Año de la unidad, la paz y el desarrollo”

Instituto de Educación
Superior Tecnológico
Privado
Antonio Lorena

CURSO: INGLES BASICO

DOCENTE: ALMANZA MILAGROS

PRESENTA:
 DIAZ QUISPE, BEYSAYDA

GOT - SEMESTRE ll
2023 -II
 ARCHEOLOGICAL PARK OF
TIPON

SUMMARY
Tipón is not one of the best known or most visited Inca ruins. However, its
insertion into the territory, its significance in man's relationship with water, its
role as an agricultural laboratory, and mainly its impressive hydraulic technology
are notable.
The renowned Peruvian historian Dr. Luis Antonio Pardo believes that the
current name Tipón may derive from the quechua word Tímpuj, which means
“to be boiling” and
which alludes to the fact that water gushes out of fountains as if the liquid were
boiling. This name was assigned in modern times, since the original name was
different.
Tipón is located 23 km southeast of Cusco at an altitude of 3,560 meters above
sea level, located in the district of Oropesa, province of Quispicanchis, it was a
major shrine where water was worshiped with the care and veneration that the
Incas treated this element. This complex has been distinguished by the
American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE) as a wonder of Civil Engineering.
The respect for the natural environment and the technology used to mobilize the
waters of the springs are a model of hydraulic engineering at the service of
man. and nature. KEYWORDS:
HYDRAULICS, CHANNELS, TERRACES, TYPE ARCHAEOLOGICAL SITE
 INTRODUCTION

The Inca constructions confirm the deployment of high technology by the

builders of Tipón in a similar way to those who built and practiced engineering in
Machu Picchu. Tipón is one of the most captivating archaeological sites in Peru
and reflects how amazing and inspiring the achievements of the Inca Empire.
Although the occupation of Tipon dates back thousands of years, its most
impressive development occurred 500 years ago, when it became an
autonomous walled settlement that served as a palace complex for the Inca
nobility. Within this settlement you could find beautiful royal apartments, canals
and plazas, as well as aqueducts and large water fountains, which turned a
remote mountain into an engineering marvel. It was also a place of ceremonial
and religious use. Today, some of these structures still exist and remain
standing as verifiable evidence of the mastery achieved by the Incas in the
fields of irrigation and hydraulic technology.
Location:
Location and Description of the Archaeological Settlement:
Tipón is part of the Tipón Archaeological Park, which is located approximately
20 kilometers east of Cusco in the valley of the same name at an approximate
elevation of 3,350 to 3,960 meters above sea level.
The settlement is located at latitude 13° 34' south of the equator and longitude
711 47' west of the Greenwich meridian. The Tipón archaeological park is
located in the province of Quispicanchis in the department of Cuzco. In terms of
communal jurisdiction
Tipón is part of the Choquepata community. In turn, in reference to the
Huatanay River valley, it is located on the left bank and in terms of ecological
levels, it is located in the Puna and Queswa areas.
It is possible that the springs and waters of the Pukara River in Tipón may have
been what attracted the first inhabitants to settle in the Cuzco valley. It is
possible that there is evidence in the place prior to the Inca period. Brian Bauer
of the University of Chicago has found lithic material on the top of a hill west of
Tipon.
The site discovered by Bauer can be traced back to 4,000 to 6,000 BC. We find
sherds at Pukara from the K'íllke period and possibly Wari, who occupied the
Lucre Valley around 800 BC. with its administrative center in Pikillacta, just 7
kilometers in the Cuzco valley from Tipón

Water and rocks in Inka cosmology:

Briefly, we wish to introduce some considerations about the location of both

water and rocks.
–
whether as isolated blocks, hills or large mountains apu
–
in the categories of the sacred Inka world, although extendable to a large part
of the Andean world. It highlights the aspects of the strong interrelation about
the perception of water with respect to religion and Andean mythology. Lakes,
rivers and even springs
They were loaded with meanings that related gods, ancestors and even the
very notion of the human body ACCORDING TO - (Hyslop 1990, Meddens
1997). But the articulation between the sacredness of natural bodies of water
and their manipulation through anthropic structures has had very few
archaeological treatments. In general, it has focused on water control works for
irrigation and even domestic use, where special treatment was mostly given to
canals, dams and large-scale artificial storage basins, linking them to the
sphere of economic and/or political production. According to (Lane 2009, Van
Dalen 2010)

BACKGROUND
According to references from Dr. Luís A. Pardo, the name Tipón could have
derived from the quechua word
Timpuj, which means to be boiling, possibly related to the sprouting of water in
the sources (Pardo 1957).
According to the archaeological and ethnohistory information from the 17th and
18th centuries, we have the following information about the Pinagua Valley
(Tipon).
In the Piragua valley there is various archaeological evidence left by human
societies who were established along this longitudinal Valley since the
Marcavalle 1,200 years BC. C. until
Chanapata, Waro, Qotakalli, Wari, Killki, Inka and the Spanish invaders; In this
Valley you can see one of the largest works of Inka architecture, with irrigation
systems, soil conservation through terraces and road systems that connect the
different regions of Tawantinsuyo and sacred places.
María Rostworowski states that in the Cusco area the ethnic groups that
occupied the region before
The arrival of the Manco groups and the beginnings of the Incas themselves
correspond to the Intermediate
Late or Late Developments. Killke is the name of a ceramic of low artistic quality
that predominated during that time, and as a hypothesis identifies them as
belonging to the groups
Ayarmacas, whose ethnic leaders had the generic names Tocay Capac and
Pinahua Capac
The same author indicates that in the chronicles, another curaca is mentioned
next to Tocay Capac. called Pinahua Capac. The Ayllus Pinahuas were related
to the group of Ayarmacas who formed the Andean duality. During the colony
there were two Pinahua ayllus, one in the district of Oropesa, province from
Quispicanchis, and the other in Guayllabamba, near the Yucay valley. The
pinahuas of Quispicanchis
They are to date a peasant community recognized in 1965. Espinoza has
published some documents from 1539-1571 in which references are made to
various lands that belonged to the Pinahua. Their territories extended south of
San Jerónimo, from Angostura to the Vilcanota river andB the lagoon of Muyna
Rostworowski also indicates about the properties of the last sovereigns of the
Inka state according to a document located in the Historical Archive of Cusco, in
which Tipón or Muyna would have corresponded to Huáscar:

History
Like many important Inca sites, Tipón was inhabited by human groups and
cultures that preceded the Incas, such as the Ayamarcas and the Waris.
The chronicles indicate that Tipón was the place of residence of the ruler
Yahuar Huacac. His son and successor to the throne Huiracocha was the one
who built the main canals and walls of the enclosure during the 15th century.
During the Spanish invasion in the 16th century, the buildings of Tipón were not
destroyed, so it currently maintains much of its original appearance.
After more than 600 years, the Tipón canals continue to flow water precisely
and constantly. Because of this, the American engineer Kenneth Wright called it
“Wonder of civil engineering.”
Currently, Tipón is one of the most visited archaeological sites in Cusco. It is
part of the so-called 'South Valley' tour that also includes Piquillacta and the
Andahuaylillas church.

Attractive with hydraulic engineering

According to certain legends, it was one of the great royal gardens that the Inca
Wiracocha ordered to be built.
One of its main characteristics is that it has hundreds of walls, as well as
platforms and corridors, made of stone carved to perfection. They were
distributed in such a way that they served as irrigation conduits. Where did the
water used come from? Directly from Pachatusan Mountain, which exceeds
4800 meters high.
It is also called the 'Temple of Water' and, to this day, it is used to carry this
liquid element to various towns in Cusco.

Especification archeological

The ruins of Tipón

The Tipón ruins in Cusco Peru are some of the most impressive, architecturally,

in the Sacred Valley. The Inca citadel is well hidden in the mountains above the

valley and the city below. Tipón is a beautiful sight of well-preserved Inca

terraces, fountains and finely designed water channels. Again, it is clear that the

terraces were built for agricultural purposes. Water channels feed the entire site

with fresh water, tapped from a natural spring near the top of the site. Some of

the Inca aqueducts are still in use today. On further exploration of the site you

will come across more aqueducts, a small reservoir and traditional Inca stone.

The Tipón ruins are not as extensive as other Inca sites, but they are beautifully

designed architecturally.

These ruins are heavily water based and show us how architecturally advanced

the Incas were. Meanwhile, in Tipón, take time to admire the stunning

surroundings of these ruins.

Royal enclosures and gardens

Beautiful rooms and gardens built with megalithic stone blocks were part of the

royal house that Wiracocha had built as a home for his father Yahuar Huaca.

This is the most beautiful and detailed group in the complex. It has beautiful

fountains and small canals where water continues to flow until now. Now you

can see mysterious and secret underground canals. An ovoid tower stands to

the south of the terraces from where you can see the entire gorge.

Intiwatana
They are beautiful first-class rooms with trapezoidal niches from where you can

see almost every type. It is located a few meters from the main enclosures and

at a higher altitude on a small hill that protects the complex.

Minor enclosures

Someone important but not royal must have lived here. The rooms are located

almost 1 km from Intiwatana and are of lower quality, but despite that, they are

still exceptional. Initially they are built of stone with an adobe finish.

The Cusco roundabout

On the north side of the archaeological complex there is an important

prominence that was an important control point. It is called Cruz Moqo which

means “summit where there is a cross” and at the same time Qosqo Qhawarina

which means “from where you can see Cusco”. It is called that because you can

see the west of Cusco from there. It was a very populated place during the Inca

era. Widely powerful, politically, and economically, people lived here.

Wall

Tipón in Cusco Peru may have been occupied by personalities who fought wars

for many years and to make sure they built huge, colossal defensive walls that

surely took many years of work. Late, the wall was useless because all the

regional kingdoms became part of the great empire of Tahuantinsuyo. It is

important to highlight that the so-called “zurnas” or protruding steps that appear

on the walls of the terraces and that were like enormous stone nails distributed

like stairs, were built to avoid taking up space with the stairs. This
archaeological site belongs to the Inca period where you can see an irrigation

system with extraordinary vertical and horizontal channels on overlapping

terraces. Water flows from underground to a fountain that distributes water

through these channels. It was an important agricultural center.

Flora and Fauna

According to legend, Tipón was one of the gardens that Wiracocha, the creator

god of all things, ordered to be built in the land of the Incas. Located 25

kilometers from Cusco, the archaeological complex of Tipón consists of 12

spectacular terraces of platforms, canals, and waterfalls.

It is believed that, like Moray, Tipón was also a laboratory for agricultural

products due to the diverse microclimates found on the different terraces.

Fed by an ingenious irrigation system, the archaeological center of Tipón is a

demonstration of Inca mastery over their natural environment. Its irrigation

works and canals are so fascinating.

Geomorphology
The archaeological center of Tipón has its own geomorphological

characteristics. It is in the outcrop area of the volcanic rock on the slope of the

Yanahorcco hill. The slope forms the Pachatusán chain. The location of the

volcanic material has been controlled laterally by two ravines that are parallel

and in the frontal sector you can see the Pillpinto ravine (Paracmayo), (Befar,

1989.) The geological relief is abrupt and in various areas shows a plain.

This is the case of the platforms in the area under study and the embankments

of lglesiachayoc mogo. Furthermore, these areas are currently used as

cultivation areas. In the same way, all these areas serve to control and prevent
soil erosion. The Pillpinto ravine forms an alluvial cone that flows into the

Huatanay valley, where the community of Choquepata is located.

The flow in an open channel must

have a free surface and is

subjected to atmospheric pressure.

For simplification, it can be

assumed that the flow is parallel

and that it has a uniform velocity

distribution and that the slope of the channel is small. In this case, the water

surface is the hydraulic gradient line, and the depth of the water corresponds to

the piezometric height; If the flow were curvilinear or the slope of the channel

was high, the piezometric height would be different from the depth of the flow,

the hydraulic gradient line will not coincide exactly with the surface of the

channel (Chow, 1994).

Miths, tales about the archeological park Tipon

Myths

this enclosure would have been built by the Inca Wiracocha, and in it would be

found the so-called “Royal House” created to be the residence of this Inca's

father: Yawar Huaca.

CONCLUSIONS:
- The Tipón archaeological park is a spectacular example of pre-Columbian civil
engineering technology. It is a site that deserves restoration and enhancement
with tourist significance and the demonstration of the planning, design and
public construction skill of the Inca Empire with the purpose of serving several
important functions. Tipón has great hydraulic importance due to the
combination of uses of different water sources in a balanced and logical
manner, even when measured with modern engineering standards.
Although the functioning of Tipón's waters differs greatly from those of Machu
Picchu, similarities can be found in the technical principles used in both sites
that demonstrate that a common technology transfer was carried out between
the two places.
For example, the linear channels with stones, the vertical waterfalls and the
collection of spring water in both places demonstrate a similarity in technology
even though the details of the sites differ.
Ancient engineers at both sites, Machu Picchu and Tipón, exhibited knowledge
of the relationships between a hydraulic slope, crossing section areas and the
resulting stream capacity. The ceremonial fountain of Tipón shares fundamental
similarities with the large number of fountains in Machu Picchu and Wiñay
Wayna.-
The Inca "engineers" understood the principles of water demand for crops in
terms of the relationship with precipitation and the humidity necessary for
planting crops.

Bibliography
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Peru: Repon of the 2000 Excavations. s.l.: Cuzco Archaeological Instituto.
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Cumpa, Claudio Palacios. 1999. Delimitación Parque Arqueológico Tipon.Cusco, Perú:
Instituto Nacional de Cultura Cusco, Dirección de Identificación yRegistro.
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Wright, K.R., G.D. Witt, and A.
Valencia Zegarra. 1997b. Hydrogeology andPaleohydrology of Ancient Machu
Picchu. Ground Water
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ALCINA FRANCH, J. 1978. Ingapirca: arquitectura y áreas de asentamiento. Revista
de Antropología Americana,
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HYSLOP, J. 1990. Inka Settlement planning. University of Texas Press, Austin.
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MEDDENS, F. 1997. Function and meaning of the usnu in
late horizon Perú.Tawantinsuyu,
Anex