Courtney Fitchuk

Creating a Sustainable Business Strategy for a SME

Thesis

Thesis
Summer 2021
School of Business & Culture
International Business
 2

SEINÄJOKI UNIVERSITY OF APPLIED SCIENCES

Thesis abstract
Faculty: School of Business & Culture

Degree Programme: Bachelor of Business Administration

Specialisation: International Business

Author(s): Courtney Fitchuk

Title of thesis: Creating a Sustainable Business Strategy for a SME

Supervisor(s): Dario Liberona

Year: 2021 Number of pages: 91 Number of appendices: 1

This thesis focuses on the topic of sustainable business strategy. The objective
was to create a universal template with which SMEs can create their own sustain-
able business strategy that takes into account their own unique circumstances and
achieves competitive advantage.

The research methods employed to achieve the objective were an extensive litera-
ture review and action research. The research was conducted to answer the pri-
mary research question: how can a SME create a sustainable business strategy?
It also answers the secondary research questions, necessary to answer the prima-
ry. The secondary research questions are: what is sustainable business strategy?,
is there a competitive advantage to having a sustainable business strategy?, and
what are the components of a sustainable business strategy?

Once the literature review was completed on sustainable business strategy, as

well as related sub-topics such as business strategy, business models, etc. the
action research was conducted. During this stage of research, the information and
data gathered was applied to the creation of the template.

The template on proposal is called the Sustainable Business Strategy Template;

inspired by the Business Model Canvas and can be found in the results as well as
the appendices. The results also conclude that there should be further testing of
the template with SMEs of various industries and specialities to improve upon its
composition and structure.

Keywords: sustainability, sustainable business strategy, competitive advantage,

small and medium-sized enterprises, universal, template
 3

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Thesis abstract ..................................................................................... 2  

TABLE OF CONTENTS ....................................................................... 3  
Tables, Figures and Pictures ................................................................ 5  
Terms and Abbreviations ..................................................................... 6  
1   INTRODUCTION ............................................................................. 7  
1.1   The Issue of Sustainability .......................................................................... 7  
1.2   Background ................................................................................................. 9  
1.3   Thesis Objectives, Research Questions and Limitations ............................ 9  
1.4   Research Methods .................................................................................... 10  
1.5   Thesis Structure ........................................................................................ 11  
2   RESEARCH METHODS ................................................................ 13  
2.1   Data Acquisition Process .......................................................................... 13  
2.2   Data Analysis ............................................................................................ 14  
3   INTRODUCTION TO LITERATURE REVIEW ............................... 15  
3.1   Sustainability in Business ......................................................................... 15  
3.2   Sustainability as a Competitive Advantage ............................................... 17  
4   BUILDING BLOCKS OF SUSTAINABLE BUSINESS STRATEGY 20  
4.1   Theory & Principles ................................................................................... 20  
4.1.1   Definition of Business Strategy ....................................................... 21  
4.1.2   Value Chain Versus Value Cycle .................................................... 22  
4.1.3   The Biosphere Rules ...................................................................... 24  
4.2   Business Models ....................................................................................... 26  
4.2.1   Definition of Sustainable Business Models ..................................... 27  
4.2.2   Examples of Sustainable Business Models .................................... 28  
4.3   Tools ......................................................................................................... 35  
4.3.1   United Nation’s Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) .............. 36  
4.3.2   Management Standards ................................................................. 40  
4.3.3   Sustainable Strategic Growth Model .............................................. 42  
4.3.4   PESTLE Analysis............................................................................ 44  
4.3.5   Porter’s Five Forces Model ............................................................. 48  
 4

4.3.6   SWOT Analysis............................................................................... 52  

4.3.7   StaR Map ........................................................................................ 55  
4.3.8   Materiality Assessment ................................................................... 56  
4.4   Examples of Successful SBS.................................................................... 60  
4.4.1   Kotkamills ....................................................................................... 60  
4.4.2   Stonyfield ........................................................................................ 61  
4.4.3   Patagonia........................................................................................ 62  
4.4.4   Seventh Generation ........................................................................ 64  
4.5   Final Observations .................................................................................... 65  
4.5.1   Defined Mission & Vision Statements ............................................. 66  
4.5.2   Defined Goals & Objectives ............................................................ 67  
4.5.3   Staff Engagement ........................................................................... 67  
4.5.4   Good Governance Structures ......................................................... 68  
4.5.5   Transparency .................................................................................. 69  
4.5.6   Continuous Learning, Innovation & Evolution ................................. 70  
5   RESULTS ...................................................................................... 72  
5.1   Development Process for Template.......................................................... 72  
5.2   Presentation of Template .......................................................................... 73  
5.2.1   SBST: Sustainable Business Strategy Template for SMEs ............ 73  
5.3   How to Use Template ............................................................................... 76  
5.4   How to Measure Success ......................................................................... 76  
6   CONCLUSION & DISCUSSION .................................................... 78  
6.1   Answers to the Research Questons ......................................................... 78  
6.1.1   What is a sustainable business strategy?....................................... 78  
6.1.2   Why have a sustainable business strategy?................................... 78  
6.1.3   What does a sustainable business strategy consist of? ................. 79  
6.1.4   How can a SME create their own sustainable business strategy? . 79  
6.2   Reliability & Validity................................................................................... 79  
6.3   Further Research Suggestions ................................................................. 80  
7   SUMMARY ..................................................................................... 82  
BIBLIOGRAPHY ................................................................................. 84  
APPENDICES .................................................................................... 91  
 5

Tables, Figures and Pictures

Figure 1. Holistic Sustainability………………………………………………………….9

Figure 2. Research Questions…………………………………………………………11

Figure 3. Thesis Structure……………………………………………………………...12

Figure 4. Value Cycle Diagram………………………………………………………...24

Figure 5. Biosphere Rules (Unruh, 2010)…………………….....…………………...26

Figure 6. Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)………………………………….41

Figure 7. PESTEL Analysis Template Example……………………………………..48

Figure 8. Porter’s Five Forces Model (David, 2011)..............................................49

Figure 9. Five-Forces & Questions……………………………………………………52

Figure 10. SWOT Analysis Template Example………………………….…………..55

Figure 11. STaR Map Example (Werbach, 2009)………………...………..………..57

Figure 12. Materiality Assessment Matrix Template (Lowitt, 2011)………………..60

Figure 13. Figure Materiality Assessment Matrix Template focused on strategy

(Lowitt, 2011)…………………………………………………………………………….60
 6

Terms and Abbreviations

SBS sustainabile business strategy

SME small or medium-sized enterprise

BMC Business Model Canvas

SBST Sustainable Business Strategy Template

 7

1 INTRODUCTION

The introduction of this thesis presents the chosen topic – sustainable business
strategy. The background of the subject and the reasons for the author choosing
the subject is presented. It also describes the issue of sustainability, the objectives
of the thesis, the research questions employed to achieve the objectives and the
limitations of the research. Finally, this introduction concludes with a description of
the research methodology used and how the thesis is structured.

1.1 The Issue of Sustainability

The issue of sustainability did not become a noteworthy concern until The Brund-
tland Commission published a report named Our Common Future in 1987
(Jørgensen and Pedersen, 2018). The report is the first to define sustainability (or
sustainable development) as “development that meets the needs of the present
without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs”
(Unruh, 2010). In the decades that followed the Brundtland Commission’s report,
sustainability has slowly progresssed from being an obscure concern of few to a
shared concern of the general public in every corner of the globe. By it’s simplest
defintion, sustainability is “the ability to continue a defined behavior indefinitely”
(Imppola, 2020).

Before proceeding, it is important to provide the definition of sustainability that will

be adhered to throughout this thesis. For the purposes of this thesis, sustainability
refers to the concept of holistic sustainability. Holistic sustainability “is an all-
inclusive and interactive concept” that implies that societal problems must be
solved by “understanding and improving all three dimensions of sustainability”
(Imppola, 2020).
 8

Figure 1. Holistic Sustainability

The three dimensions, or pillars of sustainability, are economic, environmental and

social. The economic dimension of sustainability refers to the ability of communi-
ties and individiuals to maintain their own financial independence and have access
to the resources, including financial, to meet their needs. When the economic di-
mension of sustainability is fulfilled, everyone has a place in an intact economic
system and is able to secure their own livelihood. The environmental dimension
refers to Earth’s ecosystems and their resources kept in balance and consumed at
a rate at which they are able to replenish themselves without being depleted. The
final dimension, social, refers to the gurantee of universal human rights and basic
necessities to all people across the globe. When the social dimension of sustaina-
bility reaches its full potential, families and communities are healthy, safe, secure
and protected from violence, oppression and discrimination of any kind. These
three pillars of sustainability are intimately interconnected and each one must be
considered in a business’ SBS. Similarly, in holistic medicine, a patient’s treatment
is “characterized by the treatment of the whole person rather than just the symp-
toms of a disease” (Oxford Learner’s Dictionary, 2020). The author of this thesis
 9

holds the opinion that this is the manner in which sustainability should be ap-
proached – holistically.

1.2 Background

From August 2019 until May 2020, the author of this thesis participated in Yritystal-
li, also called Y-Zone Business Hub, for their practical training period at Seinäjoki
University of Applied Sciences. The Y-Zone Business Hub gives students the op-
portunity to develop their own business idea, pursue their own entrepreneurial in-
terests and expand upon their desired skills and expertise instead of a traditional
workplace internship. The author is interested in entrepreneurship and sustainabil-
ity’s role in the development of business strategy. During their time in Y-Zone
Business Hub, the author developed their own business idea and business plan,
as well as a growth and development plan that would be implemented once the
business launched. The author’s primary intent in choosing this topic was to learn
about SBS and develop a tool that they could use, as well as other SME owners,
to create a SBS for their business.

1.3 Thesis Objectives, Research Questions and Limitations

The objective of this thesis is to answer the research questions and utilize the in-
formation and data gathered to develop a universal template with which SMEs can
create and implement a SBS to achieve competitive advantage that would took
into account their own set of unique circumstances. The author employed the re-
search methods of an extensive literature reviewand action research to answer the
research questions. The primary research question of this thesis is: how does a
SME create their own sustainable business strategy? In order to answer this ques-
tion, three secondary questions will need to be answered. Below in Figure 2, the
primary and secondary research questions have been listed. The secondary ques-
tions are as follows:

1. What is sustainable business strategy?

 10

2. Why have a sustainable business strategy?

3. What does a sustainable business strategy consist of?

A limitation of this thesis is that the results of the research, the SBS template, will
be purely hypothetical until the author’s business has been launched or another
uses the template for their own business. There are also several limitations to
method of action research. These limitations automatically affect the results of the
research and cannot be prevented but they can be acknowledged and their impact
attempted to be minimized. Potential limitations of action research are as follows:
personal over-involvement of the researcher may bias the results, the results are
difficult to replicate by another researcher and the results of this type of research
are difficult to write up since a standard format cannot be used to report the find-
ings (Sacred Heart University Library, 2019).

Figure 2. Research Questions

1.4 Research Methods

The purpose of the research was to gather information and data about the topic of
SBS; its creation and application in theory and in existing firms in order to under-
stand how SMEs can create and implement a SBS to achieve competitive ad-
vantage that took into account their own set of unique circumstances. The re-
search methods employed to achieve the research objective was an extensive
 11

literature review and action research. The first stage of research, the literature re-
view, provided the data needed to proceed to the second stage of research - the
action research. The literature review examined academic textbooks, journals and
articles. The literature review also examined business journals and articles. Be-
sides the topic of SBS, the review also includes expounding on sub-topics such
as: theory and principles of business strategy, business models, tools used for the
creation of business strategy and common characteristics of successful sustaina-
ble business strategies. During the second stage, the action research, the infor-
mation and data gathered and analyzed will be then applied to the creation of the
template.

1.5 Thesis Structure

The thesis is composed of eight chapters and sub-chapters to answer the primary,
secondary research questions, and to preset the results of the research.

Figure 3. Thesis Structure

 12

This first chapter has introduced the topic of the thesis, the research background,
the research questions, methodology and limitations, as well as the thesis struc-
ture. The second chapter, Research Methods, explains the methods employed by
the author to gather and analyze data and information to answer the primary and
secondary research questions. The third chapter, Introduction to Literature Re-
view, provides a detailed descriptiion of what the literature review contains as well
as the concept of sustainability in business. The literature review presents the in-
formation and data gathered from the extensive review of academic textbooks,
journals, and articles on the topic of sustainabe business strategy. In the fourth
chapter, Building Blocks of Sustainable Business Strategy, the literature review is
continued and the theory and principles of business strategy, business models,
and tools that are used in the creation of business strategy are summarized. The
fifth chapter, Results, presents the universal template that was created based on
the information and data gathered from the literature review, as well as explains
how the template was created. The sixth chapter, Conclusion & Discussion, con-
tains a summary of the answers to the research questions and information regard-
ing the reliability, viability, and potential future research on the topic of sustainable
business strategy and development for the template. The seventh and final chap-
ter, Summary, provides a succinct review of the entire thesis, from the introduction
through to the conclusion.
 13

2 RESEARCH METHODS

The purpose of this chapter is to define the research methods employed to

achieve the objective of this thesis. It also provides information on how the data
and information was gathered, analyzed, and then applied. The objective of the
research was to answer the primary research question, as well as the secondary
research questions. To review, the primary research question of this thesis is: how
can a SME create their own SBS? The secondary research questions are as fol-
lows: 1) what is sustainable business strategy? 2) why have a sustainable busi-
ness strategy and 3) what does a sustainable business strategy consist of? These
three questions will need to be answered to answer the primary research question.
To answer the first question, the research was focused on gathering information to
provide an understanding of sustainable business strategy and the theory and
principles that undergird it. For the second question, the research was focused on
if sustainable business strategy does or does not provide a competitive advantage
for a business. To answer the third question, the research was concentrated on
what a sustainable business strategy is composed of; such as principles, founda-
tional concepts, business models, and research & development tools. Once the
three secondary research questions were answered, the data and information col-
lected were applied to the creation of the template. The author’s theory is that by
conducting the literature review and gaining a thorough and comprehensive un-
derstanding of SBS, a universal tempalte can be developed for SMEs to assist in
the creation of their own SBS.

2.1 Data Acquisition Process

The purpose of the research is to create a template that a SME could use to cre-
ate a SBS to achieve competitive advantage that took into account their own set of
unique circumstances. The data acquistion process is a two step process. In the
first stage of research, the methodology of theoretical analysis, a literature review,
was applied and a selection and discussion of theoretical and descriptive materials
on the subject of sustainable business strategy were chosen (Research Methodol-
ogies, 2020). The data and information was gathered from an examination of busi-
 14

ness journals and articles. Besides the topic of SBS, the review also includes ex-
pounding on sub-topics such as: theory and principles of business strategy, busi-
ness models, tools used for the creation of business strategy, and common char-
acteristics of successful SBS.

The second stage of research was action research. Action research is exploratory
research conducted to understand a problem and then to develop a type of inter-
ventionary plan (Sacred Heart University Library, 2019). In action research, there
is a strong emphasis on “pragmatic and solution-driven research rather than test-
ing theories” (Sacred Heart University Library, 2019) and to develop techniques,
products or procedures (Thesis Mind, 2020). As the purpose of the thesis is to de-
velop a template for the creation of a SBS, action research was deemed the most
appropriate method of research for this stage. During this stage of research, the
data and information gathered during the first stage are applied to the creation of
the template.

2.2 Data Analysis

Considering the research methods utilized for this thesis and that the literature
review is the central source of data and information, an explicit angle was chosen
to focus the research and to make the review distinctive to achieve the thesis ob-
jective and answer the research questions (Research Methodologies, 2020). The
precise angle through which the data was gathered and analyzed was from the
perspective of a SME. Conducting research through this angle provided valuable
insight into academic research and case studies of what businesses have done
and are currently doing for SBS. The data and information accumulated from the
literature review was then applied to the creation of the template which can be
found in the Results and Appendices below.
 15

3 INTRODUCTION TO LITERATURE REVIEW

In this chapter, the first stage of research of the thesis is presented. The purpose
of the literature review was to take a comprehensive survey of academic literature
such as textbooks, journals, and articles to gather information on the topic of sus-
tainable business strategy. The information and data gathered would be used to
achieve the objective of this thesis: create a simple template for a SME could use
as a guide in the creation of their own SBS.

Since the literature review is extensive, it has been divided into two chapters. This
chapter, Introduction to Literature Review, summarizes the the review, introduces
the concept of sustainability in business, and how a SBS offers a business a com-
petitive advantage. The second chapter of the literature review, Building Blocks of
Sustainable Business Strategy, contains three sub-chapters: theory & principles,
business models and research & development tools.

The scope of the literature review does not include specific strategies for SMEs
since businesses vary greatly in industry, specialty, external and interal factors
and product or service. This review is focused on providing general information,
data and tools that a SME can utilize for the creation and implementation of their
own SBS.

3.1 Sustainability in Business

The concept of sustainability in business refers to the effect that business has on
the economy, environment and society (Chladek, 2019). It refers to programs,
products and practices that a business may implement to positively impact envi-
ronmental and/or social issues and concerns (Bonini and Swartz, 2014). Sustaina-
bility is a broad term and can be described as a concept, an issue, a business ap-
proach or a policy. As a business approach, sustainability’s purpose is to create
long-term value by taking into consideration how a given organization operates in
it’s economic, environmental and social environments (Haanaes, 2020). This busi-
ness approach is built on the assumption that developing business strategies that
 16

are sustainable foster a company’s longevity and benefit the bottom line
(Haanaes, 2020).

SBS has varied definitions within academic and business literature. SBS according
to its most simple definition is implemented to take a business from an unsustain-
able position to a sustainable one (TerraInfiniti, 2020). The goal of a SBS is to
support the overarching goal of fostering a company’s longevity while at the same
time making a positive impact on either social or environmental problems, or both.
In general, sustainable business strategies aim to decrease the negative impacts a
business may have on the environment and society and at the same time increase
the positive impacts while “creating long-term value for the firm, its stakeholders,
and wider society” (Long, 2019). For the purposes of this thesis, the author will
take the view that a sustainable business strategy is only sustainable, according to
the principle of holistic sustainability; if it has integrated and/or considered the
economic, environmental and social dimensions into the formulation of the strate-
gy.

The manner in which an individual business approaches sustainability also varies

from business to business; each has their own definition of what a sustainable
business strategy means (Terrafiniti, 2020) and each has their own approach. “For
some companies, a strategy might focus on a few aspects such as relations with
the community or environmental programmes. Others adopt a more holistic ap-
proach that links together multiple impact areas” (Bonini and Swartz, 2014). As a
result of the varied opinion of what defines and constitutes a SBS and the different
approaches that result, businesses of all sizes find themselves in the difficult posi-
tion of creating a clear and measurable strategy that aligns with the organization’s
priorities (Bonini and Swartz, 2014). Companies that lack a clear sustainability
strategy may attempt to implement a broad range of programs and priorities which
result in teams and budgets being stretched, lack of integration across the organi-
zation and difficulty communicating progress as results are hard to measure (Bo-
nini and Swartz, 2014). But in today’s ever-evolving world, debating whether
to incorporate sustainability into your business strategy is no longer an option
(Chladek, 2019).
 17

Since the private sector has played a role in the creation of and contributes to
many of the problems we face across the globe in regards to sustainability, it is in
the best interest of businesses to be proactively pursuing innovation and creating
solutions for these issues (Jørgensen and Pedersen, 2018). When companies fail
to assume responsibility this leads to issues worsening in the environment and
society such as environmental degradation and inequality (Chladek, 2019). Cur-
rently, the sustainability crisis is forcing governmental bodies around the globe to
take legislative action that negatively impacts a company’s bottom line (Jørgensen
and Pedersen, 2018). There is a need for solutions to go beyond the goal of profit-
ability and the private sector has an immense opportunity to increase longevity,
improve financial performance and to make a positive difference when it embraces
sustainable business strategy.

In this current age of social media, businesses are experiences an ever-increasing

demand from their patrons to be sustainable, transparent and responsible. The
informed and conscious consumer is forcing businesses, small and large alike, to
make changes. Today, businesses are dealing with a “complex and unprecedent-
ed brew of social, environmental, market, and technological trends” (Whelan and
Fink, 2016) and are having to address their impact on society - economically, envi-
ronmentally and socially. Unfortunately, the misguided belief that sustainability
efforts will hinder a company’s financial performance has prevented many from
making sustainability the centerpiece of their business strategy. But recent aca-
demic research demonstrates that the benefits of sustainable business strategy
outweigh the costs (Whelan and Fink, 2016). It is becoming apparent that a SBS is
becoming a necessity for businesses to not only be compliant with government
regulation and international standards but also to outlast their competitors.

3.2 Sustainability as a Competitive Advantage

Sustainability has the potential to increase longevity, improve financial perfor-

mance, and to make a positive difference in the world. It does not mean sacrificing
profits or putting a business’ success on the backburner. Instead, it has become a
crucial element contributing to an organization’s success. Sustainable business
 18

strategy is not purely altruistic since a business cannot do good in the world if it is
not doing well financially; doing well financially and making a positive impact in the
world are intertwined and a successful SBS accomplishes both (Chladek, 2019).
There is a growing body of evidence that demonstrates organizations that imple-
ment a sustainable business strategy experience improvements in financial per-
formance in the long term (Lowitt, 2011). Sustainability is also among the biggest
sources of creating profitable business opportunities for the companies that decide
to embrace it (Werbach, 2009). A business that doesn't factor in sustainability risks
being less successful in a number of measures, including profitability, growth and
employee retention.

Throughout the breadth of research surveyed for this thesis the competitive ad-
vantage of sustainability was repeatedly mentioned, as well as it’s numerous
benefits. For example, risk management is an area that organizations see im-
provements in after implementing a SBS. Sustainable business strategies can pro-
tect a brand’s reputation, mitigate and manage risks such as operational disrup-
tions like resource scarcity, climate change impact and community risks (Bonini
and Swartz, 2014). In the areas of growth and returns on capital, there are also
notable improvements due to SBS. Sustainable business strategies assist in priori-
tizing investment/divestment, incentivize the innovation of new products, entry into
new markets, improve resource management, and reduce operating costs such as
water waste, energy consumption, carbon emissions and improve employee en-
gagement (Bonini and Swartz, 2014). Today, several investors utilize the Envi-
ronmental, Social, and Governance (ESG) metrics “ to analyze an organization’s
ethical impact and sustainability practices. Investors look at factors such as a
company’s carbon footprint, water usage, community development efforts and
board diversity” (Spiliakos, 2020). According to McKinsey & Company, a global
consulting firm, companies that have high ESG ratings have a lower cost of debt
and equity, greater public support and motivated employees that align themselves
with the goals of the organization and care about it’s reputation and customer’s
expectations (Spiliakos, 2020). Sustainability efforts are paving the way to growth,
lower costs, innovations and enhanced agility through relationships with suppliers,
stakeholders, employees, and even competitors. In addition to GE, ANZ Banking
Group, and Travelocity, companies such as Unilever, United Parcel Service, Cis-
 19

co, Nike and Starbucks have made powerful linkages between their efforts to em-
brace sustainability and their ability to “move the needle” of financial performance
in the short and long term. (Lowitt, 2011).

There is also a growing market for sustainable products and services. Consumers
today are willing and ready to make changes to their consumption habits to de-
crease their negative impacts on the environment and society (Chladek, 2019).
For example in the US, the sustainability market is predicted to reach $150 billion
USD in 2021 (Nielsen Company, 2018). “Millennials in particular are more willing
to pay more for products that contain sustainable ingredients or products that have
social responsibility claims” (Chladek, 2019). The market trends of 2019 and of
2020 presented by Euromonitor have also reiterated this trend. People have be-
come conscious consumers and are becoming more mindful of their own individual
impacts, positive and negative, on the world. “This respectful and compassionate
approach to consumption embraces mindfulness of other human beings, animals
and environment” (Angus and Westbrock, 2019). Recent consumer trends have
also demonstrated a consistent and growing desire from the general public to
make a positive impact on the environment. In its previous annual reports, Eu-
romonitor had found that the consumer's trends were in keeping with issues such
as reducing the use of plastic, reusing/recycling and the promotion of clean air
(Angus and Westbrock, 2019). Throughout the literature, it was stated repeatedly
that consumer trends and behavior will continue to shift towards more sustainable
consumption behavior in the future and businesses that proactively pursue sus-
tainable business strategies that anticipate this will have a competitive advantage
of their competitors that do not embrace the future.
 20

4 BUILDING BLOCKS OF SUSTAINABLE BUSINESS STRATEGY

This chapter is divided into five sub-chapters: 1) Theory & Principles, 2) Business
Models, 3) Tools, 4) Examples of Successful SBS and 5) Final Observations. The
first sub-chapter, Theory & Principles, summarizes traditional business strategy
creation and principles that can also applied to SBS. It also presents commonly
mentioned themes and principles that undergird the concept of sustainability in
business and SBS throughout the literature. The second sub-chapter, Business
Models, provides the definition of a business model, the definition of a sustainable
business model, and contains information about new approaches and innovative
designs of business models and core processes. Again, this thesis does not ex-
plicitly focus on industry-specific business models or specialties according to
product or service but instead provides general information that can be applied to
a SME belonging to any industry, of any size, and product or service. The third
sub-chapter, Tools, contains widely used research and development tools and re-
sources by organizations to design business strategy, as well as tools specifically
created to assist in SBS. The fourth sub-chapter contains four examples of busi-
nesses that have successful sustainable business strategies. The fifth and final
sub-chapter, Final Observations, contains the conclusion of the literature review as
well as six common characteristics of successful sustainable business strategies
seen throughout the literature.

4.1 Theory & Principles

The theory and principles that undergird SBS are the fundamental basics of con-
ventional business strategy and must be understood, even by a SME, to be com-
prehensive in its creation of a SBS. In this section, strategy will be defined as well
as the widely used process by which organization’s create and implement strate-
gy. It does not provide every minute detail of strategic planning or business strate-
gy in general; it’s purpose is to provide a SME the most important and necessary
information integral to the success of their own SBS. Finally, it also provides two
overarching, common themes seen throughout the literature surveyed for this the-
 21

sis on the topic of sustainable business strategy: value chain versus value cycle
and the biosphere rules.

4.1.1 Definition of Business Strategy

In the field of management, the goal of strategic management is to achieve and

maintain competitive advantage and is the “art and science of formulaton, imple-
mentation, and evaluation of the organization’s strategy to achieve its objectives”
(David, 2011). It is synonymous with the term strategy (David, 2011). When one
refers to business strategy, they tend to be referring to the subject of strategic
management. Strategy is the means by which long-term objectives will be
achieved and within the field of business, a strategy may include but not limited to:
diversification, acquisition, product development, market penetration, retrench-
ment, divestiture, liquidation and joint ventures (David, 2011). Strategic planning is
another term that is synonymous with strategy. It emerged in popularity in the
1960s and 1970s, then reemerged in the 1990s, and is still widely used to this day.
Strategic planning is simply long-range planning and contains a three step process
from creating to evaluating strategy (David, 2011). The three stages of strategic
planning are formulation, implementation, and evaluation (David, 2011).

In the first stage, formulation, the following tasks must be completed: “developing
a vision and mission, identifying an organization’s external opportunities and
threats, determining internal strengths and weaknesses, establishing long term
objectives, generating alternative strategies, and choosing particular strategies to
pursue” (David, 2011). The decisions during this stage of the strategy process de-
termine the organization’s trajectory in the future. The development of the vision,
mission, core values, and goals of the organization must occur before a strategy
can be formulated (Watkins, 2007).

In the second stage, implementation, the organization must put the formulated
strategies to work by mobilizing employees and managers and doing the actual
work. This stage of the strategy process is considered the most difficult and the
success of these stages depends fully on excellent interpersonal skills and the
 22

management motivating employees (David, 2011). “Consider the conclusions of a

recent survey of 300 chief executive officers (CEOs). The key takeaway is that 72
percent of these CEOs believe that U.S. companies do a better job of developing
corporate strategies than implementing them” (Stroh, 2014).

In the third and final stage, evaluation, the activities required to accomplish the
strategy have been completed or are in the process of being completed and man-
agement must figure out if the strategy accomplished the desired objectives and
organizational goals (David, 2011). There are three fundamental activities that
must be completed in the evaluation stage: “reviewing external and internal factors
that were the bases for current strategy or strategies, measuring performance, and
taking corrective actions” (David, 2011). This stage is absolutely necessary in un-
derstanding whether a strategy was successful or unsuccessful and whether
“…external and internal factors are always shifting so the outcomes of strategies
implemented can vary greatly” (David, 2011).

After reviewing the academic and business literature on the topic of sustainable
business strategy, there were overarching themes or values woven throughout the
literature surveyed for this thesis. Two of the most common overarching themes or
values were: 1) value chain versus value cycle and 2) the biosphere rules.

4.1.2 Value Chain Versus Value Cycle

The value chain represents the entire manufacturing process from extracting raw
material(s) from the natural environment all the way to turning it into a high-value
product. Defined in Michael Porter’s Competitive Advantage, the value chain mod-
el ends, hopefully, with a satisfied customer getting a high-value product. Unfortu-
nately, the value chain model does not chart the product through to the end of it’s
life when it becomes waste. It also ignores how the process interacts with the nat-
ural environment (Unruh, 2010). “According to Robert Ayres, an Insead Business
School professor, he calculated that 95% of all resources extracted from the envi-
ronment became waste within six months from harvest” (Unruh, 2010). The value
chain model has also become commonly known as the “take, make, waste” sys-
 23

tem; signifying simply the process of taking from the environment, making a prod-
uct and then throwing it away.

As a sustainable alternative to the Porter’s value chain model, the value cycle
model was created. The value cycle imitates the cyclical nature of the environment
or the biosphere (Unruh, 2010). The cyclical nature of the environment is repre-
sented by how some raw materials are constantly renewed, or reused and never
lose value. Nature is “constantly innovating and evolving to become more com-
plex, specialized, and effective” (Unruh, 2010).

Figure 4. Value Cycle Diagram

According to Unruh, creating a value cycle is at the core of a sustainable business

strategy. SInce each business varies in size, industry, and speciality - the value
cycle model can serve as a guide to how organizations can approach the creation
of their own SBS. “They serve as a framework to help managers figure out the
specific actions they can take to make their products and their organizations more
sustainable. Although the steps are not strictly linear, most organizations will be
more successful by following them in order through a single product or through the
entire company.” (Unruh, 2010). The value cycle model, or the imitation of the cy-
 24

clical nature of the environment in the business model is also considered the circu-
lar economic model.

4.1.3 The Biosphere Rules

The biosphere rules provide “a systematic approach to thinking about sustainabil-

ity” in an organization, helping in guiding in the creation of their sustainable busi-
ness strategy by providing a “customizable and practical to-do list” (Unruh, 2010).
Sustainable business strategies that do not deliver profit for the business and do
not create value are not sustainable regardless of how eco friendly they are (Un-
ruh, 2010). The biosphere offers “a value-creating, value-multiplying and value
accumulating machine, which bodes well for companies seeking to tap into its se-
crets” (Unruh, 2010). These rules are meant to ensure that a business does not
sacrifice the health of the environment or good of society for short-term growth.

The five biosphere rules are as follows: materials parsimony, power autonomy,
value cycles, sustainable product platforms, and function over form. Parsimony
means the “extreme unwillingness to spend money or use resources” (need to cite
from a dictionary). According to the rule of materials parsimony, a business must
minimize the types of resources and materials used in the production of products
and there is a particular focus on using resources and materials that are environ-
mentally friendly and possibly reusable. The rule of power autonomy means that a
business achieves power or energy independence from nonrenewables and relies
fully on renewables. The rule of value cycles, similar to what was described above,
instead of creating products and services according to the “take-make-waste”
model but by the value cycle model. According to the rule of sustainable product
platforms, a business should prioritze creating a profitable business model utilizing
the value cycle that can be scaled; growth does not mean compromising sustaina-
bility. The fifth and final rule, function over form, means fulfilling the needs of the
customers within the boundaries of the value cycle model; a business should not
take shortcuts that negatively impact the environment and society to benefit the
bottom line.
 25

Below is a chart, that provides each of the five biosphere rules, each of their defini-
tions and examples of ways an organization can implement these rules practically
within their SBS. During the creation of a SBS for a SME, each of these rules and
the examples that accompany them can provide a source of inspiration, assist in
the prevention of blindspots and can be considered during the strategy formulation
process.

Rule Definition Examples

Materials Parsimony Minimize the types of materials • Reduced supplier
used in products with a focus complexity
on materials that are sustaina- • Reduced production
ble, responsible and ethical complexity
• Reduced toxic risk
• Reduced compliance
costs
• Volume purchase dis-
counts
• Improved health and
safety
• Improved worker
productivity Improved
product attributes
• Improved environmen-
tal performance
Power Autonomy Maximize the power autonomy • Reduce energy costs
of products and processes so • Reduced compliance
they can function on renewa- costs
bles • Improved environmen-
tal performance
• Improved customer
performance
• Optimized for renewa-
ble energy
Value Cycles Recover and reincarnate mate- • Reduced processing
rials from end-of-use goods costs
into new value-added products. • Reduced supplier risk
• Increased control over
brand and reputation
• Improved asset man-
agement
• Improved customer in-
formation
Sustainable Product Platforms Leverage your value cycle as a • Compound above
product platform for profitable benefits through scale
scale, scope, and knowledge • Compound above
economies. benefits through scope
• Foundation to accumu-
late learning by doing
• Build robust cross-
industry platform de-
mand
Function Over Form Fulfill customers’ functional • Generate ongoing rev-
 26

needs in ways that sustain the enue stream

value cycle. • Greater customer
knowledge
• Increase control over
asset base
• Convergence into ex-
panded offerings
Figure 5. Biosphere Rules (Unruh, 2010).

4.2 Business Models

Creating a SBS also requires an understanding of the concept of a business mod-

el. Every business operates based on a business model consciously or uncon-
sciously (Jørgensen and Pedersen, 2018). ”A business model is a reflection of a
company’s strategy and offers a comprehensive understanding of how the compa-
ny does business” (Lozano, 2018). A business model focuses on how all of the
factors and elements within the organization work together as a whole system to
accomplish organizational goals. Rethinking an organization’s business model is
an essential component of developing a SBS since it is within the business model
where an organization can address change and focus its attention on innovation
(Lozano, 2018).

The first and most fundamental part of the business model is the value proposition.
The value proposition is how the organization creates value (Jørgensen and
Pedersen, 2018). This is the most important part of the business model because it
determines what the business offers its customers, how it helps the customer
solve a problem, and also determines if the customer will be back (Jørgensen and
Pedersen, 2018).

According to Jørgensen and Pedersen, a business model consists of a set of inter-

related components that consists of three parts: value creation, value delivery and
value capture (Jørgensen and Pedersen, 2018). Value creation is what a business
has to offer consumers either by addressing a problem or a need; this is also
known as a value proposition. Value delivery is defined as the “key resources, ac-
tivities and partners that are needed for the company to carry out what the value
proposition requires” (Jørgensen and Pedersen, 2018). The third component, val-
ue capture, is most simply how the company makes revenue and it’s cost structure
 27

(Jørgensen and Pedersen, 2018). An organization that would like to create a SBS
must consider and innovate its existing business model and how sustainability can
be implemented in the three interrelated components of value creation, value de-
livery and value capture.

4.2.1 Definition of Sustainable Business Models

In his book, Sustainable Business Models: Providing A More Holistic Perspective,

Lozano provides an extensive review of varying definitions of a sustainable busi-
ness model provided by various experts, researchers and academics since there
has not been one comprehensive definition or characterization of the term sus-
tainable business model written (Lozano, 2018). Based on his review, Lozano de-
fines a sustainable business model as “a holistic and systemic reflection of how a
company operationalizes its strategy, based on resource efficiency (through op-
erations and production, management and strategy, organizational systems, gov-
ernance, assessment and reporting, and change), so the outputs have more value
and contribute to sustainability more than the inputs (with regard to material and
resources that are transformed into products and services, economic value, hu-
man resources, and environmental value)” (Lozano, 2018). This definition also
emphasizes how a business model is affected by the environment inside and out-
side of the organization, it’s tangible and intangible resources, it’s supply chain
and stakeholders (Lozano, 2018).

An example, commonly seen throughout the literature on sustainable business

models (as well as the circular economy), is three alternative business models that
do not create waste. These three alternative models are leasing, renting, and
product pooling and in each model the business retains ownership and the cus-
tomer does not have exclusive rights to the product or service. In leasing, “the
supplier becomes a service provider by retaining the ownership and assuming re-
sponsibility for maintenance” (Lozano, 2018). In renting, “similar to leasing; how-
ever, the customer does not have unlimited access to the product” (Lozano, 2018).
In product pooling, “the equipment is used simultaneously by several users instead
of a sequential mode of use” (Lozano, 2018).
 28

In the integrated model of business sustainability, there are six benchmarks that
are sustainable business models must consider: eco-efficiency, socio-efficiency,
eco-effectiveness, socio-effectiveness, sufficiency and ecological equity (Issa,
Chang, and Issa, 2010). In general, the business models of the future must con-
tinuously innovate and get smarter to become and maintain sustainability, must be
open to experimentation, utilize service design, ditch the “take-make-waste” model
and be collaborators not soloists (Jørgensen and Pedersen, 2018).

A business model that is sustainable must have sustainability embedded through-

out the organization holistically, systemically and integrally into every department,
process and element (Lozano, 2018). Sustainable business models create value
for the business and do not define value under the pretense of sustainability as
many presumably sustainable business models do (Lozano, 2018).

4.2.2 Examples of Sustainable Business Models

In this section four sustainable business models were chosen for examination. The
first is Circular Economy Business Models. From Lowellyne’s book, Sustainability
Footprints in SMEs: Strategy and Case Studies for Entrepreneurs and Small Busi-
nesses, there is an extensive review of sustainable business models. Three mod-
els were chosen for examination. The models were chosen because of their sim-
plicity, straightforwardness, and comprehensiveness in nature. The three models
chosen were Model of Sustainable Organization, the Sustainable Value Model and
the Eco Enterprise Strategy.

1. Circular Economy Business Models

As discussed in a previous section, our current economic system is based on a

take-make-waste model; also known as a linear model or as Michael Porter’s val-
ue chain. Throughout its development, the industrial economy has deviated little
from this model and any model “based on consumption rather than on the restora-
tive use of non-renewable resources entails significant losses of value and nega-
tive effects all along the material chain” (Ellen MacArthur Foundation, 2013). The
 29

circular economy and its subsequent business models are restorative or regenera-
tive by design and are intended to replace the take-make-waste model. Circular
business models are meant to shift towards relying on renewable energy, eliminat-
ing the use of toxic chemicals & harmful substances and aims to eliminate waste
through innovation in raw materials, products, services and systems. According to
the Ellen MacArthur Foundation, the circular economy is based on three principles:
designing out waste & pollution, keeping products & materials in use and the re-
generation of natural systems (Ellen MacArthur Foundation, 2013).

Sitra, the Finnish Innovation Fund, has stated that three key trends will contribute
to the number of companies applying the principles of the circular economy will
only increase in the future. First, customers are changing their behavior and their
preferences are shifting. Customer orientation will continue to move away from the
traditional sale of goods towards tailor-made, customer-specific solutions that use
resources more wisely and strengthen the relationship between business and cus-
tomer (Sitra, 2021). Second, the concern of natural resource consumption and
climate change will steer regulation, influence investments and guide consumer
behavior towards the circular economy (Sitra, 2021). Lastly, “the advancements in
technology and digitization, such as artificial intelligence, the interest of Things and
robotics, enable implementation of circular value chains and business models”
(Sitra, 2021). Technological innovation will continue to drive businesses into the
circular economy and based on the previous two trends, these businesses who
manage to keep up with these advances will gain competitive advantage over their
competitors. Besides these key trends, “many companies have also begun to no-
tice that this linear system increases their exposure to risks, most notably higher
resource prices and supply disruptions” (Ellen MacArthur Foundation, 2013).
“Economies will benefit from substantial net material savings, mitigation of volatility
and supply risks, positive multipliers, potential employment benefits, reduced ex-
ternalities, and long-term resilience of the economy” (Ellen MacArthur Foundation,
2013).

Circular business models rely on durable products that are leased or rented or
shared, incentives to return used products or parts of products, repair or refur-
bishment of products and remanufacturing (Ellen MacArthur Foundation, 2013).
 30

Circular business models can generally be divided into five business models: re-
newability, sharing platforms, product as a service, product-life extension and re-
source efficiency & recycling (Ellen MacArthur Foundation, 2013). According to the
OECD handbook, circular business models also have a number of distinguishing
characteristics. They include: the sparing use & maximization of natural resources,
capturing value in already existing materials/components/products, less emphasis
on maximizing sales volume of low-margin & short-lived products and a greater
level of collaboration between partners within the supply chain (OECD, 2019).

Renewability, also referred to as the resource recovery business model, utilizes

innovation and advanced “capabilities to recover and reuse resource outputs that
eliminates material leakage and maximizes economic value” (Gerholdt, 2015).
Specific examples of the renewability model at work are closed loop recycling, in-
dustrial symbiosis (the used or unused resources from one company are used by
another) and cradle-to-cradle designs (waste is reprocessed and repur-
posed)(Gerholdt, 2015). The renewability model offers businesses primarily two
benefits: the ability to market their products or services as green and managing
risks associated with regulation and their supply chains (OECD, 2019). For exam-
ple, instead of relying only on natural resources that are derived from unstable
countries, a business could choose to rely solely or partly on locally derived mate-
rials which would help mitigate risks to their supply chains.

Sharing platforms are business models centered on the sharing of products and
have a low ownership or use rate which enables a business utilizing this model to
maximise productivity and value creation from the use of their products, rather
than sale (Gerholdt, 2015). Sharing platforms allow an individual, group or busi-
ness to maximize the value of under-utilized assets such as housing, vehicles or
tools through lending or pooling (OECD, 2019). “Online platforms facilitate transac-
tions between the owners of under-utilised assets and individuals seeking to use
them; platform owners can generate a small margin on each related transaction.
Significantly, because the capital cost of the underlying goods has already been
paid (by owners), the up-front investment cost required to launch an online plat-
form is significantly smaller than that required to become a traditional provider.
Platforms usually also have very small operational costs and significant potential
 31

for scale up. For the owners of under-utilised assets and products, the emergence
of online platforms provides an opportunity to earn additional income. Unused
apartments, rooms, vehicles, vehicle seats, clothing, or tools can be leveraged,
rather than sitting idle. Potential buyers also benefit to the extent that shared prod-
ucts are cheaper than their traditional equivalents” (OECD, 2019). Recent devel-
opments “of various technologies – the internet, mobile phone technology, and the
development of referral and reputational systems – that have reduced the transac-
tion costs and risks associated with sharing assets” (OECD, 2019). Popular exam-
ples of sharing platforms include Airbnb and Uber.

There are two subtypes of sharing platform business models: co-ownership and
co-access. Co-ownership involves the borrowing of physical goods such as
household tools, appliances or lawn equipment. Products that are well suited for
the co-ownership model are products that are durable, easy to transport, not used
often and have a low ownership rate (OECD, 2019). Co-ownership sharing plat-
forms are well suited for densely populated urban areas where people have less
space to store products they use infrequently, have a low ownership rate or where
people are less likely to invest in a product they rarely use. The co-access model
“involves allowing others to take part in an activity that would have taken place
anyway” (OECD, 2019). For example, Airbnb allows customers to stay in host’s
unused rooms, apartments or homes for a lower price than staying in a hotel.

The product as a service model allows customers to “use products through a lease
or pay-for-use arrangement versus the conventional buy-to-own approach” (Ger-
holdt, 2015). Products that are durable and of a high quality make for ideal candi-
dates for the product as a service model since their life cycles are longer and allow
for them to be maintenanced, refurbished and repaired easily (Sitra, 2021). Ac-
cording to the OECD, there are primarily three main variations of the product as a
service model: product-oriented, user-oriented and result-oriented. Product-
oriented allows manufacturers to continue using a conventional sales approach
but include additional services for the customers after the sale has been complet-
ed. After-sales services may include maintenance contracts, extended product
warranties, offering repairs or take-back (or buy-back) agreements (OECD, 2019).
Patagonia, referenced further in this thesis, has a take-back program that provides
 32

vouchers or discounts to customers for new clothing. The company then recycles
the used garments either for resale or for repurposing as raw materials. User-
oriented allows customers to pay for temporary use of a product for a short or long
term lease and the business maintains full ownership of their product (OECD,
2019). An example of this model are car sharing schemes which have grown in
popularity in urban areas. Instead of selling a product or a service, in the result-
oriented model, a business is selling a particular outcome without specifying exact-
ly how the outcome will be achieved (OECD, 2019). For example, a heating com-
pany may sell a heating outcome, or maintain a certain temperature for an office
building, instead of selling the actual equipment that will be heating the building.

The product-life extension model is simply extending the life of a product for as
long as possible and ensuring the product remains profitable. A product’s life can
be extended through maintenance or improvement, either through remanufactur-
ing, repairing, upgrading or re-marketing (Gerholdt, 2015). Products are able to
stay in the economy for a longer period of time which reduces the amount of re-
sources used in production and keeps them out of the landfill (OECD, 2019). Ac-
cording to the OECD, there are four variants of the product-life extension model:
classic long life, direct reuse, maintenance & repair and refurbishment & remanu-
facturing. Classic long life requires producing and maintaining products that are
durable and of a high quality to avoid prematurely ending up as waste (OECD,
2019). A business that utilizes the classic long life model can charge customers
higher prices because of the higher quality product. The direct reuse model is
when a used product is redistributed to new owners and prevents the product from
becoming waste (OECD, 2019). Online platforms that facilitate the sale and distri-
bution of used products are eBay and Craigslist and are able to make a profit by
earning a small percentage of the resale price. The definition of the maintenance
and repair variant is in the name; maintenance and repair ensures that the product
is able to reach its full potential and maximize its lifespan (OECD, 2019). The
fourth variant, refurbishment and remanufacturing model, is also defined by its
name; it involves “the restoration of degraded products, either for a fee, or for sub-
sequent resale to original or new owners” (OECD, 2019).
 33

The resource efficiency and recycling model involves the collection, sorting and
transformation (or secondary production) of waste from homes, businesses and
industry into secondary raw materials that can be sold to businesses (OECD,
2019). The three common variants of this type of model are downcycling, upcy-
cling and industry symbiosis (OECD, 2019). Downcycling involves the transfor-
mation of waste into secondary raw materials. The key difference is that the re-
covered materials are of an inferior quality, and can only be used as an input in a
limited subset of applications” (OECD, 2019). Upcycling involves the transfor-
mation of waste but the secondary raw materials produced can be used in high
value applications (OECD, 2019). Industry symbiosis, also known as closed loop
recycling, requires the production waste or by-products of one business to be giv-
en or sold to another business to be used in their production process as a raw ma-
terial (OECD, 2019). The resource efficiency and recycling model can only be uti-
lized under certain conditions- within a market for secondary raw materials and
large amounts of waste or by-product being produced.

2. The Model of Sustainable Organization

The Model of Sustainable Organization, developed by the Deming Special Interest

Group of the Chartered Quality Institute, simply contains eight guiding principles
that are meant to help define and steer the organization’s sustainable business
strategy. The eight principles are as follows: “customer focus, systems thinking,
daily work of the organization, wisdom from numbers, leadership, innovation, pro-
tection of the natural environment and respect for people” (Lowellyne, 2015). A
small business using the Model of Sustainable Organization as a guide, should
continuously review the relationship between the eight foundational principles and
elements that optimally supports the goals of the business. The primary elements
of this model that a business should focus on are customers, operating systems,
people-culture-leadership-management, societal influences/learning, environment,
plan-do-study-act and essential interactions and communication. “These elements
are interpreted as part of a holistic view of an organization’s role within the context
of the society, environment, leadership style, and culture” (Lowellyne, 2015).
An important element of this model is the PDSA Cycle. “The PDSA Cycle (Plan-
Do-Study-Act) is a systematic process for gaining valuable learning and
 34

knowledge for the continual improvement of a product, process, or service” (The

W. Edwards Deming Institute, 2021). The PDSA Cycle is also known as the Dem-
ing Wheel or the Deming Cycle and contains four steps: plan, do, study, and act.
These four steps can be repeated as often as necessary or desired as a part of a
business’ continual learning and improvement (The W. Edwards Deming Institute,
2021).

3. The Sustainable Value Model

The Sustainable Value Model is a business model that categorizes “shareholders

as a separate group from stakeholders and as a consequence identifying a poten-
tial growth option for the firm through the creation of sustainable value” (Lowellyne,
2015). Sustainable value is created by reducing risks, preemptively acting in re-
sponse to regulation and preventing a loss of market share or reputation damage
(Lowellyne, 2015). According to the Sustainable Value Model, a business must
pursue a three phased program which includes: diagnosis, value creation and val-
ue capture. In the first phase, diagnosis, a business must identify and analyze
business activities that create or destory value for it’s stakeholders for the purpose
of the development of strategies that are future-oriented in relation to anticipating
stakeholder expectations and business opportunities and at the same time seeking
to reduce risks (Lowellyne, 2015). In the second phase of this model, value crea-
tion, “the adoption of strategic choices that create both shareholder and stake-
holder value or reduce value destruction through the acquisition of resources to
leverage strategic partnerships with key stakeholders”(Lowellyne, 2015). Creating
sustainable value requires a business creating processes across six levels: “risk
(compliance oriented management of risks and protecting license to operate), effi-
ciency (reducing energy, waste, or other process costs), product (creating product
differentiation based on technical and environmental/social features), market (ad-
dressing new markets driven by consumer and societal needs), brand (gaining
stakeholder recognition and preference), and context (changing the rules of the
game to create advantage for sustainable strategies)” (Lowellyne, 2015). In the
third phase, value capture, it contains the implementation of the strategy, meas-
urement of success, and the validation of actions taken to enhance shareholder
and stakeholder value (Lowellyne, 2015).
 35

4. The Eco Enterprise Strategy Model

According to Eco Enterprise Strategy Model, an organization’s business model is

based on three analytical components of business strategy: “value analysis (identi-
fication of the organization’s core values and instrumental values activities or
mechanisms that bolster ethical approaches), issues analysis (awareness of the
societal context), and stakeholder analysis (understanding the power relationship
between the firm and its various stakeholders)” (Lowellyne, 2015). In this age of
social media, growing public outcry for injustices being vindicated, and organiza-
tions being held responsible by the public - the Eco Enterprise Strategy is growing
in popularity. This model is based on the premise that organizations admit that
industrialization and globalization have caused problems and desire to do some-
thing about injustice caused; whether it be environmental injustice, social injustice,
or economic injustice (Lowellyne, 2015). In this model, sustainability strategy
manifests in the organization as values that steer the core of the business. For
example, these values include but are not limited to: diversity, wholeness, quality,
dialogue or human spiritual fulfillment. With the Eco Enterprise Strategy, a small
business can arm itself with clear values, an in-depth understanding of societal
issues (social, environmental, and economic) and the consideration of relevant
stakeholders to create a sustainable business strategy that “emphasizes growth
that focuses on both economic and environmental development goals with as-
sured social benefits” (Lowellyne, 2015).

4.3 Tools

Once a foundational understanding of the theory and principles of business strate-

gy, business models and sustainable business models is attained a SME can then
utilize one or many of the vast number of research and analytical tools that have
been developed to assist in the creation of strategy. In this subchapter, the tools
provided are widely used in the creation of conventional business strategy, as well
as tools specifically designed to be used in SBS. The tools and resources included
in this chapter are the United Nation’s Sustainable Development Goals, interna-
 36

tional management standards, the Sustainable Strategic Growth Model, SWOT

analysis, PESTEL analysis, Porter’s Five-Forces Model, STaR Mapping and mate-
riality assessment.

4.3.1 United Nation’s Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)

The United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) are goals that were
created to act as a common roadmap for developed and developing countries,
their public institutions, private & nonprofit organizations and the general public in
their efforts in sustainable development. The goals are based on the premise that
progress in one area will influence the outcomes of the others - economic, social
and environmental (United Nations Development Programme, 2021). Each of the
goals have integrated and considered each of the three areas and have estab-
lished targets and indicators to help guide progress. The goals “recognize that
ending poverty and other deprivations must go hand-in-hand with strategies that
improve health and education, reduce inequality, and spur economic growth – all
while tackling climate change and working to preserve our oceans and forests”
(United Nations, 2021). To achieve the SDGs, all parts of society must be engaged
and contributing creativity, knowledge, technology and financial resources (United
Nations Development Programme, 2021).

For a SME, the SDGs are an appropriate starting point for crafting a SBS and can,
for example, provide inspiration and direction for establishing goals and objectives.
Below in Figure 6, each of the SDGs is numbered, named & defined accompanied
by one target & one example of practical use in a SME. The information presented
in the table has been gathered from the United Nations Sustainable Development
Programme website.
Number Goal Definition Example of Tar- Example of
get Practical Use

By 2030, eradi- Building partner-

cate extreme ships with suppli-
End poverty in all
1 No Poverty poverty for all ers that ensure
its forms.
people every- and can verify
where, currently they pay their
measured as employees a fair
 37

people living on wage and at least

less that $1.25 a $1.25 a day.
day.

By 2030, end Within the com-

hunger and en- munity that your
sure access by business oper-
End hunger, all people, in ates, make con-
achieve food particular the tributions to food
security and im- poor and people banks or make
2 Zero Hunger proved nutrition in vulnerable financial contribu-
and promote situations, includ- tions to organiza-
sustainable agri- ing infants, to tions that are
culture. safe, nutritious working to allevi-
and sufficient ate the problem.
food all year
round.

By 2030, end the Ensure that your

epidemics of own employees
AIDS, tuberculo- and those of your
sis, malaria and partners have
Ensure healthy
neglected tropical access to medi-
Good Health & lives and promote
3 diseases and cal services,
Well Beeing well-bring for all
combat hepatitis, mental health
at all ages.
water-borne dis- services or create
eases and other a culture of a
communicable healthy, balanced
diseases. lifestyle.

Build and up- Provide opportu-

grade education nities for employ-
Ensure inclusive facilities that are ees to grow pro-
and equitable child, disability fessionally in
quality education and gender sen- their position.
4 Quality Education and promote sitive and provide
lifelong learning safe, non-violent,
opportunities for inclusive and
all. effective learning
environments for
all.

Ensure women’s Ensure that hiring

full and effective practices are fair
participation and and that men &
Achieve gender equal opportuni- women are on an
equality and em- ties for leadership equal playing
5 Gender Equality
power all women at all levels of field.
and girls. decision-making
in political,
econmic and
public life.

By 2030, achieve Run a fundraiser

Ensure availabil-
universal and within the busi-
ity and sustaina-
Clean Water & equitable access ness, among
6 ble management
Sanitation to safe and af- staff, to contrib-
of water and
fordable drinking ute money to
sanitation for all.
water for all. building wells in
areas that are in
 38

need of clean
water access.

Evaluate your
business’ ability
By 2030, in-
Ensure access to to make the tran-
crease substan-
affordable, relia- sition to renewa-
Affordable & tially the share of
7 ble, sustainable ble energy and
Clean Energy renewable ener-
and modern en- start to make
gy in the global
ergy for all. changes where
energy mix.
you can immedi-
ately.

Promote sustain- Provide opportu-

able, inclusive By 2020, sub- nities to youth for
and sustainable stantially reduce internships or
Decent Work & economic growth, the proportion of work placements
8
Economic Growth full and produc- youth not in to provide oppor-
tive employment eployment, edu- tunities to youth
and decent work cation or training. in your communi-
for all. ty.

Enhance scien- Contribute to and

tific research, learn from com-
upgrade the munity conversa-
technological tions around in-
capabilities of frastructure, de-
industrial sectors velopment, etc.
in all countries, in
particular devel-
Build resilient oping countries,
infrastructure, including, by
Industry, Innova- promote inclusive 2030, encourag-
9 tion and Infra- and sustainable ing innovation
structure industrialization and substantially
and foster inno- increasing the
vation. number of re-
search and de-
velopment work-
ers per 1 million
people and public
and private re-
search and de-
velopment
spending

By 2030, em- Evaluate hiring

power and pro- practices to en-
mote the social, sure that job
economic and candidates from
political inclusion diverse back-
Reduce inequali-
Reduced Inequal- of all, irrespective grounds are be-
10 ty within and
ities of age, sex, disa- ing considered.
among countries.
bility, race, eth-
nicity, origin,
religion or eco-
nomic or other
status
 39

Strengthen ef- With your em-

Make cities and
forts to protect ployees, create a
Sustainable Cit- human settle-
and safeguard culture of cele-
11 ies & Communi- ments inclusive,
the world’s cul- bration of each
ties safe, resilient and
tural and natural other’s cultures,
sustainable.
heritage milestones, etc.

By 2030, halve A restaurant can

per capita global make changes to
food waste at the their menu, such
retail and con- as simplification
Ensure sustaina-
Responsible sumer levels and of menu or reci-
ble consumption
12 Consumption & reduce food loss- pes, to reduce
and production
Production es along produc- the amount of
patterns.
tion and supply food wasted.
chains, including
post-harvest
losses

Improve educa- Allow employees

tion, awareness- the opportunity to
raising and hu- take paid days off
Take urgent ac- man and institu- to work on envi-
tion to combat tional capacity on ronmental con-
13 Climate Action
climate change climate change servation pro-
and its impacts. mitigation, adap- grams or events.
tation, impact
reduction and
early warning

By 2025, prevent If plastic is nec-

and significantly essary for the
Conserve and
reduce marine manufacturing of
sustainably use
pollution of all products, use
the oceans, seas
kinds, in particu- plastic collected
14 Life Below Water and marine re-
lar from land- from oceans as
sources for sus-
based activities, secondary raw
tainable devel-
including marine materials for pro-
opment.
debris and nutri- duction.
ent pollution

Protect, restore Evaluate raw

and promote materials used in
Mobilize and
sustainable use the creation of
significantly in-
of terrestrial eco- products and
crease financial
systems, sus- make changes to
resources from
tainable manage suppliers or what
15 Life On Land all sources to
forests, combat types of materials
conserve and
desertification, used in manufac-
sustainably use
and halt and re- turing.
biodiversity and
serve land deg-
ecosystems
radation and halt
biodiversity loss.

Promote peaceful Make quarterly

End abuse, ex-
Peace, Justice & and inclusive contributions to
ploitation, traffick-
16 Strong Institu- societies for sus- nonprofit organi-
ing and all forms
tions tainable devel- zations working
of violence
opment, provide to end human
against and tor-
access to justice trafficking or to-
 40

for all and build ture of children wards the care of

effective, ac- victims.
countable and
inclusive institu-
tions at all levels.

Build partner-
Strengthen the ships with non-
Mobilize addi-
means of imple- profits that are
tional financial
mentation and working within
Partnerships for resources for
17 revitalize the your community,
the Goals developing coun-
global partner- industry or in
tries from multiple
ship for sustaina- issues that your
sources
ble development. business is
committed to.

Figure 6. Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)

For information concerning each SDG, their targets, indicators and other re-
sources for guidance in how to practically apply them to a SMEs SBS, information
and resources can be found on https://sdgs.un.org/goals. The Division for Sustain-
able Development Goals (DSDG) of the United Nations also provides support to
stakeholders, facilitates partnerships, engages in communication, outreach and
can provide further assistance to SMEs. The department “plays a key role in the
evaluation of UN system wide implementation of the 2030 Agenda and on advoca-
cy and outreach activities relating to the SDGs” (United Nations, 2021).

4.3.2 Management Standards

The International Organization for Standardization is an international, non-

governmental organization that works with a wide variety of experts and it’s mem-
ber organizations to develop international standards that can be utilized by busi-
nesses and organizations of all types around the world that share knowledge,
support innovation and provide solutions to global challenges (ISO, 2021). The
following two standards chosen to be included in this thesis are the ISO 26000: An
International Guide to CSR/Sustainability and the BS 8900: Guidance for Manag-
ing Sustainable Development. Both of these standards provide organizations with
guidelines for businesses to adhere to an international standard in regards to sus-
tainability. There are other standards created by the International Organization for
 41

Standardization for sustainability but these two were chosen because they would
be simple and straightforward to utilize by a small business.

The ISO 26000, An International Guide to CSR/Sustainability, was written to pro-

vide guidance on the issue of social responsibility and sustainability (Lowellyne,
2015). The ISO 26000 provides businesses guidance on how to incorporate social
responsibility and sustainability into their business strategy by identifying priorities
in regards to the following: organizational governance, human rights, labor practic-
es, environment, fair operating practices, consumer issues and community in-
volvement & development (Lowellyne, 2015). It does not provide requirements but
rather guidance for organizations to thoroughly understand social responsibility
and how to put the principles of social responsibility into action (ISO, 2021).

The BS 8900 Standard: Guidance for Managing Sustainable Development, is a

framework that was written before ISO 26000 and “provides a more intuitive ap-
proach for a business to implement sustainable” business strategies (Lowellyne,
2015). “The standard was developed with a purpose of enabling businesses to
achieve key outcomes such as strengthening relationships with key stakeholders,
enhancing internal cohesion within the organization, developing trust and confi-
dence by promoting transparency and good governance and stimulating stake-
holder involvement through engagement and the management of risks and oppor-
tunities” (Lowellyne, 2015). The BS 8900 provides businesses with four principles
to consider and incorporate into their sustainable business strategy that can assist
in integrating the goals of “a high quality of life, health and prosperity with social
justice and maintaining the earth’s capacity to support life in all its diversity” (Low-
ellyne, 2015). The four principles are as follows: inclusivity (the practice of consid-
ering all stakeholder opinions), integrity (an operational ethos that promotes good
corporate governance), stewardship (the pursuit of sustainable resource manage-
ment) and transparency disclosure and communication of organization operational
practices) (Lowellyne, 2015).

The ISO 26000 and BS 8900, as well as the ISO 14000 group of standards, are
excellent sources of information and guidance in the formulation process of a SBS.
The ISO 26000 and the BS 8900 are not certifiable because they are meant to act
 42

as guides rather than have specific standards or benchmarks for a business to

adhere to but only have principles or priorities that it should consider which also
makes them ideal starting points for SMEs. The International Organization of
Standardization has written thousands of standards and provided information on
these standards through its website for businesses. For a SME just beginning it’s
sustainability journey and formulating or reevaluating it’s SBS, considering and
conforming to these standards can guarantee it is on the right track to compliance
to standards and regulation. This is essentially crucial considering a SBS because
a business can only achieve competitive advantage once compliance has been
met. “Management standards ensure businesses around the world conform to the
same standards, management techniques, business processes, and production
controls, quality, products, and services all become standardized” (Vault Intelli-
gence, 2019).

4.3.3 Sustainable Strategic Growth Model

The Sustainable Strategic Growth Model (SSGM) is a model developed to assist

and guide in becoming a sustainable enterprise. It helps a business develop their
sustainable business strategy and measure the success of the objectives while
considering the organization’s unique context and economic, environmental, and
social challenges (Lowellyne, 2015). “According to the SSGM, sustainability is de-
fined as: the effective utilization of assets and information by an organization to
develop strategic solutions that provide benefits to society of reduced environmen-
tal impact, socioeconomic value creation ensuring the continued profitability of the
organization and prosperity for future generations” (Lowellyne, 2015). The SSGM
is also underpinned by the views expressed by the Massachusetts Institute of
Technology’s Business of Sustainability Survey that provides recommendations for
organizations in regards to sustainability (Lowellyne, 2015). MIT’s recommenda-
tions include using a systems thinking approach, to develop cooperative alliances
with relevant stakeholders, to consider and be prepared for various scenarios, be
transparent, and revamp marketing and research & development.
 43

The five steps of the Sustainable Strategic Growth Model are 1) learn, 2) develop,
3) implement, 4) optimize and 5) sustain (Lowellyne, 2015). In the first step of the
SSGM, there are two primary activities - acquiring knowledge about potential risks
and opportunities and building the organization’s capability by gathering infor-
mation from internal and external sources. Management can utilize tools such as a
SWOT analysis, PESTEL analysis, or Porter’s Five Forces Model to acquire
knowledge on potential risks and opportunities and strategic groups like custom-
ers, governments, competitors, industry partners and non-governmental organiza-
tions. This information should be assimilated and then will be used in the next
stage to create organizational goals and strategic objectives. Each of these three
tools is described later in this subchapter. During this step, the business should
also conduct “a strategic review of all products, processes, human resources and
infrastructure within direct control of the business” (Lowellyne, 2015). Management
should also include an examination of all existing best practice, standards and leg-
islation in sustainability and corporate social responsibility, also international man-
agement standards such as the two previously mentioned.

In the second step of the SSGM, the development of sustainable business strate-
gy moves forward by establishing the organization’s strategic goals by “translating
strategic vision into policy statements seeking to identify key sustainability goals
that are relevant to the organization in relation to its size and competitive environ-
ment” (Lowellyne, 2015). During this stage of the model, management can also
utilize engaging with its stakeholders for valuable input and feedback. For exam-
ple, stakeholder engagement such as employee surveys, customer surveys, learn-
ing from others within the industry, and building diverse decision-making teams
with different types of stakeholders can all provide useful information that man-
agement could have possibly overlooked or ignored.

The third step, the implementation phase is the doing phase. This, similar to what
was previously mentioned concerning the implementation stage of business strat-
egy, is the most difficult. Implementation requires the commitment of management
to ensure that organizational culture and communication are embedded with the
sustainability strategy. Ensuring that the entire organization and its operations
have recieved all relevant information regarding policy. Senior management can
 44

utilize “tools such as training, instruction, supervision, review, and reporting to en-
gage stakeholder’s (employees) emotional commitment” to the organization’s sus-
tainable strategy (Lowellyne, 2015).

Optimize is the fourth step of the model and only contains one activity - adopt con-
tinuous improvement (Lowellyne, 2015). When a business embraces sustainability
and implements sustainable strategy, they will experience immediate measurable
benefits such as “improved reputation, environmental impact reduction, safe-
ty/employee well-being programs, integrated management systems, and resource
efficiencies” (Lowellyne, 2015). But a business must continuously learn and im-
prove as internal and external factors shift and change. External factors such as
natural resources availability and developments in technology are constantly
evolving and must be monitored to maintain competitive advantage and remain
sustainable. In the fifth and final step, sustain, “value creation through rewarding
sustainable behavior by the use of two main approaches” - renew and reward
(Lowellyne, 2015). “As the maximum economic, social, and environmental returns
achievable by the organization and society from a given strategy using existing
technology and resources, the firm approaches a sustainability barrier” (Lowellyne,
2015). Management and stakeholders must review each stage of the model to
guarantee that the organization is moving forward and beyond its limitations to
ensure that the organization is maintaining its economic and social value while
protecting the environment.

4.3.4 PESTLE Analysis

The PESTLE Analysis is an extension of the commonly used PEST Framework

and occasionally spelled as the PESTEL Analysis. PESTLE is a tool that helps an
organization scrutinize their external environment to understand the bigger picture
in which it operates and empowers the organization to take advantage of opportu-
nities and minimize risks (Issa, Chang and Issa, 2010). Opportunities and risks are
categorized according to the acronym and the categories include: political, eco-
nomic, social, technological, environmental and legal (Corporate Finance Institute,
2021). The evaluation of these six factors and the opportunities and risks each of
 45

them pose for the business can help steer the creation of a sustainable business
strategy.

Political factors are the opportunities and risks that are associated with anything
related to government and public affairs of the country in which the business oper-
ates. Political factors primarily pertain to those within the country the business op-
erates but also factors that could potentially influence from countries it doesn’t di-
rectly operate in; for example countries in which suppliers operate. When evaluat-
ing political factors, a business should observe “how government policy and ac-
tions intervene in the economy and other factors that can affect a business” (Cor-
porate Finance Institute, 2021). Political factors include and are not limited to: po-
litical action committees, lobbying activities, government fiscal & monetary policy
changes, international relationships & treaties and bureaucracy (David, 2011).

Economic factors are the opportunities and risks that are associated with the vari-
ous aspects of the economy and how they could impact a business (Corporate
Finance Institute, 2021). Economic factors have a direct influence on cost-related
matters of the organization and changes in the economy can have an immense
effect on the company’s bottom-line (Issa, Chang and Issa, 2010). They also “have
a direct impact on the potential attractiveness of various strategies” (David, 2011).
Key economic factors include and are not limited to: availability of credit, level of
disposable income, interest rates, inflation rates, consumption patterns, demand
shifts, price fluctuations, import/export factors, tax rates (David, 2011). A business
evaluating economic factors can begin by finding key economic indicators from the
country’s central banks and other government agencies (Corporate Finance Insti-
tute, 2021).

Social factors are related to the cultural, social, and demographic trends of a soci-
ety (Corporate Finance Institute, 2021). Important social factors that should be
considered during a PESTEL analysis include but are not limited to: cultural as-
pects & perceptions, consumer awareness, health consciousness, population
growth rates, average disposable income, age distribution, per capita income and
career attitudes (David, 2011).
 46

With growing sensitivity towards environmental issues, companies are increasingly

expected to take greater responsibility for making sustainable business strategy a
reality. Defining this new role is a major challenge for businesses as they search
for ways to balance economic, environmental, and social performance. To assist in
the integration of sustainability into the business strategy, and to aid resource allo-
cation decisions, managers must quantify the link between environmental actions
and financial performance (Issa, Chang and Issa, 2010).

Technological factors “represent major opportunities and threats that must be con-
sidered in formulating strategies” (David, 2011) and are linked to innovation within
the industry and within the economy. If a business falls behind on the latest tech-
nological trends and advancements, it can be detrimental to business operations
and for profit (Corporate Finance Institute, 2021). Key technological factors that a
business should consider in the PESTLE analysis include but are not limited to:
research & development activity, automation and the rate of change in technology
(Corporate Finance Institute, 2021).

Environmental factors refer to forces of the natural environment and anything as-
sociated with the environment (Corporate Finance Institute, 2021). Environmental
factors include but are not limited to: recycling, waste management, air pollution,
water pollution, ozone depletion, endangered species, temperature and weather
conditions (David, 2011). Since the climate is changing rapidly and weather ex-
tremes have become more common, it is important for businesses to understand
and take into account the latest data for consideration in their sustainable business
strategy (Corporate Finance Institute, 2021).

The final category of factors is legal factors. Legal factors are any legal forces that
define what an organization can and cannot do (Corporate Finance Institute,
2021). Legal factors include and are not limited to: environmental protection laws,
local/state/federal laws, changes in tax laws, special tariffs, intellectual property,
licenses & permits and changes in patent laws (David, 2011). There may be some
confusion regarding the difference between political and legal factors when con-
ducting the PESTLE analysis. “Political and legal factors can intersect when gov-
 47

ernmental bodies introduce legislation and policies that affect how businesses op-
erate” (Corporate Finance Institute, 2021).

Figure 7. PESTLE Analysis Template Example

The first step in conducting a PESTLE analysis is to thoroughly understand the

business which the analysis is being conducted for and by being familiar with the
six categories. There are no rules on how much information and where to get the
information but the most important component of the PESTLE analysis is to un-
derstand which categories and what information is relevant to the business (Bush,
2019). Excellent sources of information and data besides the internet and search
engines are government reports or reports prepared by companies that can be
purchased that contain reliable data on specific topics (Bush, 2019). Once the re-
search is completed, compile the information and data gathered and focus on only
relevant information. Relevant data derived from a PESTLE Analysis can be incor-
porated into other strategic frameworks and analyses, such as SWOT Analysis
and Porter’s 5 Forces (Corporate Finance Institute, 2021).
 48

4.3.5 Porter’s Five Forces Model

Porter’s Five-Forces Model is an analytical tool that is widely used to evaluate a

market's attractiveness from a profit standpoint for businesses of all sizes across
industries (David, 2011). Also referred to as the Competitive Forces Model, the
purpose of this model is to analyze the competitiveness within a particular industry
since “the intensity of competition among businesses varies widely across indus-
tries” (David, 2011). This model is a simple, powerful and effective tool a SME can
use to understand it’s business environment & industry and can empower man-
agement to make appropriate changes to its strategy to obtain competitive ad-
vantage (MindTools, 2021). Developed by Harvard Business School professor Mi-
chael Porter, the model contains five forces that occur within an industry. The five
forces evaluated in the model include: rivalry among competing firms, potential
entry of new competitors, potential entry of new competitors, bargaining power of
consumers, and bargaining power of suppliers (Corporate Finance Institute,
2021).

Figure 8. Porter’s Five Forces Model

Rivalry among competing firms is “usually the most powerful of the five competitive
forces'' (David, 2011). Factors that directly influence the rivalry among competing
 49

firms include but are not limited to: amount of competitors, product similari-
ty/homogeneity, costs to consumers for switching companies, surplus of produc-
tion capacity, and brand loyalty (Corporate Finance Institute, 2021). The competi-
tion among businesses in an industry intensifies typically when “the number of
competitors increases, the size and capability of competitors becomes more equal,
demand for industry’s products or services declines, consumers can switch brands
easily, and fixed costs are high” (David, 2011). In regards to the attractiveness of
an industry, when the rivalry among firms increases the profits decrease thus the
attractiveness of the industry decreases as well. Rivalry among competing firms is
the most powerful of the five competitive forces because a business’ strategy is
only as successful as the amount of competitive advantage it provides the busi-
ness over its competitors (David, 2011).

Next to the rivalry among competing firms, the bargaining power of consumers is
an exceptionally powerful force affecting the level of competition within an industry
(David, 2011). The bargaining power of consumers is high when buyers are large
and concentrated, buyers purchase a large volume, and buyers are educated on
the product such as pricing and demand (Corporate Finance Institute, 2021). The
bargaining power of consumers increases “if they can inexpensively switch to
competing brands or substitutes, if they are particularly important to the seller, if
sellers are struggling in the face of falling consumer demand, if they are informed
about sellers’ products prices & costs and if they have discretion in whether and
when they purchase the product” (David, 2011).

The intensity of the potential entry of new competitors is measured by how easily a
business can enter into a particular industry and whenever this occurs, the com-
petitiveness within the industry increases (David, 2011). The potential entry of new
competitors is influenced by the but not limited to the following factors: brand loyal-
ty, government regulation, barriers to exit the industry, investment in specialized
equipment, fixed costs and the need for specialized skills or techniques (Corporate
Finance Institute, 2021). The bargaining power of suppliers can affect the intensity
of competition within an industry if there is a large number of suppliers, a small
number of substitutes of materials or when the cost of switching materials is costly
(David, 2011). Understanding the bargaining power of suppliers within their indus-
 50

try can help a small business decide on objectives or activities of their sustainable
business strategy. For example, in many industries suppliers and sellers are build-
ing strong partnerships to set reasonable prices, improved delivery times and re-
duce inventory and logistics costs (David, 2011).

The fifth force, the potential development of substitute products, refers to the
threat of businesses in other industries producing products that will cause con-
sumers to switch products (David, 2011). When there are substitute products
available, that puts a price ceiling on products/services and may make the industry
less attractive. “Companies are likely to experience a high threat of substitute
goods/services when: switching costs are low for customers, substitutes have su-
perior pricing and substitutes have better attributes or performance characteristics”
(Corporate Finance Institute, 2021).

By utilizing the Porter’s Five-Forces Model, a SME can do a thorough evaluation of

the competition within the industry that it is entering and can also provide valuable
information for the formulation of it’s SBS. During the formulation stage of the
SBS, completing the Porter’s Five-Forces Model will assist a business in identify-
ing how each competitive force impacts the business, appraising the importance of
the elements of each competitive force for the business, and evaluating whether
the business should stay in current industry or enter new markets (David, 2011).

Conducting a Five-Forces Model framework requires more in-depth, detailed

knowledge of the market than the SWOT or PESTLE analysis. Ideally, a SME
should be prepared with information before conducting the Five-Forces Model
such as financial performance of competitors, reasons behind their customer loyal-
ty or loss, reasons for acquiring or winning certain clients, their suppliers and an
understanding of who their customers are (Lucidity, 2021). A simple approach to
completing this framework for a SME would be to evaluate each force individually
by asking strategically important questions and finding the answers. Once infor-
mation about each force is gathered, management can then evaluate if the force is
positively or negatively impacting their business, or perhaps is neutral. Another
approach would be to decide if the threat level of a force is high, medium or low.
 51

Force Examples of Questions for Evaluation

Rivalry among competing • How many competitors are in the market? How
firms many directly affect you?
• How big is the market? Can it sustain many suc-
cessful companies?
• Is the industry growing?
• Are there exit barriers in the market?
• Have you lost to competitors? Do you know
why?

Bargaining power of con- • How many product or service options are there I
sumers the market?
• How much does it cost to switch to a different
product or service?
• Are customers well-educated?
• Are they price sensitive?
• How strong is your brand value and loyalty?

Threat of new competitors • Is there government regulation in the industry?

• Is the product or service complicated?
• Is there legal barriers?
• How much money is required to enter market?
• How would other competitors respond?
• Are there any barriers to entering market?
• Have new competitors entered recently? How
are they doing?

Bargaining power of sup- • How many suppliers of the product or service are
pliers there? How many do you use?
• How much does it cost to switch suppliers?
• Are suppliers special or unique?
• Are you an important customer to your supplier?

Threat of substitute prod- • Is there already substitute products or services?

ucts • What is the cost for a customer to switch to a ri-
val product?
• How strong is brand loyalty in the industry?
• How does the product or service do in competi-
tion?

Figure 9. Five-Forces & Questions (Lucidity, 2021).

 52

In the table above, examples of questions a SME could use for the evaluation of
each force are included to provide guidance in conducting a Porter’s Five-Forces
Model analysis. The information gathered from the analysis can assist in identify-
ing any easy wins, interal issues, redirect future decisions and better position a
business within the marketplace (Lucidity, 2021).

4.3.6 SWOT Analysis

The SWOT analysis is used to gather internal and external factors to create value
and provides an excellent starting point for the creation of a sustainable business
strategy (Spiliakos, 2020). A business may choose to use the SWOT analysis to
assist in the overall strategic planning process and in decision making (Renault,
2021). For example, a business may conduct a SWOT analysis when manage-
ment would like to evaluate potential opportunities to solve existing problems, to
ascertain where change is possible, to reevaluate organizational priorities, or to
make adjustments to ongoing plans (Renault, 2021). A SWOT analysis can also
completed for the purpose of evaluating a product, place, industry, or person (Cor-
porate Finance Institute, 2021). Consumer behavior and preferences are changing
rapidly and the SWOT analysis can help a business evaluate the need for different
types of products, or new places for locations (David, 2011).

The acronym SWOT represents what is evaluated in the analysis: the organiza-
tion’s internal strengths and weaknesses, and it’s external opportunities and
threats (Renault, 2021). Strengths and weaknesses of a business refer to the pre-
sent condition of the organization; they are current strengths and weaknesses.
Opportunities and threats are generated by looking to the future. This type of anal-
ysis is widely used in all industries and types of organizations because good strat-
egies should “capitalize on internal strengths and eliminate internal weakness” and
“take advantage of external opportunities and to avoid or reduce the impact of
threats” (David, 2011).

“Strengths are the characteristics that give the business its competitive advantage,
while weaknesses are characteristics that a company needs to overcome in order
 53

to improve its performance” (Corporate Finance Institute, 2021). Internal factors

are any activities that are directly under the control of the business. These internal
factors include but are not limited to: a company’s culture, public image, financial
resources, operational capacity, and organizational structure (Corporate Finance
Institute, 2021). Strengths and weaknesses can be determined by considering
what the business does exceptionally well, what it does poorly, and how the busi-
ness could improve. It is also helpful to consider these questions from the view-
point of an outsider such as a customer, supplier or community in general.

External opportunities and threats are factors that are beyond the control of the
business and can come from economic, social, cultural, demographic, environ-
mental, political, legal, governmental, technological, and competitive forces, trends
and events occurring in society (David, 2011). “Opportunities are elements that the
company sees in the external environment that it could pursue in the future to
generate value. Threats are elements in the external environment that could pre-
vent the company from achieving its goal or its mission or creating value” (Corpo-
rate Finance Institute, 2021). An excellent place to start when evaluating opportu-
nities and threats is to cast a wide net since “no organization, group, program, or
neighborhood is immune to outside events and forces” (Renault, 2021). Examples
of what to examine include but are not limited to: local, national, and international
events & economic news, changes in the population’s demographics, changes to
or new legislation that could impact business activities or profitability, and shifting
trends in the industry or culture (Renault, 2021).
 54

Figure 10. SWOT Analysis Template Example

A SME can utilize the above SWOT Analysis template example to conduct its own
analysis. After the completion of the analysis, a business can use the results to
identify issues that need to be addressed, set or reaffirm goals and create a plan
to achieve goals (Renault, 2021). Management should also be open to the possi-
bilities within any weaknesses or threats (Renault, 2021). A weakness or threat
proactively addressed by a business, instead of reacting to it, could provide a stra-
tegic advantage of competition. It is also important to consider that opportunities or
strengths can become a weakness or a threat if a competitor identifies the oppor-
tunity and takes advantage of it themselves or replicates a strength (Renault,
2021).
 55

4.3.7 StaR Map

In Werbach’s book, Strategy for Sustainability: A Business Manifest, STaR Map-

ping is described as a tool that analyzes the micro and macro changes in society,
technology, and natural resources through a rapid analysis. The purpose of the
STaR map is to anticipate and understand changes in the world such as changes
in society, technology, and resources “by explicitly identifying and analyzing the
changes or trends that are affecting or could affect a business” (Werbach, 2009).
This method of analysis can be used for an individual product or service, or for a
business as a whole. Depending on the nature of the business, the STaR map can
be focused on one of the changes - either society, technology, or resources. Com-
pleting a StaR map, for example, assist a business that is heavily dependent on
resources to evaluate the availability of resources. Or, a business that is service
oriented could utilize the StaR map to analyze how changes in society and tech-
nology will influence how it conducts business (Werbach, 2009).

The three areas of changes that are meant to be identified by the STaR map are
society, technology, and natural resources. Every business exists within a society
and culture, and is limited by the boundaries of that particular society and culture.
For example, societies have “four common characteristics: a sense of place, a
common form of governance, a common language, and a common culture” such
as the traditions and customs (Werbach, 2009). A business must identify changes
in these four common characteristics and conform to the changes to survive and to
strengthen.

A small business can utilize the STaR map by simply conducting research through
the internet, observing changes through their own experiences, or discussing it
with others (acquaintances, employees, investors, etc.)(Werbach, 2009). The en-
tire process can last anywhere from a few hours during one work day to get a
rough summary or up to a few weeks to be more thorough (Werbach, 2009). STaR
mapping can be used continuously throughout the life of a business, even after the
SBS has been created and implemented to evaluate the constantly changing or-
ganization’s external context. The purpose of a STaR map is to get a synopsis on
the outside world and the changes it is currently going through. It can be utilized
 56

by a SME, for example, to assist management in the integration of short-term ob-

jectives within the context of long-term strategy, or plan for changes to strategy
and operations (Werbach, 2009).

Figure 11. STaR Map Example

4.3.8 Materiality Assessment

An analysis that is commonly used by companies who are sustainable market

leaders are materiality assessments (Lowitt, 2011). Materiality assessments are
completed by a business to “better identify and prioritize the sustainability issues
that are most meaningful to both their company and their stakeholders” (Lowitt,
2011). “Materiality assessments are formal exercises aimed at engaging stake-
holders to find out how important specific environmental, social and governance
(ESG) issues are to them. The insights gained can then be used to guide strategy
and communication and help you tell a more meaningful sustainability story” (Nel-
son, 2021). Besides the opportunity to analyze potential risks and opportunities to
guide the sustainable business strategy, materiality assessments offer a number
 57

of benefits to an organization. They provide a business an opportunity to make

better use of resources, understand where the organization is creating or reducing
value for society, anticipate trends & issues and assist in the development of new
products or services (Youmatter, 2020). In regards to stakeholders, it provides in-
formation that will empower the organization to satisfy their demands, meet their
sustainability reporting expectations and produce better content & data for the
business’ annual report (or CSR report)(Youmatter, 2020).

A materiality assessment is conducted in three steps: 1) defining stakeholders &

materiality priorities, 2) conducting research, and 3) evaluate and synthesize as-
sessment responses & data (Nelson, 2021). In the first step of the assessment
process, a business must identify internal and external stakeholders that will offer
valuable insight into what sustainability issues should be considered and focused
on in the materiality assessment. Internal stakeholders are within the organization
such as executive leadership, managers, and employees (Nelson, 2021). External
stakeholders are those from outside of the organization and can be from trade as-
sociations or unions, non-governmental organizations/non-profits, and customers
(Nelson, 2021). Once the stakeholders have been chosen, determine what sus-
tainability issues and indicators are going to be measured. The issues and indica-
tors are most easily categorized into economic, social, and environmental issues
(Nelson, 2021).

The second step of the assessment process is to design and conduct the material-
ity survey (Lowitt, 2011). According to Nelson, to get the best results from a mate-
riality assessment a business should choose to design a formal, structured survey
as opposed to informal question and answer sessions or workshops. A traditional
survey that uses a numerical scale for responses can provide results that are easy
and straightforward to analyze and explain (Nelson, 2021). Survey questions
should be designed to figure out what are the most important issues to the various
stakeholders. For example, “On a scale of 1 to 5 (1 being the lowest concern to 5
being the highest concern) how important is carbon emissions to you?” To receive
further insight into the opinions of the stakeholders, additional space on the survey
for written comments can be placed with each question or at the end of the survey.
For a materiality survey, a business should consider “investing in software that can
 58

streamline collection and reporting, or utilize surveying tools such as Survey Mon-
key, Typeform, or Google Forms” (Nelson, 2021). The easiest method of getting
the survey to the chosen stakeholders is by email and also allows for simple, quick
follow up with any that have not submitted responses.

The final step of the materiality assessment process is to evaluate and synthesize
the materiality survey responses. Once the deadline for responses has passed,
the results should be reviewed according to the stakeholder group to see if there
are any trends within certain groups and what is most important to each of them.
Besides viewing stakeholder group responses individually, the responses should
also be viewed collectively to identify if there are any commonalities. A business
“can create several graphs to help map out trends and observations, but the end
result should be a formal matrix graph that plots how each indicator ranks in signif-
icance relative to stakeholder influence” (Nelson, 2021). A Materiality Assessment
Matrix is a visual representation of the results of the materiality survey. There have
been many variations of the matrix that have been developed that either empha-
size what’s important for reporting or strategy (Overall, 2017). The general materi-
ality assessment matrix template can be used by a business to gain an under-
standing of what issues are the most important to both the stakeholders and the
business. A matrix template that has the sole purpose of influencing strategy deci-
sions can be used as a strategy development tool because it focuses on what the
impacts of the business and what the business can control (Overall, 2017).

Once the materiality assessment and the results have been visually represented
through a materiality assessment matrix and other presentation tools such as
graphs, charts, etc., a business should share the results with its stakeholders and
potentially publish for the public (Nelson, 2021). The conversation between the
business and its stakeholders should continue after the completion of the assess-
ment by sharing the results and embracing feedback on the results. For a SME, a
Materiality Assessment can provide direction on which sustainability issues should
become a priority or focus of the SBS.
 59

Figure 12. Materiality Assessment Matrix Template (Lowitt, 2011).

Figure 13. Materiality Assessment Matrix Template focused on strategy (Lowitt,

2011).
 60

4.4 Examples of Successful SBS

4.4.1 Kotkamills

Kotkamills was established in 1872 and is the oldest sawmill still operating in Fin-
land. The company is at the forefront of sustainability and serves as an example of
a business that has managed to merge three separate business lines to create an
example of a circular economy model in which each line supports the other
(Kotkamills Oy, 2021). For example, byproduct and waste produced from one
business line is then used for the production of a product in another business line.
The three business lines are Kotkamills, Consumer Boards and Absorbex.

One environmental issue Kotkamills decided to address, that would also become a
business opportunity, is unsustainable food packaging. Kotkamills groundbreaking
product is food packaging that is not made of plastic and does not have a negative
impact on the environment. Their packaging products are disposable but not made
of plastic, composed of a water-based barrier for easier recycling, are biodegrada-
ble, decrease the amount of greenhouse gas emissions released from production
of typical food packaging as well as result in a decrease in the release of micro-
plastics and chemical pollution (Sitra, 2021).

Kotkamills, with local partners, conceived the Game Changer Loop which serves
as an example of a circular economic model and can be used as a blueprint for
other companies to be replicated (Kotkamills Oy, 2021). In the Loop, Kotkamills
with a business partner produces cups for cafes and restaurants and the cafes
and restaurants then serve hot beverages in the cups. Once the customer has
used a cup, they can dispose of it in recycling boxes located within the cafe or res-
taurant where a recycling company will pickup and then dropped off at Kotkamills
to be recycling into a raw material for Absorbex Eco Laminating paper (Kotkamills
Oy, 2021).

In regards to other components of a SBS, Kotkamills has embedded sustainability

 61

into its vision and mission. “Kotkamills manages and develops its business opera-
tions with responsibility for the economy, the environment, society and people. We
are committed to advancing genuine change for good – a future that is better for
individuals, communities, and the planet” (Kotkamills Oy, 2021). It has laid funda-
mental sustainability principles that guide every decision the company makes: the
circular way, transparency and responsibility. Kotkamills lives up to these values
by: building partnerships that create positive environmental impact, setting targets
for all areas of operation and are able to fully trace resources with their “chain-of-
custody according to PEFC™ and FSC®” (Kotkamills Oy, 2021). The company also
empowers and encourages its employees to drive innovation with it’s “people first”
philosphy (Kotkamills Oy, 2021).

4.4.2 Stonyfield

Stonyfield first began as a nonprofit farming school devoted to helping “family

farms survive, keep food and food production healthy, and help protect the envi-
ronment” and was ran by its two founders Samuel Kaymen and Gary Hirshberg
(Stonyfield, 2021). When the school was in need of financial support, they utilized
the school’s seven dairy cows and began producing organic yogurt that was free
of toxic pesticides and chemical fertilizers (Stonyfield, 2021). The yogurt was a
success and the founders made the realization that a “successful organic compa-
ny could make a bigger difference for family farms, people, and the planet than
their school could” (Stonyfield, 2021). Today, the company’s product list consists
of not only yogurts but of smoothies, soy yogurts, frozen yogurts, milk, and cream
and are all sold in grocery stores and supplied to school cafeterias across the
United States. It has certainly stayed true to its original vision of “healthy food,
healthy people, and a healthy planet” (Stonyfield, 2021). Stonyfield’s products are
still toxic pesticide free, free of artificial hormones, free of antibiotics, and free of
GMOs. Stonyfield is still passionate about supporting small, family owned farms
and has a supplier network of hundreds of organic family farms covering hundreds
of thousands of acres. The company has also heavily invested in sustainable
business practices such as offsetting emissions from production facilities, produc-
 62

ing yogurt plant-based yogurt cups, and producing its own renewable energy
(Stonyfield, 2021).

Despite several setbacks and challenges in its early years, Stonyfield reached
Inc.’s list of five hundred fastest growing companies in the United States with an-
nual sales reaching $56 million dollars (Saylor Academy, 2012). In 2001, Samuel
Kaymen retired from Stonyfield and handed over control of the company solely to
Gary Hirshberg. Hirshberg decided to take a new strategic direction for the com-
pany by forming a partnership with Groupe Danone - the largest fresh dairy com-
pany in the world (Saylor Academy, 2012). This partnership was mutually benefi-
cial for both companies. Danone owned 85 percent of Stonyfield but Hirshberg still
retained 60 percent of voting shares in the company, allowing him to retain his sta-
tus as Stonyfield’s leader and primary decision maker and Danone acquiring a
flourishing, profitable subsidiary (Saylor Academy, 2012).

Stonyfield is an excellent example of a (former) SME with a successful SBS. It

started nearly by accident and managed to scale its operations to keep up with
ever growing demand and maintain sustainability. Even though their mission
changed early on, Stonyfield stayed true to its original vision and core values. The
company has also demonstrated that it is continuously learning, evolving, and in-
novating when faced with challenges concerning growth and scaling operations.
Stonyfield also provides an example of how a SME can go from local to global and
still maintain its sustainability objectives with its partnership with Danone.

4.4.3 Patagonia

Originally named Chouinard Equipment, Patagonia was founded by Yvon Choui-

nard as a SME focused on the niche market of mountain climbing gear. Choui-
nard, a passionate mountain climber himself, had decided that he would live his
life in the most environmentally-friendly way possible and this philosophy impacted
not only his personal life but also his professional life (Medium, 2020). When
Chouinard was climbing the base of El Capitan, he noticed how the entire wall was
punctured with holes from the steel pitons his company pioneered and produced
 63

(his company was the only one producing them at the time)(Medium, 2020).
Chouinard was devastated that his product was causing damage to the natural
environment but the steel pitons were the small company’s best-selling product.
He decided to stop production on the steel pitons despite their amounting to 70%
of the company’s profit (Medium, 2020). As a result, Patagonia remained true to its
original mission, vision, and core values of building the best products, causing no
unnecessary harm, and utilizing business to inspire and implement solutions to
environmental problems (Medium, 2020).

Now, Patagonia is no longer a SME but an internationally recognized brand that

produces the highest quality products for their devoted customers. From the be-
ginning, the company’s only strategy has been sustainability and it has infused
sustainability into every aspect of its DNA, business model, and day-to-day opera-
tions. It has even been recognized by the United Nations as a leader in sustaina-
bility by being awarded with the UN Champion of the Earth Award in 2019 (UNEP,
2019). “From a small company making tools for climbers, Patagonia has become a
global leader in sustainability. Its drive to preserve the planet’s ecosystems runs
through the entire business from the products made and the materials used to the
donation of money to environmental causes” (UNEP, 2019).

For example, since 1986 Patagonia has donated 1% of annual sales to supporting
organizations and causes that are devoted to protecting the planet. In 2018, Pata-
gonia gave an additional $10 million to activist groups defending earth’s air, water,
and land as a result of the Trump era federal tax cuts (UNEP, 2019). Besides fi-
nancially donating to several causes and activist organizations, the company has
also allowed employees to take two months per year paid to volunteer for envi-
ronmental causes and projects (Climate Conscious, 2021). It has managed to
produce 70% of its products from recycled materials with a goal of reaching 100%
of products by 2025 (UNEP, 2019). Patagonia has also pioneered programs such
as the Common Threads Recycling Program which encourages customers to re-
pair damaged clothing instead of buying new and created an online marketplace
for customers to buy their secondhand clothing (Szekely and Dossa, 2018). Even
though Patagonia has grown to become a leader in sustainability globally, it still
has areas that it can improve upon. For example, improvements need to be made
 64

within its supply chain for workers and their working conditions. “Together with the
Institute of Technology (MIT), Patagonia analyzed its supply chain. The results are
somewhat shocking. Only 45% of their current suppliers pay a living wage” (Cli-
mate Conscious, 2021).

4.4.4 Seventh Generation

Seventh Generation began “when Niche Marketing in Burlington, Vermont ac-

quired a mail-order catalog business that offered energy-, water, and resource-
saving products and was in need of new ownership” (Seventh Generation, 2018).
The small mail-order catalog business was then renamed Seventh Generation af-
ter the old Iroquois philosophy that declares “in our every deliberation, we must
consider the impact of our decisions on the next seven generations” (Seventh
Generation, 2018). The new name’s meaning became the vision for the company
and thirty years later, still guides each and every decision. Seventh Generation’s
vision is“to transform the world into a healthy, sustainable & equitable place for the
next seven generations” (Seventh Generation, 2018).

Besides having purposeful leadership and good governance structures in place,

Seventh Generation was able to maintain consistent, sustainable growth and
graduate from its status as a SME to become the largest producer of eco-friendly
cleaning products in the United States because of its setting of objectives &
benchmarks and engaging in cultural conversations surrounding economic, envi-
ronmental, and social sustainability (Mainwaring, 2019). The company was pur-
chased by Unilever a few years ago (Mainwaring, 2019). In any merger or acquisi-
tion, there is an underlying fear that a company’s mission, vision, and core values
may be compromised as a result of the new ownership but this wasn’t the case for
Seventh Generation. Unilever purchased the company because it has committed
itself to sustainability and led the industry in many aspects of sustainability.

For example, every year Seventh Generation publishes a Corporate Conscious-

ness Report in their efforts to be as transparent and open as possible (Seventh
Generation, 2018). The annual report “assesses our commitment to sustainability
 65

and examines the progress we’ve made toward our ambitious 2025 goals, working
to Nurture Nature, Enhance Health, Transform Commerce, and Build Community”
(Seventh Generation, 2018). The company has also created a governance struc-
ture in which a senior leadership committee is charged with making sure the brand
implements, measures, and meets its sustainability goals. This committee is called
the Social Mission Board (Mainwaring, 2019). When it was still a SME, Seventh
Generation eliminated phosphates from auto-dish liquids and voluntarily disclosed
ingredient lists on their products before it was required by law (Mainwaring, 2019).
Seventh Generation is also purposefully working towards operating completely
with renewable energy, zero-waste packaging, and increasing internal diversity
(Mainwaring, 2019). “Seventh Generation’s environmental and financial success,
and how they achieve it, is a great learning opportunity for impact-driven brands”
that are interested in improving their bottom line and having a positive impact
(Mainwaring, 2019).

4.5 Final Observations

Throughout the literature surveyed for this thesis, there were common characteris-
tics of successful sustainable business strategies continuously seen throughout
various and diverse sources. In this section, these common characteristics are
presented and briefly explained. The six common characteristics of successful
sustainable business strategies are: defined mission and vision statements, de-
fined goals and objectives, staff engagement, good governance structures, trans-
parency and continuous learning, innovation and evolution. Throughout the litera-
ture surveyed for this thesis, there were common characteristics of successful sus-
tainable business strategies continuously seen throughout various and diverse
sources. In this section, these common characteristics are presented and briefly
explained. The six common characteristics of successful sustainable business
strategies are: defined mission and vision statements, defined goals and objec-
tives, staff engagement, good governance structures, transparency and continu-
ous learning, innovation and evolution.

• Defined Mission & Vision Statements

 66

• Defined Goals & Objectives

• Staff Engagement

• Good Governance Structure

• Transparency

• Continuous Learning, Innovation & Evolution

4.5.1 Defined Mission & Vision Statements

Mission and vision statements are essential components of any business strategy,
even for a SME. Mission and vision statements have the potential to bring focus to
a SBS and provide direction for management on priorities, objectives and activi-
ties. Since sustainability must be a long term strategy if it is to be achieved and
maintained, it is important that a mission statement and vision statement reflect
the business’ intentions in regards to being sustainable - socially, economically
and environmentally (Tsvetkova et al., 2020).

Developing a vision statement is the first step in creating any strategy (David,
2011). WIth a vision statement, an organization develops a clear vision of the fu-
ture (Rothhauer, 2018). It answers the questions of “who do we want to become”
and why do we do what we do (David, 2011). Once a vision statement is devel-
oped, then a mission statement can be created and “Mission statements are en-
during statements of purpose that distinguish one business from other similar
firms. A mission statement identifies the scope of a firm’s operations in product
and market terms” (David, 2011). A mission statement most simply answers the
question of “what is the business.” Without answering the questions of who, why
and what, a SME cannot create an effective SBS that achieves the “how”
(Rothhauer, 2018).
 67

4.5.2 Defined Goals & Objectives

Since sustainability should be considered as contributing to the longevity of the

business and benefiting the bottom line, it should be factored into the objectives of
the business (Tsvetkova et al., 2020). Goals and objectives can only be estab-
lished once the vision and mission statements are created. These statements pro-
vide a roadmap for a business to break down its goals and objectives, and then
plan the activities and processes necessary to achieve those goals and objectives
(Rothhauer, 2018). If business activities and processes are developed first, then
an owner or management risks developing a business that is devoid of meaning
and direction (Rothhauer, 2018).

A SME can set goals and objectives by first identifying key issues and setting pri-
orities for their SBS. A business should “identify the sustainability issues with the
greatest long-term potential to create a systematic agenda” (Bonini and Swartz,
2014). Research shows that narrowing down the list of priorities down to 3-5 is far
more effective than having an extensive list of vague issues and priorities. Once
the priorities are established and analyzed, the information gathered should be
distilled into goals that have a long-term orientation (5 years or more)(Bonini and
Swartz, 2014). For a SME that is having difficulty with developing their objectives,
utilizing the SMART goals approach (specific, measurable, achievable, relevant,
time-bound) can act as a guide in their development. It would also be helpful, as a
business, to research and reflect on the United Nations’ Sustainable Development
Goals as sources of inspiration and direction (Tsvetkova et al., 2020).

4.5.3 Staff Engagement

“A strategy for sustainability can provide a strong sense of purpose and greater
meaning to the company’s mission, can connect people to their own job goals, and
can speak to the next generation of workers” (Werbach, 2009). Sustainability pro-
vides a unique opportunity for SMEs to create an opportunity for employees to
serve something larger than themselves. Employees are more engaged with their
 68

jobs and workplace activities when they can connect what they care about in their
own lives with what makes them happy (Werbach, 2009).

A study of SMEs in Sweden found that staff engagement throughout the business
is crucial to the success of a SBS. The study concluded that employees and or-
ganizational culture are the two strongest internal drivers within a SME for promot-
ing and maintaining sustainability practices, and achieving objectives (Tsvetkova
et al., 2020). Staff engagement “describes the level of passion and excitement
people feel about their work” and can be measured by the extent that employees
“put extra attention, thought, energy into work, beyond the minimal job require-
ments” (Werbach, 2009).

SMEs should proactively prevent potential issues with staff engagement by under-
standing the biggest hindrances to a successful SBS in regards to employees and
organizational culture. Examples of problems with engagement throughout an or-
ganization include and are not limited to the following: failure to communicate and
coordinate at multiple levels/poor communication, failure to outline clear roles and
responsibilities, failure of executive team commitment/managerial complacen-
cy/executive hypocrisy, and staff apathy (Stroh, 2014)(Werbach, 2009). The suc-
cess of an SBS is heavily dependent on the engagement of employees and build-
ing internal support within the business. Research has demonstrated that busi-
nesses that excelled at meeting their goals and objectives made sure to involve
and engage employees at all levels from the beginning (Bonini and Swartz, 2014).

4.5.4 Good Governance Structures

A trend among sustainable market leaders is the installation of a robust sustaina-

bility governance structure that ensures that sustainability is infused into every as-
pect of the strategy. Having a good governance structure in place is a determining
factor that separates sustainable market leaders from the rest (Lowitt, 2011).
“Successful integration and effective management of sustainability at a company
requires having committed leadership, clear direction, and strategic influence—
and none of this will happen without a robust governance structure” (Eapen,
2017). Good governance ensures that a business has policies and procedures in
 69

place that monitor “accuracy, consistency and responsiveness to key stakeholders

including customers, shareholders and regulators” (Moffat, 2017). It also encour-
ages good decision making, helps manage risks, and encourages management to
continuously review the progress of the SBS (Moffat, 2017).

In a SME, the governance structure does not have to be as complex as that of a

large corporation which may have multiple teams devoted to monitoring sustaina-
bility efforts. Good governance for a SME can be as simple as having a “trusted
advisor(s), having some form of administrative support” or working with an outside
consulting firm (Moffat, 2017). Every business must create its own governance
structure that suits their unique circumstances, business model, structure, and re-
sources (Eapen, 2017). When developing good governance structures within a
SME, it is important to consider that commitment begins with ownership & man-
agement, accountability must be established & communicated, alignment between
structure & business activities is crucial, and maintaining flexibility to adapt &
evolve is necessary to advance a sustainability agenda (Eapen, 2017).

4.5.5 Transparency

Transparency is an essential element of any SBS. Transparency, openness, and

honesty are business opportunities and should not be viewed exclusively through
the lens of regulatory and legal compliance (Werbach, 2009). Transparency goes
beyond complying with laws and regulations (Werbach, 2009). Sustainability can-
not be achieved without an organization being transparent and transparency can-
not be achieved without the previous keys to a successful SBS such as: mission &
vision statements, goals & objectives and engagement throughout the organiza-
tion. A SME can practice transparency by reporting their sustainability perfor-
mance and publishing results in their annual report, as a special sustainability re-
port, or through their social media channels (Tsvetkova et al., 2020).

To ensure transparency, ownership and management must model transparency.

“The only way for companies to accomplish transparency is through open commu-
nications with all key stakeholders built on high levels of information disclosure,
 70

clarity, and accuracy – as well as an openness to recognizing faults and improving

practices” (Haanaes, 2020). For example, leadership can model transparency by
quickly delivering company news (good and bad), publicly embrace environmental
expectations and by celebrating employees that actively contribute to achieving
objectives (Werbach, 2009). Transparency should also be considered and built
into the products and services a business offers, how they are sold, how pricing is
set and the ingredients used in the production of products and services. For a
SME, a simple and straightforward manner to consistently implement transparency
is to consider it in every single component of the business model and to have con-
stant communication surrounding transparency itself. “The goal of transparency -
of exceeding expectations of openness - needs to be demonstrated in every re-
port, every speech, every product label and culture” (Werbach, 2009).

4.5.6 Continuous Learning, Innovation & Evolution

For a business to achieve sustainability, remain sustainable and maintain competi-

tive advantage, a business must continuously learn, innovate, and evolve. In
Lowitt’s study of sustainable market leaders among the Global Fortune 500 com-
panies, the companies that are leading in sustainability have similar approaches
and responses to new imperatives or challenges. They continuously learn, inno-
vate and evolve in the face of new challenges instead of remaining stagnant, fall-
ing behind and failing to adapt thus losing their competitive advantage.

According to Lowitt’s research, sustainable market leaders (those within the top
twenty five percent of the Global Fortune 500) have similar approaches in how
they respond to new challenges or imperatives. First, they seek to fully understand
the new imperative or challenge and how it is relevant to them (Lowitt, 2011). For
example, when confronted with a new challenge, a sustainable market leader will
investigate how it impacts their competition and how it impacts their own financial
performance. Secondly, “they undertake an assessment to identify the impera-
tive’s attributes that are most meaningful to their business, as seen both through
their and external observers’ eyes” (Lowitt, 2011). This allows them to evaluate
their current performance, adjust or set new target performance levels and make
 71

adjustments to achieve these new goals (Lowitt, 2011). Finally, they execute these
plans, they measure their progress and continuously pursue improvement (Lowitt,
2011). Sustainable market leaders continuously learn, innovate, and evolve.

Through his research, Lowitt also identified other attributes that sustainable market
leaders had in common that also tied many of the characteristics of a successful
SBS together. Sustainable market leaders…

• Viewed sustainability as a way to generate value and rejected the view that
sustainability is achieved through altruism and crisis prevention (Lowitt,
2011).
• Challenged assumptions within their industry and market and identified new
business opportunities (Lowitt, 2011).
• Identified environmental and social problems that they were able to solve
immediately within their available capabilities; started small with what they
could do immediately (Lowitt, 2011).
• Have high levels of staff engagement and actually partner with their em-
ployees in the learning and innovation process (Lowitt, 2011).
• Developed partnerships and relationships with peers within and outside
their own industries, academics and NGOs (Lowitt, 2011).
• Continuously renewed their SBS (Lowitt, 2011).

“Every organization’s operating environment will change as dramatically in the

next 3-5 years as it has changed in the last five” (Werbach, 2009). A SME cannot
afford to ignore changes in markets, competitors, trends, customers, government
policy and technology for the majority of the year, after completing a strategy
(Stroh, 2014). A SBS must evolve as changes and trends constantly evolve and
stay in tune with these changes allows a SME to, for example, learn new things
and gain customer feedback that will offer the ability to tweak or change parts of a
SBS (Stroh, 2014).
 72

5 RESULTS

The purpose of this chapter is to present the results of the research by dividing into
two sub-chapters. The objective of the thesis was to create a universal, straight-
forward template that a SME could use to create their own SBS to achieve com-
petitive advantage. The first sub-chapter presents the development processs for
the template. The second sub-chapter presents the content of the two-sided tem-
plate. The actual template can be found in the appendices at the end of this thesis.

5.1 Development Process for Template

As discovered when conducting the research, the creation of a universal template

to be used by a SME to create a SBS had the potential of being immensely com-
plicated and extensive since each business varies in industry, specialty, size and
circumstances. This means the strategies created by different SMEs have the po-
tential of varying greatly. As a result of the extensive literature review on the sub-
ject, the author of this thesis decided to utilize the Business Model Canvas as a
roadmap for the template. The Business Model Canvas is a strategic management
tool that can be utilized to easily define and communicate a business idea or con-
cept (Ebinum, 2016). The canvas was chosen to be the foundation of the the Sus-
tainable Business Strategy Template Canvas (SBST) because it reflected the
straightforwardness, simplicity and comprehensiveness desired to achieve in the
universal template.

The Business Model Canvas was studied, evaluated and then viewed through the
lens of sustainability. While considering the information and data gathered from
the literature review, the author revised or eliminated the existing questions within
the BMC and added questions concerning sustainability within the key areas of the
business. Each section of the SBST is also composed simiarly to the BMC in that
it contains one element of the business or business strategy to consider and a few
questions concerning the element; such as partners or value proposition.
 73

5.2 Presentation of Template

The Sustainable Business Strategy Template (SBST) for SMEs is formated and
presented similarly to the Business Model Canvas. In the section below, the con-
tent of the SBST is presented simply with bullet points and a copy of the template
is located in the Appendices at the end of this thesis.

5.2.1 SBST: Sustainable Business Strategy Template for SMEs

• Value Proposition

o What is the value you deliver to your customer?

o What problem or need are we providing a solution for?

• Mission & Vision

o What is our vision statement? Who do we want to become and why

do we do what we do?

o What is our mission statement? What is our business?

o What does sustainability mean to us and to our business? How could

this impact our day-to-day operations and future?

• Staff Engagement

o How will you get you staff engaged and involved in the sustainability
agenda?

o How do we create a healthy, thriving culture within our business?

• Sustainable Partners

o What kind of partnerships do you need?

o Who are the sustainable options for partnerships?

 74

• Sustainable Technology & Resources

o What are the resources you need?

o What technology do you need?

o Are there sustainable options for either?

o How can we change your product or service to be more sustainable?

• Sustainable Channels

o How does your value proposition reach your customer?

o Where can your customer buy or use your products or services?

• Negative Impact

o What negative impacts does our business have on the environment,

people and community?

• Positive Impact

o What are we currently doing that has a positive impact?

o How do we turn our negative impact into positive?

• Sustainable Key Activities

o What are your competitors doing in sustainability that your can learn
from?

o How do you embed sustainability into every department, process and

element of our business?

o Where can you be completely circular?

• Key Goals & Objectives

o What are 3-5 key sustainability issues that concern our business? In
what order should they be prioritized?
 75

o How can you turn our 3-5 priorities into goals & objectives?

• Governance & Transparency

o How do you monitor compliance?

o How do you measure and monitor progress?

o Who can you reach out to for guidance?

o How can you share news about your sustainability efforts?

o How do you gather feedback?

• Sustainable Cost Structure

o What are the important costs you make to create and deliver your
product or service?

o Are your products and services priced fairly and honestly?

o What changes are you making in every department, process and el-
ement to be more sustainable?

o How does this impact costs?

• Sustainable Revenue Stream

o How do customers reward you for the value you provide to them?

o What are the different sources of revenue?

o How much revenue can be given to or invested in econonmic, envi-

ronmental or social issues in your community?
 76

5.3 How to Use Template

Similarly to the Business Model Canvas, the Sustainable Business Strategy Tem-
plate (SBST) for SMEs is completed by filling out each of the boxes in the template
and answering each of the questions that are provided to assist in the SBS formu-
lation process.

5.4 How to Measure Success

As stated previously in the final section of the Literature Review, transparency and
continuous learning, innovation & evolution are common attributes of a successful
SBS. Tracking the performance of a business is essential in practicing transparen-
cy and to learn, innovate and evolve. A KPI, key performance indicator…“KPIs
provide a focus for strategic and operational improvement, create an analytical
basis for decision making and help focus attention on what matters most” (KPI.org,
2021). KPIs are generally tracked, measured and analyzed by using business ana-
lytics software and reporting tools (Twin and James, 2021). An adequate KPI
achieves the following: “provide objective evidence of progress towards achieving
a desired result, measure what is intended to be measured to help inform better
decision making, offers a comparison that gauges the degree of performance
change over time” and has the ability to track, for example, efficiency, quality,
compliance, employee performance and timeliness (KPI.org, 2021).

KPIs that are used to measure financial performance and are vital to understand-
ing how a business is doing include: revenue growth, revenue per client, profit
margin, client retention rate and customer satisfaction (Twin and James, 2021).
These five KPIs should be in every SMEs toolbox in evaluating the financial per-
formance. Sustainability KPIs should also be employed to measure the sustaina-
bility performance of a business. “Sustainability footprints are alternatively defined
as methodologies for assessing the social and environmental impact of the eco-
nomic investment in a specific strategic option in relation to other strategic alterna-
tives and the potential risk to the survival of future generations” (Lowellyne, 2015).
Utilizing sustainability KPIs allow a SME to track progress and to make improve-
ments in the future (Lowellyne, 2015).
 77

For a SME, evaluating which KPIs to utilize can become an obstacle. There is an
extensive list of sustainability KPIs and it can become an intimidating task to figure
out which KPIs are the most important for a particular business. A SME can first
begin by referring back to and understanding its goals and objectives to under-
stand what needs to be measured. Then, it can appeal for feedback from employ-
ees and managers from within the organization to understand business processes
and from external analysts or advisors for an outside perspective. By referring
back to the goals & objectives and understanding the various points of view within
the business, a SME can gain a better understanding of what needs to be meas-
ured (Klipfolio, 2021). The most commonly used sustainability footprints include:
carbon footprint, energy consumption, product recycling rate, supply chain miles,
water footprint, waste reduction rate and waste recycling rate (Compare Your
Footprint, 2017).
 78

6 CONCLUSION & DISCUSSION

This chapter summarizes the results of the research and states the answers to the
primary and secondary research questions. It also addresses the reliability and
validity of the thesis, as well as provides suggestions for further research for sus-
tainable business strategy templates for SMEs.

6.1 Answers to the Research Questons

In this section, the answers are provided for the research questions. The answers
to the secondary research questions are provided before the answer to the prima-
ry research question since they establish the foundation of the answer to the pri-
mary research question.

6.1.1 What is a sustainable business strategy?

Sustainable business strategy most simply “is the integration of economic, envi-
ronmental, and social aims into a firm's goals, activities, and planning, with the aim
of creating long-term value for the firm, its stakeholders, and the wider society”
(Long, 2019).

6.1.2 Why have a sustainable business strategy?

There is a competitive advantage for a business that chooses to embrace sustain-

able business strategy. SBS has many benefits that contribute to competitive ad-
vantage. It has the potential to improve longevity, financial performance, improved
risk management, improved brand reputation, prevention of supply chain issues,
reduction in operating costs, higher rates of growth and returns on capital to name
only a few. Sustainability also provides business opportunities like new markets,
new technologies and new products & services.
 79

6.1.3 What does a sustainable business strategy consist of?

Conventional business strategy is the foundation of SBS. Therefore many founda-

tional concepts and principles of business strategy also apply to sustainable busi-
ness strategy such as the stages of strategy: formulation, implementation and
evaluation. Other essential components of conventional business strategy also
apply to sustainable business strategy such as mission statements, vision state-
ments, having goals & objectives and measuring progress. Sustainable business
strategy also uniquely consists of concepts such as the biosphere rules, the value
cycle and sustainable/circular business models. There are also research and anal-
ysis tools that can be utilized for both conventional business strategy and sustain-
able business strategy. These tools include: management standards, PESTLE
analysis, SWOT analysis and Porter’s Five Forces Model. Across the breadth of
literature, there were also common characteristics of successful sustainable busi-
ness strategies such as: a defined mission statement, a defined vision statement,
clear goals & objectives, being transparent and having good governance struc-
tures in place.

6.1.4 How can a SME create their own sustainable business strategy?

This was the primary research question of this thesis and was asked in order to
achieve the objective of the thesis: to create a universal template for a SME to
create their own SBS.

6.2 Reliability & Validity

Reliability refers to the “extent to which the same answers can be obtained using
the same instruments more than one time” (Dudovskiy, 2020). Since the research
methods conducted to complete this thesis were primarily theoretical and was
composed of a thorough and extensive literature review, the majority of the an-
swers to the research questions would for the most part be the same since the
same instruments to gather the information would be employed by another re-
searcher; such as academic textbooks, journals, and articles. The result of the
 80

primary question, “how can a start-up or small business create their own sustaina-
ble business strategy”, would vary amongst researchers since different conclu-
sions could be made concerning what should and should not be placed in the SBS
template from researcher to researcher. A third detail to consider in measuring the
reliability of this thesis is that the author conducted the research with the purpose
of creating something that would not only be useful to other entrepreneurs or small
business owners but fully intended to utilize the results of the research themself.
This does mean that there is a strong level of observer subjectivity and that per-
sonal over-involvement in the research most likely had a direct effect on the re-
sults (Sacred Heart University Library, 2019). Because of the reasons stated pre-
viously, the reliability of this thesis is not excellent (or at the highest level) but it is
sufficient for achieving the objective of this thesis - creating a universal template to
create a SBS for a SME.

Validity refers to “how accurately a method measures what it is intended to meas-

ure” (Middleton, 2020). The validity of this thesis was evaluated by considering
content validity and face validity because of the research methods employed to
achieve the objectives. In regards to content validity, the thesis has only a moder-
ate level of validity because it does not cover all content of what was being meas-
ured (sustainable business strategy) but focuses on the most commonly refer-
enced information and data throughout the literature since it is a vast subject. In
regards to face validity, the thesis has a high level of validity because it does
measure what it states it will measure.

6.3 Further Research Suggestions

As this thesis proposes that by understanding and investigating various aspects

and approaches of SBS by conducting an extensive literature review on the topic
and it’s related sub-topics, a universal template could be created to assist SMEs in
the creation of their own sustainable business strategy, one suggestion for further
research is to understand sustainability issues and differences in approaches for
strategy within different industries. Since the template created in this thesis is
meant to be a universal template, it does not venture into addressing any particu-
 81

lars or specifics within industries or specialities. Future templates could be created

that would be specialized for different industries. A second suggestion for future
research is that as technology progresses and global conditions change (such as
economic, political or environmental factors), the template proposed and any fu-
ture specialized templates would need to be adapted. A third suggestion for future
research would be to first ask a group of SMEs to review the template and provide
feedback to improve upon its composition and layout.
 82

7 SUMMARY

This thesis was designed to analyze the topic of sustainable business strategy and
to create a universal template for SMEs to use for creating their own SBS that took
into consideration their own unique circumstances. Therefore, the primary goal
was to answer the research question: how can a SME create their own sustainable
business strategy? To answer this question and to achieve the objective, the au-
thor needed to answer three secondary research questions. The secondary re-
search questions included: what is sustainable business strategy?, is there a com-
petitive advantage to having a sustainable business strategy?, and what are the
components of a sustainable business strategy? Once the primary and secondary
research questions were answered, the information and data gathered could be
used in the creation of the template.

For this thesis, the research methods chosen were a literature review and action
research. In the first stage of research, an extensive literature review was con-
ducted on the topic of sustainable business strategy and also covered the sub-
topics of business strategy, business models, tools for analysis & business re-
search and common characteristics of successful sustainable business strategies.
In the second stage of research, the action research, the information and data
gathered was then analyzed and applied to the creation of the template. Since
sustainable business strategy is a vast and ever expanding topic with recently
completed research being released often, the research focused on the most com-
mon principles, theories, characteristics, etc. of sustainable business strategy and
attempted to compile the information that would be the most useful to a SME.

The objective of the thesis, to create a universal template with which a SME could
create their own sustainable business strategy that took into account their own
unique circumstances was completed by utilizing the information and data gath-
ered during the literature review and applied in the action research stage. The end
result was a two-sided document that could be used similarly to the Business
Canvas Model. The Business Model Canvas was also used as the foundation for
the Sustainable Business Strategy Template (SBST); a reinvention of the Busi-
ness Model Canvas focused on sustainability. The reinvented Business Model
 83

Canvas and contains all of the same elements but has been altered to fit the issue
of sustainability. With the tempalte, a SME has all the elements necessary to cre-
ate their own SBS that takes into account their own set of unique circumstances.

To conclude, the thesis accomplished its objective to create a template to assist

SMEs in the creation of their own sustainable business strategy. It also answered
the primary and secondary research questions necessary to accomplish the objec-
tive. The primary limitation of this thesis is that the template is purely hypothetical
and has not been tested with an actual SME or group of SMEs. The primary rec-
ommendation for future research is that the template should be given to a SME or
group of SMEs from various industries to evaluate the template and provide feed-
back for future development.
 84

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Angus, A. and Westbrock, G., 2019. Top 10 Global Consumer Trends 2019. London:
Euromonitor International, pp.1-77.

Bonini, S. and Swartz, S., 2014. Profits With Purpose: How Organizing For Sustainabil-
ity Can Benefit The Bottom Line. [ebook] McKinsey & Company, pp.1-11. Availa-
ble at: <https://www.mckinsey.com/#> [Accessed 1 September 2020].

Brundtland Commission, 1987. Our Common Future. [online] Oxford: Oxford University
Press, United Nations, pp.1-300. Available at:
<https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=&cad=rja&
uact=8&ved=2ahUKEwiKhs-
c1cDqAhVdwsQBHRIvA_0QFjABegQIBBAB&url=https%3A%2F%2Fsustainabled
evelopment.un.org%2Fcontent%2Fdocuments%2F5987our-common-
future.pdf&usg=AOvVaw293_rr5E8NxDhKDKPVja0e> [Accessed 20 May 2020].

Bush, T., 2019. How to Do a PESTLE Analysis (3 Step Guide). [online] PESTLE
Analysis. Available at: <https://pestleanalysis.com/how-to-do-a-pestle-analysis/>
[Accessed 1 May 2021].

Chladek, N., 2019. The Importance Of Business Sustainability Strategies. [online]

Harvard Business School. Available at: <https://online.hbs.edu/blog/post/business-
sustainability-strategies> [Accessed 30 June 2020].

Climate Conscious. 2021. What Makes Patagonia a World Leader in Sustainability.

[online] Available at: <https://medium.com/climate-conscious/what-makes-
patagonia-a-world-leader-in-sustainability-486073f0daa> [Accessed 30 May 2021].

Compare Your Footprint. 2017. Measuring Key KPI’s for Sustainability as a Business.
[online] Available at: <https://compareyourfootprint.com/measuring-key-kpis-
sustainability-business/> [Accessed 7 July 2021].

Corporate Finance Institute. 2021. Competitive Forces Model. [online] Available at:
<https://corporatefinanceinstitute.com/resources/knowledge/strategy/competitive-
forces-model/> [Accessed 12 April 2021].

Corporate Finance Institute. 2021. PESTEL Analysis. [online] Available at:

<https://corporatefinanceinstitute.com/resources/knowledge/strategy/pestel-
analysis/> [Accessed 12 April 2021].

Corporate Finance Institute. 2021. SWOT Analysis - Learn How to Conduct a SWOT
Analysis. [online] Available at:
<https://corporatefinanceinstitute.com/resources/knowledge/strategy/swot-
analysis/> [Accessed 12 April 2021].

David, F., 2011. Strategic Management: Concept & Cases. 13th ed. Upper Saddle
River, New Jersey: Prentice Hall, pp.2-39.
 85

Dudovskiy, J., 2020. Reliability And Validity - Research Methodology. [online] Business
Research Methodology. Available at: <https://research-methodology.net/research-
methodology/reliability-validity-and-repeatability/> [Accessed 1 August 2020].

Eapen, S., 2017. How to Build Effective Sustainability Governance Structures [online].
Available at: <https://www.bsr.org/en/our-insights/blog-view/how-to-build-effective-
sustainability-governance-structures> [Accessed 29 February 2021].

Ebinum, M., 2016. How To: Business Model Canvas Explained. [online] Medium.
Available at: <https://medium.com/seed-digital/how-to-business-model-canvas-
explained-ad3676b6fe4a> [Accessed 30 May 2021].

Ellen MacArthur Foundation, 2013. Towards The Circular Economy. Cowes, United
Kingdom: Ellen MacArthur Foundation, pp.1-98.

Gerholdt, J., 2015. The 5 business models that put the circular economy to work.
[online] GreenBiz. Available at: <https://www.greenbiz.com/article/5-business-
models-put-circular-economy-work> [Accessed 5 July 2021].

Guide to Undergraduate Dissertations. 2020. Research Methodologies. [online]

Available at: <http://www.socscidiss.bham.ac.uk/methodologies.html> [Accessed 2
June 2020].

Haanaes, K., 2020. Why All Businesses Should Embrace Sustainability. [online] IMD
Business School. Available at: <https://www.imd.org/research-
knowledge/articles/why-all-businesses-should-embrace-sustainability/> [Accessed
1 October 2020].

Imppola, J., 2020. Sustainable Development. Seinäjoki University of Applied Sciences.

Ioannou, I. and Serafeim, G., 2019. Yes, Sustainability Can Be A Strategy. [online]
Harvard Business Review. Available at: <https://hbr.org/2019/02/yes-sustainability-
can-be-a-strategy> [Accessed 1 August 2020].

ISO. 2021. About Us. [online] Available at: <https://www.iso.org/about-us.html>

[Accessed 18 January 2021].

ISO. 2021. ISO 26000 — Social responsibility. [online] Available at:

<https://www.iso.org/iso-26000-social-responsibility.html> [Accessed 1 May 2021].

Issa, T., Chang, V. and Issa, T., 2010. Sustainable Business Strategies and Pestel
Framework. GSTF International Journal on Computing, 1(1), pp.73-80.

Jørgensen, S. and Pedersen, L., 2018. Restart Sustainable Business Model Innovation.
1st ed. [ebook] Cham, Switzerland: Springer International Publishing. Available at:
<https://seamk.finna.fi/Record/seamk_electronic.991240823705969> [Accessed
19 May 2020].
 86

Klipfolio. 2021. What is a KPI? Definition, Best-Practices, and Examples. [online]

Available at: <https://www.klipfolio.com/resources/articles/what-is-a-key-
performance-indicator> [Accessed 7 July 2021].

Kotkamills. 2021. Company - How we are set up. [online] Available at:
<https://kotkamills.com/company/> [Accessed 4 July 2021].

Kotkamills. 2021. Our Unique Integrated Mill. [online] Available at:

<https://kotkamills.com/company/our-integration-model/> [Accessed 4 July 2021].

Kotkamills. 2021. Sustainability - Why this is our way. [online] Available at:
<https://kotkamills.com/sustainability/> [Accessed 4 July 2021].

KPI.org. 2021. What is a Key Performance Indicator (KPI)?. [online] Available at:
<https://kpi.org/KPI-Basics> [Accessed 7 July 2021].

Mainwaring, S., 2019. Purpose At Work: How Seventh Generation Accelerates

Sustainable Growth. [online] Forbes. Available at:
<https://www.forbes.com/sites/simonmainwaring/2019/04/30/purpose-at-work-
how-seventh-generation-accelerates-sustainable-growth/?sh=30e0b0f21547> [Ac-
cessed 30 May 2021].

Long, Thomas B., (2019) Sustainable Business Strategy. Encyclopedia of the UN

Sustainable Development Goals: Decent Work and Economic Growth. Springer,
UK.

Lowellyne, J., 2015. Sustainability Footprints In Smes : Strategy And Case Studies For
Entrepreneurs And Small Business. [ebook] Hoboken, New Jersey: Jon Wiley &
Sons, Inc., pp.1-229. Available at:
<https://seamk.finna.fi/Record/seamk_electronic.991220011605969> [Accessed
19 May 2020].

Lowitt, E., 2011. The Future Of Value: How Sustainability Creates Value Through
Competitive Differentiation. 1st ed. San Francisco: John Wiley & Sons, Incorpo-
rated, pp.1-248.

Lozano, R., 2018. Sustainable Business Models: Providing A More Holistic Perspective.
Business Strategy and the Environment, [online] 27(8), pp.1159-1166. Available
at:
<https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002/bse.2059?casa_token=KyxyxUAIQ
WAAAAAA%3AcY7bUWhAirqei3QIaTfVoj3ZtfrvEtsgF7PdOiHT8TgcKCQvM7U-
9XD1ILpItJsRzVky3xDA24-q13E> [Accessed 30 June 2020].

Lucidity. 2021. Create a Porter’s Five Forces analysis in 6 steps | Lucidity. [online]
Available at: <https://getlucidity.com/strategy-resources/create-porters-five-forces-
in-6-steps/> [Accessed 2 May 2021].
 87

Medium. 2020. Staying true to your vision pays off. [online] Available at: <https://tom-
and-jerry.medium.com/staying-true-to-your-vision-pays-off-2d32df2c35d6> [Ac-
cessed 29 May 2021].

Meng-Shan, T., Meng-Chen, T. and Chi-Cheng, C., 2013. The Direct And Indirect
Factors On Affecting Organizational Sustainability. Richmond Hill, Canada: Jour-
nal of Management and Sustainability, pp.1-11.

Middleton, F., 2020. Reliability vs Validity in Research | Differences, Types and

Examples. [online] Scribbr. Available at:
<https://www.scribbr.com/methodology/reliability-vs-validity/> [Accessed 3 January
2021].

MindTools. 2021. Porter's Five Forces: - Understanding Competitive Forces to Maxim-

ize Profitability. [online] Available at:
<https://www.mindtools.com/pages/article/newTMC_08.htm> [Accessed 2 May
2021].

Moffat, L., 2017. Why Your Small Business Needs Good Governance and Accountabil-
ity. [online] GrowFactor. Available at: <https://growfactor.com/blog/why-your-small-
business-needs-good-governance-and-accountability/> [Accessed 29 February
2021].

Nelson, L., 2021. 7 Basic Steps for Conducting a Successful Materiality Assessment.
[online] Antea Group. Available at: <https://us.anteagroup.com/news-
events/blog/7-basic-steps-conducting-successful-materiality-assessment> [Ac-
cessed 13 April 2021].

OECD, 2019. Business Models for the Circular Economy: Opportunities and Challenges
for Policy. [ebook] Paris: OECD Publishing. Available at:
<https://doi.org/10.1787/g2g9dd62-en> [Accessed 5 July 2021].

Overall, M., 2017. How to make your materiality assessment worth the effort. [online]
Green Biz. Available at: <https://www.greenbiz.com/article/how-make-your-
materiality-assessment-worth-effort> [Accessed 26 January 2021].

Oxfordlearnersdictionaries.com. 2020. Holistic Definition. [online] Available at:

<https://www.oxfordlearnersdictionaries.com/definition/english/holistic?q=holistic>
[Accessed 10 October 2020].

Rainey, D., 2006. Sustainable Business Development: Inventing The Future Through
Strategy, Innovation, And Leadership. 1st ed. [ebook] Cambridge, UK: Cambridge
University Press, pp.1-687. Available at:
<https://seamk.finna.fi/Record/seamk_electronic.991222501305969> [Accessed
19 May 2020].

Renault, V., 2021. Assessing Community Needs and Resources | SWOT Analysis.
[online] Community Tool Box. Available at: <https://ctb.ku.edu/en/table-of-
contents/assessment/assessing-community-needs-and-resources/swot-
analysis/main> [Accessed 12 April 2021].
 88

Rothhauer, D., 2018. Vision & Strategy : Strategic Thinking For Creative And Social
Entrepreneurs. 2nd ed. [ebook] Basel, Switzerland: Birkhäuser, pp.12-150. Availa-
ble at: <https://seamk.finna.fi/Record/seamk_electronic.991212636105969> [Ac-
cessed 19 May 2020].

Sacred Heart University Library. 2019. Research Guides: Organizing Academic

Research Papers: Types Of Research Designs. [online] Available at:
<https://library.sacredheart.edu/c.php?g=29803&p=185902> [Accessed 2 June
2020].

Saylor Academy. 2012. The Sustainable Business Case Book. [online] Available at:
<https://saylordotorg.github.io/text_the-sustainable-business-case-book/s17-02-
stonyfield-farm-a-sustainabili.html> [Accessed 28 May 2021].

Seventh Generation. 2018. Journey to a More Sustainable, Equitable Planet: Seventh

Generation’s 2025 Goals. [online] Available at:
<https://www.seventhgeneration.com/blog/journey-more-sustainable-equitable-
planet-seventh-generations-2025-goals> [Accessed 30 May 2021].

Seventh Generation. 2018. The Origin of Our Name. [online] Available at:
<https://www.seventhgeneration.com/blog/origin-our-name-seventh-generation>
[Accessed 29 May 2021].

Sitra. 2021. Disrupting packaging with plastic-free and moisture resistant food contain-
ers - Sitra. [online] Available at: <https://www.sitra.fi/en/cases/disrupting-
packaging-with-plastic-free-and-moisture-resistant-food-containers/> [Accessed 3
July 2021].

Sitra, 2016. Leading The Cycle: Finnish Road Map To A Circular Economy 2016-2025.
Sitra Studies. Helsinki: Sitra, pp.1-56.

Sitra. 2021. New business models play a key role in enterprises’ strategies. [online]
Available at: <https://www.sitra.fi/en/articles/new-business-models-play-key-role-
enterprises-strategies/> [Accessed 4 July 2021].

Spiliakos, A., 2020. What Is Sustainability In Business?. [online] Harvard Business

School. Available at: <https://online.hbs.edu/blog/post/what-is-sustainability-in-
business> [Accessed 30 June 2020].

Stonyfield. 2021. History of Stonyfield Yogurt | Stonyfield. [online] Available at:

<https://www.stonyfield.com/our-story/history> [Accessed 28 May 2021].

Stroh, P., 2014. Business Strategy: Plan, Execute, Win!. 1st ed. Hoboken, New Jersey:
John Wiley & Sons, Inc., pp.1-166.

Szekely, F. and Dossa, Z., 2018. Patagonia Sustainability Strategy: Don’t Buy Our
Products | Case study. [online] IMD Business School. Available at:
 89

<https://www.imd.org/research-knowledge/case-studies/case-studies/patagonia-s-
sustainability-strategy-dont-buy-our-products/> [Accessed 30 May 2021].

Terrafiniti. 2020. Sustainable Business Strategy | The Pathway To A Sustainable

Future. [online] Available at: <https://www.terrafiniti.com/sustainable-business-
strategy/> [Accessed 1 July 2020].

The W. Edwards Deming Institute. 2021. PDSA Cycle. [online] Available at:
<https://deming.org/explore/pdsa/> [Accessed 1 May 2021].

Thesis Mind. 2020. Types Of Research Methods Or Methodology - Thesismind. [online]

Available at: <https://thesismind.com/types-of-research-methods-or-
methodology/> [Accessed 2 June 2020].

Tsvetkova, D., Bengtsson, E. and Durst, S., 2020. Maintaining Sustainability Practices
in SMEs: Insights from Sweden. Sustainability: MDPI, 12(10242), pp.1-26.

Twin, A. and James, M., 2021. Understanding Key Performance Indicators (KPIs).
[online] Investopedia. Available at:
<https://www.investopedia.com/terms/k/kpi.asp> [Accessed 7 July 2021].

United Nations | Department of Economic & Social Affairs. 2021. THE 17 GOALS |
Sustainable Development. [online] Available at: <https://sdgs.un.org/goals> [Ac-
cessed 2 July 2021].

United Nations Development Programme. 2021. Sustainable Development Goals.

[online] Available at: <https://www.undp.org/sustainable-development-goals> [Ac-
cessed 2 July 2021].

United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP). 2019. US outdoor clothing brand

Patagonia wins UN Champions of the Earth award. [online] Available at:
<https://www.unep.org/news-and-stories/press-release/us-outdoor-clothing-brand-
patagonia-wins-un-champions-earth-award> [Accessed 30 May 2021].

Unruh, G., 2010. Earth, Inc: Using Nature's Rules To Build Sustainable Profits. [ebook]
Boston, Massachusetts: Harvard Business School Press, pp.5-55. Available at:
<https://seamk.finna.fi/Record/seamk_electronic.991244891005969> [Accessed
19 May 2020].

Vault Intelligence. 2019. ISO Spotlight: What Do These 10 Standards Mean for Your
Business?. [online] Available at: <https://www.vaultintel.com/blog/iso-spotlight-
what-do-these-10-standards-mean-for-your-business> [Accessed 1 May 2021].

Weizsäcker, E., Liedtke, C. and Seiler-Hausmann, J., 2004. Eco-Efficiency And Beyond
: Towards The Sustainable Enterprise. 1st ed. [ebook] Sheffield, England: Green-
leaf Publishing, pp.13-59. Available at:
<https://seamk.finna.fi/Record/seamk_electronic.991230309605969> [Accessed
19 May 2020].
 90

Werbach, A., 2009. Strategy For Sustainability: A Business Manifesto. 2nd ed. [ebook]
Boston, Massachusetts: Harvard Business School Publishing, pp.11-71. Available
at: <https://seamk.finna.fi/Record/seamk_electronic.991244885905969?lng=en-
gb> [Accessed 19 May 2020].

Whelan, T. and Fink, C., 2016. The Comprehensive Business Case For Sustainability.
[online] Harvard Business Review. Available at: <https://hbr.org/2016/10/the-
comprehensive-business-case-for-sustainability> [Accessed 1 July 2020].

Youmatter. 2020. What Is A Materiality Assessment: Definition, Matrix, Benefits And

Example. [online] Available at: <https://youmatter.world/en/definition/materiality-
assessment-definition/> [Accessed 13 April 2021].
 91

APPENDICES

APPENDIX 1. SBST: Sustainable Business Strategy Template

1(1)