Notes 220528 100154 4a1

Math project class VIII
SRI AUROBINDO VIDYABHAWAN
PROJECT WORK
CLASS- VIII
SUBJECT-MATHEMATICS
*Project on Set Theory*
Constitute of project copy:-

1. Project title
2. Acknowledgment
3. Objectives
4. Introduction
5. Body of project
6. Conclusion
Project title: Set theory
Acknowledgement
Presentation, inspiration and motivation have always played a key role in the success of any
venture.
I express my sincere thanks to Miss Munmun Chakraborty, the principal of Sri Aurobindo
Vidyabhawan for her valuable guidance and kind supervision throughout the course of the
project which shaped the present work as its show.
I pay my deep sense of gratitude to Mr. SarojMaity, assistance Teacher of Mathematics, to

encourage me to the highest peak and to provide me the opportunity to excel in the project.
I am immensely obliged to parents to my parents for their elevating inspiration and
encouraging guidance.
Last, but not the least, my friends are also an important inspiration for me.
With due regards, I express my gratitude to theme.
Objectives
1. Discuss about set.
2. Forms of set
3. Types of set
4. binary operations on sets.
Union and Intersection of the sets A and B
5. Use Venn diagrams to verify De'Morgan's law of complementation (A∪B)′=A′∪B′
Introduction
An introduction of sets and its definition in mathematics. The concept of sets is used for the
foundation of various topics in mathematics.
To learn sets we often talk about the collection of objects, such as a set of vowels, set of
negative numbers, a group of friends, a list of fruits, a bunch of keys, etc.
Venn Diagrams
A Venn diagram is a diagrammatic representation of ALL the possible relationships between

different sets of a finite number of elements. Venn diagrams were conceived around 1880 by
John Venn, an English logician, and philosopher. They are extensively used to teach Set Theory.
A Venn diagram is also known as a Primary diagram, Set diagram or Logic diagram.
Representation of Sets in a Venn Diagram
It is done as per the following:
Each individual set is represented mostly by a circle and enclosed within a quadrilateral (the
quadrilateral represents the finiteness of the Venn diagram as well as the Universal set.)
Labelling is done for each set with the set’s name to indicate difference and the respective
constituting elements of each set are written within the circles.
Sets having no element in common are represented separately while those having some of the
elements common within them are shown with overlapping.
The elements are written within the circle representing the set containing them and the
common elements are written in the parts of circles that are overlapped.
Operations on Venn Diagrams
Just like the mathematical operations on sets like Union, Difference, Intersection, Complement,
etc. we have operations on Venn diagrams that are given as follows:
Union of Sets
Let A = {2, 4, 6, 8} and B = {6, 8, 10, 12}. Represent A U B through a well-labeled Venn diagram.
The orange colored patch represents the common elements {6, 8} and the quadrilateral
represents A U B.
Properties of A U B
The commutative law holds true as A U B = B U A
The associative law also holds true as (A U B) U C = A U (B U C)
A U φ = A (Law of identity element)
Idempotent Law – A U A = A
Law of the Universal Set U – A U U = U
The Intersection of Sets
An intersection is nothing but the collection of all the elements that are common to all the sets
under consideration. Let A = {2, 4, 6, 8} and B = {6, 8, 10, 12} then A ∩ B is represented through a
Venn diagram as per following:
The orange colored patch represents the common elements {6, 8} as well as the A ∩ B. The
intersection of 2 or more sets is the overlapped part(s) of the individual circles with the
elements written in the overlapped parts. Example:
Properties of A ∩ B
Commutative law – A ∩ B = B∩ A
Associative law – (A ∩ B)∩ C = A ∩ (B∩ C)
φ∩A=φ
U∩A=A
A∩ A = A; Idempotent law.
Distributive law – A ∩ (B∩ C) = (A ∩ B) U(A ∩ C)
Difference of Sets
The difference of set A and B is represented as: A – B = {x: x ϵ A and x ϵ B} {converse holds true
for B – A}. Let, A = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6} and B = {2, 4, 6, 8} then A – B = {1, 3, 5} and B – A = {8}. The
sets (A – B), (B – A) and (A ∩ B) are mutually disjoint sets.
It means that there is NO element common to any of the three sets and the intersection of any
of the two or all the three sets will result in a null or void or empty set. A – B and B – A are
represented through Venn diagrams as follows:
Complement of Sets
If U represents the Universal set and any set A is the subset of A then the complement of set A
(represented as A’) will contain ALL the elements which belong to the Universal set U but NOT to
set A.
Mathematically – A’ = U – A
Alternatively, the complement of a set A, A’ is the difference between the universal set U and
the set A. Example: Let universal set U = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10} and set A = {1, 3, 5, 7, 9}, then
complement of A is given as: A’ = U – A = {2, 4, 6, 8, 10}
Properties Of Complement Sets
A U A’ = U
A ∩ A’ = φ
De Morgan’s Law – (A U B)’ = A’ ∩ B’ OR (A ∩ B)’ = A’ U B’
Law of double complementation : (A’)’ = A
φ’ = U
U’ = φ
Conclusion
Bibliography
To make this project I have taken source from my Mathematics book. I have taken source from
internet too, and taken help of our Mathematics teachers Mr. Saroj Maity sir and Mrs. Srijita Das
ma'am.

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Math project class VIII

SRI AUROBINDO VIDYABHAWAN

*Project on Set Theory*

Constitute of project copy:-

Project title: Set theory

I pay my deep sense of gratitude to Mr. SarojMaity, assistance Teacher of Mathematics, to

A Venn diagram is a diagrammatic representation of ALL the possible relationships between

It is done as per the following:

Operations on Venn Diagrams

The commutative law holds true as A U B = B U A

The associative law also holds true as (A U B) U C = A U (B U C)

A U φ = A (Law of identity element)

Law of the Universal Set U – A U U = U

The Intersection of Sets

Associative law – (A ∩ B)∩ C = A ∩ (B∩ C)

Distributive law – A ∩ (B∩ C) = (A ∩ B) U(A ∩ C)

Properties Of Complement Sets

De Morgan’s Law – (A U B)’ = A’ ∩ B’ OR (A ∩ B)’ = A’ U B’

Law of double complementation : (A’)’ = A

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