ES 1 L5 To L7 Reviewer

Earth Science Reviewer
Lessons 5 to 7 Made by: Cruz, Marvin John R.

Lesson 5: PLATE TECTONICS Do you think they swam all the way across the
oceans? NO!
1. THE CONTINENTAL DRIFT THEORY This would lead people to believe that the
• It explained how continents shift position continents were once joined.
• “States that the continents are moving and once
joined in one or together then broke up drifting to ▸ Glossopteris… seed much too large to be
their current position.” windblown.
▸ Mesosaurus… lived in fresh water and could
ALFRED WEGENER not have lived in salt water.
▸ He was a geophysicist and meteorologist who
postulate Continental Drift Theory in 1912. 3. ROCK EVIDENCE
▸ Abraham Ortelius in 1596 first speculate that Mountain matching, the Appalachian Mountains
continents put forward. of eastern North America linked with the Scottish
Highlands, the familiar rock strata of the Karroo
ADDTL. system of South Africa matched correctly with the
▸ Pangaea is a supercontinent or massive Santa Catarina system in Brazil, and the Brazil and
continent existed during the late Paleozoic and Ghana mountain ranges agreeing over the
early Mesozoic eras. Atlantic Ocean.
▸ Panthalassa the massive ocean that surrounds
the Pangaea. Not only were they the same, but they would
match up (age, thickness, types) if the continents
LAURASIA were put together.
• A large supercontinent that existed in the
northern hemisphere before it began to break up 4. GLACIER EVIDENCE
200 million years ago, consisting of the modern- There is proof that glaciers moved from Africa,
day continents of North America, Europe and Asia. through the Atlantic Ocean, and then on towards
GONDWANALAND South America. This would be much easier if the
• A large supercontinent that existed in the Atlantic Ocean were not there.
southern hemisphere, clustered near the Antarctic
Circle, before it began to break up 200 million 5. CLIMATE EVIDENCE
years ago, consisting of the modern-day ▹ Warm weather plants have been found in the
continents of Antarctica, India, Australia, South Arctic… but it’s not warm there!
America and Africa. ▹ Glacier deposits have been discovered in
TETHYS tropical and desert locations…it’s not cold there,
• An east-west trending ocean that separated either!
Gondwanaland from Laurasia. ▹ The continents had to have been at different
locations in the geological past.
FIVE EVIDENCES OF WEGENER’S
CONTINENTAL DRIFT THEORY ON THE NOTE...
1. PUZZLE PIECES Scientists thought this theory was outrageous
The continents, especially South America and because even though Wegner had evidence of
Africa seemed to fit together like a puzzle. one large land mass, he didn’t have the answers
2. FOSSIL EVIDENCE to what force (engine) “floated the plates”. He was
Wegner noticed that plant and animal fossils laughed at and did not live to see his theory
were found on different continents. accepted.
Exclusive for Science 2-2 only! Date of Quiz: November 17, 2023
REJECTED FOR SEVERAL REASONS
1. Prejudice: he was a German, World War I was
going on, he was a meteorologist not a geologist.
2. Wegener could not explain the mechanism of
continental “drift”.
3. Fossil similarities due to land bridges in the past
that allowed migration of plants and animals
across one continent to another. GEOGRAPHIC AND MAGNETIC POLES
4. Scientist ascertained that Wegener’s • Geographic pole refers to the latitudes North
calculations of continents moving apart were and South Poles of the Earth.
inaccurate.
• Magnetic pole refers to the poles of magnetic
2. THE SEAFLOOR SPREADING THEORY field of the Earth opposite to the position of
• Oceanic crust forms along submarine mountain geographic poles and it is also the attraction to
• It is a process that occurs in Mid-Oceanic Ridge the needle of compass.
where new oceanic crust is formed through
volcanic activity and moves away from the ridge.
HARRY HESS
▸He was an American geophysicist in 1960 who
postulate the Seafloor Spreading Theory.
▸“Plasticity” - mantle convection
▸Discovery of the Mid-Oceanic Ridge/ Mountain
3. FROM MAGNETIC STRIPE
chains on the Ocean floor.
• Rocks of the ocean floor contains iron from
molten rocks, as it cooled down, the iron bits
EVIDENCES OF HARRY HESS SEAFLOOR
inside lined up in the direction of Earth’s magnetic
SPREADING THEORY
poles .
• This locked the iron bit in place, giving the rocks
1. EVIDENCES FROM MOLTEN ROCKS
a permanent “magnetic memory”.
Molten rocks or new materials are erupting along
mid-ocean ridges forms new sea beds or oceanic
HOW MAGNETIC REVERSAL AFFECTS THE SEA
crust.
FLOOR?
• As the underwater mountain ranges or vents
spouts molten material, the molten rocks cool
down, solidify, and it pushes the other rocks away
from the mid-ocean ridge. The new materials or
young rocks can be found near the mid-ocean
while older rocks can be found further or away the
mid-ocean ridges.
2. FROM MAGNETIC STRIPE WHAT IS MAGNETIC ANOMALY?

• Earth behaves like a giant magnet. • It is the variation or stripes of magnetism of rocks
in the sea bed . Rock of the ocean floor contains
• Magnetic Reversal – magnetic poles of Earth iron, from molten rocks as it cooled down, the iron
are reversed. bits lined up in the direction of Earth’s magnetic
poles. Iron bits locked in place giving rocks a
permanent “magnetic memory”
MAGNETIC REVERSAL AND MAGNETIC THE 15 PLATES OF THE EARTH
ANOMALY 7 PRIMARY PLATES :
• The length of time of reversals are called chrons. ▸ EURASIAN
• The four major chrons are Brunhes, Matuyama, ▸ AUSTRALIA
Gauss, and Gilbert. ▸ PACIFIC
• Each of the four major chrons lasted for about ▸ NORTH AMERICA
millions of years and is composed of subchrons ▸ SOUTH AMERICA
(smaller chrons). The current and latest chron is ▸ AFRICA
Brunhes. ▸ ANTARCTICA
8 SECONDARY PLATES:
▸ Juan De Fuca
▸ Nazca
▸ Cocos
▸ Caribbean
▸ Philippine
▸ Arabic
▸ Indian
3. PLATE TECTONICS THEORY ▸ Scotia
• Convergent & Divergent Plate Boundaries
• “States that the Earth’s solid outer crust, the DIVERGENT PLATE BOUNDARY
lithosphere, is separated into plates that move • Divergent Plate Boundary is the region where
over the asthenosphere, the molten upper portion plates move away from each other forming gap
of the mantle” between them.
• When two continental plates diverge they will
JOHN TUZO WILSON form rift valley that eventually fill up with water
• He was a Canadian geophysicist who achieved and become a lake or as the divergence continue
worldwide acclaim for his contributions to the it will form a sea and an oceanic crust.
development of plate tectonics theory. • When oceanic plates move away or diverge
• According to plate tectonics theory, there are from one another, they will form underwater
two types of plate, continental and oceanic plate. valleys, underwater vents, and ocean ridges.
CONVERGENT PLATE BOUNDARY

• Convergent Plate Boundary is the region where
plates move toward from each other.
• This type of plate boundary can form subduction
zones and mountain ranges.
• There are three possible cases: oceanic-oceanic
convergence, oceanic-continental convergence,
and continental-continental convergence.
OCEANIC-OCEANIC CONVERGENCE Before Uniformitarianism, this was the principle
• Two oceanic plates converge they will form that most scientist believed.
subduction zone. The oceanic plate that descends
below begin to melt when it reaches the • Today, scientists believe that both principles
asthenosphere then it will form underwater affect our Earth. Although most geological
volcanoes. processes occur slowly, Earth does experience
• The Marianas Trench in Western Pacific Ocean is sudden geologic event.
one of the result of this convergence.
SEDIMENTARY ROCK
OCEANIC-CONTINENTAL CONVERGENCE • Sediment rocks occur by weathering, erosion
• The oceanic plate subducts beneath the and transport because of wind and water,
continental plate. It can form trenches where the sediments become rock when they get
oceanic plate is subducted. compacted.
• It can form volcanic mountains on continental • Common sedimentary rocks are:
plate. The Andes mountain of South America is • Limestone
formed by this type of convergence. • Sandstone
• Conglomerate
CONTINENTAL-CONTINENTAL CONVERGENCE • These types of rocks have layers which are piled
• When continental plates converge they will form on top of the other.
mountain ranges. One of the continental plate • Rock layers are called STRATA and
that subduct will undergo melting in the STRATIGRAPHY is the science of rock strata or
asthenosphere. layers.
• The molten rocks will rise on the boundary
forming mountain ranges. The Alps Mountain STRATIGRAPHIC LAWS
Range is one of the result of this type of • Are basic principles that all geologists use in
convergence. deciphering the age and characteristics of rock
layers
Lesson 6: RECORD OF GEOLOGIC EVENTS • Developed in the 17th to 19th centuries
• Work of Nicholas Steno, James Hutton and
FORCES THAT CHANGE THE EARTH William Smit.
LAW OF
UNIFORMITARIANISM SUPERPOSITION
• The same geologic processes that are happening • States that the oldest
today are the same processes that have been layer of rock is at the
shaping the Earth throughout its history. bottom and the
• Weathering youngest layer of rock
• Erosion is at the top.
• This principle was stated by James Hutton about LAW OF ORIGINAL HORIZONTALLY
250 years ago •States that sediment or rock layers were
deposited in a
CATASTROPHISM horizontal orientation.
The principle that states that all geologic change • If units aren’t
occurs suddenly. horizontal an event
• Earthquakes occurred subsequent to the deposition which
• Floods caused layers to fold or tilt.
• Volcanic Activity
LAW OF LATERAL CONTINUITY
• States that deposits
originally extended in all
directions.
LAW OF CROSS-CUTTING RELATIONSHIPS

• States the relationship between existing rock and
rock which intrudes by magma flow into existing
rock. DISTURBANCES IN ROCK LAYERS
• This creates and intrusion and an intrusion is Unconformities are missing rock layers. Usually
always younger than the rock it invades. due to erosion. Not all rock layers are in nice and
neat straight rows. Many have features that cut
through them. The principle of crosscutting
relations states that geologic features such as
faults and intrusions are younger than the rock
they cut through.
LAW OF FAUNAL SUCCESSION
• Fossil groups were succeeded by other fossil
groups through time.
RELATIVE VS ABSOLUTE
RELATIVE DATING
• Finding out whether an object is older or
younger than another object.
• Not specific or exact
ABSOLUTE DATING
• Finding the age of an object
• More specific
RELATIVE DATING
A method of determining whether an event or
object is younger or older than another event or
object.
GUIDE: b. URANIUM DATING
• Uses a very important isotope which is U-238. It
is used in dating very old rocks, specially rocks that
do not contain fossils.
• U238 Pb20
RADIOACTIVE DECAY
• To determine absolute age, scientist look at the
breaking down of an unstable isotope into a stable
isotope.
ISOTOPES
• An atom that has different number of neutrons
than other atoms of the same element.
• Most isotopes are stable, but some are unstable.
We call them radioactive. These isotopes break
down, trying to become stable. This is called
radioactive decay. The rate of decay is constant.
The unstable isotope is called the parent isotope.
The stable isotope that is produced is the
daughter isotope.
HALF LIFE
• The amount of time it takes for the half of the
radioactive sample to decay. In other words, the
amount of time it takes for the half the parent
material to decay.
Lesson 7: Geological Time Scale (Brief History

of the Earth)
Uniformitarianism
• James Hutton
• Uniformitarianism is the idea that the same
ABSOLUTE DATING geologic processes that shape Earth today have
• Measuring the age of an event or object in years been at work throughout Earth’s history.
RADIOMETRIC DATING Catastrophism

• METHOD of finding out the age of an object by • Charles Lyell
figuring out the ratio of parent material to • Catastrophism is the principle that states that all
daughter. geologic change occurs suddenly, such as
a. RADIOCARBON DATING mountains and seas, during events called
• This technique measures the decay of C-14 in catastrophes.
organic material and can be best applied to
specimens younger than 60,000 years .
• C14 N1
DIVISION OF GEOLOGIC TIME MESOZOIC ERA
• Triassic
• Jurassic
• Cretaceous
CENOZOIC – age of mammals
Mnemonics:
• Put - PALEOCENE
• Eggs - EOCENE
• On - OLIGOCENE
EONS • My – MIOCENE
1. PRECAMBRIAN • Plate – PLIOCENE
• The Hadean, Archean, and Proterozoic. • Please, – PLEISTOCENE
• Precambrian time makes up almost 90% of • Honey – HOLOCENE
Earth’s history
• Formation of the Earth up to before complex life
forms developed
ERAS
2. PHANEROZOIC
• Paleozoic – ancient life; fish, trilobites, clams,
corals, ferns
• Mesozoic – age of middle life; reptiles;
dinosaurs, 1st scrawny mammals
PRE-CAMBRIAN EON
• Cenozoic – recent life; mammals, humans.
HADEAN EON
• Formation of the Earth through a planetary
ERAS
nebula • Atmosphere and oceans
• Press the pale button to message the center.
ARCHAEAN EON
• First unicellular organisms
• Cyanobacteria – photosynthesis
• Stromatolites fossil from cyanobacteria
PROTEROZOIC EON
PALEOZOIC ERA • First multicellular organisms
Mnemonics: • Sponges
• Camels - CAMBRIAN • Cnidarians
• Often - ORDOVICIAN
• Sit - SILURIAN
• Down - DEVONIAN
• Carefully - CARBONIFEROUS
• Perhaps – PERMIAN
PHANEROZOIC EON PHANEROZOIC EON
PALEOZOIC ERA MESOZOIC ERA
• era of ancient life • era of middle life
• Age of reptiles, dinosaurs and birds
CAMBRIAN PERIOD
•ECHINODERMS TRIASSIC - Their
•TRILOBITES • Dinosaurs laying eggs
•CONTINENTS • Dominance of reptiles
• First mammals
ORDOVICIAN PERIOD • 80% of the species goes extinct of unknown cause
• AGE OF INVERTEBRATES JURASSIC - Joints
• RISE OF VERTEBRATES OR FIRST FISHES • Pangea breaks into LAURASIA and GONDWANA
• OSTRADCODERM • Dominance of dinosaurs
• 86% of species lost because of ICE AGE • Dominance of gymnosperms like cycads and
conifers
SILURIAN PERIOD • First birds
•FIRST JAWED FISHES CRETACEOUS - Creak
•SEA SCORPION • Creta = chalk
•FIRST INSECTS • The theoretical earth -meteorite collision
•SPORE-BEARING • K-T Mass extinction
PLANTS • First primates
•FIRST LAND PLANTS • First flowering plants
DEVONIAN PERIOD Note: Mnemonic niya yung naka-highlight

•AGE OF FISHES
•ABUNDANCE OF TREE FERNS. PHANEROZOIC EON
•FIRST LAND ANIMALS CENOZOIC ERA
•FIRST LAND INSECTS • era of recent life
•75% species lost because of ALGAL BLOOM
PALEOCENE EPOCH
CARBONIFEROUS PERIOD •FIRST LARGE MAMMALS
•DOMINANCE OF AMPHIBIAN •FLOWERING PLANTS
•FIRST REPTILE APPEAR
•INSECT MEGAFAUNA EOCENE EPOCH
•FIRST SEED PLANTS •EOCENE-OLIGOCENE EXTINCTION
•FIRST PRIMATES
PERMIAN PERIOD
•AGE OF OLIGOCENE EPOCH
AMPHIBIANS •MAMMALS ARE DOMINANT
•PANGEA FORMED •PRIMITIVE, TAILLESS APE
•EXTINCTION OF 90%
OF ALL MARINE PLIOCENE EPOCH
SPECIES AND 70% OF •HOMINIDS OR HUMAN ANCESTORS APPEAR
LAND SPECIES
•“GREAT DYING”
•LARGE REPTILES
MIOCENE EPOCH MODERN HUMAN
•GRASS BECOMES WIDESPREAD
•PROTOHUMANS TRAVELLED FROM AFRICA TO DOMAIN = EUKARYA (multicellular)
ASIA AND EUROPE KINGDOM = ANIMALIA
PHYLUM = CHORDATA (chordates)
PLEISTOCENE EPOCH CLASS = MAMMALIA (amniota) O
•ICE AGE BEGINS RDER = OMNIVORA/ PRIMATA (primate)
•EARLIEST HUMANS APPEAR FAMILY = HOMINIDAE (upright walking)
GENUS = HOMO
HOLOCENE EPOCH SPECIES = SAPIEN
•HUMANS ARE DOMINANT
•ICE AGE ENDS
SUMMARY
• HADEAN EON– formation of Earth and its
atmosphere
• ARCHAEAN EON – first life/ unicellular
• PROTEROZOIC EON – first multicellular
• PALEOZOIC ERA – Era of ancient life
• CAMBRIAN PERIOD – Cambrian explosion
• ORDOVICIAN PERIOD – Age of invertebrates
• SILURIAN PERIOD - Age of vertebrates
• DEVONIAN PERIOD– Age of fishes/ extinction
• CARBONIFEROUS PERIOD – rise of amphibians
• PERMIAN PERIOD– Age of amphibians/ rise of

reptiles/ extinction
• MESOZOIC ERA – Age of reptiles and
gymnosperms
• TRIASSIC PERIOD – egg-laying dinosaurs
• JURASSIC PERIOD – Age of dinosaurs
• CRETACEOUS PERIOD – extinction of dinosaurs
• CENOZOIC ERA – Age of mammals and
angiosperms
• PALEOCENE EPOCH- first mammal
• EOCENE EPOCH – extinction of remaining

dinosaurs
• OLIGOCENE EPOCH – dominance of mammals
• MIOCENE EPOCH – Grass are widespread
• PLIOCENE EPOCH - Hominids (human ancestor)
• PLEISTOCENE EPOCH - Ice age/ earliest
humans
• HOLOCENE EPOCH – Ice age ends/ dominance
of humans
PART 2 OF LESSON 7: Geological Time Scale Ordovician Period (505 to 440 mya)
- Massive marine life diversification (Ordovician
Fossils)
-Latin “Ordovices”=people of the early Britain
-Marine life diversification
-first vertebrates
-vascular plants
- Ostracoderms – bony-armored animals
- Cephalopods
- First land plants
Silurian Period (440 to 410 mya)

- Life gains a foothold on land (Silurian Fossils)
EONS
HADEAN EON – 4.6 – 4 billion years ago “Silures” people of early Wales
-Giant Scorpions
ARCHEAN EON – 4 – 2.5 billion years ago -Coral reefs
Archean Eon, also spelled Archaean Eon, -First jawed fish (shark’s ancestors)
Greek (Archaios=ancient) - Leafless plants on land
-Formation of Oceans
-Atmosphere Devonian Period (410 to 360 mya) "The Age of
-Continents and the first Bacteria Fishes" - Colonization of the land (Devonian
-Cyanobacteria Fossils)
PROTEROZOIC EON – 2.5 billion years ago – 541 “Devonshire” in England

million years ago - Numerous fishes
- Other sea life
Greek Proteros= Earlier Zoon=Animals - Many plants
-Oxygen build-up - First trees
-Multi-cellular organisms - Wingless insects (ancestor of ants)
- First amphibian with fish like head and air-
PHANEROZOIC EON – 541 million years ago to breathing organisms
present
Carboniferous Period (360 to 286 mya) "The
ERAS Age of Plants"
- Reptiles and the amniotic egg appear
PALEOZOIC ERA – 541 – 252 million years ago (Carboniferous Fossils)
“Carbo”=coal “Fero”=Bear
Cambrian Period (544 to 505 mya) -Maximum coal formation in swamps
- Most major animal groups appear (Cambrian -Winged Insects
Fossils) -Amphibians
CAMBRIA(Latin name)- Wales -Reptiles
CAMBRIAN EXPLOSION -Fishes
-Shelled organisms -Clams
-ex. Trilobites, starfishes -Crustacean
-Sea-life proliferation -sea plants
Permian Period (286 to 245 mya “District of PALEOCENE
Permian” in Russia • Palaios=old and Kainos=new
-Large reptiles • Violent earthquakes, volcanic eruptions and
-Amphibians mountain buildings
-At the end of Permian Period almost all species • Alps in Europe, Himalayas in Asia, Rockies in
become extinct. North America, Andes in South America
“THE GREAT DYING” • Flowering plants became dominant
MESOZOIC ERA • Mammals increased in number
- 252 – 66 million years ago
TRIASSIC PERIOD
• “Trias” = Triad
• Euramerica, Laurentia, Gondwana
• Early dinosaur, crocodile, Turtles, ¡First mammals
• Egg-shells with self-contained aqueous
environment
JURASSIC PERIOD
• Jura mountains
• Many sea-going reptiles ¡Large dinosaurs
• Flying reptiles(ancestor of earliest known birds)
• Continuous breaking of Pangaea
CRETACEOUS PERIOD
• Latin “CRETA”= chalk
• Dinosaurs and other reptiles dominates
• Seed-bearing plants appear
• Extinction
• Escape of smaller organisms from extinction:
Turtles, Lizard, Snakes
“CRETACEOUS-PALEOGENE EXTINCTION
EVENT”
CENOZOIC ERA
- 66 million years ago – present
TERTIARY PERIOD
• PALEOGENE EOCENE
• Paleocene
• Eocene • Eos=dawn and kainos=new
• Oligocene • Alps, Himalayas, Andes continued to form
• Atlantic and Indian Ocean were formed
• NEOGENE • Earliest horse, camel, rhinoceros, pig, elephant,
• Miocene and cattle, primitive apes (monkeys and gibbons)
• Pliocene
OLIGOCENE HOLOCENE EPOCH
• Oligos=few and kainos=new • Holos=entire and kainos=new
• Cycle of warm, mild and cool seasons • The last 10,000 years to present time
• Forests occupied less land, Grasslands increased • Melting of glaciers
in area • Warming of climate, forming of deserts.
• Grass-eating mammals increased in quantity • People developed in intelligence and learned to
and variety domesticate animals and cultivate plants
• A primitive, tail-less ape, probably the ancestor
of humans appeared WHAT IS THE ANTHROPOCENE EPOCH?
MIOCENE EPOCH ANTHROPOCENE

• Meios=less and kainos=new • The “Age of Humans”
• Formation of the Mediterranean sea. • Start of naming geologic-time terms needs to
• Grand canyon caused by extensive erosion. define what exactly the boundary is, where it
• Climates were varied. Trees that seasonally shed appears in the rock strata
their leaves increased in number and more
grasslands were formed. ANTHROPOGENIC EXTINCTION
• Fish and mammals steadily increased in number • Human global nuclear annihilation
• Probable primitive humans migrated from Africa • Biological warfare
to Asia to Europe. • Overpopulation
• Elephants and horses increased in size • Ecological collapse
• Ducks and Pelicans appeared in shallow rivers • Climate Change
and lakes. • Transhumanism
• Primitive penguins appeared in the Antarctic
PLIOCENE EPOCH
• Pleios=more and kainos=new
• Sierra Nevada and Coast Ranges
• Subsidence formed the North Sea, Black Sea,
Caspian Sea, Aral Sea.
• Mammals decreased in species
• Ape-man, which can be best described as the
pre-man, appeared and increased in number
QUATERNARY PERIOD
• PLEISTOCENE
• HOLOCENE
PLEISTOCENE EPOCH
• Pleistos=most and kainos=new
• (popular name: Ice Age)
• Glaciers and Ice spread and receded several
times
• Mammals and primitive people crossed land
bridges

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Earth Science Reviewer

Lessons 5 to 7 Made by: Cruz, Marvin John R.

2. FROM MAGNETIC STRIPE WHAT IS MAGNETIC ANOMALY?

CONVERGENT PLATE BOUNDARY

LAW OF CROSS-CUTTING RELATIONSHIPS

Lesson 7: Geological Time Scale (Brief History

RADIOMETRIC DATING Catastrophism

DEVONIAN PERIOD Note: Mnemonic niya yung naka-highlight

• PERMIAN PERIOD– Age of amphibians/ rise of

• EOCENE EPOCH – extinction of remaining

Silurian Period (440 to 410 mya)

PROTEROZOIC EON – 2.5 billion years ago – 541 “Devonshire” in England

MIOCENE EPOCH ANTHROPOCENE

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