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#19_THE LADY OF THE LAKE BY SIR  King James: As mentioned above, King James is are political as well as emotional, also he loves Ellen
WALTER SCOTT also present in the poem disguised as James Fitz- but he also realizes their marriage would unite the
James "Huntsman". Douglas and Alpine clans, creating a strong political
"The Lady of the Lake" by Sir Walter Scott is a  Red Murdoch: One of the Alpine Clan. force, Ellen is appreciative of Roderick's protection
captivating narrative poem, belonging to the romantic  Brian the Hermit: Brian is a pagan prophet with but she does not have any desire to marry him,
genre. Scott's vivid descriptions paint a romanticized a connection to the supernatural. He offers cryptic because she is already inloved with Malcolm Graeme.
picture of Scottish culture and history, immersing advice and warnings to various characters Roderick proposes a marriage to Ellen in front of the
readers in a world of enchantment and adventure. throughout the story. entire company, Malcolm can see that Ellen is upset
 Malcolm Graeme: The young knight and the by offer. But before he can intervene, her father speaks
Author suitor of Ellen Douglas. explaining tactfully that the marriage would be a
 Alan Bane: The faithful servant of James political missaliance.
Sir Walter Scott, born in 1771, was a writer and Douglas.
lawyer best known for his series of novels called The So after the rejection of ellen to the proposal Roderick ,
Waverley Series. Sent to live with his Aunt Jenny and Summary Roderick declared a war against the Saxon and he
family as a young boy, Scott became fascinated with visited Brian the hermit Who possesses magical
stories of Scottish Border battles. CANTO I ;The Chase powers.
James fitz James a Saxon knight is on a hunting trip
Scott became an instant best seller with historical but he becomes lost in the forest so he sounds his horn Canto IV;The Prophecy
narrative poems like The Lay of the Last Minstrel hoping his comrades will hear and rescue him, instead Brian the hermit possesses magical powers. Roderick
(1805), followed by The Lady of the Lake (1810), the horn is heard by Ellen Douglas, a beautiful lady ask him for an augury of the upcoming battle and then
Rokeby (1813), and The Lord of the Isles (1815). who lives on a nearby lock with her father, under the Brian the hermit said that "whichever clan is the first
protection of the Highlander cousins Roderick dhu. to kill a foe, is the clan that will be victorious" it is a
Characters: prediction that fills Rodrick with confidence because
 James Fitz James: This is actually King James V Ellen's extends the warm hospitality to James Fitz they have been always the first to kill a foe in every
of Scotland traveling incognito. He is charming, james and Fitz James thought that the girl faces battle that they are doing.
adventurous, and falls in love with Ellen. reasembles one the members of the hunted Douglas
However, he becomes involved in the ongoing Clan but he is enchanted by her beauty and kindness Meanwhile, James Douglas has decided to give
conflict between the Highlands and Lowlands. so dismisses his concern. himself up to the king in hopes of persuading the
 Ellen Douglas: The central female character, saxons to avert the war but before he surrender himself,
daughter of James Douglas. Ellen is beautiful, CANTO II ;THE ISLAND he escorts his daughter to a wilderness cave leaving
strong-willed, and fiercely loyal to her family and The next morning Fitz james leaves the island, and their faithful servant Allan bane with her for
clan. then Ellen fathers arrives in the company of young protection.
 Rhoderick Dhu: The chief of Clan Alpine, a Malcolm Graeme, the suitor of Ellen. After that
powerful Highland warrior. Roderick is Roderick dhu, cousin and protector of the Douglas Ellen and Alan Bane are discovered by James Fitz
passionate, proud, and fiercely protective of his also arrives. James and persuade Ellen to accompany him home to
clan. He is also ruthless and harbors a grudge castle. Ellen is alarmed, she ask him if he has not seen
against the Douglas family. He is a rival of Fitz- CANTO III ;The Gathering the preparation for war, has he not noticed that all the
James for Ellen's affection. Roderick is a middle aged warrior with a fierce hills around them are full of Roderick Men, Fitz James
personality, he hopes to marry ellen but his motives says he has seen nothing in fact the country side
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appears still and serene, Now, Ellen is even more suddenly spring alive with highlands warriors. The CANTO VI. ;The Guard Room
alarmed. For this can be only sign of increasing danger clansmen turns to Fitz James. And says these are the Rhoderick, Malcom and James Douglas are imprison
the clever men of clan alpine must have surrounded clan alpine's warriors and Saxon and I am Rhoderick so there is no need for the saxons to wage a war
him, Ellen promises to help James Fitz James escape, Dhu. Rodherick waves his hand and his men and against the Alpine Highlanders, But the message was
although she tells him that her heart really belongs to vanish again in the forest, now that Rhoderick had led late because the fighting was already began.
Malcolm Graeme, fits James are determined to help the Saxon knight into the lowlands as promised, he
Ellen save her father, he gives her a royal Saxon ring turns and challenges him to battle, The Saxons who The next morning at sterling castle soldiers arrive and
saying it will aid her on her journey through the respects his foe has no desire to fight but rhoderick described the bloody Battles of yesterday. Now Ellen
lowlands and gain her audience with the King of the insist, he repeats the hermits prediction that whoever and Alan arrived and seek audience with the king,
Scotland. first sheds the blood of his enemy will be victorious. when Ellen displays the ring that Fitz James gave her,
she was treated with respect and welcome. While
Fits James departed and he was still accompanied by Fitz James respond "then by my word the riddle is Allain visited the prisoner which is James Douglas his
his guide red Murdoch, soon they encounter a mad already read" "seek yonder break beneath the cliff master, but he saw Rhoderich dhu, and dhu wants to
woman living in the wilds, she tells him that years ago there lies red Murdoch stark and stiff". Allan sings the battle yesterday and as Allan sings it,
on her wedding day, clan alpine had captured her and rhoderick grows weaker.
killed her groom, in a cryptic song she warns him to The death of Murdoch means the Saxons will be
beware of his guide, red Murdoch, the knights pays victorious, but rhoderick stubbornly insist that Now Fitz James arrived to take Ellen to the king, she
heed and is drawing his sword just as Murdoch fires Murdoch's death doesn't fulfill the prophecy, he calls greets him as a dear brother and together they walk
an arrow from his bow, the arrow misses Fitz James Fitz James coward and scorns him for wearing a lady's into a huge crowded hall, Ellen nervously scans the
but strikes blanche. hair braid, referring to a Blanche's brooch, and James room for the king, but she sees that all eyes are fixed
remembered his bows to the old woman to avenge her on Fitz James, when the people before her bow down,
James chases Murdoch and slays him then he returns grief, and so he draws his sword. Ellen suddenly understands.
to the side of the dying old woman, she gives him a
brooch that contains a lock of her dead lovers hair, and Rhoderick is big and powerful but Fitz James is quick The Saxon knights is the Scotland's King.
tells him to find Roderick dhu and avenge her pitiful and skillful, eventually his skill overpowers the She kneeled to the king but King James helps her up
life, and James Agreed. chieftain and Roderick falls to the ground unconscious and tells her that the battle has been ended. So he and
from loss of blood. her father have reconciled. Then Ellen's cried and hugs
Many hours later he comes across alone knight of clan her father, and the king was happy.
alpine bound by the same coat of honor as he, the James is in his home territory so he blows his buggle
enemies share food and campfire and the clans men and washes his wounds while he awaits help, when his King James ask Ellen about the ring and she also ask
promise to take Fitz James back his own territory. companions arrive he has them carry Roderick off to Ellen is she has a wish and Ellen wish is for clemency
prison, then he mounts his horse and heads for towards Rhoderick dhu, but King James replied sadly
CANTO V. ;The Combat sterling castle in the meantime. and he didn't agree. So he ask Ellen again if she have
As they travel, they talk the Highlander defends the another wish but ellen just sad so the king laugh
ferocity of his chieftain rhoderick. He explains how Malcolm Graeme has also been captured by the because he was just teasing Ellen. The king call
long ago the lowlands had been taken from the clan Saxons, James Douglas now intends to offer his life Malcolm Graeme and said he deserves to be in jail but
and they had been forced into the stark inhospitable not just to avert war, but as ransom for his daughter's when he sees the distressed look on Ellen's face, the
mountains seek other cause against rhoderick dhu he sweetheart and for his Rhoderick dhu. king smiles and then they let them be together.
says. Then he whistled and with his wistled the woods
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Settings WILL NOT FACE ANY HARDSHIPS AND was published in England during the Regency era,
Trossachs region of Scotland DANGER. which was a period of significant cultural, social, and
political change, spanning roughly from 1811 to 1820,
Symbolism  Reconciliation - All clans are strong and overlapping with the Georgian period.
 The Horn - James Fitz James's horn symbolizes powerful, they all have their own ideologies and
his call for help and his desire for rescue when he perspective, thats why the war begins. Jane Austen wrote "Pride and Prejudice" during
becomes lost in the forest. her early forties, likely between 1796 and 1797, when
 The Ring - The royal Saxon ring given by Fitz But even though na naglalaban laban sila to the point she was living in Hampshire, England. However, the
James to Ellen symbolizes protection, authority, that they all experienced hardship, the day still came novel underwent significant revisions before its
and hope. It serves as a tangible reminder of their when they all reconciled. publication in 1813. Austen's writing style is
encounter and Fitz James's promise to aid Ellen in characterized by wit, irony, and social commentary.
her journey. Ellen Douglas was the way for everyone to reconcile, She explores the intricacies of social class, marriage,
 Blanche's Brooch: The brooch containing a lock ellen douglas was both the beginning and the end. and gender roles in early 19th-century England.
of Blanche's dead lover's hair symbolizes loss,
grief, and the weight of past injustices. It #20_ PRIDE AND PREJUDICE The novel is structured into three volumes, each
motivates Fitz James to seek revenge and justice consisting of several chapters (61 chapters in total),
for Blanche's suffering. About the Author that follows the romantic journey of Elizabeth Bennet
and Mr. Darcy amidst the backdrop of Regency
Themes Jane Austen (born December 16, 1775—died July England's social hierarchy and manners.
 Power and Politics: This theme is about how 18, 1817) was an English writer who first gave the
people use their influence and authority to get novel its distinctly modern character through her Characters
what they want. Characters in the story, like treatment of ordinary people in everyday life.  Elizabeth Bennet - The protagonist of the
Roderick Dhu, try to gain power and control over novel, second eldest daughter of the Bennet
others for personal or political reasons. She published four novels during her lifetime: family. Elizabeth is intelligent, independent-
Sense and Sensibility (1811), Pride and Prejudice minded, and quick-witted. She is at the center
 Also rhoderick dhue only wants to marry ellen (1813), Mansfield Park (1814), and Emma (1815). of the novel's romantic plot, navigating her
douglas because he probably wants to use the feelings for Mr. Darcy while also grappling
douglas family clan para makapag create ng Jane Austen wrote many books of romantic fiction with societal expectations and her own
strong political force. about the gentry. Her works made her one of the most prejudices.
famous and beloved writers in English literature and is
 Love and Relationships: This theme is about the recognized as one of the great masters of the English  Mr. Fitzwilliam Darcy - The male
feelings characters have for each other, like love, novel. protagonist and love interest of Elizabeth
friendship, and loyalty. It shows how these Bennet. Mr. Darcy is wealthy, proud, and
feelings affect their actions and decisions. About the Book initially aloof. He undergoes significant
character development throughout the novel,
FOR INSTANCE SI JAMES DOUGLAS WHEREIN "Pride and Prejudice" is a novel written by Jane learning to overcome his pride and social
HE GIVE HIMSELF UP TO THE KING JUST FOR Austen, first published in 1813. It was initially prejudices to win Elizabeth's love.
THE WAR TO STOP SO THAT HER DAUGHTER published anonymously, with the author credited as
"By the Author of Sense and Sensibility." The book
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 Jane Bennet - Elizabeth's eldest sister and the  Lydia Bennet - The youngest Bennet sister, the novel's exploration of love, marriage, social class,
embodiment of kindness and gentleness. Jane Lydia is flirtatious, impulsive, and lacking in and personal growth.
forms a romantic attachment to Mr. Bingley propriety. She elopes with Mr. Wickham,
but faces obstacles in their relationship due to causing scandal and distress for the Bennet Chapter 1: The Bennet family is introduced,
misunderstandings and interference from family. consisting of Mr. and Mrs. Bennet and their
others. five daughters - Jane, Elizabeth, Mary, Kitty,
 Mr. George Wickham - A charming officer and Lydia. Mrs. Bennet is eager to see her
 Mr. Charles Bingley - A wealthy and who shares a history with Mr. Darcy. daughters married, particularly to the wealthy
amiable young man who moves into the Wickham initially charms Elizabeth with tales Mr. Bingley, who has recently arrived in the
neighborhood at the beginning of the novel. of Mr. Darcy's cruelty but later reveals himself neighborhood.
Mr. Bingley becomes enamored with Jane to be manipulative and untrustworthy.
Bennet and forms a romantic attachment to Chapter 3: Mr. Bingley hosts a ball, where he
her.  Charlotte Lucas - Elizabeth's sensible and is immediately taken with Jane Bennet.
pragmatic friend, who marries Mr. Collins for Elizabeth meets Mr. Bingley's friend, Mr.
 Mr. William Collins - A distant cousin of the financial security and social stability. Darcy, who appears proud and aloof.
Bennet family who stands to inherit their
estate due to the lack of male heirs. Mr.  Miss Caroline Bingley - Mr. Bingley's sister. Chapter 5: Mr. Bingley and Mr. Darcy
Collins is obsequious, pompous, and overly She is particularly interested in Mr. Darcy. continue to interact with the Bennet family,
concerned with social status. He proposes to though Mr. Darcy's standoffish behavior
Elizabeth but ultimately marries her friend  Mary Bennet - Mary is the middle Bennet alienates Elizabeth.
Charlotte Lucas. sister, often depicted as serious and bookish.
Chapter 9: Elizabeth meets Mr. Wickham, a
 Mrs. Bennet - The frivolous and often  Catherine "Kitty" Bennet - Kitty is the charming officer who shares a history with Mr.
embarrassing mother of the Bennet sisters. fourth Bennet sister, depicted as frivolous and Darcy. Wickham's tales of Mr. Darcy's cruelty
Mrs. Bennet is obsessed with finding suitable easily influenced by others. fuel Elizabeth's prejudice against him.
husbands for her daughters, particularly the
wealthy Mr. Bingley. Georgiana Darcy - Mr. Darcy's younger Chapter 18: Mr. Collins, a distant cousin of

sister, who plays the piano. the Bennets, arrives at Longbourn with the
 Mr. Bennet - The witty and ironic father of intention of marrying one of the Bennet
the Bennet family. Mr. Bennet is often daughters. He sets his sights on Elizabeth,
 Mr. and Mrs. Gardiner - Elizabeth's
detached from family affairs and takes much to her dismay.
maternal aunt and uncle, who provide her with
pleasure in teasing his wife and daughters. guidance and support throughout the novel.
Chapter 34: Mr. Darcy unexpectedly declares
 Lady Catherine de Bourgh - Mr. Darcy's his love for Elizabeth, proposing marriage.
Summary
aunt, who is wealthy, haughty, and However, Elizabeth rejects him, citing his
domineering. Lady Catherine disapproves of interference in her sister Jane's relationship
These chapter summaries highlight key events and
Mr. Darcy's growing attachment to Elizabeth with Mr. Bingley and his treatment of Mr.
developments in "Pride and Prejudice," showcasing
and attempts to interfere in their relationship. Wickham.
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Chapter 36: Mr. Darcy delivers a letter to  Satire - The novel is rich in satire, especially the interactions between the main characters,
Elizabeth, explaining his side of the story in its portrayal of the social norms and Elizabeth Bennet and Mr. Darcy.
regarding Mr. Wickham and revealing his true manners of the time. Austen satirizes the
feelings for her. Elizabeth begins to reassess pretensions and absurdities of the upper class,  Mood
her opinions of Mr. Darcy. particularly through characters like Mr. The mood of "Pride and Prejudice"
Collins and Lady Catherine de Bourgh. fluctuates between light-heartedness and
Chapter 43: Elizabeth travels to visit her tension. At times, the mood is buoyant,
friend Charlotte, who has married Mr. Collins.  Dialogue - Austen's use of dialogue is notable especially during the lively exchanges
While there, she encounters Mr. Darcy at his for its wit and subtlety. Through conversations between characters and the comedic situations
estate, Pemberley, where she witnesses his between characters, she reveals their that arise from misunderstandings and
kindness and generosity. personalities and advances the plot. For misinterpretations. However, there are also
example, Elizabeth and Darcy's exchanges are moments of emotional intensity, particularly
Chapter 58: Mr. Bingley returns to the marked by verbal sparring and gradual in the romantic conflicts and personal
neighborhood and resumes his courtship of revelation of their true feelings for each other. struggles faced by the characters. Overall, the
Jane, much to the delight of the Bennet family. mood of the novel is one of charm, wit, and
 Foreshadowing - Austen employs ultimately, optimism as love triumphs over
Chapter 59: Mr. Darcy proposes to Elizabeth foreshadowing to hint at future events in the societal expectations and personal prejudices.
once again, and this time she accepts. Their novel. For instance, early in the story,
engagement marks the overcoming of pride Elizabeth's prejudice against Darcy Themes
and prejudice on both sides. foreshadows their eventual romantic
relationship.  Gender
Chapter 61: The novel concludes with the Gender is a key theme in Pride and Prejudice.
marriages of both Jane and Elizabeth to their  Characterization - Austen uses indirect The story takes place at a time when gender
respective suitors, Mr. Bingley and Mr. Darcy. characterization to reveal the traits and roles were quite rigid, and men and women
The Bennet family finds happiness and motivations of her characters. For example, had a very different set of options and
stability, and Elizabeth reflects on the through Elizabeth's observations and influences.
importance of love and understanding in interactions, readers learn about the pride of
marriage. Mr. Darcy and the prejudice of others.  Reputation and Social Class
Pride and Prejudice depicts a society in which
Literary Devices Used Tone and Mood a woman’s reputation is of the utmost
importance. A woman is expected to behave
 Irony - Austen employs verbal irony  Tone in certain ways.
throughout the novel, where characters often The tone of the novel is predominantly
say the opposite of what they mean. For ironic, satirical, and often humorous. Austen The theme of social class is related to
instance, when Mr. Collins proposes to employs a tone of gentle mockery towards the reputation, in that both reflect the strictly
Elizabeth, he claims it will be a great sacrifice social conventions and pretensions of the regimented nature of life for the middle and
for him to marry her, but his words are ironic upper-class society of her time. While the tone upper classes in Regency England.
as he is actually seeking social advancement. is often light and witty, there are moments of
seriousness and introspection, particularly in
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 Love Tragically, Shelley's life was cut short in 1822 when he Canto I
Pride and Prejudice contains one of the most drowned in a boating accident off the coast of Italy at the Percy Bysshe Shelley addresses the West Wind as a
cherished love stories in English literature: the age of 29. powerful and transformative force of nature. He
courtship between Mr. Darcy and Elizabeth, personifies the wind, describing it as the "breath of
also Mr. Bingley and Jane’s. About the Poem Autumn's being" and a "Wild Spirit" that moves
"Ode to the West Wind," penned by Percy Bysshe everywhere. The imagery of the leaves being driven by
Shelley in 1819, stands as a quintessential example of the wind like "ghosts from an enchanter fleeing" evokes
 Family
Romantic poetry, characterized by its rich imagery, a sense of movement and change. Shelley portrays the
Family is an integral theme in the novel. All
lyrical beauty, and profound exploration of nature's wind as both a "Destroyer and Preserver," highlighting
of the characters operate within networks of power. Comprising five terza rima stanzas, Shelley's ode its dual nature to bring about both destruction and
family connections that shape their decisions invokes the West Wind as a symbol of both destruction renewal. The wind is depicted as carrying the seeds to
and perspectives. and renewal, utilizing vivid imagery and personification their "dark wintry bed," where they lie dormant like
to evoke the wind's elemental force. The poem delves corpses until the arrival of spring, symbolizing the
#21_ODE TO THE WEST WIND into themes of change, inspiration, mortality, and the cyclical nature of life and the seasons. Overall, this
interconnectedness of humanity with the natural world, passage reflects Shelley's fascination with nature's power
About the Author reflecting the Romantic belief in the sublime and to inspire change and transformation.
transformative power of nature. Through its invocation
Percy Bysshe Shelley (1792–1822) of the West Wind, Shelley crafts a timeless meditation on Canto II
Percy Bysshe Shelley was born August 4, 1792, at Field the eternal cycle of life and the enduring impact of the Percy Bysshe Shelley directs his focus towards the
Place, near Horsham, Sussex, England. The eldest son of natural world on the human spirit, solidifying its status as wind's capacity to propagate change and instigate new
Timothy and Elizabeth Shelley, with one brother and a masterpiece of English literature. growth. Employing metaphors such as likening the wind
four sisters. to "pestilence-stricken multitudes" and "a thousand
Form and Style thousand" dead leaves, Shelley accentuates its potential
He began writing poetry while at Eton, but his first The Poem consists of five cantos (sections) with to disseminate ideas and impact society. He envisions the
publication was a Gothic novel, Zastrozzi (G. Wilkie and 5 each having 5 stanzas and 14 lines written in terza rima. wind as a harbinger of social and political upheaval,
J. Robinson, 1810), in which he voiced his own heretical symbolizing nature's ability to stimulate transformations
and atheistic opinions through the villain Zastrozzi “Ode to the West Wind” is written in terza rima. within human affairs.
Terza rima is mostly defined by its interlocking rhyme
In 1811, Shelley continued this prolific outpouring with scheme. The first stanza of a terza rima poem follows Canto III
more publications, including another pamphlet that he an ABA rhyme scheme. The next stanza picks up the Shelley redirects his contemplation towards his own
wrote and circulated with Hogg titled “The Necessity of B rhyme and adds a new rhyme: BCB. Then the pattern individual condition and the wind's influence on his life.
Atheism,” which got him expelled from Oxford after less repeats itself: CDC, DED. There’s no limit to how long a He articulates a yearning to emulate the wind's essence,
than a year. poet can go on like this: a terza rima poem may include to be propelled by its might and to undergo
any number of stanzas. But the final two lines of terza metamorphosis through its agency. Shelley aspires to
At age nineteen, Shelley eloped to Scotland with sixteen- rima always form a rhyming couplet, EE. This final embody both a "trumpet" and a "lyre," utilizing his
year-old Harriet Westbrook but their marriage ended in couplet serves as a kind of punctuation, marking the end poetry as a conduit for communication and inspiration.
tragedy because Harriet allegedly committed suicide. of the poem or the section of the poem. Thus, in this This stanza unveils Shelley's personal alignment with
poem, each section follows the following rhyme scheme: nature's transformative force and underscores his belief
Not long after Harriet’s death, Percy and Mary Godwin in the potency of art as a catalyst for personal and
got married. ABA BCB CDC DED EE societal evolution.
Summary
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Canto IV epitomizing the cyclical essence of life and the perpetual and “Scatter, as from an unextinguished hearth Ashes
The fourth stanza introduces the theme of death and quest for renewal and enlightenment. and sparks” are the examples of kinetic imagery.
resurrection. Shelley compares himself to a “dead leaf”
and implores the wind to carry him away, just as it Tone 5. Personification:
carries the seeds of change. He longs to be “driven like a The tone of the poem varies, shifting from despair and Personification is to give human qualities to inanimate
ghost” by the wind, suggesting a desire for transcendence longing to inspiration and hope. This range of emotions objects. For example, “Destroyer and Preserver”, “Who
and rebirth. This imagery underscores the theme of adds depth to the poem and allows it to capture the chariotest”, “Thou who didst waken from his summer
transformation and emphasizes the potential for renewal complexities of human experience. dreams”, “The blue Mediterranean, where he lay” and
and regeneration that nature offers. “thou breath of Autumn’s being” as if the wind is human
Literary Devices used in the Poem: that can dream, breathe and rest like a human being.
Canto V 1. Alliteration
Concluding the poem, the final stanza reiterates the Alliteration is the repetition of consonant sounds in the 6. Anastrophe
cyclical nature of the wind and its correlation with same line such as the sound of /w/ in “O wild West Wind, It refers to the reversal of the syntactically correct order
seasonal change. Shelley conveys a sense of optimism thou breath of Autumn’s being” and /g/ sound in “Thy of subjects, verbs, and objects in a sentence. Shelley has
and hope, positing that just as winter yields to spring, the voice, and suddenly grow gray with fear”. used anastrophe in the second line, “leaves dead” instead
wind's destructive force can pave the path for of dead leaves.
regeneration and renewal. He concludes the poem with 2. Simile
an earnest plea for the wind to "hear" his appeal and It is a figure of speech used to compare an object or a 7. Enjambment
become his "unrestrained voice." This closing entreaty person with something else. For example, “Are driven, It is defined as a thought or clause that does not come to
accentuates the West Wind's symbolic significance as a like ghosts from an enchanter fleeing”; “Each like a an end at a line break; rather, it moves over to the next
conduit for personal and societal metamorphosis. corpse within its grave”; “Loose clouds like earth’s line such as;
decaying leaves are shed”.
Central Theme “Cleave themselves into chasms, while far below
3. Symbolism The sea-blooms and the oozy woods which wear
The central theme encapsulated within "Ode to the Symbolism is using symbols to signify ideas and The sapless foliage of the ocean, know.”
West Wind" by Percy Bysshe Shelley revolves around qualities, giving them symbolic meanings different from
the omnipotent influence wielded by the natural world, literal meanings. “West wind” symbolizes the mighty #22_ODE TO A NIGHTINGALE BY JOHN
particularly exemplified through the personification of power of nature, “dead leaves” are symbols of death and KEATS
the West Wind. Throughout the poem, Shelley exalts the destruction, and “dying year” symbolizes the end of the
West Wind's formidable prowess and its transformative season. About the Author
capacities, utilizing it as an emblem of change, John Keats (October 31, 1795– February 23, 1821)
enlightenment, and rejuvenation. The wind is 4. Imagery John Keats was born and baptised in the City of
symbolically portrayed as both a harbinger of destruction, Imagery is used to make readers perceive things with
London. After education in Enfield and an
marking the culmination of the year and the advent of their five senses. For example, “dark wintery bed”,
apprenticeship in Edmonton, he trained to be a doctor
winter, and a harbinger of creation, heralding the dawn of “yellow, and black and pale and hectic red” and “Angles
regeneration and vitality. Moreover, the poem delves into of rain and lightning” are some examples of visual
at Guy’s Hospital before giving up a career in
themes of mortality and transcendence, while also imagery. The images such as, “the trumpet of a medicine to become a poet.
contemplating the intricate interplay between the prophecy”, “Black rain and fire and hail will burst” and
individual and the timeless, boundless forces of nature. “Her clarion” are the examples of auditory imagery. John Keats was born in Moorgate, right on the edge of
In essence, the central theme underscores the profound Similarly, “Wild Spirit, which art moving everywhere” the expanding city of London. His father worked at an
and enduring impact of nature upon human existence, inn and his mother was the inn keeper’s daughter.
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John was the eldest child, followed by brothers George, fell in love with Fanny Brawne, who lived at the house About the Poem
Tom, and Edward (who died young), and finally a from April 1819 to December 1831. The Ode to a nightingale is one of the great
sister called Frances. Ode of Romantic poets. John Keats’ ode to a
The spring and summer of 1819 was a remarkably nightingale comprises 8 stanzas. It is penned in 1819,
When he was eight, his father died in a riding accident productive period in Keats’s life, inspired in large part is a profound exploration of themes such as the
while returning from visiting him at school. Within by his love for Fanny Brawne. Even after he became transient nature of life, the contrast between the ideal
months his mother remarried, leaving her children seriously ill from February 1820, he continued to write and the real, and the transformative power of art.
with their grandparents. She returned five years later letters to her despite being told by his doctors not to Keats, known for his exquisite lyricism, created this
suffering from consumption, a common and fatal read or write poetry, in case it distressed him. ode as a reflection on the nightingale as a symbol of
illness. Keats nursed his mother and began to study beauty and immortality. Ode to nightingale focuses on
hard, believing this could help her. She died soon after Keats wrote some of the finest poems in the English death because Keats’s mother Francis Jennies and his
leaving them as orphans. language in one phenomenally creative period from younger brother Tom died of tuberculosis. He was also
September 1818 to September 1819. He was just 23. diagnosed with tuberculosis as it was an incurable
Keats left school aged 14 to begin a career in medicine. disease at that time.
He was apprenticed to Dr Thomas Hammond in Keats only published three books of poetry during his
Edmonton, who taught Keats to diagnose illnesses, lifetime. The publication of his first book, ‘Poems’ in Keats's ode goes beyond a mere expression of
prepare remedies and perform minor surgery. 1817, mostly went unnoticed while reviews of grief or loss; instead, it delves into the profound
‘Endymion’ the following year, attacked both the complexities of life, death, and the enduring power of
He passed his medical exams in 1816 at the age of 20 poem itself and Keats personally. One critic artistic creation. The poet's personal experiences,
but was becoming increasingly drawn to a career as a questioned whether someone of his background should including the death of loved ones and his own battles
poet. While studying at Guy’s he met the influential write about classical subjects and suggested that he with illness, contribute to the emotional depth and
journalist Leigh Hunt, who was to become a great should abandon all hope of being a poet. sincerity of the work.
friend of Keats, and champion of his poetry. Keats’s
first published poem, ‘To Solitude’ appeared in Hunt’s In February 1820 Keats realized he had consumption, "Ode to a Nightingale" stands as one of
journal The Examiner in May 1816, two months now known as tuberculosis or simply TB. There was Keats's most celebrated poems, renowned for its
before passing his medical exams. By the end of 1816 no known cause, though many believed it was exquisite language, vivid imagery, and the exploration
Keats could no longer balance both his work at the hereditary and that sensitive or creative people were of philosophical themes. The ode captures the essence
hospital and his writing. He chose poetry. more likely to be affected. of Romantic poetry, engaging readers in a
contemplation of mortality and the enduring legacy of
Keats lived at Wentworth Place on and off until Keats died in Rome on 23 February 1821 aged just 25. art.
September 1820. He was buried four days later and the words ‘Here lies
one whose name was writ in water’ were later Form and Style
During this period, and inspired by his reading and inscribed on his gravestone, as he believed he had
surroundings, he produced many of the works for failed in his ambition to be a great poet. The form of Keat's 'Ode to a Nightingale' is an ode.
which he is now famous. He also found friendship Keats published just three books of poetry in his Structure
with a creative, literary circle who championed his lifetime but was also a prolific writer of letters, many This poem consists of eight stanzas, all of which are
writing and encouraged him to work. Most of which survived providing a glimpse into the life and ten lines each, sharing a consistent rhyme scheme. The
significantly, while living in Hampstead he met and character of both him and the society he lived within. dominant meter throughout the poem is iambic
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pentameter. However, the eighth line of each stanza is The poet expresses a sense of nostalgia for the past The speaker claims that the nightingale’s song
written in iambic trimeter. and the idea of escaping to a place where joy and has remained unchanged over the centuries while
beauty are everlasting. He wants to be free from the generations of men have lived and perished. The final
Rhyme Scheme burdens of time and mortality. stanza, with the speaker’s bewilderment as to whether
This poem follows a highly regular rhyme scheme, they are awake or dreaming, also reflects their
ABAB CDE CDE. The stability of its structure draws Stanza 6: preoccupation with death and the passage of time.
a stark contrast to the erratic nature of the poetic voice, A shift occurs in this stanza as the poet acknowledges
as it flits from luscious descriptions of the landscape to the limits of the nightingale's world. He realizes that Nature, beauty, and art
praising the songbird, exploring themes such as the the bird's world is separate from the human world, and As an ode, the poem pays homage to the
misery and joy of the human experience, and the escape he desires may not be possible. nightingale but also appreciates the beauty of nature,
ultimately questioning reality. which is characteristic of Romantic poetry. The
Summary Stanza 7: speaker believes that the perfection of nature, and its
The poet, still captivated by the nightingale's song, beauty, is manifested in the bird, which is not man-
Stanza 1: expresses the idea that even if the nightingale's world made and, therefore, is pure and uncorrupted.
The poet describes how he feels as if he has taken a is temporary, the experience of its beauty is worth the
drug and is entering a dreamlike state. He hears the pain of eventual loss. One could argue for instances in the poem
beautiful song of the nightingale and wishes to escape where the speaker is enthralled by the nightingale’s
from the harsh realities of life. Stanza 8: beauty and laments at their own inferior imagination,
In the final stanza, the poet returns to his own reality, which can never quite match the true beauty of nature.
Stanza 2: acknowledging the transience of both the nightingale's Consciousness, loneliness, and isolation
The poet contrasts the fleeting nature of human life song and the escape it offered. He grapples with the
with the timeless existence of the nightingale. He conflict between the ideal and the real, recognizing the The speaker, craving a ‘drowsy numbness’, is
expresses a desire to escape from the troubles of life beauty in both. exhausted by their own consciousness and wishes to
by joining the bird in its carefree world. escape human suffering. They feel alone in their
Theme suffering and take comfort in the nightingale’s song.
Stanza 3: Important themes in the poem include death and
The poet reflects on the ephemeral nature of joy and mortality; nature, beauty, and art; and consciousness, The speaker accepts humanity in the sense that
happiness. He longs to drink deeply from the "beaker loneliness, and isolation. they may be able to perceive and appreciate the natural
full of the warm South" to escape from the pain and beauty around them but, in general, find human life
transience of human existence. Death and mortality too overwhelming and isolating. Finally, they question
Given the biographical context of the poem, their sense of awareness as they wonder whether their
Stanza 4: the reader is aware of John Keats’ complicated encounter with the nightingale was a dream.
Here, the poet contemplates the contrast between the relationship with death. He had recently lost his
imagined ideal world of the nightingale and the harsh brother to tuberculosis and felt as if he were slowly Literary Devices used in the Poem:
realities of life. He questions the worth of pursuing withering away. In the poem, the speaker mulls on the  Alliteration: Alliteration is the repetition of
happiness if it is only temporary. immortality of the nightingale’s song while being consonant sounds in the same line such as the
aware of their own limited existence. sound of /th/ in “That thou, light-winged Dryad of
Stanza 5: the trees”.
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 Simile: A simile is a figure of speech used to stanza or even the poem. Keats has repeated the Marathon, which her father bound and released
compare something with something else to make word “where” in the following lines to emphasize privately.
its meaning clear. Keats has used simile in the the existence of his imaginative world.
second stanza, “Forlorn! the very word is like a In 1826, she (anonymously) published the
bell.” Here the poet is comparing forlorn to a bell. For example: collection An Essay on Mind and Other Poems, which
 Enjambment: Enjambment refers to the “Where palsy shakes a few, sad, last gray became a touchstone in her writing career.
continuation of a sentence without a pause after hairs, Unfortunately, fate would throw more obstacles her
the end of a line in a couplet or stanza. For Where youth grows pale, and spectre-thin, and way soon after its release. Barrett’s mother died two
example: dies; years later and her father’s business foundered, forcing
Where but to think is to be full of sorrow him to sell their estate. The family eventually settled
“My sense, as though of hemlock I had drunk, Or And leaden-eyed despairs, in London, but the interruption never gave Barrett
emptied some dull opiate to the drains.” Where Beauty cannot keep her lustrous eyes.” pause.
 Imagery: The use of imagery makes the readers  Anastrophe: An anastrophe is a device used to
visualize the writer’s feelings, emotions or ideas. call somebody from afar. The poet has used this Barrett continued writing, and in 1844 her
Keats has used images to present a clear and vivid device in line sixty-one, “Thou wast not born for collection titled Poems was published. Besides
picture of his miserable plight such as, “though of death, immortal Bird.” catching the eye of the reading public, it also drew the
hemlock I had drunk,”, “Past the near meadows,”, attention of established English poet Robert Browning.
“Fast fading violets cover’d up in leaves.” #23_SONNETS FROM THE PORTUGUESE Browning wrote Barrett a letter, and the pair
exchanged nearly 600 letters over the following 20
 Assonance: Assonance is the repetition of same About the Author months, which culminated in their elopement in 1846.
vowel sounds in the same lines of poetry such as Barrett’s father was very much against the marriage,
the sound of /o/ in “In some melodious plot” and Elizabeth Barret Browning (1806-1861) and he never spoke with his daughter again.
/i/ sound in “The voice I hear this passing night Elizabeth Barrett Browning was born on March
was heard.” 6, 1806, at Coxhoe Hall, Durham, England. She was About the Poem
the oldest of 12 children, and her family made their Sonnets from the Portuguese was written by
 Metaphor: There are two metaphors in this poem. fortune from Jamaican sugar plantations. Educated at Elizabeth Barrett Browning between 1845 and 1846
The first one is used in line eleven, “for a beaker home, Barrett was a precocious reader and writer. and was published in 1850. It is a collection of forty-
full of the warm south”. Here he compares liquid Having delved into classics such as the works of John four love sonnets written for her, then, future husband
with the southern country’s weather. Milton and William Shakespeare before her teen years, Robert Browning. The content and tone of the sonnets
she also wrote her first book of poetry by age 12. change as her relationship with Browning relationship
 Personification: Personification is to give human progressed.
qualities to non-human things. Keats has used At age 14, Barrett developed a lung illness that
personification in line twenty-nine, “where beauty required her to take morphine for the rest of her life, Form and Style
cannot keep her lustrous eyes” as if the beauty is and the following year, she suffered a spinal injury The form and structure of the sonnets adhere to
human and can see. The second example is in line that would serve as another setback. Despite her health the traditional Petrarchan or Italian sonnet form. Each
thirty-six, “The Queen moon is on her throne.” issues, Barrett lived the literary life to the fullest, sonnet consists of 14 lines, divided into an octave
teaching herself Hebrew, studying Greek culture and (eight lines) and a sestet (six lines). The rhyme scheme
 Anaphora: It refers to the repetition of initial publishing her first book in 1820, The Battle of of the octave is typically ABBAABBA, and the sestet
words of sentences in sequence or in the whole
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may vary, often following the patterns CDCDCD or has wrought in her life. The poems in this section are Barrett Browning explores the enduring
CDECDE. marked by vivid imagery and passionate declarations. nature of true love. The sonnets convey the idea
that love can withstand the tests of time.
The sonnets revolve around themes of love, Sonnets 31-40:
romance, and spirituality, reflecting Browning's These sonnets deepen the exploration of love's Spiritual and Divine Love:
personal experiences and emotions, particularly her power, focusing on its enduring and unchangeable
love for her husband, fellow poet Robert Browning. nature. Browning contemplates the eternal aspect of
The sonnets often transcend the earthly
The collection is known for its introspective and love, suggesting that true love transcends time and realm and touch upon the divine nature of love.
deeply emotional exploration of love, often with a physical existence. She also touches on themes of Love is portrayed as a force that connects
spiritual and philosophical undertone. sacrifice, trust, and the merging of souls within the individuals on a spiritual level
bond of love.
Summary Literary Devices used in the Poem
Sonnets 41-44: Elizabeth Barrett Browning's "Sonnets from the
Sonnets 1-10: In the concluding sonnets, Browning reflects on Portuguese" showcases a variety of literary
These sonnets introduce the theme of love as a the journey of love she and her beloved have devices that contribute to the richness of her
transformative force. Browning expresses initial undertaken. She acknowledges the fears and poetry. Here are some famous literary devices
doubts and fears about love, questioning her uncertainties they have overcome and looks forward to found in the sonnets:
worthiness and the possibility of love's true existence. a future illuminated by their love. The final sonnets
She is introspective, contemplating her past sorrows are a celebration of love's victory over doubt and a
and the sudden appearance of love in her life. There is reaffirmation of the poet's commitment to her beloved. Imagery:
a sense of astonishment and hesitancy as she navigates Example (Sonnet 3): "A gold half-angel's wing,
her new emotions. Theme which almost lays / The mark of goodness on a
The sonnet “Sonnets from the Portuguese” brow of care."
Sonnets 11-20: deals with the following central theme:
In this section, Browning delves deeper into the The imagery of a "gold half-angel's wing"
nature of love. She reflects on the purity and intensity Love as Redemption: contributes to the visual representation of
of her feelings, contrasting her love with the The sonnets explore the idea of love as a goodness and purity, enhancing the description of
conventional expectations of society. These sonnets the beloved's character.
explore the spiritual and intellectual connections
redeeming and transformative force. Barrett
forming between her and her beloved, highlighting the Browning reflects on how love has the power to
mutual respect and admiration that underpin their heal and elevate the soul. In Sonnet 1, she Alliteration:
relationship. expresses her initial doubts about love's Example (Sonnet 43): "How do I love thee? Let
authenticity, but ultimately, it becomes a source me count the ways."
Sonnets 21-30: of redemption.
The sonnets celebrate the joy and fulfillment The repetition of the "l" sound in "let," "love,"
found in love. Browning's tone becomes more Love's Endurance: creates an alliterative effect, emphasizing the
confident and assured as she fully embraces her love rhythmic and musical quality of the line.
for Robert Browning. She expresses gratitude for the
love she receives and marvels at the transformation it Enjambment:
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Example (Sonnet 1): "I thought once how formed the foundation of the younger Renaissance art and literature, fascination with
Theocritus had sung / Of the sweet years, the dear Browning’s somewhat unconventional education. human psychology, personal experiences with
and wished-for years, / Who each one in a marriage, and progressive views on gender
gracious hand appears." In 1828, he attended classes at the roles all contributed to the creation of this
University of London but left after only one thought-provoking poem.
The enjambment, or continuation of a sentence term due to his dislike for the formal education
without a pause beyond the end of a line or stanza, system. Form and Structure
creates a flowing and uninterrupted movement. It “My Last Duchess” is a dramatic monologue, a
can contribute to the natural, conversational tone Browning's first published work was a form of poetry in which a single speaker
of the sonnets. collection of poems titled 'Pauline: A Fragment addresses a silent listener or audience. It is
of a Confession' in 1833. But this collection structured as one lengthy stanza (continuous form)
Hyperbole: received mixed reviews from critics, and he and consist of 56 line long. The poem is written
Example (Sonnet 43): "I love thee to the depth later began writing plays for the London stage, in iambic pentameter with rhyme scheme is
and breadth and height / My soul can reach, when which he also ended up not being too successful. predominantly rhyming couplets (AA-BB-CC-
feeling out of sight / For the ends of Being and DD).
ideal Grace." In 1846, Browning married Elizabeth
Barrett and then moved to Italy, where he found “My Last Duchess”
The speaker uses hyperbole to express the inspiration for his works in the country's rich
boundless nature of her love, exaggerating its culture and history. Line 1-5
extent to emphasize its vastness. That’s my last Duchess painted on
About the Poem the wall, Looking as if she were alive.
#24_My Last Duchess Robert Browning famous poem, “My I call
Last Duchess” was first published in 1842 as That piece a wonder, now; Fra Pandolf’s
About the Author part of his “Dramatic Lyrics” which is a hands Worked busily a day, and there she
Robert Browning (born May 7, 1812, collection of his English poems. stands. Will’t please you sit and look at
London—died December 12, 1889, Venice) was her? I said
one of the most influential poets of the The poem is a dramatic monologue, in
Victorian era. He is widely recognized as a which the Duke of Ferrara talks about his late The speaker refers to “his final duchess”
master of dramatic monologue and wife, who he refers to as 'my last duchess'. It is in the poem’s opening lines. It conveys the
psychological portraiture. set in the Italian Renaissance period but written impression that the speaker is a Duke and is
in the Victorian Era and is based on the speaking to an unidentified or unresponsive
He and a younger sister, Sarianna, were the historical figure, Alfonso II d’Este, Duke of audience. He describes the painting as so
children of Robert Browning Sr. and Sarah Anna Ferrara, and his wife, Lucrezia di Cosimo de’ lifelike that it appears as if the Duchess is
Browning. Browning’s father supported the Medici. actually present. The Duke praises the painting
family by working as a bank clerk and assembled as a remarkable piece of artistry and he
a large library — some 6,000 books — which Robert Browning’s passion for attributes the skill to the painter, Fra Pandolf,
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who worked diligently for a day to create the Line 14-21 Duchess’ character to the audience. He
portrait. When the Duke exclaims, “There she Her husband’s presence only, called describes her as having a heart that was "too
stands,” it suggests that the Duchess’s entire that spot Of joy into the Duchess’ cheek; soon made glad." This suggests that the
body is depicted in the picture rather than just a perhaps Duchess was quick to find joy in various
close-up. After that, he urges the audience to Fra Pandolf chanced to say, “Her situations, indicating a positive and perhaps
take a seat and concentrate on the artwork’s mantle laps Over my lady’s wrist too naive disposition. However, the Duke's tone
beauty. much,” or “Paint Must never hope to becomes increasingly critical as he
reproduce the faint characterizes her as "too easily impressed." He
Line 6-13 Half-flush that dies along her throat.” implies that the Duchess's happiness was
“Fra Pandolf” by design, for never read Such stuff Was courtesy, she thought, and superficial and based on shallow impressions
Strangers like you that pictured cause enough For calling up that spot of rather than genuine depth of feeling.
countenance, The depth and passion of joy. She had
its earnest glance, But to myself they Line 25-31
turned (since none puts by The curtain The Duke addresses his silent listener Sir, ’twas all one! My favour at her
I have drawn for you, but I) once more, this time addressing him as “Sir.” breast, The dropping of the daylight
And seemed as they would ask me, if they He analyses the Duchess’s facial expressions in in the West,
durst, How such a glance came there; so, the artwork and informs the audience that the The bough of cherries some officious fool
not the first Are you to turn and ask thus. flush and smile on her cheeks were not solely Broke in the orchard for her, the white
Sir, ’twas not caused by the presence of her husband and mule She rode with round the terrace—all
suggest that there may have been other reasons and each Would draw from her alike the
The Duke explains to the audience that he for her expression. He speculate that the artist, approving speech,
purposefully revealed the painter’s identity Fra Pandolf, may have contributed to the Or blush, at least. She thanked men—good! but
because everyone who views this painting is Duchess happiness by making flattering thanked
curious about the artist. He suggests that remarks about her appearance or by discussing
strangers, such as the listener, wouldn't fully grasp the challenges of capturing her beauty in art. The Duke asserts that everything he did
the depth and passion of the Duchess's expression The Duke criticizes his Duchess, claiming that for the Duchess, whether it was showing her
just by looking at the portrait. The Duke also she believed that simple acts of kindness or favor or providing her with gifts and
informs the audience that only he is authorized to courteous remarks like these were sufficient to experiences, had the same effect on her. It
pull back the curtain covering the picture. It satisfy her. demonstrates how, despite the Duke’s
implies that only Duke can view this painting or, expectations, the Duchess treated everything
if he chooses, can display it to anyone else. He Line 22-24 equally. It is now obvious that the Duke
adds that he is not the only person who is A heart—how shall I say?— too soon made glad, expected his Duchess to give him extra
astonished to view this exquisite work of art. Too easily impressed; she liked whate’er attention, but she treated him equally and
Anyone who looks at it turns to the Duke as if She looked on, and her looks went everywhere always reacted to him in the same way that she
they want to ask him how the Duchess’ painting . formerly reacted to any other regular person or
looks so lifelike. The Duke goes on to describe his late item.
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Line 32-35 confronted her, detailing the hypothetical The company below, then. I repeat,
Somehow—I know not how—as if she scenario of instructing her on how to behave The Count your master’s known
ranked My gift of a nine-hundred- according to his desires. However, he munificence Is ample warrant that no
years-old name ultimately decides against such an approach, just pretense
With anybody’s gift. Who’d stoop to blame asserting his refusal to lower himself by Of mine for dowry will be disallowed;
This sort of trifling? Even had you skill engaging in direct communication or Though his fair daughter’s self, as I
compromise. avowed At starting, is my object. Nay,
The Duke reflects on the Duchess's we’ll go
behavior, expressing bewilderment and Line 44-47
frustration at her apparent lack of appreciation Whene’er I passed her; but who passed without The Duke order the listener to stand up to go
for his gift of a prestigious family name. He Much the same smile? This grew; I gave and meet the other visitors who are downstairs,
suggests that she treated his gift as no more commands; Then all smiles stopped together. Duke invites him to get up and accompany him.
significant than any other gift she received from There she stands As if alive. Will’t please you rise? The duke then begins to discuss the listener’s
others. This reveals the Duke's sense of We’ll meet “Count” master. It conveys the impression that
entitlement and superiority, as he believes that the unspoken listener is the Count’s servant.
his family name should have been esteemed The duke acknowledges to the listener The servant is told that the duke expects him to
above all others. that his Duchess was always cordial toward him. provide the dowry for her daughter in the
He recalls how the Duchess would smile at him amount he requests because everyone is aware
Line 36-43 whenever he passed her, suggesting that her of the generosity of his master. It implies that
In speech—which I have not—to make smiles were not unique to their interactions but the duke is currently being remarried to the
your will Quite clear to such an one, and were bestowed upon others as well. He Count’s daughter and that he discusses dowries
say, “Just this Or that in you disgusts me; interprets this as evidence of her infidelity and with the servant. Additionally, he says to the
here you miss, insincere nature, further fueling his jealousy and servant that, given the Count’s generosity, he is
Or there exceed the mark”—and if she let resentment towards her. The Duke not concerned about the dowry but, as he
Herself be lessoned so, nor plainly set acknowledges that he was unable to take it indicated earlier in their conversation, the
Her wits to yours, forsooth, and made anymore and that he so issued orders against his Count’s daughter’s fairness will be his top
excuse— - E’en then would be some own Duchess, which caused all of her smiles to focus.
stooping; and I choose Never to stoop. Oh, cease. It suggests that he issued the orders to
sir, she smiled, no doubt, kill her so she wouldn’t be able to grin anymore. Line 54-56
The Duke finally comes to a close, pointing Together down, sir. Notice Neptune,
The Duke acknowledges that he never once again at the lovely portrait and saying, though, Taming a sea-horse, thought
directly communicated his grievances or “Now there she is, and it appears like she is a rarity,
expectations to the Duchess. He suggests that alive.” The Duke then gently requests the Which Claus of Innsbruck cast in bronze for me!
he lacked the courage or willingness to openly listener to stand up.
express his dissatisfaction with her behavior. The duke concludes his conversation,
Instead, he imagines how he might have Line 48-53 and invites the listener to descend with him,
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indicating that they should continue their the poem, the Duke reduces the Duchess to a He went on to serve as a court reporter before
conversation while walking. This suggests a mere object, treating her as a piece of art to be taking his place as one of the most popular English
sense of casualness and ease in the Duke's admired and controlled. He refers to her as "my novelists of his time.
demeanor, as he transitions from discussing the object" and "my gift of a nine-hundred-years-old
dowry to admiring a piece of art. He gestures in name" without acknowledging her individuality At age 25, Dickens completed his first novel,
The Pickwick Papers, which met with great success.
the direction of a statue of the god Neptune, or humanity. This started his career as an English literary celebrity,
who is portrayed riding a sea horse. The artist during which he produced such masterpieces as Great
who created it is also mentioned by the duke to #26_THE GHOSTLY LITTLE BOOK: A Expectations, David Copperfield, and A Tale of Two
the servant. He reveals to him that this statue CHRISTMAS CAROL BY CHARLES Cities.
was created out of bronze specifically for him
by Claus of Innsbruck. About the Author Dickens died in Kent on June 9, 1870, at the age of
fifty-eight due to stroke. Buried in Poets’ Corner in
Charles Dickens (1812-1870) Westminster Abbey.
Main Themes Charles Dickens was born on February 7,
The poem of Robert Browning, “My 1812 and spent the first nine years of his life living in
Last Duchess” deals with the following central Historical, Biographical, and Social Context
the coastal regions of Kent particularly Chatham, a Dickens wrote the story in 1843, during the height of
theme. county in southeast England. the Industrial Revolution, which brought wealth
disparity. He aimed to expose social injustices and
Power and Control Dickens' father, John, was a kind and likable promote compassion for the underprivileged.
The central theme of power and control man, but he was financially irresponsible, piling up
in "My Last Duchess" is evident through the tremendous debts throughout his life. When Dickens A Christmas Carol contains several themes
Duke's narration and his attitude towards his was nine, his family moved to London. which were of the utmost importance to Dickens. It is
late wife. The Duke portrays himself as a man a morality tale; it is a celebration of human kindness;
who display authority and dominance over his At twelve, his father was arrested and sent to and it highlights the relationship between social
debtors' prison. Dickens' mother moved seven of their injustice and poverty. In an 1852 edition of The
household, including his deceased wife. He children into prison with their father but arranged for
describes her as an object to be controlled and Christmas Books (in which this story was included),
Charles to live alone outside the prison, working with Dickens wrote in his preface: ‘My purpose was, in a
displayed, rather than as a person with her own other child laborers at a hellish job pasting labels on
thoughts, feelings, and agency. The Duke's whimsical kind of masque which the good humour of
bottles in a blacking warehouse. the season justified, to awaken some loving and
jealousy and possessiveness are also forbearing thoughts, never out of season in a Christian
manifestations of his desire to maintain power The three months Charles spent apart from his land.’
and control in the relationship. family were severely traumatic. He viewed his job as a Dickens’ works offered a gritty portrayal of
miserable trap—he considered himself too good for it, Victorian society’s underbelly, including the plight of
Objectification of Women stirring the contempt of his worker-companions. the poor, the labor conditions, and the treatment of
The theme of objectification of women in "My After his father was released from prison, children. His novels brought attention to the harsh
Last Duchess" arises from the Duke's portrayal of Dickens returned to school, eventually becoming a law realities that many of his contemporaries chose to
clerk. overlook, forcing society to confront these issues. By
his late wife as a possession rather than a human
being with control of her own body. Throughout exposing these social issues, Dickens created a public
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outcry, pressuring the authorities to effect changes and conduct. He drags a chain of cash-boxes, keys  Ghost of Christmas Yet To Come – a spirit that
reforms. and padlocks which he is condemned to carry appears wearing a black hooded cloak and does
In Victorian society, there was a vast with him forever. not speak. The future that he shows Scrooge
divide between the wealthy and the poor. The poor paints a bleak picture of impending death.
were often neglected and viewed as mere statistics  Ghost of Christmas Past – this spirit comes in However, there is the implication that it is not too
rather than individuals. Through his vivid, empathetic the ambiguous form of a child with the late for Scrooge to mend his ways and change
characterization, Dickens humanized the lower classes, appearance of an old man. He shows Scrooge the things.
fostering empathy among his readers. Christmases of his childhood. We learn from this
visitation that, as a boy, Ebenezer Scrooge was Summary
Form and Structure not such a bad chap but that it was the neglect of
A Christmas Carol is written as a: his father that set him Stave One: Marley’s Ghost
● The tale is written as a novella. This is a short On a cold Christmas Eve, the miserly Ebenezer
piece of fiction - longer than a short story, but  Mr Fezziwig – a large, warm-hearted man, to Scrooge refuses to share in the holiday spirit. He
shorter than a novel. whom Scrooge was apprenticed. rejects his nephew's invitation for Christmas dinner,
● The novella is set out in five Staves. denies a donation to charity, and barely grants his
 Belle – at one time Scrooge’s fiancée before the clerk a day off. As Scrooge returns home, he
● Relatively in a simplistic allegory.
allure of money became more important than love experiences a series of ghostly visions. First, he sees
to him; this resulted in Belle breaking off their the face of his deceased business partner Jacob Marley
Characters: engagement. in the doorknocker. Then, upon entering his house, he
 Ebenezer Scrooge – the main protagonist, witnesses a ghost activity climbing the stairs with him.
Scrooge is a miserly old man who owns a  Ghost of Christmas Present – a spirit in the Finally, Marley's ghost appears in his room, bound in
counting house (he works as a creditor). It is form of a giant clad in festive robes. He takes chains forged from symbols of his greed. Marley
through the visitation of Marley’s Ghost on Scrooge to see the Christmases of people that he warns Scrooge of a similar fate if he doesn't change
Christmas Eve that Scrooge is taught a lesson knows and also of those he does not. In doing so, his ways and announces the arrival of three spirits who
about how his miserable behaviour affects not he shows Scrooge that even in wretched will visit him over the next three nights.
only his own future but the future of those around conditions people a lot less fortunate than himself Stave Two: The First One of the Three Spirits
him. Just in time, he learns the true meaning of celebrate Christmas with gusto. Waking up confused after a restless night, Scrooge
Christmas. remembers the upcoming visit from the first spirit. At
 Bob Cratchit – Scrooge’s long-suffering clerk. one o'clock, the Ghost of Christmas Past appears, a
 Fred (Fan’s son) – Scrooge’s nephew is the He is the father of a large impoverished family childlike figure radiating wisdom. He takes Scrooge
embodiment of Christmas spirit. He is a jolly and and despite living a very hard life is happy and on a magical journey back to his childhood.
generous fellow and even extends this to include cheerful. He is especially dedicated to his son
his mean uncle. When Scrooge redeems himself Tiny Tim. Scrooge witnesses past Christmases, some joyous and
and asks to join his Christmas celebrations, Fred some deeply saddening. He sees himself as a lonely
is delighted.  Tiny Tim – Bob Cratchit’s disabled son. He is a boy abandoned at school during the holidays. He
 Jacob Marley – Scrooge’s business partner, who sweet-natured child full of cheerful optimism and rejoices in a brief reunion with his kind sister Fan, but
died seven years previously, an equally greedy very well loved by his family. learns of her passing years ago. The spirit also shows
man. He is the ghost that visits Scrooge to warn Scrooge a festive gathering at his old workplace,
him of the penalty he will pay for his earthly followed by a heartbreaking scene where his fiancee,
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Belle, breaks off their engagement due to his growing With the clock chiming midnight, the Ghost of Stave Five: The End of It
obsession with wealth. Scrooge witnesses Belle later, Christmas Present fades away, leaving Scrooge to face Scrooge, grateful for a second chance at his life, sings
happily married to another man, and feels a pang of the arrival of the final spirit, a hooded figure the praises of the spirits and of Jacob Marley. Upon
regret for his lost love. approaching him. realizing he has been returned to Christmas morning,
Scrooge begins shouting "Merry Christmas!" at the top
Overwhelmed by these memories, Scrooge begs the Stave Four: The Last of the Spirits of his lungs. Genuinely overjoyed and bubbling with
Ghost of Christmas Past to return him to the present. The final spirit, the Ghost of Christmas Yet to Come, excitement, Scrooge barely takes time to dress and
In a desperate attempt to escape the painful past, arrives cloaked in a dark, ominous hood. Scrooge is dances while he shaves. In a blur, Scrooge runs into
Scrooge extinguishes the ghost's light, plunging terrified and begs the silent spirit to reveal its message. the street and offers to pay the first boy he meets a
himself back into his bedchamber. The ghost leads Scrooge on a haunting journey huge sum to deliver a great Christmas turkey to Bob
through future. Cratchit's. He meets one of the portly gentlemen who
Stave Three: The Second of the Three Spirits earlier sought charity for the poor and apologizes for
The second spirit, the Ghost of Christmas Present, They witness businessmen discussing the death of a his previous rudeness, promising to donate huge sums
arrives in a dramatic display of light. Unlike the wealthy, but presumably unloved, man. Scrooge fears of money to the poor. He attends Fred's Christmas
childlike Ghost of Christmas Past, this spirit is a this might be him. Next, they visit a gloomy pawnshop party and radiates such heartfelt bliss that the other
majestic giant dressed in green robes. He explains his where stolen items from the dead man are cruelly guests can hardly manage to swallow their shock at his
role as one of many spirits who represent the current traded. This further emphasizes the lack of genuine surprising behavior.
day. connection surrounding the unseen deceased.
The following morning, Scrooge arrives at the office
The Ghost of Christmas Present whisks Scrooge away Scrooge then observes a poor family expressing relief early and assumes a very stern expression when Bob
to witness various Christmas celebrations throughout at the death of a creditor who had threatened them. Cratchit enters eighteen and a half minutes late.
the city. They observe the joyous Christmas morning This suggests Scrooge's potential impact on others' Scrooge, feigning disgust, begins to scold Bob, before
of the Cratchit family, despite their poverty. Scrooge lives. The most devastating scene unfolds at the suddenly announcing his plans to give Cratchit a large
is particularly concerned about the sickly Tiny Tim Cratchit household, where the family mourns the death raise and assist his troubled family. Bob is stunned,
and inquires about his future. The spirit offers a bleak of Tiny Tim. Here, the consequences of Scrooge's but Scrooge promises to stay true to his word.
outlook for Tiny Tim if circumstances don't improve. indifference become tragically clear.
As time passes, Scrooge is as good as his word: He
Scrooge then joins invisible festivities at a miners' Desperate to alter these grim visions, Scrooge pleads helps the Cratchits and becomes a second father to
camp, on a ship at sea, and even at his nephew Fred's with the spirit to know the identity of the dead man. Tiny Tim who does not die as predicted in the ghost's
Christmas party. Scrooge enjoys the merriment but The final stop is a desolate churchyard where Scrooge ominous vision. Many people in London are puzzled
remains unseen by the participants. As the night reads his own name on a tombstone. Stricken with fear by Scrooge's behavior, but Scrooge merely laughs off
progresses, the spirit ages and takes Scrooge to a and regret, Scrooge promises to change his ways and their suspicions and doubts. Scrooge brings a little of
desolate wasteland. Here, Scrooge encounters two embrace the spirit of Christmas. His pleas seem to the Christmas spirit into every day, respecting the
neglected figures, Ignorance and Want, representing affect the spirit, causing its form to waver. lessons of Christmas more than any man alive. The
the consequences of social neglect. The spirit mocks narrator concludes the story by saying that Scrooge's
Scrooge by echoing his earlier dismissive remarks Scrooge awakens in his own bed, relieved to be back words and thoughts should be shared by of all of us ...
about prisons and workhouses. in the present moment. The terrifying encounter with "and so, as Tiny Tim observed, God bless us, Every
the Ghost of Christmas Yet to Come serves as a one!"
powerful motivator for Scrooge's transformation.
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Theme selfishness, while the ghosts symbolize Calcutta, India in 1811, is primarily recognized as a
The novella A Christmas Carol deals with central aspects of time and their impact on self- novelist. After his father's death when he was five,
themes of: awareness. The Cratchit family embodies Thackeray was sent to England for education. He
● The Ability to Transform and Change: The warmth and resilience, and Tiny Tim attended the strict Charterhouse School and Trinity
narrative contains several supernatural and represents the vulnerability of the less College, Cambridge, but left university after two
spiritual, or moral, transformations. Scrooge's fortunate. years. Thackeray then embarked on a period of
journey is the heart of the story. Dickens ● Symbolism- Dickens uses representations socializing and gambling, later working as a
emphasizes that positive change is possible, such as: freelance journalist, contributing to publications like
even for the most flawed characters. This a. The Ghosts: Each spirit represents a Punch and The Times. He wrote travel books such
theme resonates with readers because it offers distinct concept—Marley: a warning, as "The Paris Sketch Book" and "From Cornhill to
hope and the possibility of self-improvement. Past: lost opportunities, Present: joy Grand Cairo," as well as notable novels including
and community, Yet to Come: death "Vanity Fair," "Pendennis," "The Newcomes," and
● The Influence of Memory and Time: "The Virginians." Thackeray's wife struggled with
Dickens deliberately employs time as a key and consequence.
a. Cratchit Family: Represents the depression, which occupied much of his later life.
motivator for Scrooge’s development and Despite primarily being known for his novels,
transformation. Scrooge does not merely resilience of the poor despite hardship.
b. Tiny Tim: Represents the Thackeray also wrote poetry during his time at
remember his past but is physically guided Trinity, contributing occasional poems, ballads,
through each memory. The three ghosts vulnerability of children and the
consequences of social neglect. comic poems, and parodies to Punch. His poetry
represent different aspects of time: Past, was praised for its vigor, daintiness, and sense of
Present, and Future. They force Scrooge to c. Fezziwig's Warehouse: Symbolizes a
bygone era of merriment and rhythm. Thackeray passed away unexpectedly in
confront the consequences of his choices and London in 1863.
the nature of time. This theme encourages generosity.
reflection and living a meaningful life in the d. Chains: Represent the burden of
Scrooge's choices and the potential ABOUT THE BOOK
present. "Vanity Fair" is a novel by William Makepeace
fate that awaits him.
● Social Responsibility: Dickens critiques Thackeray, published serially from 1847 to 1848 and
● Foreshadowing- Marley's visit foreshadows
Victorian England's social injustices—poverty, in book form in 1848. It marked Thackeray's first
the consequences Scrooge faces if he doesn't
child labor, and indifference to the suffering work published under his own name, departing from
change. The bleak Christmas dinner
of others. He challenges readers to consider his previous practice of using pseudonyms or
foreshadows Tiny Tim's potential death.
their own responsibility towards the less remaining unsigned. The title of the novel is
fortunate and the importance of social ● Contrast- Dickens uses stark contrasts borrowed from John Bunyan's "Pilgrim's Progress,"
compassion. between Scrooge's isolated world and the where it signifies the center of human corruption. The
warmth of the Cratchit family and Fred's
● The Essence of Christmas: The story celebration. This emphasizes the
book presents a densely populated and multilayered
reminds us the core values of the holiday portrayal of early 19th-century English society,
consequences of Scrooge's choices. exploring various manners and human frailties.
which are love, family, and generosity which
are important part of human connection and Thackeray subtitled it "A Novel Without a Hero,"
#27_VANITY FAIR suggesting that it metaphorically reflects on the
preserving the spirit of giving.
Literary Devices Used complexities of the human condition.
WILLIAM MAKEPEACE THACKERY
● Allegory- The entire story is an extended William Makepeace Thackeray, born in
allegory. Scrooge represents greed and SUMMARY
 EL 111 FT REVIEWER
"Vanity Fair" is a detailed narrative of the example, the title itself, "Vanity Fair," is ironic, TONE AND MOOD
ascent and downfall of Becky Sharp, a young as it refers to the transient and shallow nature of  Satirical: Thackeray employs satire to mock and
woman determined to rise in England's upper-class society. Irony is also evident in the characters' criticize the societal norms, values, and behaviors
society, contrasted with the parallel life of her friend actions and situations, such as Becky Sharp's of his time. Through sharp wit and humor, he
Amelia Sedley. The story unfolds within the frame rise and fall. exposes the hypocrisy, shallowness, and moral
of a puppet show, presenting Becky's journey from bankruptcy of the upper classes. The satirical
a lowly governess to mingling with aristocrats,  Satire: Thackeray uses satire to critique the tone serves to highlight the absurdities and flaws
while Amelia's story revolves around her ill fated social norms, values, and institutions of his time. inherent in society, offering a critical
engagement to George Osborne. Through sharp wit and humor, he exposes the commentary on human nature and social
hypocrisy, greed, and moral bankruptcy of conventions.
Becky's ambition and social maneuvering society, particularly among the upper classes.
drive the plot as she seeks to overcome societal  Cynical: The novel often adopts a cynical
barriers. Her calculated actions lead her through  Foreshadowing: Thackeray skillfully perspective on life and human behavior.
various relationships and encounters, including foreshadows future events, creating tension and Thackeray presents a world where individuals
marriages and liaisons aimed at advancing her status. anticipation in the narrative. For example, early are driven by self interest, vanity, and ambition,
Despite her efforts, her downfall comes when she's hints of Becky Sharp's manipulative nature often at the expense of others. Characters are
caught in a compromising situation with Lord foreshadow her later schemes and downfall. depicted as flawed and morally ambiguous, and
Steyne, leading to her social exile from London. the narrative frequently explores the darker
 Symbolism: Various symbols are woven aspects of human nature.
Amelia's storyline is simpler but shares throughout the novel to convey deeper meanings.
themes of marriage and financial struggles. For instance, the puppet show at the beginning THEMES
Dobbin's efforts to reunite Amelia with George and end of the novel symbolizes the idea of life  Social Climbing and Ambition: The novel
drive her narrative, culminating in George's death in as a performance, where characters play roles on explores the relentless pursuit of social status and
battle and Amelia's subsequent return to London as the stage of society. advancement, particularly through the character
a widow and single mother. of Becky Sharp. It delves into the lengths
 Allusion: Thackeray makes references to other individuals will go to in order to climb the social
The convergence of Becky's and Amelia's literary works, historical events, and cultural ladder, often at the expense of others.
paths highlights their differing fates, with Amelia figures, enriching the text with layers of
finding stability through Dobbin's support while meaning and context. These allusions serve to  Moral Bankruptcy: Thackeray critiques the
Becky's manipulative nature ultimately isolates her. enhance themes and deepen characterization. moral emptiness and hypocrisy prevalent in
The novel concludes with a poignant encounter society, where individuals prioritize wealth and
between the two women, leaving certain questions POINT OF VIEW status over genuine virtue. Characters often
unanswered, symbolized by the narrator putting the The novel is narrated by an omniscient, intrusive compromise their morals in pursuit of their own
puppets away, signifying the end of their stories but narrator who directly addresses the reader and self-interests.
leaving room for interpretation. provides commentary on the events and characters.
This narrative style allows Thackeray to offer  The Transience of Wealth and Status: The
LITERARY DEVICES insights into the characters' motivations and societal novel emphasizes the fleeting nature of worldly
 Irony: Thackeray employs verbal, situational, dynamics. success and material wealth. Characters
and dramatic irony throughout the novel. For experience fluctuating fortunes, demonstrating
 EL 111 FT REVIEWER
the impermanence of societal status and the Jane's dilemma between sexual urge and ethical Jane Eyre has a Gothic and romantic tone that
inevitability of downfall. obligation is firmly rooted in moral realism. However, frequently produces a sense of mystery, secrecy, or
her narrow escape from a bigamous marriage and even dread. However, Jane has a warm attitude, and
 Friendship and Betrayal: "Vanity Fair" Bertha's fiery death are part of the Gothic tradition. the tone is affectionate and confessional.
explores the complexities of interpersonal
relationships, including themes of loyalty, Theme Characters
betrayal, and manipulation. Characters form Themes are the overarching themes expressed in a 1. Jane Eyre - the protagonist and main narrator
alliances and friendships based on self-interest, literary work. Charlotte Bronte's masterpiece, Jane of the novel.
leading to both alliances and betrayals. Eyre, contains many interesting topics. It depicts a 2. Edward Rochester – the owner of Thornfield
family's problem while also demonstrating class Manor.
#28_JANE EYRE prejudice and cruelty in human nature. Further 3. St. John Rivers – also addressed as St. John.
themes are listed below: The cousin of Jane and the brother of Diana
Charlotte Brontë's novel, Jane Eyre, was published • Role of the Family and Mary. 4. Helen Burns – Jane’s
in 1847 as Jane Eyre. It was widely regarded as a • Religion schoolmate at Lowood School who
masterpiece, it breathed fresh life into the Victorian • Social Status demonstrates tolerance and Christian values
novel by depicting a woman's inner life in detail, • Gender Discrimination opposite to Jane.
highlighting her difficulties with her instinctive • Gothic Elements 5. Mr. Brocklehurst – known for torturing the
impulses and social situation. • Class Struggle students mentally and cruel at Lowood School. 6.
Charlotte Brontë was an English novelist known for • Self-Discovery Bertha Mason – Mr. Rochester’s Wife.
Jane Eyre (1847), a compelling tale of a woman in • Love and Marriage 7. Mrs. Reed – (Sarah Reed) the aunt of Jane. 8.
conflict with her inherent wants and social situation. • Beauty Miss Temple – the kind lady at Lowood that
The work instilled new sincerity in Victorian fiction. • Colonialism takes the responsibility of feeding the orphans.
The latter was born on April 21, 1816, in Thornton, 9. John Reed – Jane’s cousin and the brother of
Yorkshire, England. She died on March 31, 1855, Structure and Form Georgina and Eliza.
Haworth, Yorkshire. She later authored Shirley (1849), 10. Grace Poole – the caretaker of Bertha Mason,
and Villette (1853). The work is written in the first person from Jane's Mr. Rochester’s first wife at Thornfield.
point of view, allowing the reader to experience her
The work was first published in three volumes as thoughts and emotions. It is also known as a Summary
Jane Eyre: An Autobiography, with Currer Bell bildungsroman, which is a novel about the The tale unfolds at Gateshead Hall, Jane, a 10-year-
identified as the editor. The Lowood section of the protagonist's moral and spiritual development and old orphan, has been adopted by Her Aunt Reed.
novel was widely believed to be inspired by Charlotte how they discover their place in the world. Jane Eyre Neglected and emotional rejected and maltreated by
Brontë's own life. Despite some criticism that it was covers Jane's life from childhood to maturity, with her aunt, Jane is mercilessly abused by her cousins
anti-Catholic, the work was an immediate success. the work focusing on her transformation into a as well. Including Eliza, Georgiana, John, and
Jane Eyre's appeal stemmed in part from the fact that confident, independent, and joyful lady. The particularly the latter. After one event, in which Jane
it was written in the first person and frequently narrative is also organized by the places Jane lives uncharacteristically retaliates, she is trapped in the
addressed the reader, which created a sense of and how each location connects to her transition red chamber where her uncle Reed had died in which
proximity. into maturity. he suffers with terrible delusions.

The work also effectively combined many genres. Tone Soon afterwards, Jane is sent to the humanitarian
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organization, Lowood. Mrs. Reed reports to the sight, and the couple have a son. world, Emily fearlessly pursued her creative passions,
director of the school and has falsely accused Jane producing works that challenged conventions and
as deceptive and proposes her to the public #29_THE VICTORIAN AGE: EMILY BRONTE defied categorization.
humiliation of being labelled as liar.
Emily Brontë and "Wuthering Heights" WUTHERING HEIGHTS
Jane gathers the fortitude to leave Lowood in her
early adulthood, after several years as a student and THE AUTHOR The novel "Wuthering Heights" is narrated by Ellen
subsequently teacher. She obtains work as a Dean, also known as "Nelly," who works as a
governess at Thornfield Hall, where she meets her Emily Jane Brontë, a literary luminary poet and housekeeper for Mr. Lockwood, a tenant renting
handsome and Byronic boss, the wealthy and novelist of the 19th century, stands as an enigmatic Thrushcross Grange. The story revolves around two
impulsive Edward Rochester. At Thornfield, Jane figure whose brilliance continues to captivate readers families, the Earnshaws and the Lintons. Mr.
cares for young Adèle, the daughter of a French worldwide. Born in 1818 in Thornton, Yorkshire, Earnshaw is the proprietor of Wuthering Heights and
dancer who was one of Rochester's mistresses, and England, Emily was the fifth of six children in the has two children, Hindley and Catherine, and an
becomes friends with the compassionate housekeeper, illustrious Brontë family. Alongside her sisters adopted son, Heathcliff. However, Hindley harbors
Mrs. Alice Fairfax. Jane falls in love with Rochester, Charlotte and Anne, Emily left an indelible mark on resentment towards Heathcliff due to his father and
even though he is slated to marry Blanche Ingram, a English literature, producing works that explored the sister's affection for him. After Mr. Earnshaw's
snooty socialite. Rochester eventually reciprocates complexities of human nature with unparalleled depth passing, Hindley compels Heathcliff to abandon his
Jane's affections by proposing marriage. However, on and insight. education and treats him as a servant. Meanwhile,
their wedding day, Jane realizes that Rochester Catherine and Heathcliff develop a close friendship.
Despite her relatively short life—she passed away at
cannot legally marry her because he already has a the age of 30 due to tuberculosis—Emily Brontë's Catherine spends five weeks with the Lintons after
wife, Bertha Mason, who has gone mad. literary legacy endures, most notably through her suffering an injury while spying on them. She
groundbreaking novel "Wuthering Heights." Published develops a bond with Edgar Linton but still has
Jane is taken in by individuals whom she later learns in 1847 under the pseudonym Ellis Bell, "Wuthering feelings for Heathcliff. Catherine confides in Nelly
are her cousins. One of them is St. John, a Heights" remains a towering achievement in English that she cannot marry Heathcliff due to Hindley's
conscientious pastor. He gives her a job and soon literature, a haunting tale of love, revenge, and the mistreatment of him. Heathcliff overheard their
proposes marriage, offering that she accompanies destructive power of unchecked emotions. conversation and fled Wuthering Heights that night.
him as a missionary to India. Jane initially agrees to
depart with him, but not as his wife. However, St. Emily's upbringing in the rugged and windswept One year later, Catherine marries Edgar Linton, and
John encourages her to reconsider his proposition, Yorkshire moors undoubtedly shaped her worldview Heathcliff returns, now wealthy and dignified, but also
and a hesitant Jane finally asks Heaven to teach her and influenced her writing. The stark beauty and wild and ferocious. Despite her husband's disapproval,
what to do. Just then, she receives a mesmeric call untamed landscape of her surroundings provided the Catherine is thrilled to see Heathcliff and continues to
from Rochester. backdrop for her imagination to roam freely, inspiring meet him. Heathcliff moves into Wuthering Heights,
the vivid imagery and atmospheric settings that and Hindley welcomes him into his home because of
When Jane arrives at Thornfield, she discovers that characterize her work. his wealth, as Hindley has become a gambler and lost
the estate has been burned down by Rochester's wife, his fortune. After a clash between Edgar and
who subsequently commits herself by jumping. As a writer, Emily Brontë was known for her fierce Heathcliff, Catherine locks herself in her room for
Rochester lost his vision while attempting to save her. independence and unwavering commitment to her three days without eating. On the third day, she
Jane and Rochester marry once they have been artistic vision. Despite the challenges and obstacles collapses and gives birth to a daughter named Cathy
reunited. Rochester eventually regains some of his she faced as a woman in a male-dominated literary before passing away a few hours later.
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become ghosts haunting the moorland. Moreover, commanding magnificence of the estate houses.
Heathcliff marries Isabella but treats her terribly from Heathcliff hates with equal intensity as he once loved Depictions of atmospheric conditions, such as
the moment they are wed. Two months after their Cathy; his actions motivated by vengeance against tempests and mist, intensify the mood of the
wedding, he pays a surprise visit to Thrushcross those who wronged him such as Hindley and the novel and reflect upon characters' sentiments.
Grange while Edgar is away to see Catherine again Lintons. Despite his all-consuming love for Cathy, he ● Allusion: The novel abounds with allusions to
before she dies bearing the thought “Whatever our mistreats her daughter Catherine by kidnapping her or diverse literary and cultural works, imparting
souls are made of, his and mine are the same”. forcing her to marry his sickly son. multiple layers of meaning to the narrative. One
Twelve years go by, during which time Hareton such instance is Catherine Earnshaw's
becomes a rough youth while Cathy grows into a Social Class:Social status plays a crucial role in proclamation, "I am Heathcliff," which references
beautiful young woman. Isabella passes away, leaving determining one's place in society within Wuthering the concept of soulmates and the fusion of
behind her son Linton with Heathcliff as his father. Heights where birthplace origins of income or family identities, resonating with themes prevalent in
Heathcliff encourages a friendship between Cathy and connections play an important factor in this regard. Romantic literature.
Linton before forcing Cathy to marry Linton by The Lintons belong to professional middle-class
confining her in Wuthering Heights with Nelly until society whereas Earnshaws were below them initially ● Irony: Brontë utilizes irony to accentuate the
she agrees. Cathy falls in love with Hareton, six until Mr.Earnshaw openly favored Heathcliff despite incongruity between surface-level impressions
months later when Lockwood passes through the societal norms. and authentic reality, thereby emphasizing the key
region again on his way back from London. Heathcliff themes of her novel. A prime instance of such
sees strong resemblances in both Hareton and Cathy to Symbols and Literary Devices irony is witnessed in Heathcliff's ascent from a
Catherine before he dies. He is buried beside her on destitute foundling to an affluent gentleman, only
● Foreshadowing: Brontë adeptly employs the to be ultimately destroyed by his all-consuming
the opposite side of Edgar's burial. Cathy and Hareton literary technique of foreshadowing throughout
plan to wed and start a life together free from thirst for vengeance and unrequited love.
the novel to insinuate forthcoming events and
interference from others. They move into Thrushcross create a sense of anticipation. As an illustration, ● Parallelism: The novel features parallel
Grange together at the conclusion of the story. Lockwood's haunting nightmares and unsettling storylines and character arcs that serve to
Themes, Symbols, Literary Devices encounters at Wuthering Heights serve as highlight similarities and contrasts. For example,
precursors to the tumultuous incidents that the relationships between Heathcliff and
The novel, Wuthering Heights, delves into the intricate transpire later in the narrative. Catherine, and later between Hareton and Cathy,
nature of love, hate, revenge and social class through mirror each other, underscoring themes of
various literary devices such as multiple narrators ● Symbolism: The novel abounds with symbols generational repetition and cyclicality.
that hold profound significances. The moors serve
within a frame story. Additionally, doubles and
as an emblem of wilderness and unbridled nature, ● Wuthering Heights used multiple narrators within
opposites are used to create pairs that have both its frame story structure to provide varied
similarities and differences between them. embodying the characters' innate instincts and
emotional upheavals. Wuthering Heights and perspectives on its characters' lives Lockwood
Furthermore, nature is utilized to describe characters' Nelly being central figures while other narrators
personalities while symbols are employed to represent Thrushcross Grange epitomize divergent societal
customs and principles, with the former like Cathy's diary or Isabella's letter reveal
concepts such as wildness versus cultural norms. essential details about their experiences.
Love, Hate and Revenge: The most significant encompassing ardor and turbulence while the
latter symbolizes sophistication and elegance. ● "Wuthering Heights" also featured several
relationship in the book is between Cathy and
● Imagery: Brontë's evocative imagery animates supernatural occurrences that contribute to its
Heathcliff which is intense but complicated by
the Yorkshire landscape, submerging readers in Gothic ambiance. The spectral presence of
betrayal and societal norms. Interestingly enough,
the desolate splendor of the moors and the Catherine Earnshaw's ghost haunting Heathcliff
their love remains unconsummated even after they
 EL 111 FT REVIEWER
and the recurring dreams and visions experienced Gothic horror, and science fiction, making it intriguing it is disclosed that Jekyll's experiment has led to his
by the characters lend an air of mysticism and to explore how Stevenson skillfully blends these loss of control. Hyde takes permanent hold, and the
supernaturalism to the narrative. These diverse components. novella concludes with Jekyll's final confession,
supernatural elements blur the line between revealing the tragic consequences of his attempt to
reality and the supernatural, heightening the sense SUMMARY OF THE NOVEL tamper with the fundamental aspects of human nature.
of Gothic horror and intrigue. "The Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde" is a
The setting of "Wuthering Heights" plays a pivotal novella by Robert Louis Stevenson that explores the The story delves into themes of the duality of human
role in shaping the novel's mood and atmosphere, duality of human nature and the consequences of nature, the dangers of scientific hubris, the moral
serving as a metaphor for the characters' inner turmoil unchecked scientific experimentation. Here's a concise consequences of actions, and the struggle between the
and psychological landscapes. The desolate moors, summary of the story: suppression and unleashing of one's desires. "The
with their wild beauty and unforgiving terrain, reflect Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde" remains a
the untamed passions and primal instincts of the The novella follows the investigation of Mr. Gabriel classic exploration of these timeless themes and
novel's inhabitants. Similarly, the titular estate of John Utterson, a lawyer in London, into the continues to captivate readers with its psychological
Wuthering Heights embodies themes of isolation and mysterious connection between his friend, Dr. Henry depth and moral implications.
decay, its crumbling façade mirroring the moral Jekyll, and the sinister Mr. Edward Hyde. Dr. Jekyll, a
degradation of its inhabitants. Conversely, respected scientist, has developed a transformative MAIN THEMES
Thrushcross Grange symbolizes civility and serum that allows him to become Mr. Hyde, a darker 1. Duality of Human Nature:
refinement, serving as a stark contrast to the untamed and more malevolent personality. The most prominent theme, the duality of human
wilderness of its counterpart. nature, is explored through the characters of Dr. Jekyll
A psychoanalytic or proto-psychoanalytic analysis As and Mr. Hyde. The story delves into the contrasting
#30_STRANGE CASE OF DR. JEKYLL AND MR. Mr. Hyde, Jekyll indulges in immoral and criminal elements of good and evil within the same individual.
HYDE BY ROBERT LOUIS STEVENSON. activities, causing harm to others. Utterson becomes
increasingly concerned about the association between 2. Science and Morality:
Victorian period. Jekyll and Hyde, especially after discovering that The narrative raises questions about the ethical
Jekyll has made a will leaving his estate to Hyde. implications of scientific experimentation. Dr. Jekyll's
The inspiration for Jekyll and Hyde originated from a pursuit of separating the good and evil aspects of his
dream that Robert Louis Stevenson had. According to Through letters and documents, the narrative reveals personality through a scientific potion leads to
Stevenson's stepson, Lloyd Osbourne, the initial draft that Jekyll's scientific experiment, intended to separate unforeseen consequences.
of the novella was completed in a mere three days. his good and evil sides, has gone awry. The
transformations between Jekyll and Hyde become 3. Consequences of Immorality:
However, Stevenson, dissatisfied with his wife's uncontrollable, and Jekyll struggles to suppress the Mr. Hyde's immoral actions, including violence and
critique, impulsively discarded it into the fire. malevolent Hyde within him. murder, highlight the theme of the repercussions of
Stevenson then rewrote it from scratch, taking ten days unethical behavior. The story suggests that avoiding
this time, and the novella was promptly published in As Hyde's actions become more heinous, the mystery accountability for one's actions can lead to devastating
January 1886. deepens. Dr. Hastie Lanyon, another friend of Jekyll, consequences.
becomes involved and witnesses a shocking event 4. Psychological Struggle:
Jekyll and Hyde combine elements of a detective story, related to the dual nature of Jekyll and Hyde. Dr. Jekyll's internal struggle to control the
Eventually, transformations and the battle between his dual
personalities highlight the psychological aspects of the
 EL 111 FT REVIEWER
narrative. The theme explores the complexities of the  Baloo - sloth bear, Mowgli's mentor and  Tha - elephant, the first elephant according to
human psyche. friend, sleepy old bear who teached Mowgl Hathi.
the law of the jungle.  Thuu - a cobra, “ The King's Ahkus" a male
#31_THE JUNGLE BOOK  Kaa - indian rock python, also feared throught blind cobra also called " white hood".
the jungle.  Dholes - Red Dog
About the Author  Hathi - elephant, the chief of the local  Oo - Turtle
elephants and keeper of the jungle law.  Jacala - a large mugger crocodile
Rudyard Kipling was a British author and poet born  Shere Kan - tiger king, Khan is common title  Mao - peacock
in 1865. He is best known for his works of fiction, of indian muslim worship and royalty, a  Won - tolla - a wolf outliner who warns
including "The Jungle Book," "Kim," and "Just So bengal tiger who is known as vicious man- Mowgli's tribe of Dholes who killed his mate
Stories." Kipling's writing often explored themes of eating who is the main villian and the and cubs.
colonialism, imperialism, and the complexities of archenemy of mowgli.  Chikai - rat
human nature. He was awarded the Nobel Prize in  Seeonee wolf pack - indian wolf pack that  Phao - son of Phaona father and member of
Literature in 1907, making him the first English- Mowgli was raised by. the free people.
language writer to receive the honor. Kipling's writing  Akela - the chief and the leader of wolf pack.  Ferao - Woodpecker
continues to be celebrated and studied for its vivid  Raksha - called as "mother wolf", Mowgli's
storytelling and exploration of the human condition adoptive mother. HUMANS
 Rama - called as "father wolf", Mowgli's  Messua – the wife of the richest man of the
About the Book adoptive father. human village, who decides to adopt the wild
Published in 1894, Rudyard Kipling’s The Jungle  Grey Brother - oldest of the father wolf and Mowgli, believing that he is their long-lost
Book proved to be a hit with young and old alike. The Raksha's Cubs. son Nathoo
Jungle Book’s stories of a human boy named Mowgli  Leela - the grandaughter of akela.  Messua's husband – an unnamed man, the
raised by animals in the wild made for riveting reading.  Bandar - log - a society of monkey, they richest man of the village.
In these tales, the animals proved to be both Mowgli’s kidnap the young mowgli who is rescued by  Nathoo – the long-lost son of Messua and her
allies and adversaries. Baloo the bear, Bagheera the bagheera, baloo. husband, who has been snatched by a tiger.
panther and Shere Khan the tiger have all become  Gajjini - elephant, Hathi's wife.  Buldeo – the elderly chief hunter of Messua's
famous characters in children’s literature. They even  Hathi Jr. - Hathi’s son, Mowgli's friend. village. He is boastful, arrogant, greedy and
appeared in Kipling’s sequel, The Second Jungle Book,  Tabaqui - striped hyena, servant of shere superstitious, and he is furious when Mowgli,
which debuted in 1895. khan as well as shere khan's spy and who knows what the jungle is really like,
messenger. contradicts some of his own more fanciful
Characters  Mang - a bat. stories about the jungle.
 Rama - a large water buffalo that Mowgli  Mowgli's wife – a woman who fell in love
• Mowgli - reffered to as “ Man Cub “ he is the main herds when living with humans and rides upon with Mowgli and meets his old friends in the
protagonist and a boy who was raised by wolves, during the final confrontation with shere khan. jungle
bagheera and baloo.  Mysa- a water buffalo.  Mowgli's son – a son of Mowgli and his wife.
ANIMALS  Chil - a bird, serves as messenger.
 Bagheera - black panther, one of the Summary:
Mowgli's mentors and protectors.  Sahi - Indian Porcupine The Jungle Book Mowgli story is a story of a young
boy who has been raised by wolves in the Jungle,
 EL 111 FT REVIEWER
since his childhood. The wolf family raised the baby found him. This time, Mowgli killed Sher Khan. But, appeals to the reader’s sense of pathos:
as their own. The young boy Mowgli learned to take the villagers were afraid of Mowgli, so they chased
care of himself in the jungle, but his friend the black him away and he returned to live in the Jungle. Point of View
panther “Bagheera” was always nearby. He was
always prepared to protect the young boy, Mowgli. Literary Devices Used In this book, which is written from a third-person
The Mowgli became part of the wolf pack, and Baloo,  Allegory - In The Jungle Book, Rudyard omniscient perspective, the narrator’s tone draws the
the old bear, and Bagheera, the black panther, taught Kipling uses life in the jungle as an allegory reader into the mysterious world of the “Jungle.”
him the law of the jungle. Mowgli’s most dangerous for life in India under British colonial rule.
enemy in the jungle was Sher Khan. He was the man- Through this, he provides a pro-imperialist Tone and Mood
eating tiger in the jungle and wanted to kill the man- lens to his readers, attempting to show the
cub “Mowgli” before he had a chance to become a oppressive British regime as being just as  Tone
man living in the jungle. natural and inescapable as the “Law of the The solemn, serious timbre of the narrative voice, the
Jungle.” The book’s menagerie of animals presence of extended allegory, and the writing’s
The leader of the wolves said there is only one way to symbolizes the diverse social groups in India, didactic qualities often make the collected stories feel
protect Mowgli from Sher Khan is to take him to the each navigating the dangerous terrain of the like myths or fables. As the narrative moves through
man’s jungle. Bagheera agreed to take Mowgli to the British Raj. different tales, the narrator's tone also shifts to match
man’s jungle. But, when Mowgli heard this, he started the animals and events depicted.
crying. He said, “No! I want to stay in the jungle”. He  Simile - In the face-off between Mother Wolf
did not listen to Bagheera and ran into the jungle. But, and Shere Khan in “Mowgli’s Brothers,” the  Mood
Mowgli was not alone in the jungle for long. Within narrator uses vivid visual and auditory
days, he met with a jungle bear named Baloo. After a imagery, a simile referring to the weather, and The Jungle Book is two things simultaneously: a
while, both Mowgli and Baloo went swimming in the a metaphor to enhance the scene’s intensity: collection of separate stories and a novel of
river. development that centers around Mowgli’s progress
 Irony - When he gets back from his time with through childhood and into adulthood. Because of this,
One day, a monkey took Mowgli to the prisoner who the apes, Baloo’s reaction to Mowgli’s the mood is varied, and Kipling manipulates the
lived in an abandoned city in the Jungle. Both Baloo protestations is rich with verbal irony and readers’ emotions in different ways throughout. The
and Bagheera get help from the Kaa, the Python and hyperbole. In this passage, Baloo work starts with a mood of curiosity as Mowgli, a
rescue him. As the Mowgli got older he was in great demonstrates his disdain toward the idea of human child, navigates his life in the jungle. This
danger from Sher Khan. The one thing that Sher Khan monkeys showing genuine pity or kindness. sense of discovery recurs throughout the stories,
was afraid of in the Jungle was a fire. So, the Mowgli allowing readers to share in the boy’s sense of
decided to go to a nearby village and decided to steal a  Imagery - In the intimate moment shared wonderment and the enormous scale of his forest
pot with a fire in it. Mowgli used fire to fight with between Father Wolf and Mowgli in the home. The reader feels immersed in the lush, colorful
Sher Khan. He knew that he would have to kill Sher book’s first story, Kipling uses tactile imagery world of the Indian jungle, respectful of its “good”
Khan to be safe in the Jungle. and appeals to the reader’s sense of pathos. animals like Mother and Father Wolf, and fearful of
Shere Khan
As Mowgli gets older, the other animals in the jungle  Metaphor - In the intimate moment shared
realise that he can’t live with them in the Jungle as a between Father Wolf and Mowgli in the book’s Theme
grown man. Mowgli decided to return to the village first story, Kipling uses tactile imagery and Throughout the story, Mowgli's journey is about
where he was adopted by a family. But Sher Khan discovering where he truly belongs and finding
 EL 111 FT REVIEWER
acceptance for who he is. Ultimately, he learns that  The illustrations of the book were notably  Mad Hatter: A character known for his
belonging isn't about fitting into a specific group or illustrated by British artist John Tenniel. nonsensical conversations and outlandish tea
environment but about embracing his unique identity parties.
and finding his place within the interconnected web of Historical and Cultural Background  Queen of Hearts: A tyrannical ruler with a
life in the jungle. By the end of the story, Mowgli fiery temper and a penchant for beheadings.
Victorian Era
comes to realize that his true home is wherever he
feels accepted and valued for being himself.  The book was written by Lewis Carroll in  King of Hearts: The timid husband of the
the Victorian era (1837-1901). This period Queen, who offers little resistance to her
#32_Alice’s Adventures in Wonderland by was marked by strict social codes, a outbursts.
Lewis Carroll (Charles Lutwidge Dodgson) fascination with science and logic, and a  Cheshire Cat: A mischievous feline with a
growing emphasis on childhood innocence. wide grin that can vanish and reappear at will.
About the Author  Gryphon: A half-griffin, half-lion creature
Lewis Carroll’ was really a man named Charles Inspiration who helps Alice navigate Wonderland.
Lutwidge Dodgson, a mathematician at Christ  The story itself was inspired by real-life  March Hare: Another eccentric tea party
Church, Oxford. As such, he led something of a Alice Liddell, the daughter of a friend of attendee, known for his nervous energy and
double life: to the readers of his Alice books, he Carroll’s. He would tell her fantastical jumpy personality.
was Lewis Carroll, while to the world of stories on boating trips, which eventually  Dormouse: A sleepy participant in the tea
mathematics and to his colleagues at the became the basis for the book. party, rarely seen awake.
University of Oxford, he was Charles Lutwidge
Dodgson. He was known as timid, yet he was Characters Brief Summary
rather popular in intellectual circles due to his  Alice: The curious and courageous
versatile interests and broad knowledge. protagonist who tumbles down the rabbit hole Chapter 1: Down the Rabbit Hole
and experiences the wonders (and terrors) of Alice finds herself bored on a sunny afternoon.
About the Book Wonderland. She chases a White Rabbit down a hole, tumbling
 Alice’s Adventures in Wonderland, widely  White Rabbit: A frantic rabbit in a waistcoat, into a seemingly endless fall.
beloved British children’s book by Lewis always running late and muttering about
Carroll was published in 1865. being late. Chapter 2: The Pool of Tears
 The book consists of 12 Chapters.  Dodo: A portly bird who presides over the After landing in a large hall, Alice encounters
 The original title of this book was Alice’s Caucus-Race and tells a long, rambling story. various doors but none are the right size. She eats
 Caterpillar: A wise-cracking creature who a cake and shrinks, then drinks a potion and
Adventures Underground, and it was
considered as one of the most popular smokes a hookah and offers Alice cryptic grows giant, causing a flood of her own tears.
works of English-language fiction. advice about growing taller.
 Duchess: An eccentric woman who throws Chapter 3: A Caucus-Race and a Long Tale
 The book was a blockbuster success with
dishes and has a strange relationship with her Alice meets a group of talking animals who are
an estimated 15,000 copies sold in the first
baby (who turns into a pig). huddled together due to the flood. They have a
five years after publication.
nonsensical Caucus-Race to dry off. A Dodo tells
a long, strange story about a mouse.
 EL 111 FT REVIEWER
threats. Alice also meets the Gryphon and Mock  Alice constantly questions who she is
Chapter 4: The Rabbit Sends in a Little Bill Turtle for the next adventure. throughout her adventures. As she changes
The White Rabbit mistakes Alice for his size and encounters strange characters, she
housemaid. He sends her to fetch his gloves and Chapter 10: Lobster Quadrille was confused with her own sense of self.
fan from his house. Inside, Alice eats another Alice with the Mock Turtle and Gryphon perform
cake and grows so big she gets stuck. a silly dance (the Lobster Quadrille) and Alice Literary Devices
shares her adventures. When she recites a poem Imagery
Chapter 5: Advice from a Caterpillar incorrectly, they lose interest. The chapter ends  Carroll uses vivid descriptions to paint a
A blue caterpillar sits on a mushroom smoking a with news of a trial, pulling them away. picture of Wonderland’s fantastical
hookah. Alice converses with him about identity creatures and landscapes.
and transformation. The Caterpillar gives her Chapter 11: Who Stole the Tarts?
cryptic advice about growing taller. Alice finds in a courtroom for the Knave of Symbolism
Hearts’ trial over stolen tarts. The court is full of  Many elements in the story have symbolic
Chapter 6: Pig and Pepper Wonderland characters, but the trial itself is meaning. (e.g. The White Rabbit’s pocket
Alice eats a piece of mushroom and shrinks again. absurd. Witness testimonies are strange, and Alice watch could represent Alice’s anxieties
She encounters a talking pigeon who tells a story grows frustrated as logic seems to disappear. about time and growing up. The ever-
about a baby who turns into a pig. She then finds changing size of Alice could symbolize
herself in the Duchess’s kitchen, where chaos Chapter 12: Alice’s Evidence her own feelings of uncertainty about her
reigns. Alice witnesses Wonderland’s absurdity. The identity.)
Queen’s madness peaks with a beheading order.
Chapter 7: A Mad Tea-Party Just as things get dangerous, Alice wakes up, Irony
Alice crashes a tea party with the Mad Hatter, the realizing her adventures were a dream.  The story is full of irony, particularly
March Hare, and the Dormouse. They have situational irony. Alice expects to find a
nonsensical conversations and sing silly songs. Themes logical world, but encounters the opposite.
Time seems to stand still at the tea party. Loss of Innocence For instance, the characters who are
 Wonderland’s nonsensical rules and supposed to be authorities, like the Queen
Chapter 8: The Queen’s Croquet-Ground strange characters might represent the of Hearts, are the most unreasonable.
The Queen of Hearts summons Alice to a croquet confusing and often illogical world that
game. The game is played with flamingos and children encounter as they mature. Metaphor
hedgehogs, and the rules are constantly changing. The Power of Imagination  There are metaphors sprinkled throughout,
The Queen is quick to shout “Off with their  The dreamlike world of Wonderland often hidden within the nonsense. For
heads!” emphasizes the importance of imagination instance, the trial of the Knave of Hearts
and the freedom of escaping into a world can be seen as a metaphor for the
Chapter 9: The Mock Turtle’s Story of one’s own creation. absurdity of the justice system.
The Duchess reappears and walks with Alice, Identity
Queen takes over croquet game with beheading
 EL 111 FT REVIEWER
Hyperbole societal expectations through the use of a chess game her about the names and identities of looking-glass
 Exaggeration is another tool in Carroll’s to structure Alice’s fantastical journey. creatures before fading away as Alice enters a new
arsenal. From characters growing and area.
shrinking dramatically to the endless tea Characters
party, these exaggerations add humor and  Alice Tweedledum and Tweedledee
 Red Queen -Alice meets the twins, Tweedledum and Tweedledee,
emphasize the strangeness of Wonderland.  White Queen who recite the poem "The Walrus and the Carpenter."
 Red King The brothers then prepare to fight over a broken rattle,
#43_THROUGH THE LOOKING GLASS AND
 White King but their battle is interrupted by a giant crow, causing
WHAT ALICE FOUND THERE
 White Knight them to run away.
 Humpty Dumpty
About the Author
 Tweedledum and Tweedledee Wool and Water
Lewis Carroll (born January 27, 1832, Daresbury,
 The Lion -Alice meets the White Queen, who behaves
Cheshire, England—died January 14, 1898, Guildford,
 Haiga and Hatta erratically, and the two discuss various impossibilities.
Surrey) was an English logician, mathematician,
 The Sheep The Queen transforms into a sheep, and suddenly
photographer, and novelist, especially remembered for
 The Gnat Alice finds herself in a little shop, rowing a boat with
Alice’s Adventures in Wonderland (1865) and its
 The Fawn the sheep. They talk nonsensically about the rowing
sequel, Through the Looking-Glass (1871). His poem
 The Red Knight and wool until Alice crashes, ending up on the shore.
The Hunting of the Snark (1876) is nonsense literature
 The Tiger-lily
of the highest order.
 The Unicorn Humpty Dumpty
-Alice meets Humpty Dumpty, who discusses
About the book
Summary semantics and pragmatics with her, especially
Through the Looking-Glass, book by Lewis Carroll,
Looking-glass house concerning the function of words and how they can
dated 1872 but actually published in December 1871.
-Alice steps through a mirror into a world where mean multiple things. After his famous fall, which
Written as a sequel to Alice’s Adventures in
everything is backwards. She finds a strange book soldiers attempt to address, Alice moves on.
Wonderland, Through the Looking-Glass describes
with a poem that can only be read in a mirror.
Alice’s further adventures as she moves through a
The Lion and the Unicorn
mirror into another unreal world of illogical behaviour,
The garden of live flowers -Alice witnesses a fight between the Lion and the
this one dominated by chessboards and chess pieces.
-Alice encounters talking flowers and the Red Queen, Unicorn, who are fighting for the crown under the
who transforms into a human-sized queen. Alice supervision of the White King. They pause their fight
Historical Background
learns that the world is laid out like a chessboard and to have snacks and declare Alice their child for serving
"Alice Through the Looking-Glass," published in 1871
expresses her desire to be a queen. The Red Queen them. The White Knight then escorts Alice to the next
by Lewis Carroll, is a sequel to "Alice's Adventures in
tells Alice she must start as a pawn and reach the square.
Wonderland" and reflects the Victorian era's cultural,
eighth square.
social, and technological influences. Set against the
It's My Own Invention
backdrop of Victorian England, a time marked by
Looking-glass insects -The White Knight helps Alice across a dangerous
rapid industrialization and strict social norms, Carroll's
-As Alice journeys through the forest, she encounters brook and provides comic relief with his clumsy antics
work cleverly subverts traditional narrative forms and
bizarre insects like bread-and-butterflies and rocking- and nonsensical inventions. Eventually, he bids a sad
horse-flies. She then meets the Gnat, who talks with farewell to Alice as she crosses into the eighth square.
 EL 111 FT REVIEWER
Queen Alice nonsense phrases that challenge readers’ changing world contributes to the decline of the
-Alice finally becomes a queen and attends a peculiar understanding of language. Forsyte family’s rigid world order.
coronation banquet. The feast turns chaotic as guests
behave rudely and the food comes alive. The Red 2. Symbolism – The author uses symbolism to ABOUT THE NOVEL
Queen challenges Alice to a fight, but Alice grabs and represent abstract concepts, such as the Red Queen
shakes her. and White Queen, who symbolize opposing political Plot Summary
ideologies. 1. The Man of Property (1906)
Shaking This is the first book in the Forsyte Saga, and it
-Alice wakes up in her armchair at home, realizing it 3. Personification – Carroll uses personification to introduces the reader to the Forsyte family, a wealthy
might have been all a dream. She was holding her give human qualities to non-human things, such as and upper-middle-class clan obsessed with property
black kitten, not the Red Queen. when the flowers in the garden argue and gossip like and social status. The main character is Soames
people. Forsyte, a man who is driven by his desire to possess
Waking things, including his beautiful wife, Irene. However,
-Alice is confused about whether she was dreaming or #33_THE FORSYTE SAGA BY JOHN Irene is unhappy in her marriage and falls in love with
if someone in the dream was dreaming about her. She GALSWORTHY another man, Bosinney. Soames’s cousin, Young
questions what's real and what's a dream. Jolyon, also becomes involved with Irene, creating a
ABOUT THE AUTHOR complex web of love, betrayal, and legal battles.
Which Dreamed it? John Galsworthy is an award-winning English author
-Alice wonders if she dreamed about the king or if the and playwright. He was born August 14, 1867 and 2. In Chancery (1920)
king dreamed about her. The story ends with questions died on January 31, 1933. He came from a wealthy In Chancery is the second book in The Forsyte Saga
about dreams and reality family and initially pursued a career in law before he by John Galsworthy. It picks up the story 12 years
was known for writing. His works often tackled social after the events of the first book, The Man of Property.
Themes injustices and class struggles of his time. The Forsyte Soames Forsyte still wants Irene, and don’t consider
Perception vs. Reality – The novel explores the Saga is a prime example, exploring the complexities of they have seperated ways throughout the decades they
theme of perception versus reality, as Alice enters a the newly wealthy upper-middle class and their values. were not together. He still chases Irene and wants a
fantastical world where the laws of physics and logic He received the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1932. son from her. After receiving several rejection from
do not apply. This challenges her understanding of Irene, he has started spending time with a beautiful
what is real and what is not. HISTORICAL BACKGROUND French woman named— with the intention of
Victorian Era (The Rise of the Upper-Middle Class) marrying her. Irene and Young Jolyon, Soames’
Imagination – Imagination is a powerful force in the - The saga unfolds during the late Victorian and cousin, have fallen in love and live together. They
novel, as Alice uses her imagination to navigate the Edwardian eras. Victorian rigidity gradually gives way have a son, Jon. Soames eventually marries the young
strange and surreal world of Wonderland. to a more liberal Edwardian society. The Forsytes, French woman and they have a daughter, Fleur.
representing the newly wealthy upper-middle class,
Literary Device exemplify the obsession with property and social 3. To Let (1921)
1. Wordplay – Carroll’s use of wordplay, such as climbing that defined the time. The third novel concludes the Forsyte Saga. Second
puns, jokes, and riddles, creates a playful and cousins Fleur and Jon Forsyte meet and fall in love,
whimsical tone throughout the novel. For example, the World War I (Shifting Social Landscape) unknowing of their parents’ past affairs, indiscretions,
poem “Jabberwocky” is full of made-up words and - The looming shadow of World War I disrupts the and misdeeds. Once Soames, Jolyon, and Irene
social fabric and traditional ways of life. This discover their romance, they forbid their children to
 EL 111 FT REVIEWER
see each other again. Jolyon warns his son that once he INCLUDED SA QUIZ
dies, there will be no one to protect Irene from her ex- d. Class Consciousness
husband. Jon is torn between the past and his present - The tension between maintaining newly acquired #36_Early 20th-Century Poet WritersJohn
love for Fleur. Despite her feelings for Jon, Fleur has a wealth and aspiring to higher social circles creates Millington Synge and Lord Dunsany
very suitable suitor, Michael Mont, heir to a baronetcy. conflict within the family.
Fleur then decided to marry Michael Mont, who has a Author: John Millington Synge
lot of money but doesn’t feel any affection to him. Literary Devices
1. Symbolism John Millington Synge who was born in Rathfarnham,
Interludes Throughout the saga, property acts as a symbol of outside Dublin, Ireland, is the most highly esteemed
Indian Summer of a Forsyte (1918) social status, security, and the Forsyte family’s core playwright of the Irish literary renaissance of the early
In a short interlude after The Man of Property values. Soames’ relentless pursuit of property reflects 20th century. Although he died just short of his 38th
Galsworthy delves into the newfound friendship his desire for control and stability. birthday and produced a modest number of works, his
between Irene and Old Jolyon Forsyte. Old Jolyon writings have impacted audiences, writers, and Irish
made a redemption from all of his beliefs about social 2. Dramatic Irony culture.
and the family’s values. He leaves Irene money in his The reader knows more about the characters’
will, with Young Jolyon, his son, as trustee. In the end motivations and desires than the characters themselves. Youngest among the five children in an upper-class
Old Jolyon dies under an ancient oak tree in the This creates tension and suspense. Protestant family. His father, John Hatch Synge, and
garden of the Robin Hill house. His mother, Catherine, or Kathleen, who inherits her
3. Simile father's deeply anti-papal and evangelical beliefs. In
Awakening (1920) Galsworthy uses similes to create vivid imagery and 1872, His father passed away. His family then soon
The subject of the second interlude is the naïve and draw comparisons. moved to Orwell Park, Rathgar.
exuberant lifestyle of eight-year-old Jon Forsyte. He
loves and is loved by his parents. He has an idyllic “He looked at her like a dog watching a cat” The powerful formative influence of his youth was his
lifestyle. mother who preached a gospel of hellfire and
4. Foreshadowing damnation, warning her children that all strong
Themes Galsworthy subtly hints at future events, creating a language and exaggerations were sins against God, for
a. Materialism vs. Love sense of anticipation. ( Irene’s initial attraction to which they must answer on the Day of Judgement.
- The Forsytes’ obsession with property clashes with Bosinney foreshadows their relationship.) Hence the playwright's love of the vivid, colorful
the characters’ desire for love and fulfillment. phrase and his delight in poetic heroes who became
Structure and Form great ‘by the power of a lie. Synge’s early religious
b. Changing Social Values Third-Person Omniscient Narration skepticism and his unorthodox career aspirations made
- The saga portrays the shift from Victorian rigidity to - The narrative voice observes all characters with life difficult for him in his mother’s home, where he
Edwardian liberalism, with younger generations insight, allowing readers to understand motivations lived until 1893.
challenging traditions. and complexities within the family.
Saga Structure He attended private schools for four years, beginning
c. Gender Roles - Spanning multiple generations, the saga offers a at 10, but ill health prevented his regular attendance,
- Irene and Fleur represent the “New Woman,” sweeping view of the Forsyte family history, capturing and his mother hired a private tutor to instruct him at
seeking independence and defying societal their evolution alongside societal changes. home. At Trinity College, Dublin, he earned a passing
expectations. degree in December 1892. His primary ambition was
 EL 111 FT REVIEWER
music, and because he studied violin, theory, and
composition, he won a scholarship from the Royal In 1901, Synge wrote his first play, When the Moon The Play drew a mixed reaction from the audience, the
Irish Academy of Music for advanced study in Has Set, a full-length drama that he later condensed negative response was a result of the play not
counterpoint. At this time Synge had also begun to into one act. This play was unproduceable in Ireland at idealizing Irish life and womanhood., however, the
write poetry. the time for ideological reasons. play’s fortunes improved with a Dublin revival in
1904, a well-received British tour, and translated
He went to Germany to study music but was dissuaded  A young, landowning atheist who falls in love productions in Berlin and Prague.
by his nervousness about performing. In the summer with a nun. Warned by a paralleled, unhappy
of 1894, he moved to Paris to study language and experience of a madwoman, the nun gives up Compared to his first play “In the Shadow of the
literature at the Sorbonne. her vows and marries the man. Glen”, Riders to the Sea was less controversial. This
is a one-act tragedy set on the Aran Islands, which
He pursued a woman named Cherry Matheson, who Staying at his mother’s rented house in Wicklow, he features Maurya, an old woman from a fishing family,
came from a devout Protestant family. The issue of drafted three plays: Riders to the Sea, In the Shadow who has lost seven of her menfolk to the sea—a
religious skepticism intruded once again, and Cherry of the Glen, and The Tinker’s Wedding. In these husband, father-in-law, and five sons. During the play,
refused Synge’s marriage proposal in 1896. plays are found the rich spoken language of the Irish she loses the remaining male family member, her
peasant characters who dominate Synge’s mature young son Bartley.
December 21, 1896, at the Hotel Corneille in Paris, works.
Synge met poet and dramatist William Yeats. During The play was favorably reviewed by many Irish critics
the meeting, Yeats recommended that Synge leave The first of the three plays to be produced was In the after its first performance on December 25, 1904.
Paris and move to the Aran Islands off the west coast Shadow of the Glen. An ironic comedy set in Wicklow, Some British critics also applauded the production
of Ireland. According to W. B Yeats, in Synge, he felt its plot is based on a story Synge first heard on the when it opened in London two months later. In
he had found the man who could ‘go to the Aran Aran Islands and narrated in his book The Aran Corkery literature named “Synge and Anglo-Irish
Islands and express a life that has never found Islands. Literature” called the play “almost perfect.”
expression.  A tramp seeks shelter in the house of Nora
Burke, whom he finds keeping watch over her Synge’s third play of that fertile summer, The
His first stay on the Aran Islands occurred in the “dead” husband. When the wife goes out, the Tinker’s Wedding, became the least distinguished of
spring of 1898; it was repeated at intervals during the husband revives and reveals to the tramp that his mature works.
next four years. He continued to winter in Paris, but he has been faking his death to catch Nora at
the study of Irish life and literature became central to adultery. Nora returns with a young man,  The play revolves around the leading
his work. During his stay, Synge took photographs and Michael Dara, who proposes marriage to her characters Sarah Casey, who wants to marry
notes. He listened to the speech of the islanders, a but is interested in her land and livestock. her boyfriend despite the unorthodoxy of such
musical, old-fashioned, Irish-flavored dialect of Overhearing the proposal, the husband angrily an ambition from the tinker's point of view;
English. He conversed with them in Irish and English, drives Nora out of the house to live on the Michael Byrne, the boyfriend, who is
listened to stories, and learned the impact that the road with the tramp. skeptical but willing to marry; and Michael’s
sounds of words could have apart from their meaning. mother, Mary, a drunkard who derides the
He showed the manuscript of the play to William idea of marriage. A priest agrees to marry
The first fruit of Synge’s Aran experience was The Butler Yeats and Lady Gregory, and on October 8, Michael and Sarah on the condition that they
Aran Islands, written in 1901 but unpublished for the 1903, it became the first play to be staged by the Irish make him a tin can. When they deliver him a
next six years. National Theatre Society. bundle, which they believe contains the can,
 EL 111 FT REVIEWER
they find that Mary has stolen it and replaced role of Pegeen Mike in Synge’s next play, The Freeman’s Journal of Monday, January 28, 1907,
it with empty bottles. In the play’s climax, the Playboy of the Western World, which is often called called the play an “unmitigated, protracted libel upon
tinker couple binds, gag, and threatens the his masterpiece. He had begun the play before love- Irish peasant men and worse still upon peasant
priest. struck, but as he continued working on it, he consulted girlhood.”
with Allgood in correspondence. Suffering from his
The play almost did not make it to produce on a illness, Hodgkin’s disease, he labored so long over the Synge had time to draft, but not revise, one more play
Dublin stage, he then offered it to publishers in last act that the play’s opening had to be postponed before his death. With his neck glands enlarged by
London and Berlin, finally publishing it with Maunsel and was still revising during rehearsals. Hodgkin’s Disease, surgery performed, and a marriage
and Company in 1908. The play was not performed in delayed, the author began writing Deirdre of the
the author’s lifetime, and he was never quite satisfied The premiere of The Playboy of the Western World Sorrows as he convalesced. His only non-peasant play.
with its literary quality. Most critics were also brought the most violent audience response in the  He recreated in prose the traditional Irish
unimpressed with this play. However, Howe did praise history of Dublin theater. Where you could hear hisses legend of Deirdre, the free-spirited girl whom
The Tinker’s Wedding for its “comedy, rich and genial begin during the third act and increase to a high King Conchobar had reared to be his queen,
and humorous.” volume by curtain time. but who ran away with the brave, young Naisi,
 The idealization of parricide and an unhappy knowing that her actions fulfilled the doom
As he was revising The Tinker’s Wedding in 1903, ending was one source of audience hostility. prophesied at her birth.
he was already drafting his first three-act play, The The play is the story of Christy Mahon, a
Well of the Saints. He may have encountered the hapless but likable young man who believes Synge wrote the draft between hospital visits, and,
source for his plot at the Sorbonne, for it comes from a he has murdered his tyrannical father and who, knowing he was fatally ill, asked Yeats and Lady
medieval French farce. for telling the tale, is welcomed as a hero by a Gregory to complete it for him if necessary. After the
group of country people. His romantic yarns author’s death on March 24, 1909, they decided to
 The play set on the western mainland of make him sought-after by Pegeen Mike, the perform the play as he had left it, with Molly Allgood
Ireland across from the Arans, depicts a blind thirtyish Widow Quin, and other local women. directing and playing Deirdre. For years afterward,
married couple, Martin, and Mary, who have Later, Old Mahon, the father, shows up with a critics dealt with the question of what the production
their sight miraculously restored only to bandaged head, looking for his son. After yet might have been for Synge’s future if he had survived.
discover that their happiness had been based another murder attempt, the two are ultimately
on illusions. Returning to blindness, they reconciled when Christy turns the tables on his Author: Lord Dunsany
recover the possibility of happiness. bullying father, who approves of Christy’s
newfound machismo. They wander off Baron Dunsany was blessed with an understanding of
Yeats immediately accepted the play for the Abbey together, leaving the country women the symbolic strengths of fantasy, and he used fantasy,
Theatre, where it opened on February 4, 1905. The disappointed. horror, and the supernatural world as metaphors for his
local critics, again, disapproved of his indifferent deeply held convictions. Thus, according to experts
presentation of Irish characters. There is a specific line in the play that triggered the who have studied this enigmatic writer in detail, the
loudest disapprobation, it was when Christy insisted need for human reunification with the natural world
In early 1906, Synge was traveling with the Irish that he wanted only Pegeen Mike and would not be was the overriding theme that permeated all his works.
National Theatre Society when he fell in love with one attracted to “a drift of chosen females, standing in
of the actresses, Molly Allgood, stage name Maire their shifts itself.” It is a reference to County Mayo Edward John Moreton Drax Plunkett, Lord Dunsany,
O’Neill, who was 15 years his junior and had only a girls as “chosen females” and the mention of an known as Eddie by the people he is associated with,
grade-school education. Allgood played the starring undergarment was thought offensive by many. was born in London in July 1878. Edward grew up
 EL 111 FT REVIEWER
between the family properties in Kent and Dunsany. and the dreamlike quality of his best work made him comedy and existential bleakness, the play
He was of an ancient Irish family and succeeded to the famous. anticipates the work of Beckett, and clearly
family title as the eighteenth Baron Dunsany in 1899. was a major influence on Waiting for Godot in
He was given a top-flight English education at Eton Dunsany's precise religious beliefs are a matter of particular. The delineation of characters
and the military academy at Sandhurst, and he went some debate, but he most certainly was not a haunted by a malignant universe anticipates
into a fashionable and famous regiment, the conventional Christian. The gods and goddesses of similar scenarios by the likes of Beckett and
Coldstream Guards, which had been his grandfather's Dunsany's works are there merely to express ideas but O’Brien by half a century.
regiment. He served as a junior officer in Gibraltar and also to create a convincing, interesting, and unearthly
then in the Boer War from 1899 to 1902. world. He would have been familiar with the rich The Two Bottle Of Relish (1932)
history of Irish folklore and mythology, in addition to  Smethers is a traveling salesman for
In 1904, he married Lady Beatrice Child-Villiers, his scholarly study of the classical mythology of Numnumo, who make a relish for meats and
daughter of the seventh Earl of Jersey and they had Greece and Rome. However, unlike many other Irish savouries. He shares a flat with an Oxford
one son, Randal Arthur Henry, who was born in 1906. writers, Dunsany is more famous for his originality graduate called Linley, who fancies himself as
In time, Dunsany gave the famous family castle in than for his reproduction of traditional creation myths a detective and to whom Scotland Yard is
County Meath to his son, and Dunsany and his wife and legends. inclined to turn if they encounter a particularly
lived in England. challenging mystery. When a pretty young girl
Dunsany is typically known as a fantasist, and his disappears and her lodger is suspected of
Dunsany published several collections of short stories, antimodern sentiments did not incline him much murdering her, two bottles of Numnumo relish
but he first became well known through his toward science fiction. One late novel, The Last are the only clues, and Smethers is sent to
association with Dublin's Abbey Theatre, beginning Revolution (1951), however, stands on the border gather more information.
with the production of his The Glittering Gate in 1909. between fantasy and science fiction, even though its
ideas continue to parallel the general nostalgia of his #37_To the Lighthouse by Virginia Woolf
In World War I, he was a captain in the Fifth Innis- work. This follows a theme found in many other
killing Fusiliers, serving with distinction in France, works of science fiction—namely, machines turning About the Author
and he received some minor wounds while battling against those who created them.
Irish insurrectionists in 1916. After World War I, Virginia Woolf
Dunsany took up literature as a sideline and was a The term Dunsanian refers to a style and atmosphere Virginia Woolf was a writer concerned, above all,
prolific writer of drama, short stories, poetry, and that has been much copied but, many would contend, with capturing in words the excitement, pain, beauty,
novels. His personal opinions, prejudices, and passions, never equaled or bettered. and horror of what she termed, the Modern Age. Born
including his love of sports, often crop up in his work. in 1882, she was conscious of herself as a distinctively
He is chiefly remembered for several of his stories, He remained active until his death, writing extensively modernist writer at odds with a raft of the staid and
including “Two Bottles of Relish,” (1932), and for and traveling often. He died at age seventy-nine of complacent assumptions of nineteenth-century English
several plays that became part of his collected works. appendicitis on October 25, 1957, leaving behind a literature.
He claimed that the fantastic novels and short stories large body of uncollected work in addition to his
he wrote simply came to him without much effort. dozens of published books. Along with Joyce and Proust, she was a relentlessly
Although he had a quick intelligence, a sharp wit, and creative writer in search of new literary forms that
sometimes dark humor, his theory was that the artist The Glittering Gate (1909) could do justice to the complexities of modern
goes beyond that which his “intellect can discover.” At  It tells the story of two burglars trapped consciousness. Her books and essays retain a power to
his best, let himself be led by his lively imagination, outside the gates of heaven. In its mixture of
 EL 111 FT REVIEWER
convey the thrill and drama of living in the 20th the sky, the pain in other's eyes, the gaze of children, thinking and find a more peaceful way to resolve
century. the stoicism of wives, the pleasures of department conflicts.
stores, the interests of harbors and docks.
Woolf was born in London. Her father was a famous Form and Structure
author and mountaineer, and her mother was a well- This would be her mission; Woolf tried throughout her To the Lighthouse is written as:
known model. Woolf and her sister weren't even life to make sure language would do a better job at ● The story is written as a novel, divided into 3
allowed to go to Cambridge like their brothers but had defining who we really are, with all our vulnerabilities, sections (The Window, Time Passes, and The
to steal an education from their father's study. confusions, and bodily sensations. Woolf raised her Lighthouse).
sensitivity to the highest art form. She had the ● Each section is fragmented into stream-of-
After her mother died when she was only thirteen, confidence and seriousness to use what happened to consciousness contributions from various narrators.
Woolf had the first of a series of mental breakdowns her– the sensory details of her own life– as the basis
that would plague her for the rest of her life; partly for the largest ideas. Characters:
caused, too, by the sexual abuse she suffered at the  Mrs. Ramsay
hands of her half-brother, George Duckworth. Woolf was deeply aware that men and women fit Mrs. Ramsay is the loving and hospitable wife of Mr.
themselves into rigid roles, and as they do so, overlook Ramsay. She is highly domestic, focusing on her roles
Despite her illness, she became a journalist, then a their fuller personalities. In her eyes, in order to grow,
novelist, and the central figure in the Bloomsbury as mother and wife. She deeply admires her husband,
we need to do something gender-bending– we need to although she cannot tell him that she loves him. She is
Group, which included John Maynard Keynes, E. M. seek experiences that blur what it means to be a "real
Forster, and Lytton Strachey. She married one of the responsible and strong, but she dies unexpectedly in
man" or a "real woman." Woolf had a few lesbian her fifties.
members: the writer and journalist, Leonard Woolf. affairs in her life, and she wrote a magnificently bold
She and Leonard bought a small hand printing press,  Mr. Ramsay
queer text, "Orlando," a portrait of her lover, Vita, Mr. Ramsay is dominated by rationality and scientific
named it "The Hogarth Press," and published books described as a nobleman who becomes a woman. She
from their dining room. They printed Woolf's radical reason. He is in search of truth and greatness, and he
wrote, "It is fatal to be a man or woman, pure and fears that he is rather inadequate for not achieving his
novels and political essays when no one else would simple. One must be woman-manly, or man-
and they produced the first full English edition of aims. Neither affectionate nor sentimental, he
womanly." nevertheless inspires admiration in his wife, although
Freud's works.
In her anti-war track, "Three Guineas," Woolf argued she becomes irritated with his insensitivity.
Historical, Biographical, and Social Context that we will only ever end war by rethinking the habit  Lily Briscoe
of pitting sex against sex; all this claiming of A young, unmarried painter friend of the Ramsays.
In just four short years between World Wars I and II, superiority and impudent inferiority belonged to the She is extremely fond of Mrs. Ramsay and feels a
Woolf wrote four of her famous works: private school stage of human existence where there profound sense of emptiness after she dies. She begins
"Mrs.Dalloway," "To the Lighthouse," "Orlando," and are sides, and it is necessary for one side to beat a portrait at the beginning of the novel that she cannot
the essay, "A Room of One's Own." another side, and of the utmost importance, to walk up finish until the end, ten years later, when the Ramsays
to a platform and receive from the hands of the reach the Lighthouse.
In March 1941, feeling the onset of another type of  James Ramsay
mental illness, Woolf drowned herself in the River headmaster, a highly ornamental pot. Meaning, Woolf
argues that traditional notions of masculinity and The youngest Ramsay child, James is six years old
Ouse. when the book begins. He adores his mother and is
femininity, with their emphasison competition and
dominance, are a major reason why war keeps violently resentful of his father. He enjoys cutting
Her work has many vital things to teach us. Woolf
happening. We need to mature beyond this way of images out of magazines and wants desperately to go
noticed everything that you and I tend to walk past:
to the Lighthouse when he is young.
 EL 111 FT REVIEWER
 Paul Rayley Prue is the oldest of the Ramsays' daughters, and her  George Bast
A young friend of the Ramsays, visiting them at their mother expects her to be an exceptional beauty when Mrs. Bast's son, who also helps clean the Ramsays'
summer home, Paul proposes to Minta Doyle on the she grows up. Although Prue marries, she dies during house.
beach as Mrs. Ramsay wished. the following summer of an illness related to  Mrs. Beckwith
 Minta Doyle childbirth. A visitor to the Ramsay house at the Lighthouse.
A young woman visiting the Ramsays at their summer  Rose Ramsay
home, Minta accepts Paul Rayley's marriage proposal. One of the Ramsay daughters, Rose is aesthetically Summary
 Charles Tansley inclined. She enjoys making beautiful arrangements
An odious athiest whom none of the Ramsays and choosing her mother's jewelry. The Window
particularly like, Charles is one of Mr. Ramsay's  Nancy Ramsay Summary: Chapter 1
philosophy pupils. He is insulting and chauvinistic, One of the Ramsay daughters, Nancy is adventurous Mr. and Mrs. Ramsay are staying at their
trying to discourage Lily from painting. He is often and independent, secretly hoping for a life much summerhouse in the Hebrides with their eight children
concerned with the affairs and status of others and is different from her mother's. She does not seem and several houseguests. James, the Ramsays’
very self-centered. He finds Mrs. Ramsay quite domestic. She accompanies Paul Rayley and Minta youngest child, sits on the floor carefully cutting out
beautiful and is proud to be seen walking with her. Doyle on their engagement walk to the beach. pictures from the Army and Navy Stores catalogue.
 William Bankes  Cam Ramsay Mrs. Ramsay assures James he will be able to visit the
An old friend of the Ramsays visiting their summer Cam is the Ramsays' youngest daughter. She is anm nearby lighthouse the following day if weather permits,
home, William is a botanist. He is a gentle man of energetic and mischievous child, and Mrs. Ramsay but Mr. Ramsay interjects that the weather will not
about 60, and Mrs. Ramsay hopes that he will marry laments that she must grow up and suffer. Cam sails allow it. Six-year-old James feels a murderous rage
Lily Briscoe--making thinly veiled attempts at getting with James and Mr. Ramsay to the Lighthouse in the against his father for ridiculing his mother, whom
them together. He and Lily remain close friends, and final section of the novel. James considers “ten thousand times better in every
she trusts him deeply.  Mrs. McNab way.” Mrs. Ramsay tries to assure James that the
 Augustus Carmichael The witless and leering housekeeper, Mrs. McNab is weather may well be fine, but Charles Tansley, a stiff
An unhappy poet who takes opium and achieves little asked to enter the Ramsays' home after years of disuse intellectual who greatly respects Mr. Ramsay,
success until after World War I. Because of his to open the windows and dust the bedrooms. disagrees.
controlling wife, he is not fond of Mrs. Ramsay.  Macalister
 Andrew Ramsay A fisherman friend who accompanies the Ramsays to Tansley’s insensitivity toward James irritates Mrs.
The oldest son of the Ramsays, Andrew accompanies the Lighthouse. Ramsay, but she tries to act warmly toward her male
Paul Rayley and Minta Doyle on their engagement  Macalister's boy houseguests, forbidding her irreverent daughters to
walk to the beach. He is a gifted mathematician, but he The fisherman's son who rows the Ramsays to the mock Tansley. After lunch, Mrs. Ramsay invites
dies fighting in World War I. Lighthouse. Tansley to accompany her on an errand into town, and
 Jasper Ramsay  Badger he accepts. On their way out, she stops to ask
One of the Ramsay sons. He enjoys shooting birds, The Ramsays' toothless dog. Augustus Carmichael, an elderly poet
which disturbs his mother, while Mr. Ramsay thinks  Kennedy also staying with the Ramsays, if he needs anything,
that doing so is normal for a boy of his age. The Ramsays' lazy gardener. but he responds that he does not. On the way into town,
 Roger Ramsay  Mrs. Bast Mrs. Ramsay tells Carmichael’s story. He was once a
One of the Ramsay sons, Roger is adventurous and A woman who comes to help Mrs. McNab clean the promising poet and intellectual, but he made an
most similar to his sister, Nancy. Ramsays' summer home during the "Time Passes" unfortunate marriage. Mrs. Ramsay’s confidence
 Prue Ramsay interlude.
 EL 111 FT REVIEWER
flatters Tansley, and he rambles incessantly about his Summary: Chapter 4 her, “the quivering thing, the living thing.” Mrs.
work. As Mr. Ramsay passes Lily on the grass, he nearly tips Ramsay goes on knitting the stocking for the little boy,
over her easel. Lily’s old friend William Bankes, who and lovingly urges James to cut another picture from
The two pass a sign advertising a circus, and Mrs. rents a room near hers in the village, joins her on the the Army and Navy Stores catalogue.
Ramsay suggests that they all go. Hesitant, Tansley grass. Sensing that they have somehow intruded on
explains to Mrs. Ramsay that, having grown up in an their host’s privacy, Lily and Bankes are both slightly Summary: Chapter 6
impoverished family, he was never taken to a circus. unnerved by the sight of Mr. Ramsay thundering about Mr. Ramsay approaches his wife. He is petulant and
Mrs. Ramsay reflects that Tansley harbors a deep talking to himself. Lily struggles to capture her vision needs reassurance after his embarrassment in front of
insecurityregarding his humble background and that on canvas, a project, she reflects, that keeps her from Lily and Bankes. When Mrs. Ramsay tells him that
this insecurity causes much of his unpleasantness. She declaring outright her love for Mrs. Ramsay, the house, she is preparing a stocking for the lighthouse keeper’s
now feels more kindly toward him, though his self- and the entire scene. Bankes, who once enjoyed an boy, Mr. Ramsay becomes infuriated by what he sees
centered talk continues to bore her. Tansley, however, intimate relationship with Mr. as her extraordinary irrationality. His sense of safety
thinks that Mrs. Ramsay is the most beautiful woman restored, Mr. Ramsay resumes his strolling on the
he has ever seen. Like most of her male guests, he is a Ramsay, now feels somewhat removed from him. He lawn, giving himself over to the “energies of his
little in love with her. Even the chance to carry her bag cannot understand why Mr. Ramsay needs so much splendid mind.” He thinks to himself that the progress
thrills him. attention and praise. Bankes criticizes this facet of of human thought is analogous to the alphabet—each
Ramsay’s personality, but Lily reminds him of the successive concept represents a letter, and every
Summary: Chapter 2 importance of Mr. Ramsay’s work. Lily has never individual struggles in his life to make it through as
Later that evening, Tansley looks out the window and quite grasped the content of Mr. Ramsay’s philosophy, many letters as he can. Mr. Ramsay thinks that he
announces gently, for Mrs. Ramsay’s sake, that there although Andrew, the Ramsays’ oldest son, once has plodded from A to Q with great effort but feels
will be no trip to the lighthouse tomorrow. Mrs. helpfully likened his father’s work on “the nature of that R now eludes him. He reflects that not many men
Ramsay finds him tedious and annoying. reality” to thinking about a kitchen table when one is can reach even Q, and that only one man in the course
not there. Lily finds Mr. Ramsay at once otherworldly of a generation can reach Z. There are two types of
Summary: Chapter 3 and ridiculous. When Mr. Ramsay realizes that Lily great thinkers, he notes: those who work their way
Mrs. Ramsay comforts James, telling him that the sun and Bankes have been watching him, he is from A to Z diligently, and those few geniuses who
may well shine in the morning. She listens to the men embarrassed to have been caught acting out the poem simply arrive at Z in a single instant. Mr. Ramsay
talking outside, but when their conversation stops, she so theatrically, but he stifles his embarrassment and knows he does not belong to the latter type, and
receives a sudden shock from the sound of the waves pretends to be unruffled. resolves (or hopes) to fight his way to Z. Still, he fears
rolling against the shore. Normally the waves seem to that his reputation will fade after his death. He
steady and support her, but occasionally they make her Summary: Chapter 5 reminds himself that all fame is fleeting and that a
think of destruction, death, and the passage of time. At the house, Mrs. Ramsay inspects the stocking she single stone will outlast Shakespeare. But he hates to
The sound of her husband reciting to himself Alfred, has been knitting for the lighthouse keeper’s son, just think that he has made little real, lasting difference in
Lord Tennyson’s poem “The Charge of the Light in case the weather allows them to go to the lighthouse the world.
Brigade” returns to her the sense that all is right with the next day. Mrs. Ramsay thinks about her children
the world. She notices Lily Briscoe painting on the and her tasks as a mother. Mr. Bankes reflects upon Summary: Chapter 7
edge of the lawn and remembers that she is supposed Mrs. Ramsay’s beauty, which he cannot completely James, reading with his mother, senses his father’s
to keep her head still for Lily, who is painting her understand. She is, hethinks, much like the walls ofthe presence and hates him. Discerning his father’s need
portrait. unfinished hotel he watches being built in back of his for sympathy, he wishes his father would leave him
home. Mr. Bankes sees more than aesthetic beauty in alone with his mother. Mr. Ramsay declares himself a
 EL 111 FT REVIEWER
failure, and Mrs. Ramsay, recognizing his need to be concludes that it is a pity that his old friend cannot act Mrs. Ramsay calls to Cam, asking after Paul Rayley,
assured of his genius, tells him that Tansley considers more conventionally. He suggests to Lily, who stands Minta Doyle, and Andrew, who have not returned
him the greatest living philosopher. Eventually, she beside him putting away her paint and brushes, that from their walk on the beach. Mrs. Ramsay assumes
restores his confidence, and he goes off to watch the their host is something of a hypocrite. Lily -disagrees that this delay means that Paul has proposed to Minta,
children play cricket. Mrs. Ramsay returns to the story with him. Though she finds Mr. Ramsay narrow and which is what she intended when she orchestrated the
that she is reading to James. Inwardly, she reflects self-absorbed, she also observes the sincerity with walk. A clever matchmaker, Mrs. Ramsay has been
anxiously that people observing her interactions with which he seeks admiration. Lily is about to speak and accused of being domineering, but she feels justified
Mr. Ramsay might infer that her husband depends on criticize Mrs. Ramsay, but Bankes’s “rapture” of in her efforts because she truly likes Minta. She feels
her excessively and think mistakenly that her watching Mrs. Ramsay silences her. As he stares at that Minta must accept the time that she and Paul have
contributions to the world surpass his. Augustus Mrs. Ramsay, it is obvious to Lily that he is in love. spent alone together recently.
Carmichael shuffles past. The rapture of his gaze touches her, so much so that
she lets Bankes look at her painting, which she Mrs. Ramsay believes that she would be domineering
Summary: Chapter 8 considers to be dreadfully bad. She thinks of Charles in pursuit of social causes. She feels passionately that
Carmichael, an opium addict, ignores Mrs. Ramsay, Tansley’s claim that women cannot paint or write. Lily the island needs a hospital and a dairy, but rationalizes
hurting her feelings and her pride. She realizes, remembers the criticism she was about to make of Mrs. that she can further these goalsonce her children grow
however, that her kindness is petty because she Ramsay, whom she resents for insinuating that older. Still, she resists the passage of time, wishing
expects to receive gratitude and admiration from those she,Lily, as an unmarried woman, cannot know the that her children would stay young forever and her
she treats with sympathy and generosity. Still troubled, best of life. Lily reflects on the family as happy as it now is. Mrs. Ramsay further
Mr. Ramsay wanders across the lawn, mulling over essence of Mrs. Ramsay, which she is trying to paint, meditates about life, realizing a kind of transactional
the progress and fate of civilization and great men, and insists that she herself was not made for marriage. relationship between it and herself. She lists social
wondering if the world would be different if She muses, with some distress, that no one can ever problems and intersperses them with personal,
Shakespeare had never existed. He believes that a know anything about anyone, because people are anxieties, noting, for instance, that “the bill for the
“slave class” of unadorned, unacknowledged workers separate and cut off from one another. She hopes to greenhouse would be fifty pounds.” This anxiety
must exist for the good of society. The thought counter this phenomenon and achieve unity with, and extends to her thoughts of Paul and Minta, thinking
displeases him, and he resolves to argue that the world knowledge of, others through her art. By painting, she that perhaps marriage and family are an escape that
exists for such human beings, for the men who operate hopes to attain a kind of intimacy that will bring her not everyone needs. She finishes reading James his
the London subway rather than for immortal closer to the world outside her consciousness. Lily story, and the nursemaid takes him to bed. Mrs.
writers.He reaches the edge of the lawn and looks out braces herself as Bankes looks over her portrait of Mrs. Ramsay is certain that he is thinking of their thwarted
at the bay. As the waves wash against the shore, Mr. Ramsay and James. She discusses the painting with trip to the lighthouse and that he will remember not
Ramsay finds the encroaching waters to be an apt him. As they talk about the shadows, light, and the being able to go for the rest of his life.
metaphor for human ignorance, which always seems purple triangle meant to represent Mrs. Ramsay, Lily
to eat away what little is known with certainty. He wonders how to connect them and make them whole. Summary: Chapter 11
turns from this depressing thought to stare at the image She also feels that Bankes has taken her painting from Alone, Mrs. Ramsay knits and gazes out at the
of his wife and child, which makes him realize that he her by looking at it and that they have shared lighthouse, thinking that children never forget harsh
is primarily happy, even though “he had not done that something intimate. words or disappointments. She enjoys her respite from
thing he might have done.” being and doing, since she finds peace only when she
Summary: Chapter 10 is no longer herself. Without personality, in a “wedge-
Summary: Chapter 9 Cam Ramsay, Mrs. and Mr. Ramsay’s devilish shaped core of darkness,” she rids herself of worry.
William Bankes considers Mr. Ramsay’s behavior and daughter, rushes past and nearly knocks the easel over. She suddenly becomes sad, and thinks that no God
 EL 111 FT REVIEWER
could have made a world in which happiness is so Bankes, and Mrs. Ramsay decides that the couple Minta to marry him. He considers admitting this
fleeting and in which reason, order, and justice are so must marry. disappointment to Mrs. Ramsay, who, he believes,
overwhelmed by suffering and death. From a distance, forced him into proposing, but, as the well-lit house
Mr. Ramsay sees her and notices her sadness and Summary: Chapter 13 comes into view, he decides not to make a fool of
beauty. He wants to protect her, but hesitates, feeling Lily listens to William Bankes describe the art he has himself.
helpless and reflecting that his temper causes her grief. seen while visiting Europe. She reflects on the number
He resolves not to interrupt her, but soon enough, of great paintings she has never seen but decides that Summary: Chapter 15
sensing his desire to protect her, Mrs. Ramsay calls not having seen them is probably best since other Prue, in answer to her mother’s question, replies that
after him, takes up her shawl, and meets him on the artists’ work tends to make one disappointed with she thinks that Nancy did accompany Paul and Minta.
one’s own. The couple turns to see Mr. and Mrs.
Summary: Chapter 12 Ramsay watching Prue and Jasper playing ball. The Summary: Chapter 16
As they walk together, Mrs. Ramsay brings up to Mr. Ramsays become, for Lily, a symbol of married life. As Mrs. Ramsay dresses for dinner, she wonders if
Ramsay her worries about their son Jasper’s proclivity As the couples meet on the lawn, Lily can tell that Mrs. Nancy’s presence will distract Paul from proposing to
for shooting birds and her disagreement with Mr. Ramsay intends for her to marry Bankes. Lily Minta. Mrs. Ramsay lets her daughter Rose choose her
Ramsay’s high opinion of Charles Tansley. She suddenly feels a sense of space and of things having jewelry for the evening, a ceremony that somehow
complains about Tansley’s bullying and excessive been blown apart. Mrs. Ramsay worries since Paul saddens her. She becomes increasingly distressed by
discussion of his dissertation; Mr. Ramsay counters Rayley and Minta Doyle have not yet returned from Paul and Minta’s tardiness, worrying for their safety
that his dissertation is all that Tansley their walk and asks if the Ramsays’ daughter Nancy and fearing that dinner will be ruined. Eventually she
has in his life. He adds that he would disinherit their accompanied them. hears the group return from its walk and feels annoyed.
daughter Prue if she married Tansley, however. They Everyone assembles in the dining room for dinner.
continue walking, and the conversation turns to their Summary: Chapter 14
children. Nancy, at Minta’s request and out of a sense of Summary: Chapter 17
obligation, has accompanied Minta and Paul on their Mrs. Ramsay takes her place at the dinner table and
Mr. and Mrs. Ramsay discuss Prue’s beauty and walk. Nancy wonders what Minta wants as she keeps wonders what she has done with her life. As she ladles
Andrew’s promise as a student. Still walking, they taking then dropping Nancy’s hand.Andrew soup for her guests, she sees the true shabbiness of the
reach a conversational impasse reflecting a deeper appreciates the way Minta walks, wearing more room, the isolation among her guests, and the lack of
emotional distance. Mr. Ramsay mourns that the best sensible clothes than most women and taking risks that beauty anywhere, and she believes herself to be
and most productive period of his career is over, but most women will not. Still, this outing disappoints responsible for fixing these problems. She again feels
he chastises himself for his sadness, thinking that his Andrew. In the end, he does not like taking women on pity for William Bankes. Lily watches her hostess,
wife and eight children are, in their own way, a fine walks or the chummy way that Paul claps him on the thinking that Mrs. Ramsay looks old, worn, and
contribution to “the poor little universe.” Her husband back. The group reaches the beach and Nancy explores remote. She senses Mrs. Ramsay’s pity for Bankes and
and his moods amaze Mrs. Ramsay, who realizes that the tiny pools left by the ebb tide. Andrew and Nancy dismisses it, noting that Bankes has his work.Lily also
he believes that his books would have been better had come upon Paul and Minta kissing, which irritates becomes aware that she has her own work. Mrs.
he not had children. Impressive as his thoughts are, them. Upon leaving the beach, Minta discovers that
she wonders if he notices the ordinary things in life she has lost her grandmother’s brooch. Everyone Ramsay asks Charles Tansley if he writes many letters,
such as the view or the flowers. She notices a star on searches for it as the tide rolls in. Wanting to prove his and Lily realizes that her hostess often pities men but
the horizon and wants to point it out to her husband, worth, Paul resolves to leave the house early tomorrow never women. Tansley is angry at having been called
but stops. The sight, she knows, will somehow only morning in order to scour the beach for the brooch. He away from his work and blames women for the
sadden him. Lily comes into view with William thinks with disappointment on the moment he asked foolishness of such gatherings. He insists again that no
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one will be going to the lighthouse tomorrow, and Lily painting—the tree must be moved to the middle. Mrs. Ramsay is forced to tell him no, and again, sure that he
reflects bitterly on Tansley’s chauvinism and lack of Ramsay considers that Bankes may feel some will never forget this disappointment, she feels a flash
charm. Tansley privately condemns Mrs. Ramsay for affection for her but decides that he must marry Lily, of anger toward Charles Tansley and Mr. Ramsay.
the nonsense she talks, and Lily notices his discomfort. and she resolves to seat them closer at the next day’s Downstairs, Prue, Minta, and Paul go to the beach to
Lily recognizes her obligation, as a woman, to comfort dinner. Everything suddenly seems possible to Mrs. watch the waves coming in. Mrs. Ramsay wants to go
him, just as it would be his duty to save her from a fire Ramsay, who believes that, even in a world made of with them, but she also feels an urge to stay, so she
in the subway. She wonders what the world would temporal things, there are qualities that endure, remains inside and joins her husband in the parlor.
come to if men and women refused to fulfill these bringing stability and peace.
responsibilities. She speaks to Tansley, sarcastically Summary: Chapter 19
asking him to take her to the lighthouse. In another turn of the conversation, Bankes praises Sir Mr. Ramsay sits reading a book by Sir Walter Scott.
Walter Scott’s Waverley novels. Tansley quickly Mrs. Ramsay can tell by the controlled smile on his
While Mrs. Ramsay rambles on to Tansley, William denounces this kind of reading, and Mrs. Ramsay face that he does not wish to be disturbed, so she picks
Bankes reflects on how people can grow apart, to the thinks that he will be this disagreeable until he secures up her knitting and continues work on the stockings.
point that a person can be devoted to someone for a professorship and a wife. She considers her children, She considers how insecure her husband is about his
whom he or she cares little. Eventually, the studying Prue in particular, whom she silently fame and worth. She is sure that he will always
conversation turns to politics. Mrs. Ramsay looks to promises great happiness. wonder what people think of
her husband, eager to hear him speak, but is The guests finish dinner. Mr. Ramsay, now in great him and his work. The poem that Mr. Ramsay and
disappointed to find him scowling at Augustus spirits, recites a poem, which Carmichael finishes as a Augustus Carmichael recited during dinner returns to
Carmichael, who has asked for another plate of soup. sort of tribute to his hostess, bowing. Mrs. Ramsay her. She reaches for a book of poetry. Briefly, her eyes
Candles are set out on the table, and they bring a leaves the room with a bow in return. On the threshold meet her husband’s. The two do not speak, though
change over the room, establishing a sense of order. of the door, she turns back to view the scene one last some understanding passes between them. Mr.
Outside, beyond the darkened windows, the world time, but reflects that this special, defining moment Ramsay muses on his idea that the course of human
wavers and changes. This chaos brings the guests has already become a part of the past. thought is a progression from A to Z and that he is
together. unable to move beyond Q. He thinks bitterly that it
Summary: Chapter 18 does not matter whether he ever reaches Z; someone
Finally having dressed for dinner, Minta Doyle and Lily contemplates the evening’s disintegration once will succeed if he fails. After reading one of
Paul Rayley take their places at the table. Minta Mrs. Ramsay leaves. Some guests excuse themselves Shakespeare’s sonnets, Mrs. Ramsay puts down her
announces that she has lost her grandmother’s brooch, and scatter, while others remain at the table, watching book and confides in her husband that Paul and Minta
and Mrs. Ramsay intuits that the couple is engaged. Mrs. Ramsay go. The night, though over, will live on are engaged. Mr. Ramsay admits that he is not
Minta is afraid of sitting next to Mr. Ramsay, in each guest’s mind, and Mrs. Ramsay is flattered to surprised by the news. His response leaves Mrs.
remembering his words to her about Middlemarch, a think that she too will be remembered because she was Ramsay wanting more. Mr. Ramsay says that Mrs.
book she never finished reading. Meanwhile, Paul a part of the party. She goes to the nursery and Ramsay will not finish her stocking tonight, and she
recounts the events of their walk to the beach. Dinner discovers, to her annoyance, that the children are still agrees. She is aware, by a sudden change of the look
is served. Lily worries that she, like Paul and Minta, awake. James and Cam sit staring at a boar’s skull on his face, that he wants her to tell him that she loves
will need to marry, but the thought leaves her as she nailed to the wall. Cam is unable to sleep while it is him. She rarely says these words to him, and she now
decides how to complete her painting. Sitting at the there, and James refuses to allow it to be moved. Mrs. feels his desire to hear them. She walks to the window
table, Lily notices the position of the saltshaker against Ramsay covers it with her shawl, thus soothing both and looks out on the sea. She feels very beautiful and
the patterned tablecloth, which suggests to her children. As Cam drifts off to sleep, James asks her if thinks that nothing on earth could match the happiness
something vital about the composition of her they will go to the lighthouse the next day. Mrs. of this moment. She smiles and, though she does not
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say the words her husband wants to hear, she is sure housekeeper, disturbs the peace, as she arrives to dust During the night, only the beam of the lighthouse
that he knows. She tells him that he is right—that there the bedrooms. pierces the darkness of the house. At last, once the war
will be no trip to the lighthouse the next day. He is over, Mrs. McNab leads an effort to clean up the
understands that these words mean that she loves him. Summary: Chapter 5 house, rescuing its objects from oblivion. She and a
Mrs. McNab makes her way through the house. She is woman named Mrs. Bast battle the effects of time and,
Time Passes old and weary and hums a tune that bears little eventually, after much labor, get the house back in
Summary: Chapter 1Paul, Minta, Andrew, Prue, and resemblance to the joyous song of twenty years earlier. order. Ten years have passed. Lily Briscoe arrives at
Lily return from the beach. One by one, they retire to As she cleans the house, she wonders how long it all the house on an evening in September.
their rooms and shut off their lamps. The house sinks will endure. Some pleasant memory occurs to the old
into darkness, except for the room of Augustus woman, which makes her job a bit easier. Summary: Chapter 10
Carmichael, who stays up reading Virgil. Lily listens to the sea while lying in bed, and an
Summary: Chapter 6 overwhelming sense of peace emerges. Carmichael
Summary: Chapter 2 It is spring again. Prue Ramsay marries, and people arrives at the house and reads a book by candlelight.
Darkness floods the house. Furniture and people seem comment on her great beauty. Summer approaches, Lily hears the waves even in her sleep, and
to disappear completely. The wind creeps indoors and and Prue dies from an illness connected with Carmichael shuts his book, noting that everything
is the only childbirth. Flies and weeds make a home in the looks much as it looked ten years earlier. The guests
movement. The air plays across objects of the house— Ramsays’ summerhouse. Andrew Ramsay is killed in sleep. In the morning, Lily awakes instantly, sitting
wallpaper, books, and flowers. It creeps up the stairs France during World War I. Augustus Carmichael bolt upright in bed.
and continues on its way. At midnight, Carmichael publishes a volume of poetry during the war that
blows out his candle and goes to bed. greatly enhances his reputation. The Lighthouse
Summary: Chapter 1
Summary: Chapter 3 Summary: Chapter 7 Lily sits at breakfast, wondering what her feelings
Nights pass and autumn arrives. The nights bring While the days bring stillness and brightness, the mean, returning after ten years now that Mrs. Ramsay
destructive winds, bending trees and stripping them of nights batter the house with chaos and confusion. is dead. She decides that she feels nothing that she can
their leaves. Confusion reigns. Anyone who wakes to express. The entire scene seems unreal and disjointed
ask the night questions “as to what, and why, and Summary: Chapter 8 to her. As she sits at the table, she struggles to bring
wherefore” receives no answer. Mrs. Ramsay dies Mrs. McNab, hearing a rumor that the family will together the parts of her experience. She suddenly
suddenly. The following morning, Mr. Ramsay never return, picks a bunch of flowers from the garden remembers a painting she had been working on years
wanders through the hallway, reaching out his arms to take home with her. The house is sinking quickly ago, during her last stay at the Ramsays’, and the
for her. into disrepair. The books are moldy and the garden is inspiration that the leaf pattern on the tablecloth gave
overgrown. While cleaning, the old woman comes her. She decides that she will finish this painting
Summary: Chapter 4 across the gray cloak that Mrs. Ramsay used to wear now,heads outside, and sets up her easel on the lawn.
The contents of the house are packed and stored. The while gardening, and she can imagine Mrs. Ramsay Upon her arrival the previous night, she was unable to
winds enter and, without the resistance of lives being bent over her flowers with one of herchildren by her assuage Mr. Ramsay’s need for sympathy, and she
lived, begin to “nibble” at the possessions. As it moves side. Mrs. McNab has little hope that the family will fears his interference with her current project. She sets
across these things, the wind asks, “Will you fade? return or that the house will survive, and she thinks a clean canvas on the easel, but she cannot see the
Will you perish?” The objects answer, “We remain,” that keeping it up is too much work for an old woman. shapes or colors that surround her because she feels
and the house is peaceful. Only Mrs. McNab, the Mr. Ramsay bearing down on her. She thinks angrily
Summary: Chapter 9 that all Mr. Ramsay knows how to do is take, while all
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Mrs. Ramsay did was give. As her host approaches, substance out of even “silliness and spite.” She thinks, their puppy, and she tells him that Jasper is doing it.
Lily lets her brush fall to her side, convinced that it perhaps, that there are no great revelations. There is, to He asks what she is going to name the puppy, and
will be easier to remember and imitate the sympathy her, only the memory of Mrs. Ramsay making life James thinks that Cam will never withstand their
that Mrs. Ramsay was able to muster for her husband itself an art. Lily feels that she owes what revelation father’s tyranny like he will. He changes his mind
than to let him linger on the lawn beside her. she has in this moment to Mrs. Ramsay. On the edge about her resolve, however, and Cam thinks of how
of the water, she notices a boat with its sail being everything she hears her father say means “Submit to
Summary: Chapter 2 hoisted and, sure that it belongs to the Ramsays, me.” She looks at the shore, thinking no one suffers
Mr. Ramsay watches Lily, observing her to be watches it head out to sea. there.
“shrivelled slightly” but not unattractive. He asks if
she has everything she needs, and she assures him that Summary: Chapter 4 Summary: Chapter 5
she does. Lily cannot give him the sympathy he needs, As the boat sails toward the lighthouse, both James Lily stands on the lawn watching the boat sail off. She
and an awful silence falls between them. Mr. Ramsay and Cam feel their father’s mounting anxiety and thinks again of Mrs. Ramsay as she considers her
sighs, waiting. Lily feels that, as a woman, she is a impatience. Mr. Ramsay mutters and speaks sharply to painting. She thinks of Paul and Minta Rayley and
failure for not being able to satisfy his need. Macalister’s boy, a fisherman’s son who is rowing the contents herself by imagining their lives. Their
Eventually, she compliments him on his boots, and he boat. Bound together against what they perceive to be marriage, she assumes, turned out badly. Though she
gladly discusses footwear with her. He stoops to their father’s tyranny, the children resolve to make the knows that these sorts of imaginings are not true, she
demonstrate the proper way to tie a shoe, and she journey in silence. They secretly hope that the wind reflects that they are what allow one to know people.
pities him deeply. Just then, Cam and James appear for will never rise and that they will be forced to turn back. Lily has the urge to share her stories of Paul and Minta
the sojourn to the lighthouse. They are cold and But as they sail farther out, the sails pick up the wind with the matchmaking Mrs. Ramsay, and reflects on
unpleasant to their father, and Lily reflects that, if they and the boat speeds along. James steers the boat and the dead, contending that one can go against their
so wished, they could sympathize with him in a way mans the sail, knowing that his father will criticize wishes and improve on their outdated ideas. She
that she cannot. him if he makes the slightest mistake. Mr. Ramsay finally feels able to stand up to Mrs. Ramsay, which,
talks to Macalister about a storm that sank a number of she believes, is a testament to Mrs. Ramsay’s terrific
Summary: Chapter 3 ships near the lighthouse on Christmas. Cam realizes influence over her. Lily has never married, and she is
Lily sighs with relief as Mr. Ramsay and the children that her father likes to hear stories of men having glad of it now. She still enjoys William Bankes’s
head off for the boat. With Mr. Ramsay standing by, dangerous adventures and thinks that he would have friendship and their discussions about art. The
she had jammed her easel into the ground at the wrong helped the rescue effort had he been on the island at memory of Mrs. Ramsay fills her with grief, and she
angle and taken up the wrong brush. She rights the the time. She is proud of him, but also, out of loyalty begins to cry. She has the urge to approach Augustus
canvas, raises the correct brush, and wonders where to to James, means to resist his oppressive behavior. Mr. Carmichael, who lounges nearby on the lawn, and
begin. She makes a stroke on the canvas, then another. Ramsay points out their house, and Cam reflects how confess her thoughts to him, but she knows that she
Her painting takes on a rhythm, as she dabs and pauses, unreal life on shore seems. Only the boat and the sea could never say what she means.
dabs and pauses. She considers the fate of her painting, are real to her now. Cam, though disgusted by her
thinking that if it is to be hung in a servant’s room or father’s melodramatic appeals for sympathy, longs to Summary: Chapter 6
rolled up under a sofa, there is no point in continuing find a way to show him that she loves him without The fisherman’s boy cuts a piece from a fish that he
it. The derogatory words of Charles Tansley—that betraying James. James, for his part, feels that Cam is has caught and baits it on his hook. He then throws the
women cannot paint, cannot write—return to her, but about to abandon him and give in to their father’s mutilated body into the sea.
she maintains the rhythm of her work. She remembers mood. Meanwhile, Mr. Ramsay muses that Cam
a day on the beach with Tansley and Mrs. Ramsay, seems to have a simple, vague “female” mind, which Summary: Chapter 7
and is amazed by Mrs. Ramsay’s ability to craft he finds charming. He asks Cam who is looking after
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Lily calls out to Mrs. Ramsay as if the woman might Lily watches the sea. She notes the power of distance fully, she concludes, one would need more than fifty
return, but nothing happens. She hopes that her cries and how it has swallowed the Ramsays and herself. pairs of eyes. Lily thinks about the Ramsays’ marriage,
will heal her pain, but is glad that Carmichael does not All is calm and quiet. A steamship disappears from saying that theirs did not constitute marital bliss. She
hear them. Eventually, the anguish subsides, and Lily sight, though its smoke lingers in the air. recounts to herself the domestic forces that occupied
returns to her painting, working on her representation and tired Mrs. Ramsay, then notices what looks like a
of the hedge. She imagines Mrs. Ramsay, radiant with Summary: Chapter 10 figure in the window of the house. The image is
beauty and crowned with flowers, walking across the Cam feels liberated from her father’s anger and her fleeting, however, and leaves Lily yearning for Mrs.
lawn. The image soothes her. She notices a boat in the brother’s expectations. She feels overjoyed at having Ramsay and wishing that Mr. Ramsay would return.
middle of the bay and wonders if it is the Ramsays’. escaped the burden of these things, and entertains
herself with a story of adventure. She imagines herself Summary: Chapter 12
Summary: Chapter 8 escaping from a sinking ship. She wonders what place Mr. Ramsay is almost finished with his book. The
“They don’t feel a thing there,” Cam muses to herself the distant island has in the grand scheme of things sight of the lighthouse inspires James to recognize the
while looking at the shore. Her mind moves in swirls and is certain that her father and the men with whom profound loneliness that both he and his father feel.
and waves like the sea, until the wind slows and the he keeps company (such as William Bankes and James mutters a snatch of poetry under his breath, as
boat comes to a stop between the lighthouse and the Augustus Carmichael) could tell her. She feels Mr. Ramsay often does. Cam stares at the sea and
shore. Mr. Ramsay sits in the boat reading a book, incredibly safe in her father’s presence and wishes her becomes sleepy. James steers the boat, and Mr.
and James waits with dread for the moment that his brother would put aside his grievances with him. Ramsay opens their parcel of food and they eat. The
father will turn to him with some criticism. James fisherman says that three men drowned in the spot the
realizes that he now hates and wants to kill not his Summary: Chapter 11 boat is in. Mr. Ramsay reiterates the line of verse,
father but the moods that descend on his father. He Back on shore, Lily loses herself in her intense “But I beneath a rougher sea.” James lands the boat,
likens the dark sarcasm that makes his father memories of Mrs. Ramsay, noticing Carmichael when and Mr. Ramsay praises James’s sailing. Cam thinks
intolerable to a wheel that runs over a foot and crushes he grunts and picks up his book and reflecting on the that James has gotten what he has always wanted—his
it. In other words, Mr. Ramsay is as much a victim of freedom from conventional chatter the early morning father’s praise—but James, unwilling to share his
these spells of tyranny as James and Cam. He hour provides. Watching the sailboat approach the pleasure, acts sullenand indifferent. As Mr. Ramsay
remembers his father telling him years ago that he lighthouse, she contemplates distance as crucially stands and looks at the lighthouse, Cam wonders what
would not be able to go to the lighthouse. Then, the important to one’s understanding of other people. As he sees, what he thinks. He tells his children to bring
lighthouse was silvery and misty; now, when he is Mr. Ramsay recedes into the horizon, he begins to the parcels that Nancy has packed for the voyage and
much closer to it, it looks starker. James is astonished seem to her a different person altogether. Similarly, bounds, like a young man, onto the rock.
at how little his present view of the scene resembles Lily’s understanding of Mrs. Ramsay has changed
his former image of it, but he reflects that nothing is considerably since Mrs. Ramsay’s death. Lily thinks Summary: Chapter 13
ever only one thing; both images of the lighthouse are about the people she once knew at this house, about On the shore, Lily declares aloud that her painting is
true. He remembers his mother, who left him sitting Carmichael’s poetry, about Charles Tansley’s finished, and notes that Mr. Ramsay must have
with the Army and Navy Stores catalogue after Mr. marriage, his career in academics, and his educating reached the lighthouse by now. Carmichael rises up
Ramsay dismissed their initial trip to the lighthouse. his little sister. She recalls having heard Tansley and looks at the sea, agreeing that the sailboat must
Mrs. Ramsay remains a source of “everlasting denounce the war and advocate brotherly love, which have reached its destination. Lily draws a final line on
attraction” toJames, for he believes she spoke the truth did not fit her understanding of him at all. But she her painting and realizes that it is truly finished,
and said exactly what came into her head. thinks that people interpret one another in ways that feeling a weary sense of relief. She realizes that she
reflect their own needs. To see someone clearly and does not care whether it will be hung in attics or
Summary: Chapter 9 destroyed, for she has had her vision.
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need to marry, but the thought leaves her as she
Theme Literary Devices Used. decides how to complete her painting. Sitting at
● Living with Impermanence: ● Symbolism- Woolf uses representations such as: the table, Lily notices the position of the saltshaker
Mr. and Mrs. Ramsay approach life from opposite 1. Lily’s painting: Lily's painting embodies a against the patterned tablecloth, which suggests to
ends of the spectrum. He leans heavily on logic and woman's unique artistic vision. We see this in her her something vital about the composition of her
reason, while she's guided by emotions. Yet, a shared nervousness about showing it to William Bankes – a painting—the tree must be moved to the middle.
understanding of impermanence binds them. Even reflection of the pressure she puts on herself to create
legendary figures like Shakespeare, Mr. Ramsay something meaningful. However, by choosing to #38_James Joyce’s Stream of Consciousness
ponders, will eventually fade from memory. This finish the painting regardless of external validation,
realization fuels his bitterness. Worried about his own Lily asserts her independence and commitment to her “Do You Ever Look at Someone and Wonder,
legacy fading and envious of timeless geniuses, he artistic voice. The final version of the painting “What Is Going On Inside Their Head?” (Inside Out,
champions average people ("the liftman in the Tube") emphasizes balance and harmony. Lily strives to bring 2015) .How do our minds work as the ideas randomly
through a planned philosophy school. This way, he together seemingly opposite elements to create a flow through our conscious mind?
can leave a mark beyond the fleeting fame of literary cohesive whole. This approach mirrors Virginia
giants. Mrs. Ramsay also grapples with the fleeting Woolf's writing style, where she weaves together the In 1893, psychologist William James introduced the
nature of time and life. The thought of James growing perspectives of her various characters to create a rich concept of “consciousness” as an unbroken “flow” or
up troubles her, and the constant presence of danger and multifaceted portrait of reality. “stream,” coining the term “stream of consciousness.”
weighs heavy. Unlike her husband, who crumbles This psychological concept, later embraced by
under the weight of his own mortality, Mrs. Ramsay 2. The sea: The sea is a constant presence throughout modernist writers, aims to depict a character’s thought
finds purpose in making the present count. She the novel, mirroring the ever-flowing river of time. process realistically. It involves an interior monologue
believes that moments, carefully crafted and cherished, Woolf paints the sea with both beauty and a touch of but goes beyond that, mirroring the non-linear nature
are the only things that can truly endure the passage of fear. While she describes its rolling waves lovingly, of human thought. Stream-of-consciousness narration
time. her most striking portrayals highlight the sea's incorporates free association, repetitive loops, sensory
● Seeing Through Different Lenses: Near the end of destructive power. It relentlessly carves away at perceptions, and unconventional punctuation and
the novel, Lily ponders the difficulty of truly islands, reminding us, as Mr. Ramsay ponders, that syntax to convey a character’s psychological state and
understanding Mrs. Ramsay. She imagines needing even the ground we stand on is not permanent. The sea worldview more effectively.
fifty pairs of eyes to capture every facet of her serves as a powerful symbol of impermanence,
personality. This suggests that the truth of a person reminding us of the delicate and fleeting nature of Sometimes, stream of consciousness can be very
lies not in a single perspective but in the gathering of human life and achievements. confusing for readers because of the apparently
many viewpoints, even if they contradict each other. random leaps of logic. As the style replicates the
Virginia Woolf's writing style reflects this idea. She ● Stream of consciousness: natural chaos of the mind, it is dominated by flighty
builds the story not from a single, all-knowing narrator, “As she ladles soup for her guests, she sees the and leaping thoughts and lack of punctuation. In all
but from the private thoughts and experiences of her true shabbiness of the room, the isolation among forms of prose narration, writers can express the
characters. The story itself becomes a collection of her guests, and the lack of beauty anywhere, and experiences of their characters by describing actions
these individual perceptions. Trying to tell this story she believes herself to be responsible for fixing and facial expressions and by paraphrasing characters’
from one character's point of view, or even from the these problems. She again feels pity for William thoughts. Stream of consciousness takes these ideas to
traditional voice of a third-person narrator, wouldn't Bankes.” a new level by narrating all of a character’s thoughts,
capture the complexity Woolf creates. In this way, emotions, and sensations. A more accurate
Woolf's project is both ambitious and challenging. “Lily worries that she, like Paul and Minta, will representation of stream of consciousness might be
 EL 111 FT REVIEWER
more like this: “cold / bright / wish I had my 1901-Joyce published an essay criticizing the Irish - Stephen, Mulligan, and Haines prepare for the
sunglasses / walk faster / late again / always late / did I Literary Theatre for catering to popular taste entitled, day. Stephen’s Morning- Teaches at a boys’ school,
send my script? / should I have practiced more? / oh hi “The Day of the Rabblement.” deals with Mr. Deasy, wanders along a beach lost in
Dylan / which class was he in? / shoe’s untied / ooh thought.
colors trees red orange bright / faster / late late late / so 1902s
bright” That more realistic, stream-like, associative -Joyce passed his final examinations at University Bloom’s Morning
thought process is what authors are aiming for when College Dublin with "second-class honours in Latin" - Brings breakfast and mail to Molly, goes to the post
they use stream of consciousness narration. The most and obtained his B.A. degree on October 31. office and pharmacist, attends Paddy Dignam’s funeral.
famous example of stream of consciousness in writing - Joyce continued to work hard to master the art of
is Ulysses by James Joyce, which takes place over the writing, experimenting with verses and short prose Midday
course of a single day. passages called "epiphanies." - Negotiates advertisement, interacts with Mrs. Breen,
- He decided to become a doctor to support himself has lunch at a pub. Afternoon
ABOUT THE AUTHOR while writing but later abandoned this idea. - Encounter with Boylan, visit to National Library,
James Joyce (1882-1941), also known as James - He went to Paris, where he wrote book reviews, discussion with Stephen, Simon, and others.
Augustine Aloysius Joyce and Stephene, an Irish studied at the Sainte Geneviève Library, and focused
novelist noted for his experimental use of language on his writing career. Evening
and exploration of new literary methods in such large - Simon and Lenehan meet at Ormond Hotel,
works of fiction as Ulysses (1922) and Finnegans April 1903 Bloom dines with Goulding, Bloom’s encounter
Wake (1939). -Joyce was recalled home because his mother was at Kiernan’s pub.
dying.
DATE Night
1882 -James Joyce was born in Dublin on the 2nd of 1904 - Visit to Dignam family, beach, National Maternity
February, the eldest of 10 surviving children. - George Russell offered £1 each for short stories with Hospital, Burke’s pub with Stephen, Bella Cohen’s
an Irish background to appear in The Irish Homestead. brothel, altercation with soldier, cabman’s shelter,
1891- 1893 - Joyce began writing stories for this, which later Bloom’s home, conversation with Stephen, bedtime
-Joyce attended Clongowes Wood College and later became part of "Dubliners" (published in 1914). with Molly. Leopold Bloom’s quest through Dublin is
stayed home for self education for two years. - Three stories had appeared under the pseudonym loosely modeled on Homer’s Odyssey—each of the
Stephen Dedalus before the editor deemed Joyce's novel’s eighteen chapters (or “episodes”) roughly
1893 -Joyce and his brother Stanislaus were admitted work unsuitable. corresponds to a book from the Odyssey. But it would
to Belvedere College, a Jesuit grammar school in be misleading to take this parallel too far and assume
Dublin. And later on was able to continue his studies 1904 that every character, event, and theme in the Odyssey
at the University College, Dublin. - Joyce met Nora Barnacle, and they likely had their maps directly onto Ulysses (or vice-versa).
first date and sexual encounter on June 16, later
1900 -Joyce’s review of Henrik Ibsen’s play entitled, celebrated as "Bloomsday" in his novel "Ulysses." The novel’s first three chapters deal not with Leopold
“Ibsen’s New Drama,” was published, confirming his - Joyce persuaded Nora to leave Ireland with him, and Bloom, but with Stephen Dedalus, the twenty-
ambition to become a writer they left Dublin together in October 1904. two year-old starving artist who was the protagonistof
Joyce’s previous novel, A Portrait of the Artist as a
ULYSSES’ SUMMARY Young Man.
Morning in the Martello Tower
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The story happened in just a day. Although this piece expressions to “flow along the unconscious.” In of the British imperial establishment into a literary and
was seen with great importance with it’s usage of “Jeimuzu Joisu no metōdo,” he argued that literature political rebel.
stream consciousness, it was officially banned in was running out of novel approaches to writing. Itō
England in 1929 and 1920 in U.S. book labeled as believed that the stream of consciousness had the About the Book
obscene. Fortunately, the ban was lifted in 1933 court ability to accurately depict both the reality of the In 1945 Orwell finished Animal Farm, a
ruling.Below is an example of stream-of- outside world as well as the inner reality of the political fable based on the story of the Russian
consciousness writing taken from James Joyce’s psychology of characters. Revolution and its betrayal by Joseph Stalin. In the
Ulysses, a novel which describes the wandering book a group of barnyard animals’ overthrow and
appointments and encounters of the middle-aged By the end of the 20th century, Ulysses is taught in chase off their exploitative human masters and set up
Dubliner Leopold Bloom on one day of his life, 16 colleges and universities around the world. Scholars an egalitarian society of their own. Eventually the
June 1904. Bloom is thinking and reflecting here on admire its audacity and poetical vision. Readers love animals’ intelligent and power-loving leaders, the pigs,
his younger self: “He is young Leopold, as in a its playful humor and humanity. Some critics consider subvert the revolution and form a dictatorship whose
retrospective arrangement, a mirror within a mirror its publication the signal event in the emergence of the bondage is even more oppressive and heartless than
(hey, presto!), he beholdeth himself. That young figure modern novel. In 1998, a board of distinguished that of their former human masters. (“All animals are
of then is seen, precious manly, walking on a nipping writers convened by Random House’s Modern Library equal, but some animals are more equal than others.”)
morning from the old house in Clambrassil to the high series selects Ulysses as the best novel of the century. At first Orwell had difficulty finding a publisher for
school, his book satchel on him bandolier wise, and in the small masterpiece, but when it appeared in 1945,
it a goodly hunk of wheaten loaf, a mother’s thought.” #39_ANIMAL FARM Animal Farm made him famous and, for the first time,
“Woodshadows floated silently by through the prosperous.
morning peace from the stairhead seaward where he About the Author
gazed. Inshore and farther out the mirror of water George Orwell was born on June 25, 1903 in Historical Background
whitened, spurned by lightshod hurrying feet. White Motihari, Bengal, India, and died on January 21, 1950
breast of the dim sea. The twining stresses, two by two. in London, England. He is an English novelist, Animal Farm represents the Russian
essayist, and critic famous for his novels Animal Farm Revolution of 1917. Old Major represents Karl Marx,
A hand plucking the harpstrings, merging their (1945) and Nineteen Eighty-four (1949), the latter a Snowball represents Leon Trotsky, Napoleon
twining chords. Wavewhite wedded words profound anti-utopian novel that examines the dangers represents Josef Stalin, Squealer represents
shimmering on the dim tide. A cloud began to cover of totalitarian rule. propaganda, and Boxer is a representation for all the
the sun slowly, wholly, shadowing the bay in deeper Russian laborers and workers.
green. It lay beneath him, a bowl of bitter waters. George Orwell also known as Eric Arthur
Fergus’ song: I sang it alone in the house, holding Blair, Orwell never entirely abandoned his original Characters
down the long dark chords. Her door was open: she name, but his first book, Down and Out in Paris and
wanted to hear my music. Silent with awe and pity I London, appeared in 1933 as the work of George The Animals
went to her bedside. She was crying in her wretched Orwell (the surname he derived from the beautiful
bed. For those words, Stephen: love’s bitter mystery.” River Orwell in East Anglia). In time his nom de Major - An old boar whose speech about the evils
plume became so closely attached to him that few perpetrated by humans rouses the animals into
(Joyce, Ulysses, Part I, chapter 1.) people, but relatives knew his real name was Blair. rebelling. His philosophy concerning the tyranny of
Sei Itō, a Japanese modernist poet, praised Joyce’s use The change in name corresponded to a profound shift Man is named Animalism by his followers. He also
of the stream of consciousness for making “the in Orwell’s lifestyle, in which he changed from a pillar teaches the song "Beasts of England" to the animals.
consciousness purely unconscious,” and allowing his
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Snowball - A boar who becomes one of the rebellion's The Humans Chapter 2
most valuable leaders. After drawing complicated The formation and initial degradation of
plans for the construction of a windmill, he is chased Mr. Jones - The often-drunk owner of Manor Farm, Animalism in the control of the pigs. The pigs
off of the farm forever by Napoleon's dogs and later expelled from his land by his own animals. He manipulate the other animals by ridiculing them for
thereafter used as a scapegoat for the animals' troubles. dies in an inebriates' home after abandoning his hopes questioning Animalism, making them feel
to reclaim his farm. insignificant and unintelligent to gain loyalty.
Napoleon - A boar who, with Snowball, leads the
rebellion against Jones. After the rebellion's success, Mrs. Jones - Jones' wife, who flees from the farm Chapter 3
he systematically begins to control all aspects of the when the animals rebel. The animals work hard to reap the largest
farm until he is an undisputed tyrant. harvest they have ever had. Boxer emerges as the
Mr. Whymper - A solicitor hired by Napoleon to act hardest working, but all except a few contribute what
Squealer - A porker pig who becomes Napoleon's as an intermediary in Animal Farm's trading with they can to help. The pigs don't perform any hard labor,
mouthpiece. Throughout the novel, he displays his neighboring farms. as their supreme intelligence is needed to supervise the
ability to manipulate the animals' thoughts through the other animals.
use of hollow yet convincing rhetoric. Mr. Pilkington - The owner of Foxwood, a
neighboring and neglected farm. He eventually sells Chapter 4
Boxer - A dedicated but dimwitted horse who aids in some of his land to Napoleon and, in the novel's final The Battle of the Cowshed is the first fight
the building of the windmill but is sold to a glue-boiler scene, toasts to Napoleon's success. between the humans and the animals after the
after collapsing from exhaustion. Rebellion. The animals easily defeat the humans, who
Jones; Mr. Frederick - An enemy of Pilkington and underestimated the farm animals. Death: The sheep
Mollie - A vain horse who prefers ribbons and sugar owner of Pinchfield, another neighboring farm. who is shot by Jones is the first animal to die after the
over ideas and rebellion. She is eventually lured off Known for "driving hard bargains," Frederick Rebellion.
the farm with promises of a comfortable life. swindles Napoleon by buying timber from him with
counterfeit money. He later tries to attack and seize Chapter 5
Clover - A motherly horse who silently questions Animal Farm but is defeated. It is a turning point in Animal Farm, as the
some of Napoleon's decisions and tries to help Boxer principles of Animalism are destroyed. Napoleon
after his collapse. Summary (symbolic of Joseph Stalin) takes the farm by force
and becomes the dictator. He trains dogs and uses
Benjamin - A cynical, pessimistic donkey who them as his own personal guards and army, and the
continually undercuts the animals' enthusiasm with his Chapter 1 dogs are not free nor equal.
cryptic remark, "Donkeys live a long time." The animals gather and listen to Old Major, a
pig, give a speech about how the humans are Chapter 6
Moses - A tame raven and sometimes-pet of Jones oppressing the animals. He tells the other animals that The animals continue to work hard on running
who tells the animals stories about a paradise called he hopes for freedom, and he teaches them the song the farm while also building the windmill, which they
Sugarcandy Mountain. "Beasts of England." This inspires the animals on the are told will make their lives easier.
farm to plan a rebellion.
Bluebell, Jessie, and Pincher - Three dogs. The nine Chapter 7
puppies born between Jessie and Bluebell are taken by The animals prioritize rebuilding their
Napoleon and raised to be his guard dogs. windmill even though they are challenged by fierce
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winter storms and the threat of starvation. They are 2. Symbolism – Orwell uses symbolism mood shifts to more serious and
keenly focused on concealing their struggles from throughout the novel, with the animals and negative.
humans who are hoping for Animal Farm's demise. various objects representing different aspects
of society, such as the windmill symbolizing Themes
Chapter 8 the promises made by the ruling class.
The pigs sell lumber to Frederick, who then 3. Irony – The author employs irony to highlight
leads men to attach Animal Farm. The animals drive the contradictions and deceptions within the 1. Power and Corruption – “Animal Farm”
them off in what is then known as The Battle of the story, such as the notion that “all animals are explores the theme of power and corruption,
Windmill. The pigs find whiskey and get drunk and equal, but some animals are more equal than demonstrating how the desire for power can
continue altering the commandments by adding others.” lead to the corruption of ideals and the
phrases to them to suit their needs. 4. Foreshadowing – Orwell utilizes oppression of those who were once allies.
foreshadowing to hint at future events in the 2. Equality and Social Class – The novel
Chapter 9 story, such as the early indications that the examines the theme of equality and social
The animals recover from the war wounds pigs may become corrupt and oppressive class, as the animals’ initial pursuit of a
received at the Battle of the Windmill. Recognizing leaders. classless society devolves into a new
that he is getting older and slower, Boxer has a few 5. Satire – “Animal Farm” is a satirical novel, hierarchy where some animals are more equal
more things he would like to contribute towards the using humor, irony, and exaggeration to than others.
building of the windmill. critique and expose the flaws of political 3. Propaganda and Manipulation – Orwell
systems and human behavior. delves into the theme of propaganda and
Chapter 10 manipulation, showcasing the various methods
In the end, the animals are still just as Tone and Mood used by the ruling class to control and deceive
oppressed as they were when Jones ran the farm. the masses in order to maintain power.
 Tone 4. Revolution and Rebellion – The theme of
Point of View - The tone of Animal Farm is initially revolution and rebellion is central to “Animal
playful and lighthearted, but it Farm,” as the animals’ uprising against their
George Orwell uses a third person becomes bitter as the story unfolds. human oppressors serves as a cautionary tale
omniscient point of view in his novella Animal Farm, The story begins with a tone about the dangers of radical change without a
meaning the reader can be privy to the thoughts of suggesting the reader is embarking on clear vision for the future.
more than one character. This allows the reader to a superficially silly story about 5. Education and Ignorance – The novel
make his or her own judgments, because the narrator ridiculous humans and talking animals. explores the theme of education and ignorance,
is impartial. illustrating how a lack of education can leave
 Mood individuals vulnerable to manipulation and
Literary Devices - The mood of Animal Farm shifts oppression by those in power.
majorly from the beginning to the end.
1. Allegory – “Animal Farm” is an allegory, In the beginning, the mood is hopeful
with the story’s events and characters and positive as the animals are excited
representing real-life political situations and to run the farm by themselves.
figures from the Russian Revolution and the However, as Napoleon and his
early Soviet Union. followers take control of the farm, the