ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

In the accomplishment of this project successfully, many

people have best owned upon me their blessing and the heart
pledged support, this time I am utilizing to thank all the people
who have been concerned with project.
I would like to thank My Principal and My Chemistry
Teacher whose valuable guidance has been the one that helped
me patch this project and make it full proof success, his
suggestions and instructions has served as the major contributor
towards the completion of the project.
Then I would like to thank my parents and friends who
have helped me, with their valuable suggestions and guidance
has been helpful in various phases of the completion of the
project.
 INDEX

CONTENT

1 AIM
2 INTRODUCTION
3 OBJECTIVE
4 THEORY
5 MATERIALS REQUIRED
6 PROCEDURE
7 PRECAUTIONS
8 OBSERVATIONS
RESULT
9 SUMMARY

10 BIBLIOGRAPHY
COMPARITIVE

STUDY OF

COMMERCIAL

ANTACIDS
 AIM

To Analyse the given sample of commercial antacids by

determining the amount of hydrochloric acid they can neutralise
 ABBREVIATIONS & EXPANSIONS

Chemical formulae Expansions

HCl Hydrochloric acid
NaOH Sodium hydroxide
Na2CO3 Sodium carbonate
H3O+/H+ Hydronium ion
H2SO4 Sulphuric aid
HSO4- Bisulphate ion
Cl- Chloride ion
H2O Water
OH- Hydroxyl ion
 INTRODUCTION

It is well known that the food we take undergoes a series of

complex reactions within the body which constitute digestion
and metabolism. These reactions are catalyzed by enzymes
which are very specific in their action and can function properly
only when the pH of the medium is within a specific range.

Some enzymes require mildly alkaline conditions while others

operate only in weakly acidic media. Amongst the latter
category of enzymes are the enzymes that control the digestion
of proteins present in the food as it reaches the stomach. In the
stomach, dilute hydrochloric acid is secreted and it provides
mildly acidic conditions required for the functioning of protein
digesting enzymes in the stomach.

Gastric acid is a digestive fluid, formed in the stomach. It has a

pH of 1.5 to 3.5 and is composed of 0.5 % hydrochloric acid
(HCl). It is produced by cells lining the stomach, which are
coupled to systems to increase acid production when needed.

Other cells in the stomach produce bicarbonate to buffer the

acid, ensuring the pH does not drop too low (acid reduces pH).
Also, cells in the beginning of the small intestine, or duodenum,
produce large amounts of bicarbonate to completely neutralize
any gastric acid that passes further down into the digestive tract.
The bicarbonate-secreting cells in the stomach also produce and
secrete mucus. Mucus forms a viscous physical barrier to
prevent gastric acid from damaging the stomach.

However, sometimes the stomach begins to secrete an excess of

HCl. This leads to a condition known as Gastric Hyperacidity.
This condition can also be triggered by the intake of to much
food or highly spiced food. This, in turn, makes the stomach
lining cells to secrete more acid resulting in Hyperacidity. It also
leads to acute discomfort due to indigestion.

To counter this situation, substances like Antacids or literally

anti - acids, have been developed. Antacids are commercial
products that neutralize the excess acid in the stomach providing
a sensation of relief to the person. The action of antacids is
based on the fact that a base can neutralize an acid forming salt
and water.
Common antacids satisfy the condition – right amount of alkali
that can neutralize the acid. If the content of alkali in the antacid
is too high, no doubt acidity is relieved, but it’ll create alkaline
conditions that makes the digestive enzymes ineffective.

To make sure that the pH of the stomach remains in a specific

range, many substances are added to the antacids.

Working of Antacids

IftheantacidcontainsNaHCO3thenthereactionsthatoccur
inthestomachare:

Na+ + H CO3-
+H+ +Cl - NaCl+H2CO3

H2CO3 H2O+CO2

The excess Na+ and HCO3-ions are absorbed by the walls of the
small intestines as the food passes through

The H2CO3 formed during the reaction decomposes rapidly to

form water and carbon dioxide gas.

Types of Antacids

 Sodium Antacids (Alka-Seltzer, Bromo-Seltzer and

Others): Sodium bicarbonate (commonly known as baking
soda) is perhaps the best-known of the sodium-containing
antacids. It is potent and fast-acting. As its name suggests,
it is high in sodium. If you're on a salt-restricted diet, and
especially if the diet is intended to treat high blood
pressure (hypertension), take a sodium-containing antacid
only under a doctor's orders.

 Calcium Antacids (Tums, Alka-2, Titralac and

Others):Antacids in the form of calcium
carbonate or calcium phosphate are also potent and fast-
acting. Regular or heavy doses of calcium (more than five
or six times per week) can cause constipation. Heavy and
extended use of this product may clog your kidneys and cut
down
 the amount of blood they can process. Extended use of
calcium antacids can also cause kidney stones.

 Magnesium Antacids (Maalox, Mylanta, Riopan, Gelusil

and Others): Magnesium salts come in many forms --
carbonate, glycinate, hydroxide, oxide, trisilicate, and
aluminosilicate. Magnesium has a mild laxative effect; it
can cause diarrhea. For this reason, magnesium salts are
rarely used as the only active ingredients in an antacid, but
are combined with aluminum, which counteracts the
laxative effect. (The brand names listed above all contain
magnesium-aluminum combinations.) Like calcium,
magnesium may cause kidney stones if taken for a
prolonged period, especially if the kidneys are functioning
improperly to begin with. A serious magnesium overload in
the bloodstream (hypermagnesaemia) can also cause blood
pressure to drop, leading to respiratory or
cardiac depression -- a potentially dangerous decrease in
lung or heart function.

 Aluminum Antacids (Rolaids, ALternaGEL, Amphojel

and Others): Salts of aluminum (hydroxide, carbonate gel,
or phosphate gel) can also cause constipation. For these
reasons, aluminum is usually used in combination with the
other three primary ingredients. Used heavily over an
extended period, antacids containing aluminum can weaken
bones, especially in people who have kidney problems.
 Aluminum can cause dietary phosphates, calcium, and
fluoride to leave the body, eventually causing bone
problems such as osteomalacia or osteoporosis.

Side effects

 Calcium: Excess calcium from supplements, fortified food

and high-calcium diets, can cause milk-alkali syndrome,
which has serious toxicity and can be fatal.

 Carbonate: Regular high doses may cause alkalosis, which

in turn may result in altered excretion of other drugs, and
kidney stones. A chemical reaction between the carbonate
and hydrochloric acid may produce carbon dioxide gas.
This causes gastric distension which may not be well
tolerated. Carbon dioxide formation can also lead to
headaches and decreased muscle flexibility.
 Aluminum hydroxide: May lead to the formation of
insoluble aluminium-phosphate-complexes, with a risk
for hypophosphatemia and osteomalacia.
Although aluminium has a low gastrointestinal absorption,
accumulation may occur mainly in the presence of renal
insufficiency. Aluminium-containing drugs often
cause constipation and are neurotoxic.

 Magnesium hydroxide: Has laxative properties.

Magnesium may accumulate in patients with renal
failure leading to hypermagnesaemia, with cardiovascular
and neurological complications.

 Sodium: increased intake of sodium may be deleterious

for arterial hypertension, heart failure and many renal
diseases.

 Heartburn, reflux, indigestion, and sour stomach are a few

of the common terms used to describe digestive upset. Self-
diagnosis of indigestion does carry some risk because the
causes can vary from a minor dietary indiscretion to a
peptic ulcer.

 The pain and symptoms of GERD or simply "reflux", may

mimic those of a heart attack. Misdiagnosis can be fatal. A
bleeding ulcer can be life threatening.
  GERD and pre-ulcerative conditions in the stomach are
treated much more aggressively since both, if untreated,
could lead to esophageal or stomach cancer.

 It is primarily for this reason that the H2 blockers

including cimetidine (Tagamet), famotidine (Pepcid), and
ranitidine (Zantac), and the proton pump inhibitor (PPI)
omeprazole (Prilosec) were made OTC.

 These drugs stop production of stomach acid and provide

longer lasting relief but they do not neutralize any stomach
acid already present in the stomach.

Problems with reduced stomach acidity

 Reduced stomach acidity may result in an impaired ability

to digest and absorb certain nutrients, such as iron and
the B vitamins. Since the low pH of the stomach normally
kills ingested bacteria, antacids increase the vulnerability to
infection. It could also result in the reduced bioavailability
of some drugs. For example, the bioavailability of
 ketocanazole (anti-fungal) is reduced at high intragastric
pH (low acid content).

Over usage of antacids naturally have side-effects. As with

anything in life, it must be used in moderation. The following
flowchart elucidates very clearly.
 II.OBJECTIVE

This project aims at analyzing some of the commercial antacids

to determine which one of them is the most effective by
conducting a quantitative analysis.

Motives behind selecting this research project:

 Consumerism, in the era of global industrialization,

plays a very important role. There are various product
options available for consumers to choose from.
Different manufacturers selling their products,
attempting to sway public opinion in their favor,
marketing their products regardless of their
effectiveness in functionality. Hence it becomes the
consumer’s right to experiment and know the most
effective, efficient, and value for money product.
There are various methods to conclude that a product
out of all the given competitors is the best.
Experimental research is the most rational and
convincing one of those methods. The result of this
analysis could be used to inform oneself as to which
antacid is the best and provides best relief.

 Apart from the economic perspective, the titrations

that are conducted as a part of this experiment is in
itself an attracting aspect. The prospect of making
 color changing solutions, the thrill of chemical
reactions, and conducting them with accuracy is
probably the most interesting part of titrations and the
whole project.

III.THEORY

Antacids react with excess stomach acid by neutralization.

i.e. HCl + NaOH → H2O + NaCl

During the process, hydrogen ions H+ from the acid (proton

donor) or a hydronium ion H3O+ and hydroxide ions OH Θ from

the base (proton acceptor) react together to form a water

molecule H2O. In the process, a salt is also formed when the

anion from acid and the cation from base react together.

Neutralization reactions are generally classified as exothermic

since heat is released into the surroundings.

Acids are proton donors which convert into conjugated bases.

They are generally pure substances which contain hydrogen ions

(H+) or cause them to be produced in solutions. Hydrochloric

acid (HCl) and sulfuric acid (H2SO4) are common examples. In

water, these break apart into ions:

HCl → H+(aq) + ClΘ(aq) OR

H2SO4 → H+(aq) + HSO4Θ(aq)

Bases are proton acceptors which convert into conjugated acids.

They are generally substances which contain hydroxide ion

(OHΘ) or produce it in solution. Alkalis are the soluble bases, i.e.

a base which contains a metal from group 1 or 2 of the periodic

table. To produce hydroxide ions in water, the alkali breaks

apart into ions as below:

NaOH→ Na+(aq) + OHΘ(aq)

Examples of bases include sodium hydroxide (NaOH),

potassium hydroxide (KOH), magnesium hydroxide (Mg(OH)2),

and calcium hydroxide (Ca(OH)2). Antacids are generally

bases.

Explanation of action of neutralization of antacids :

The Lewis definition of acid-base reactions is a donation

mechanism, which

conversely attributes the donation of electron pairs from bases

and the acceptance by

acids.

Ag + + 2 :NH3 → [H3N :Ag: NH3]+

(A silver cation reacts as an acid with ammonia which acts as

an electron-pair donor, forming an ammonia-silver adduct)

In reactions between Lewis acids and bases, there is the

formation of an adduct whenthe highest occupied molecular

orbital (HOMO) of a molecule, such as NH3 withavailable lone

electron pair(s) donates lone pairs of electrons to the electron-

deficientmolecule's lowest unoccupied molecular orbital

(LUMO)through a co-ordinate covalent bond; in such a reaction,

the HOMO-interacting molecule acts as a base, and the LUMO-

interacting molecule acts as an acid. In highly-polar molecules,

such as boron trifluoride (BF3), the most electronegative

element pulls electrons towards its own orbitals, providing a

more positive charge on the less-electronegative element and a

difference in its electronic structure due to the axial or equatorial

orbiting positions of its electrons, causing repulsive

effects from lone pair-bonding pair (Lp-Bp) interactions

between bonded atoms in excess of those already provided by

bonding pair-bonding pair (Bp-Bp) interactions.

Determination of concentrations of substances in

neutralization:

The experimental method about neutralization is the acid-base

titration. An acid- base titration is a method that allows

quantitative analysis of the concentration of an unknown acid or

base solution. It makes use of the neutralization reaction that

occurs between acids and bases, and that we know how acids

and bases will react if we know their formula.

Before starting the titration a suitable pH indicator must be

chosen. In this project,

phenolphthalein is chosen. The endpoint of the reaction, the

point at which all the

reactants have reacted, will have a pH dependent on the relative

strengths of the acid and base used. The pH of the endpoint can

be estimated using the following rules:

• A strong acid will react with a strong base to form a neutral

(pH=7) solution.

• A strong acid will react with a weak base to form an acidic

(pH<7) solution.

• A weak acid will react with a strong base to form a basic

(pH>7) solution.

Phenolphthalein is used to determine the end point of the

titration which indicates complete neutralization. In the presence

of, an acid solution is colourless, a basic solution is very dark

pink, and a neutral solution is very pale pink. At this point the

solution is very slightly basic, with a negligible amount of

excess NaOH. By keeping track of exactly how much NaOH is

needed to complete the neutralization process, the amount of

HCl originally neutralized by the antacid can be calculated. The

difference between the number of moles of HCl initially added

to the antacid and the number of moles of HCl neutralized by the

NaOH during the titration is the number of moles neutralized by

the antacid. Several antacids will be tested and the relative

strengths of each will be compared.

Nature of phenolphthalein:

Phenolphthalein is a chemical compound with the formula C20

H14 O4. It is insoluble in water, and is usually dissolved in

alcohols for use in experiments. It is itself a weak acid, which

can lose H+ ions in solution. The phenolphthalein molecule is

colorless. However, the phenolphthalein ion is pink. When a

base is added to the phenolphthalein,the molecule⇌ ions

equilibrium shifts to the right, leading to more ionization as H+

ions are removed. This is predicted by Le Chatelier's principle.

++++++++++++++++++++++ HYPOTHESIS++++++++++++

+++++++++++++

Our hypothesis is that the greater proportion of the active

ingredient with stronger base in an antacid tablet will have

the greater neutralizing power. And thus, it will be more

effective to cure upset stomach.

IV.MATERIALS REQUIRED

Thefollowingwerethematerialsrequiredfortheproject:
a.Appar
atus:
1. Burette(50ml)
2. Pipette(20ml)
3. ConicalFlasks(250ml)
4. MeasuringCylinder(10ml)
5. Beakers(100ml)
6. StandardFlasks(100ml)
7. FilterPaper
8. Funnel
9. BunsenBurner

10.Weighingmachine
11.Clean&glazedwhitetile
12.GlassRod
13.Water
14.Crusher
b.Chemicals:

1. NaOHpowder
2. Na2CO3powder
3. 10Mconc.HClacid
4. Fourdifferentbrandsofantacids
5. Phenolpthalein
6. MethylOrange
Na2CO3Powder

NaOHPowder 10MHClSolution

Antacids Phenolpthalein
Solution
 V.PROCEDURE

1.
Firstprepareapproximately1litreofapproximatelyN/10solutionof
HClbydiluting10mlofthegiven10MHClacid to1litre.

Approx.1
L H2 O

10ml- 1L-0.1MHCl
10MHCl

2.
Nextprepare1litreofapprox.N/10NaOHsolutionbydissolving4.
0gof
NaOHpowderto make1litreofsolution.

4.0gNaOH
Approx.1L H2O

1L-0.1MHCl

3. SimilarlyprepareN/10Na2CO3solutionbyweighing
exactly1.325gofanhydrousNa2CO3andthendissolvingitinwatert
oprepareexactly0.25Lor250mlofNa2CO3solution.
4. Now,standardizetheHClsolutionbytitratingitagainst
thestandard
Na2CO3solutionusingmethylorangeasindicator.

Burette:0.1NHCl
F l as k :
0.1NNa2CO3+ MethylOrange

5.
SimilarlystandardizetheNaOHsolutionbytitratingitagainststand
ardizedHClsolutionusingphenolopthaleinasindicator.Stopthetit
ration when thepinkcolorofthesolutiondisappears.

Burette: 0.1NHCl

Flask:0.1NNaOH+
Phenolpthalien
6.Now,powderthefourantacidsamplesandweigh0.5gofeach.

1.0g

7.Add25mlofthestandardisedHCltoeachoftheweighedsamplestake
ninconicalflasks.Makesurethattheacidisinslightexcess
sothatneutraliseallthebasiccharacterofthetabletpowder.

25ml0.1NHCl

8.Addafewdropsofphenolpthaleinindicatorandwarmtheflaskovera
bunsenburnertillmostofthepowderdissolves.
9. Filtertheinsolublematerial.

10.Titratethissolutionagainst
thestandardisedNaOHsolution,tillapermanentpinkishtin
geinsobtained.

11.Repeatthesameexperimentforallothersamplestoo.
 VI.PRECAUTIONS

1. Avoid touching the antacid with your fingers.

2. Be careful not to lose any solid when crushing the

antacid tablet.

3. Avoid touching hot surfaces when working near the hot

plate and be cautious when transporting heated solutions.

4. The hot plate should not be left unattended .

5. Dilute HCl and NaOH were corrosive and can damage

your eyes and cause skin irritation.

6. The burette must be rinsed out with NaOH before use to

prevent dilution of the solution.

7. It should be made sure that there were no air bubbles in

the burette tips.

8. Burette readings should be recorded to the nearest 0.05

cm3.

9. Sodium hydroxide should be removed from the burette as

soon as possible after the titration. It was because NaOH

is corrosive and it reacted with carbon dioxide in the air

to form sodium carbonate which was a white solid and

clogged the tip of the burette easily.

10. Rinse all apparatus thoroughly using Distilled

water. Any residual chemicals could cause variations in

pH readings.

11. Tap on the weighing machine after it shows

required value to confirm a precise reading

12. Pipette out the solutions carefully as it is possible to

accidentally ingest the solution.

 VII.OBSERVATIONS

 Standardisation of HCl solution:

Volume of 0.1N Na2CO3 taken = 20 ml

Indicator used = Methyl Orange

SERIAL BURETTE READINGS VOLUME

No. INITIAL FINAL OF ACID
READING READING USED (ml)
1. 0 17 17
2. 18 35 17

Applying normality equation,

N1 V1 = N 2 V2
(acid) (base)

N1 x 17 = 0.1 x 20
Normality of HCl, N1= 2/17 = 0.11 ≈ 0.1

 Standardization of NaOH Solution:

Volume of the given NaOH solution taken = 20.0 ml

Indicator used = Phenolphthalein

SERIAL BURETTE READINGS VOLUME

No. INITIAL FINAL OF ACID
READING READING USED (ml)
1. 0 16 16
2. 17 33 16

Volume of acid used = 16 ml

Applying normality equation,

N1 V’1 = N’2 V’2
(acid) (base)
0.11 x 16 = N’2 x 20

Normality of HCl, N’2 = (0.11*16)/20 = 0.09 ≈ 0.1

 Analysis of antacid tablets:

 Weight of the antacid tablet powder = 0.5 g

 Volume of HCl solution added = 30 ml
  Volume of sample solution taken = 20 ml
for titration

VOLUME OF (NaOH)
USED FOR
ANTACID NEUTRALIZING
UNUSED (HCL)
1.Eno Pineapple 29
2. Eno Lemon 24
3.Digene Lime 9
4.Omez 24
5. Pephyrous 40
6. Gelusil 22

VIII. RESULT
  1g of Eno Pineapple required 29 ml of Sodium
Hydroxide (NaOH) to titrate it completely.
 1 g of Eno Lemon required 24 ml of Sodium Hydroxide
(NaOH) solution to titrate it completely.
 1 g of Digene lime required 9 ml of Sodium Hydroxide
(NaOH) to titrate it.
 1 g of Omez required 24 ml of Sodium Hydroxide
(NaOH) to titrate it completely.
 1 g of Pephyrous required 40 ml of Sodium Hydroxide
(NaOH) to titrate it completely.
 1 g of Gelusil required 22 ml of Sodium Hydroxide
(NaOH) to titrate it completely.

Based on the hypothesis of the experiment, the antacid which

requires the least amount of Sodium Hydroxide (NaOH) is the
best antacid. From the recorded observation, Digene© requires
the least (5 ml), and is therefore the best Antacid.
 IX.SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION

Antacids play a very important role in relieving many patients

suffering from gastric hyperacidity, commonly referred to as
gastritis. This project was undertaken to analyze the best
commercially available antacid according to the amount of
hydrochloric acid they could neutralize.
After exploring many books and websites to find out more
about antacids, we were clear of its role and its applications.
We started our project by powdering the various antacid
samples and making sure that the apparatus was clean. Later
we standardized various solutions and prepared N/10 HCl
solution and N/10 NaOH solution. This was done by titrating
various solutions and using the respective indicators.
The powdered antacid samples weighing 1 gram each was
each added to 30 ml of the standardized solution of HCl in
separate conical flasks. These solutions were later titrated
with the standardized NaOH and the readings were noted.
These readings were helpful in deciding the amount of HCl
that each antacid could neutralize.
Various antacids could neutralize a specific amount of the
acid. pephyrous was the poorest among all antacids. Eno
pineapple had a slightly higher alkaline nature while Eno
lemon and Omez proved to neutralize to same amount .
Gelusil had a higher concentration of the base. Digene had the
highest basic character!
Thus, on the basis of the experiment conducted, it was
adjudged that Digene was the best commercially available
antacid.

X.BIBLIOGRAPHY

Websites:
•
http://www.reachoutmichigan.org/funexperiments/quick/csust
an/antacid
•

http://icn2.umeche.maine.edu/genchemlabs/Antacid/antacid2.
htm
•

http://www.chem.latech.edu/~deddy/chem104/104Antacid.ht
m
• http://www.images.google.com
• http://www.wikipedia.com
• http://www.pharmaceutical-drug-manufacturers.com

Books

 Comprehensive Practical Chemistry Class XII