrr season without force or compulsion, voluntarily:
wipe: [fw·al] P F vtr. fwal [æ."zan.lu.kE] P F adv. äzanluke (c.w. from
äzan force, compulsion and luke without)
wisdom: [ha."fjon] P F n. hafyon
> without hesitation, trustingly: [nI."mal] P F
wisdom (seldom used): [tI."t’an.tslu.sam] P F
adv. nìmal (derived from mal trustworthy)
n. tìtxantslusam (derived from txantslusam
without limit, endless, boundless:
wise)
> ["t’Ew.lu.kE] P F adj. txewluke (c.w. from tx-
wise: ["t’an.tslu.sam] P F adj. txantslusam (c.w.
ew limit, border and luke without)
from txan much and tsl«us»am understand)
without stopping, continuously, incessantly:
wise: [la."fjon] P F adj. lafyon (derived from ha-
[nIl.kE."ftaN] P F adv. nìlkeftang (c.w. from
fyon wisdom) ofp.
luke without and ftang stop)
wise: [ha."fjo.NaP] P F adj. hafyonga’ (derived without tampering with or changing the na-
from hafyon wisdom) nfp. ture, naturally: [nI."jr] P F adv. nìyrr (deri-
wish: ["R·a.N·al] P F vin. rangal ved from yrr natural) "
wish (contrary to fact, with perfective or im- >
without warning, suddenly: [tsIk^] P F adv.
perfective subjunctive): [nI."Ra.Nal] P F adv. tsìk
nìrangal (derived from rangal wish) womb: ["pr.ku] P F n. prrku (c.w. from prrnen
with (accompaniment): [hu] P F adp. hu– baby and" kelku home)
with all heart, passionately: [nI."ft’a.vaN] P F wonderful, terrific, fantastic: [ko."sman] P F
adv. nìftxavang (derived from ftxavang pas- adj. kosman
sionate) wonderfully: [nIk."sman] P F adv. nìksman (de-
with determination, determinedly: rived from kosman wonderful)
[nI."Pæ.lEk^] P F adv. nì’älek (derived from wood: [RIn] P F n. rìn
’älek determined) wooden, of wood: [lE."rIn] P F adj. lerìn (deri-
with effort (RN dialect), diligently, hard: ved from rìn wood)
[val] P F adv. val word: ["lI.Pu] P F n. lì’u
with grief, grievingly: [na."fpawN] P F adv. naf- word-play, pun: ["lI.Pu.van] P F n. lì’uvan (c.w.
pawng (derived from afpawng grief ) from lì’u word and uvan game)
with originality, originally, in an original words of a poem or lyrics of a song: [waj.æ aj-
>
way: [nI."tsim] P F adv. nìtsim (derived from lI.Pu] P F ph. wayä aylì’u (derived from way
tsim source) sing (ceremonial register))
with perfective or imperfective subjunctive), work: [tI."kaN.kEm] P F n. tìkangkem (derived
wish (contrary to fact: [nI."Ra.Nal] P F adv. from kem action, deed)
nìrangal (derived from rangal wish) work: [tI."kaN.kEm "s·i] P F vin. tìkangkem si (de-
with pleasure, pleasurably, gladly: rived from tìkangkem work)
[nI."pr.tEP] P F adv. nìprrte’ (derived from work correctly or as nature intended, be well,
prrte’" pleasurable) be intact, be as it should be: [z·o] P F vin. zo

78
work, colloquial form of tìkangkem: wound: [sk’iR] P F n. skxir
["kaN.kEm] P F n. kangkem wound: ["sk’iR "s·i] P F vin. skxir si (derived
world (physical, solid): [ki."fkEj] P F n. kifkey from skxir wound)
worm: [NawN] P F n. ngawng wounded: [lE."sk’iR] P F adj. leskxir (derived
worrisome matter, source of worry: from skxir wound)
>
["sNum.tsim] P F n. sngumtsim (c.w. from wow, expression of surprise and pleasure:
sngum worry and tsim source) ["tEw.ti] P F intj. tewti
worrisome, troubling: ["sNu.NaP] P F adj. wrap: [mam] P F vtr. mam
sngunga’ (derived from sngum worry) write: [pam."REl "s·i] P F vin. pamrel si (derived
worry: [sNum] P F n. sngum from pamrel writing)
worry: [sNum s·i] P F vin. sngum si (derived writer: [pam."rEl.si.ju] P F n. pamrelsiyu (deri-
from sngum worry) ved from pamrel writing)
worryingly, fretfully: [nI."sNum] P F adv. writing: [pam."REl] P F n. pamrel (c.w. from pam
nìsngum (derived from sngum worry) sound and rel image)
worsen, get worse: ["fE.P·ul] P F vin. fe’ul (c.w. wrong, improper, unfair, unjustified:
from fe’ bad and ’ul increase) [kEm."wi.æ] P F adj. kemwiä (c.w. from ke
worsening (in the general or abstract sense): not and muiä proper, fair, right, justified)
[tI."fE.Pul] P F n. tìfe’ul (derived from fe’ul wrong, incorrect, not right: [kE."jawR] P F adj.
worsen) keyawr (c.w. from ke not and eyawr correct)
worsening (specific instance): [sæ."fE.Pul] P F wth, what the hell: [pE."la.PaN] P F inter., in-
n. säfe’ul (derived from fe’ul worsen) tj. pela’ang (derived from –pe+ interrogative
worst: ["PE.Pal] P F adj. ’e’al marker and la’ang pile of stinking, rotting ani-
worthy: [p’an] P F adj. pxan mal matter)

(yearly) anniversary: [zI.sIt."sal.tr] P F n. zìsìt- yesterday: [tr."am] P F adv. trram (derived

saltrr (c.w. from zìsìt year, salew" go and trr from trr day" and ham previous)
day) yet, still, as before: [mi] P F adv. mi
yawn: ["k’·a.N·e] P F vin. kxange you: [Na] P F pn. nga
yawn: [sæ."k’a.NE] P F n. säkxange (derived you (honorific form): [NE."Na] P F pn. ngenga
from kxange yawn) (derived from nga you)
year: ["zI.sIt^] P F n. zìsìt
you (pl.), you all: [aj."Na] P F pn. aynga (deri-
yearn for: ["P·an.l·a] P F vtr. ’anla
ved from nga you)
yearning: [sæ."Pan.la] P F n. sä’anla (derived
you all, you (pl.): [aj."Na] P F pn. aynga (deri-
from ’anla yearn for)
ved from nga you)
yellow: [Rim] P F adj. rim
yellow: ["Rim.pin] P F n. rimpin (derived from you and I, we two, us two (dual inclusive):
rim yellow) ["wEN] P F pn. oeng (derived from oe I)
>
yes: ["sRa.nE] P F part., intj. srane you little, little you: ["Na.tsjIp^] P F pn. ngatsyìp
yes (colloquial): [sRan] P F part., intj. sran (derived from nga you)
yes and no, more or less, somewhat, kind young: ["PE.wan] P F adj. ’ewan
of: [sRan."kE.hE] P F part., intj. srankehe (c.w. young of an animal, bird, fish, insect: ["li.ni]
from srane yes and kehe no) P F n. lini

zero: [kEw] P F num. kew

79