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CÂU TRỰC TIẾP, CÂU GIÁN TIẾP (1)

I. ĐỊNH NGHĨA

1. Direct speech

Ex: She said: “I have never been to Paris”.

He said to me: “I like your hair”.

He said to her: “I like your hair”.

2. Indirect/Reported speech

Ex: - She said that she had never been to Paris.

- He said that he liked my hair.

- He told her that he liked her hair.

II. QUY TẮC CHUYỂN CÂU TRỰC TIẾP SANG GIÁN TIẾP

1. Thay đổi S, O, Possessive Adjectives

Direct Speech Reported Speech Direct Speech Reported Speech

Chủ Ngữ (Subject) Tân ngữ (Object)

I He/She Me Him/Her

We They Us Them

You I/We You Me/Us

Đại từ sở hữu (Possessive pronouns) Tính từ sở hữu (Possessive adjectives)

Mine His/Hers My His/Her

Ours Theirs Our Their

Yours Mine/Ours Your My/Our

2. Thay đổi động từ

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Modal Direct Speech Reported Speech

Can “I can do it” He said he could do it.

May “May I go out?” He wanted to know if he might go out.

Must “She must apply for the job.” He said that she must/had to apply for the
job.

will “They will call you.” He told me that they would call her.

DIRECT SPEECH REPORTED SPEECH

Simple Present Simple Past

He said: “I am happy.” He said that he was happy.

Present Progressive Past Progressive

He said: “I'm looking for my keys.” He said that he was looking for his keys.

Simple Past Past Perfect Simple

He said: “I visited New York last year.” He said that he had visited New York the
previous year.

Present Perfect Past Perfect

He said: “I've lived here for a long time.” He said that he had lived there for a long
time.

Past Perfect Past Perfect

He said: “They had finished the work when He said that they had finished the work
I arrived.” when he had arrived.

Past Progressive Past Perfect Progressive

He said: “I was playing football when the He said that he had been playing football
accident occurred.” when the accident had occurred.

Present Perfect Progressive Past Perfect Progressive

He said: “I have been playing football for He said that he had been playing football for
two hours.” two hours.

Past Perfect Progressive Past Perfect Progressive

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He said: “I had been reading a newspaper He said that he had been reading a
when he light went off.” newspaper when the light had gone off

Future Simple (will+verb) Conditional (would+verb)

He said: “I will open the door.” He said that he would open the door.

Conditional I

He said to me: “I will help you if I am free” He said that he would help me if he was
free.

3. Thay đổi trạng từ chỉ thời gian và nơi chốn

Direct Speech Reported Speech

Time Expressions

today that day

Now then

Yesterday the day before, the previous day

…. ago …. before

Last week the week before, the previous week

Next year the following year, the next year

tomorrow tomorrow

Place

here there

Demonstratives

this that

these those

Ex: “I met her yesterday. ” he said.

=> He said that he had met her the day before.

“I’ll do it tomorrow.” he promised.

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=> He promised that he would do it the following day.

❖ Các trường hợp không lùi thì động từ

1. Khi câu trực tiếp diễn tả một chân lý hay một hành động được lặp đi lặp lại thường
xuyên theo

thói quen hiện tại.

Ex: My teacher said, “The Sun rises in the east”.

=> My teacher said that the Sun rises in the east.

She said, “I get up at 5 o’clock every morning”.

=> She said that she gets up at 5 o’clock every morning.

2. Câu trực tiếp có dạng câu điều kiện loại 2 hoặc loại 3 → không lùi thì.

Ex: She said to me “If I had enough money, I’d buy a new bicycle”.

=> She said to me that if she had enough money, she’d buy a new bicycle.

3. Mệnh đề sau “Wish” → không lùi thì.

Ex: He said “I wish I had a lot of money”.

=> He said he wished he had a lot of money.

4. Mệnh đề sau “ would rather/would sooner”→ Không lùi thì.

Ex: She said “I would rather you stayed at home.”

=> She said to/told me that she would rather I stayed at home.

5. Không thay đổi thì của mệnh đề sau “It’s (high/about) time”

Ex: She said; “It’s about time you went to bed, children.”

=> She told her children that it was time they went to bed.

6. Động từ trong câu nói trực tiếp có thời gian xác định

Ex: He said, “I was born in 1980.”

=> He said that he was born in 1980.

7. Lời nói trực tiếp có các động từ tình thái “could, should, might, ought to, used to, had
better” thì

không thay đổi.

Ex: Tom said: “You had better not contact her”

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=> Tom said (that) I had better not contact her.

8. Nếu động từ dẫn ở hiện tại, chỉ cần thay đổi quy tắc 1 (đổi S, O, P.adj)

Ex: “I met her yesterday.” he says.

=> He says he met her yesterday.

❖ Practice: Rewrite these sentences (chữa trong video)

1. “I have never been to Korea before”, said Mary. (Mary said)

2. “We go fishing with our parents everyday”, they said to me. (They told)

3. “She was lost when she was looking for my house”, Ted said. (Ted said)

4. “I met him yesterday”, Alan said. (Alan said)

5. “I will make the decision tomorrow”, Perry said to me. (Perry told)

6. “I think we should stay here”, said Jinny. (Jinny said)

7. “If I am happy, I will go to the party with my friends tomorrow”, said Kate. (Kate said)

8. “I am going to buy this book next month”, Minh says to me. (Minh tells)

9. “It is high time you did your homework, boys”, said the teacher. (The teacher told)

10. “I was watching TV when the flame broke out two weeks ago”, the man said. (The man
said)

11. “If I were rich, I would not have to work this hard”, said Kent. (Kent said)

12. “Water boils at 100°C”, said the girl. (The girl said)

13. “We got married in 1990”, my grandmother said to me. (My grandmother told)

14. “You may find it difficult but I’d rather you didn’t give up”, said my dad. (My dad told)

15. “You can stay here with me as long as you want”, said my friend Tom to me. (My friend)

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