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QUESTION AND ANSWER

CHEMISTRY, MAY/JUNE 2009

Section B (Essay 100 marks) Time: 1 hour 40 mins

1. Starting from bauxite, explain how to obtain pure aluminium metal

Solution
i. Dissolve the impure bauxite in hot concentrated sodium hydroxide
solution/ 2Na OH + A12 O3 + 3H2 0  2 NaA1 (OH)4
ii. Filter off the impurities leaving the sodium aluminates solution
iii. Seed the Sodium aluminate solution to obtain pure aluminium
hydroxide/NaA1(OH)4 Na OH+A1 (OH)3
iv. Filter, wash, dry and heat the precipitate of A1 (OH)3 / to obtain pure
aluminium oxide heat/2A((OH)3 heat A(2 03 + 3 H20.
v. Electrolysis of bauxite

Electrolyte is Alumina (Aluminium Oxide) in molten cryolite Electrodes are graphite

as anode and graphite as cathode.

At the cathode, molten aluminum is discharged or A13+ + 3e = A1(s).

At the anode, oxygen gas is discharged/202- = 02 + 4e-

bi. Write down the formula and IUPAC name of alum.

ii. Give two uses of alum.
iii. Name THREE metals that can be extracted through electrolysis.

solution
i) KA1 (S04)2 12 H20 – (2)
Name: Potassium aluminum III tetra oxosulphate VI duodecahydrate or NH4
Fe (S04)2.12H20

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Ammonium Chromium III tetraoxosulphate VI duodecahydrate

ii) Alum is used for water purification

Alum is used for mordant in dyeing
iii) Metals that can be extracted through electrolysis-sodium, potassium, calcium,
magnesium.

Bi. Name THREE important alloys of aluminium.

ii. Give two uses of each of the alloys named.
iii. Give the composition of ONE of the alloys named.

Solution:
Duralumin Composition AL, Mg, Cu, Mn
Use – construction of car, Aeroplane, Railways Coaches, ship.

Aluminium Brass – cu, AL uses for casting coins and medals

Alnico – fe, A1, Ni, Co
Uses – for making permanent Magnets

2a. Give correct IUPAC Names and Structures of Isomers of C5 H,12

Solution

H H H H H
Pentane:
H–C–C–C–C–C–H

H H H H H

H H H H
2 methy Butane:
H–C–C–C–C–H
H
H H H-C-H

2,2, dimethylpropane H

H–C–H

H–C–C–C–H

H–C–H

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2bi State THREE differences between aliphatic and aromatic hydrocarbons
Give THREE uses of Benzene
Solution
Aliphatic Aromatic

1. C: H ration is low C: H Ratio is high

2. Burns without soots or luminous flame Burns with sooting flame
3. Not based on benzene Based on Benzen Structure
4. Multiple bonds may be included Multiple bond must be included

ii. Manufacture of synthetic fibers (e.g.) nylon.

Manufacture of pesticides
Manufacture of dyes
Manufacture of drugs

C. Explain using a diagram, how you would prepare ethanoic acid in the
laboratory. Write the equation of the reaction solution.

i. Add ethanol from a thistle funnel attached to a reflux flask into a round
bottom flask containing concentrated H2 S04 and Na2 Cr2 07.

ii. Put the mixture in a water bath and gently then reflux
C2 H5 OH(hq) + 2 {0} CH3 CO0 H + H20

OR

C2 H5 OH + (0) CH3 CH0 [0] CH3 COOH

iii. Distil the solution left to collect the ethanoic acid

D. Give correct IUPAC names of the following compounds

i) CH3 COOCH3
ii) CH3 COOC2H5
iii) (CH3)2CHCOOH

Solutions:
i) Methyl Ethanonate
ii) Ethyl Ethanonate
iii) 2 methyl propanoic acid

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3ai State the second law thermodynamics

ii. Give THREE Conditions for a chemical change to occur spontaneously.

Solution
i) The second law of thermodynamics states that a spontaneous process
occurs only if there is an increase in entropy of the system and the
surroundings.
ii) Total entropy change must be positive i.e. S (total) >0 free energy of the
system must be negative i.e. G < 0.
Transition Energy complex must be reached.

B. With the aid of a diagram state FOUR differences between exothermic and
endothermic reactions.

Solutions
Exothermic Reaction Endothermic Reaction

1. H is negative H is positive
2. Heat is liberated from surrounding Heat is absorbed from surrounding
3. Preaction vessel is always warm Reaction vessel is always cold
4. No external heat supply to system There is an external Heat to the system
after commencement of reaction after commencement of reaction

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Profile diagrams

C. Define saturated solution, super saturated solution

Solution:
A saturated solution is a solution which contains as much solute as it can dissolve at
that temperature in the presence of undissolved solute partices.

A supersaturated solution is a solution which has dissolved more solute than it can
normally hold/dissolve at that particular temperature.

D. If the concentration in mol/dm3 of potassium trioxonitrate is 6.44, Calculate

the mass of salt that will dissolve in 100 cm 3 of water [K = 39, N = 14, 0= 16]

Solution
1000cm3 of solution contain 6.44 m of salt
Therefore 100 cm3 of solution contains

6.44 x 100
1000 = 0.644 mole of salts
Molar mass of KNO3
= 39 + 14 + (16 x 3)
= 101 g/mole
Therefore Mass of salt = 0.644 x 101 = 65 . 044
= 65.0g
4a. Name THREE allotropic form of carbon and their uses.

Solutions
i. diamond (Uses) – Drills and cutting of metals as pivot support, as
jewelries.
ii. Graphite (uses) – As lubricants as electrodes, to line crucibles, as lead in
pencil a block pigments in Paints as neutron moderator in atomic piles.

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iii. Coke (Uses) – As fuel, as reducing agent, for the production of gaseous
fuel (i.e. producer gas and water gas) in the manufacture of compounds
(e.g.) Ca C2, CS2, S, C4 etc.
iv. Coal (Uses) – As a fuel
v. Carbon black (sort), uses – for making rubber tyres, black shoe polish,
printer ink, typewriting ribbons, carbon paper.
vi. Charcoal (uses) – As fuel and gas/colour adsorbent

b. Explain the destructive distillation of coal.

Solutions
The destructive distillation of Coal is the process of heating coal to a very high
temperature in the absence of air (so that volatile components distil over).

The products of such distillation are coke, ammonical liquor, coal far, coal gas

c. Draw a simple diagram to explain carbon cycle

di. Describe the production of water gas and producer gas.

ii. What mass of carbon (iv) oxide can be obtained from complete oxidation of
1.54g of carbon (ii) oxide with oxygen (H = 1, C = 12, 0 = 16)

Solution
i.

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To produce producer gas, valves B are closed and air is blown in through valve A
into the producer which contains Coke 2C+ 02 2C0. The mixture of the unchanged
nitrogen and Co is called producer gas.

To produce water gas, valves A are closed and steam is passed through valve B into
the producer. The steam reacts with the Coke to produce equal volumes of carbon
(ii) oxide and hydrogen, referred to as water gas C(s) + H2 O(g) Co(g) + H2

The production of producer gas is exothermic while that of water gas is endothermic.

ii. Molar mass of Co = 12 + 16 = 28g

Molar mass of Co =12 + (16 X 2) = 44g 2 C0 + 02 2 C 02

Therefore 56g Co Producers 58g C02

Therefore 1.54g Co Producers 88/56 X 1.54
= 2.42g C02

5a. State Le Chateliers principle:

Le Chatelier’s principle states that if an external constraint is imposed on
system. In chemical equilibrium position will adjust so as to reduce the effect
of the constraint.

b. 3H2 (g) + N2 (g) 2 NH3(g) H – 49.95 KTmo1-1

Describe, according to Le Chatelier’s Principle how the equilibrium in the above
equation will vary when:

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i. More hydrogen is added.
ii. Ammonia is removed
iii. The pressure is increase
iv. The temperature is decreased
Solution
i. The hydrogen added will react with the nitrogen to produce more of
ammonia – this equilibrium position shifts to the right.
ii. The hydrogen and nitrogen present will react to replace the removed
ammonia – this shits the quilibrium position to the right
iii. The hydrogen and nitrogen with 4 gaseous volume will react to produce
ammonia with 2 gaseous volumes, this equilibrium position shifts to the
right.
iv. The temperature is decreased. The production of ammonia is exothermic
while it’s decomposition is endothermic.
A decrease in temperature favours the exothermic process. Thus
hydrogen and nitrogen combine to produce more of ammonia shifting
equilibrium position to the right.
c. What is the valency of x in the compound X3 Y2?
ii. Write a balanced equation for the reaction between zinc and dilute
tetraoxosulphate vi) acid.

Solution:
i. The valency of x 152
ii. Zn(s) + H2 So4caq ZnSo4c(aq) + H2 (g)

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