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10 views

Pcod

Uploaded by

Sangeeta Devi
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© © All Rights Reserved
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CONTROL SYSTEM -

A control system is a system, which provides the desired response by controlling the
output. The following figure shows the simple block diagram of a control system.

Here, the control system is represented by a single block. Since, the output is
controlled by varying input, the control system got this name. We will vary this input
with some mechanism.
Examples − Traffic lights control system, washing machine
Traffic lights control system is an example of control system. Here, a sequence of
input signal is applied to this control system and the output is one of the three lights
that will be on for some duration of time. During this time, the other two lights will be
off. Based on the traffic study at a particular junction, the on and off times of the lights
can be determined. Accordingly, the input signal controls the output. So, the traffic
lights control system operates on time basis.

Classification of Control Systems


Based on some parameters, we can classify the control systems into the following
ways.

 Continuous time and Discrete-time Control Systems


 Control Systems can be classified as continuous time control systems and
discrete time control systems based on the type of the signal used.
 In continuous time control systems, all the signals are continuous in time. But,
in discrete time control systems, there exists one or more discrete time signals

.
 SISO and MIMO Control Systems
 Control Systems can be classified as SISO control systems and MIMO control
systems based on the number of inputs and outputs present.
 SISO (Single Input and Single Output) control systems have one input and one
output. Whereas, MIMO (Multiple Inputs and Multiple Outputs) control systems
have more than one input and more than one output.

Control Systems can be classified as open loop control systems and closed loop
control systems based on the feedback path.
1. Open loop control system
2. Closed loop control system

 Open Loop control system -

In open loop control systems, output is not fed-back to the input. So, the control
action is independent of the desired output.
The following figure shows the block diagram of the open loop control system.

Here, an input is applied to a controller and it produces an actuating signal or


controlling signal. This signal is given as an input to a plant or process which is to be
controlled. So, the plant produces an output, which is controlled. The traffic lights
control system which we discussed earlier is an example of an open loop control
system.
 Closed Loop control system -

In closed loop control systems, output is fed back to the input. So, the control action
is dependent on the desired output.
The following figure shows the block diagram of negative feedback closed loop control
system.

The error detector produces an error signal, which is the difference between the input
and the feedback signal. This feedback signal is obtained from the block (feedback
elements) by considering the output of the overall system as an input to this block.
Instead of the direct input, the error signal is applied as an input to a controller.
So, the controller produces an actuating signal which controls the plant. In this
combination, the output of the control system is adjusted automatically till we get the
desired response. Hence, the closed loop control systems are also called the
automatic control systems. Traffic lights control system having sensor at the input is an
example of a closed loop control system.
The differences between the open loop and the closed
loop control system.-

 Open Loop Control


 Closed Loop Control Systems
Systems
 Control action is independent  Control action is dependent of the
of the desired output. desired output.
 Feedback path is not present.  Feedback path is present.
 These are also called
 These are also called as feedback
as non-feedback control
control systems.
systems.
 Easy to design.  Difficult to design.
 These are economical.  These are costlier.
 Inaccurate.  Accurate.
Thank you

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