JOURNAL OF APPLIED FOOD AND NUTRITION

Volume 1 Nomor 1, June 2020, 1-6

Available online at:

https://ejournal.upi.edu/index.php/JAFN

Breakfast Habits of Adolescents in Bandung

Hurry Mega Insani*, Lilik Kustiyah, Cesilia Meti Dwiriani

Institut Pertanian Bogor, Jl. Raya Dramaga, Babakan, Kec. Dramaga, Bogor, West Java
16680

* Corresponding Author. E-mail: huri.mega@gmail.com (Hurry Mega Insani)

AB STRACTS ARTI C LE I N FO
Article History:
Adolescents have eating behavior problems such as skipping meals, Received April 2020
especially breakfast. This behavior can lead to consumption of Revised May 2020
foods with high fat and sodium content before lunchtime, resulting Accepted May 2020
in obesity in adolescents. In this study, the frequency, time and Available online June 2020
menu of meals are among the indicators that will be examined by ____________________
the researcher. This study used a case control design. The research Keywords:
subjects were divided into two treatment groups and one control Adolescents; Breakfast; Eating
group. The results showed that more than half of the subjects ate Habits; Skipping Meals.
breakfast every day at 6-7 AM in the morning with a menu of rice
and side dishes..

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1. Introduction
Adolescence is a period of increasing independence related to academic performance
and economic adequacy as well as physical, emotional and cognitive maturity (3,7). Cobb
stated that adolescence is divided into two periods, namely early adolescence with an age
range of 11-15 years and late adolescence with an age range of 16-19 years (4). The Ministry
of Health of the Republic of Indonesia states that the incidence of overweight with a BMI of
25.1 - 27.0 in urban adolescents aged 13-15 years in West Java Province is 10.63% higher
compared to the prevalence of overweight in rural adolescents, which is 9.41% (11).
The incidence of overweight in adolescents can lead to obesity if left untreated. In
2018, the prevalence of obesity in urban adolescents in West Java Province reached 5.25%
or 1.5 times higher than the incidence of obesity in rural adolescents (11). The lifestyle of
adolescents who usually consume fast food, consumption of foods high in carbohydrates and
fat, low physical activity and the habit of skipping breakfast are among the factors that
increase the risk of obesity (13,17).
Adolescents often skip breakfast which is closely related to the incidence of obesity,
where when adolescents skip breakfast, cause an empty stomach and consumes a lot of food
during the day (1,9,12). Irregular eating consumption can increase the incidence of obesity in
adolescents.
This study aims to determine the frequency, time and breakfast menu that is usually
consumed by adolescents after being given knowledge about the importance of breakfast for
adolescents. Knowledge is provided in the form of lectures, websites and pamphlets.

2. Literature Review
2.1. Adolescents
Adolescents are included into vulnerable group to nutritional problems. Arisman
reaveal that adolescence is considered to be at a vulnerable group of nutrition due to
drastically increased growth, in women, their bodies need preparation for reproductive age,
while body growth in men follows two years later so that women reach puberty levels and
maturity before men (2). There are three reasons why adolescents are categorized as
vulnerable to nutrition, namely (1) Accelerated growth and development of the body requires
more energy and nutrients. (2) Changes in lifestyle and food habits require adjustment of
energy and nutrient input. (3) Pregnancy, participation in sports, alcohol and drug addiction,
increases the need for energy and nutrients, in addition to that not a few adolescents who eat
excessively and eventually become obese (2).
Mahan stated the health and nutritional status of adolescents is influenced by the
satisfaction of body size, body shape and body image (mental self-concept and perception
of one's own body size) which results from the rapid growth and development of the body
that occurs which can lead to diet and regular eating behavior (15). This is related to the body
image of adolescents. A study shows that adolescents are less satisfied with their body image,
especially young women and overweight and obese adolescents (14). Teenage boys in China
get pressure on their muscles and gain weight while young women get pressure from the
media demanding for they have to lose weight (19).
This causes the government to often organize programs to increase healthy
consumption patterns in adolescents to reduce the prevalence of nutritional problems such

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as overweight and obesity. One of them is by conducting counseling related to Balanced

Nutrition Message.

2.2. Breakfast
Good nutritional content in food is necessary for growth and development, health and
well-being of each individual, the relationship between nutrition and health involves many
components related to food (6). The Ministry of Health of the Republic of Indonesia in
Balanced Nutrition Message number 6 recommends that each individual has to get used
having breakfast. Breakfast is an activity of eating and drinking which is carried out between
waking up in the morning to 9 o'clock to fulfill part of the daily nutritional needs (15-30%
of nutritional needs) in order to create a healthy body, active and productive life. For school
children, having an adequate breakfast is proven to increase learning concentration and
stamina (10). Breakfast can also prevent obesity due to excessive consumption of snacks at
lunch time.
The problem of eating behavior experienced by adolescents is passing their meal time,
especially breakfast (9,15,18). When adolescents do not eat breakfast, they will feel hungry and
consume snacks before lunch which contain lots of high fat, added sweeteners, and sodium
which can increase overweight and obesity(15).

3. Materials and Methods

This study used a quantitative descriptive method with a case control design. The study
was conducted in Bandung and three high schools were selected, namely SMAN 15 Bandung,
SMA Pasundan 2 Bandung and SMA Pasundan 8 Bandung which were divided into two
treatment groups, namely the lecture group and the website group and one control group.
The research was conducted in September 2018 and has received ethical approval from the
Research Ethics Commission involving Human Subjects, Bogor Agricultural University No.
040 / IT3.KEPMSM-IPB / SK / 2018.
Subjects are determined using the minimum number of research samples of 30 people
who can represent the study population (5). Thus, for the three research samples groups a
minimum sample size of 90 people is required.
Breakfast data and subject characteristics were collected by giving questionnaires to
research subjects. After the questionnaire was filled in by the subject, the research subjects
were given education regarding the importance of breakfast and the consequences of
skipping breakfast. In the lecture group, nutrition education was given interpersonal and then
given a small quiz after the nutrition education was given. In the website group, research
subjects were asked to read the material that has been provided on the ipbnutriteen.ipb.ac.id
website. in the control group, subjects were given leaflets to read.
The data obtained were processed and analyzed using Microsoft Excel 2010 and SPSS
16.0 software.

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4. Results and Discussion

Table 1 Distribution of subjects based on frequency, time and breakfast menu
Lectur Website Control Total
Variable
n (%) n (%) n (%) n (%)
Breakfast frequency in a week
Never 2 (6.1) 2 (6.1) 0 (0.0) 4 (4.0)
1-2 times 4 (12.0) 1 (3.0) 5 (14.3) 10 (9.9)
3-4 times 6 (18.2) 10 (30.3) 9 (25.7) 25 (24.8)
5-6 times 2 (6.1) 4 (12.1) 6 (17.1) 12 (11.9)
Everyday 19 (57.6) 16 (48.5) 15 (42.9) 50 (49.4)
Breakfast time
6.00 - 7.00 AM 20 (60.6) 27 (81.8) 30 (85.7) 77 (76.2)
8.00 - 9.00 AM 5 (15.1) 1 (3.0) 2 (5.7) 8 (7.9)
9.00 - 9.15 AM 6 (18.2) 3 (9.1) 3 (8.6) 12 (11.9)
No breakfast 2 (6.1) 2 (6.1) 0 (0.0) 4 (4.0)
Breakfast menu
Rice, vegetables, side dishes, fruits 1 (3.0) 0 (0.0) 3 (8.6) 4 (4.0)
Rice, vegetables, milk 4 (12.1) 1 (3.0) 1 (2.9) 6 (5.9)
Rice, vegetables, side dishes 10 (30.3) 16 (48.5) 9 (25.7) 35 (34.7)
Rice and side dishes 15 (45.5) 13 (39.4) 19 (54.3) 47 (46.5)
Bread and jam 3 (9.1) 3 (9.1) 3 (8.6) 9 (8.9)

Table 1 shows that more than half of the subjects did not eat breakfast every day.
Kurdanti et al in their research suggested that adolescents who do not eat breakfast have a
higher risk of obesity (13). This is due to adolescents consuming more unhealthy snacks that
are high in sodium and fat to fill their empty stomach in the morning.
The Ministry of Health recommends consuming breakfast at most at 9 am(10). In
accordance with the table above, it is known that almost all subjects eat breakfast at 6-7 in
the morning. This suggests that most of the subjects know the importance of breakfast.
However, in the lecture group and on the website there are 4 subjects who never eat breakfast
which can be influenced by various factors, especially family and economic factors.
Nutritional knowledge, availability of breakfast and mother's education level can affect meal
skipping, especially for young women (8).
About two-thirds of the subject's family prepared breakfast for the subject every day
with most of the breakfast menu in the form of rice and side dishes in the subject of the
lecture group (45.5%) and control (54.3%) as well as rice, vegetables and side dishes on the
subject of the website group. The income and recent education of the subject's parents can
be one of the factors that influence the type of menu availability. Silva et al stated that the
factors that influence adolescent food consumption include income and the number of
families of adolescents(16). The average income of parents in the website group is greater
than that of the lecture and control group and the last education of the parents of the website
group is university, so that the menu served is more extensive and varied.

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5. Conclusions
Subjects can practice the recommended breakfast consumption before 9 am according
to the recommendation of the Ministry of Health of the Republic of Indonesia. Almost half
of the subjects of the lecture and control groups are rice and side dishes, while the website
group is rice, vegetables and side dishes. The food menu can be influenced by the income of
the parents, where the income of the website group parents is higher than the lecture and
control groups.

6. Acknowledgment
We would like to express my gratitude to the parties involved, namely parties from
SMAN 15 Bandung, SMA Pasundan 2 Bandung and SMA Pasundan 8 Bandung.

7. References
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