APA Style Instructions
APA Style Instructions
APA Style Instructions
EDUC301
Applications for Teaching
Fall 2008
Instructor: C. M. Sturgeon
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Table of Contents
APA Background ............................................................................................................................................ 2
Title Page and Document Guidelines ............................................................................................................ 2
General Document Guidelines ................................................................................................................... 2
Title Page .................................................................................................................................................. 3
Abstract: .................................................................................................................................................... 3
Body .......................................................................................................................................................... 4
Characteristics of APA Citation Style ............................................................................................................ 4
References List .......................................................................................................................................... 4
In‐Text References ..................................................................................................................................... 6
Citation Elements ...................................................................................................................................... 6
Citation Elements Checklist: Record all that apply .................................................................................... 7
APA Background
The editorial rules for formatting manuscripts and citing resources known as “APA Style”
are found in the Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association. The first
rules developed for APA were in the 1920s and were a total of only seven pages. However,
that has changed over time and we are now on the fifth edition of APA which was published
in 2001 and it is 439 pages in length.
APA style is the accepted stander for most academic social sciences departments and
publications for many, if not most, education journals and academic education departments.
Title Page and Document Guidelines
General Document Guidelines
A. Margins: One inch on all sides (top, bottom, left, right)
B. Font Size and Type: 12‐pt. font (Times Roman or Courier are acceptable
typefaces)
C. Spacing: Double‐space throughout the paper, including the title page,
abstract, body of the document, references, appendixes, footnotes, tables, and
figure captions.
D. Alignment: Flush left (creating uneven right margin)
E. Paragraph Indentation: 5‐7 spaces
F. Pagination: The page number appears one inch from the right edge of the
paper on the first line of every page (except Figures), beginning with the title
page.
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G. Manuscript Page Header: The first two or three words of the paper title
appear five spaces to the left of the page number on every page (except
Figures), beginning with the title page. Manuscript page headers are used to
identify manuscript pages during the editorial process. Using most word
processors, the manuscript page header and page number can be inserted
into a header, which then automatically appears on all pages.
H. Active voice: As a general rule, use the active voice rather than the passive
voice. For example, use "We predicted that ..." rather than "It was predicted
that ..."
I. Order of Pages: Title Page, Abstract, Body, References, Appendixes,
Footnotes, Tables, Figure Captions, Figures
Title Page
J. Pagination: The Title Page is page 1.
K. Key Elements: Paper title, author(s), author affiliation(s), and running
head.
L. Paper Title: Uppercase and lowercase letters, centered on the page.
M. Author(s): Uppercase and lowercase letters, centered on the line following
the title.
N. Institutional affiliation: Uppercase and lowercase letters, centered on the
line following the author(s).
O. Running head: The running head is typed flush left (all uppercase) following
the words "Running head:" on the line below the manuscript page header. It
should not exceed 50 characters, including punctuation and spacing. The
running head is a short title that appears at the top of pages of published
articles.
P. Example of APAformatted Title Page:
http://www.vanguard.edu/psychology/titlepage.pdf
II. Abstract: The abstract is a one‐paragraph, self‐contained summary of the most
important elements of the paper.
A. Pagination: The abstract begins on a new page (page 2).
B. Heading: Abstract (centered on the first line below the manuscript page
header)
C. Format: The abstract (in block format) begins on the line following the
Abstract heading. The abstract should not exceed 120 words. All numbers in
the abstract (except those beginning a sentence) should be typed as digits
rather than words.
D. Example of APAformatted Abstract:
http://www.vanguard.edu/psychology/abstract.pdf
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Body
E. Pagination: The body of the paper begins on a new page (page 3).
Subsections of the body of the paper do not begin on new pages.
F. Title: The title of the paper (in uppercase and lowercase letters) is centered
on the first line below the manuscript page header.
G. Introduction: The introduction (which is not labeled) begins on the line
following the paper title.
H. Headings: Headings are used to organize the document and reflect the
relative importance of sections. For example, many empirical research
articles utilize Method, Results, Discussion, and References headings. In turn,
the Method section often has subheadings of Participants, Apparatus, and
Procedure. For an example of APA‐formatted headings, go to
http://www.vanguard.edu/psychology/headings.pdf
1. Main headings (when the paper has either one or two levels of
headings) use centered uppercase and lowercase letters (e.g., Method,
Results, Discussion, and References).
2. Subheadings (when the paper has two levels of headings) are
italicized and use flush left, uppercase and lowercase letters (e.g.,
Participants, Apparatus, and Procedure as subsections of the Method section).
Characteristics of APA Citation Style
References List
• APA style requires a detailed alphabetical list of citations, called “References,” placed at
the end of the work, double spaced, with hanging indent for each entry.
• To format the “hanging indent” in Word choose the line of text Æ right‐click on the
text and select “Paragraph” as shown on the screen shot below:
• You then see a menu option called “Special” and in the drop down is the option for
“Hanging” as shown in the following screenshot:
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• The References list does not provide authors’ first names—only initials. This is one of
the main differences between APA and other formats of style.
• Titles of books, periodicals, microfilm publications, and periodical volumes are
italicized.
• Only the first word of a title is capitalized: all others are in lower case.
• The References list contains only works “used in the research and preparation of the
article” or paper as opposed to a bibliography, which lists “works for background or for
further reading,” sometimes with brief descriptions, or annotations (APA, p. 215).
• When listing one author’s multiple works, arrange them by date of publication; older
works being first.
• When listing one author’s works (multiple) of the same year, list them as ‘a’ ‘b’ ‘c’ etc
following the year. Example is below:
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InText References
• APA style uses in‐text references rather than footnotes to cite works within the paper
or article.
• In‐text references provide minimum detail required for the reader to locate a citation
on the References list.
• APA style encourages writers to incorporate as much identifying information in the
actual prose of the work as possible.
• For instance: Jones (2006) claims that many students find formulating citations
according to APA style to be “one of the most tedious chores of their academic careers.”
Example below:
Citation Elements
• Keep track of citation elements as you research.
• Photocopy book title pages, front and back.
• Make sure that copies, computer printouts, or micro‐prints of articles include all
required citation elements.
• Jot down elements while the resource is at hand.
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• If taking notes by hand, record page or chapter numbers of quotes and ideas to be
paraphrased.
• On the computer, be especially careful when using cut and paste.
Citation Elements Checklist: Record all that apply
• Author(s)
• Date of publication: Day, Week, Month, Year
• Title of periodical article
• Name of periodical
• Volume of periodical
• Issue of periodical
• Beginning and ending pages of article
• Database from which full‐text article was retrieved
• Date on which it was accessed
• Title of book
• Title of chapter in anthology or edited book
• Beginning and ending pages of chapter in anthology or edited book
• Editor(s) of anthology or of book of individually authored chapters
• Place of publication of book or other non‐periodical item
• Page number(s) from which you have taken direct quotes
• Publisher
• Title of Web page
• Name of individual or organization posting Web page
• URL (Web address) for page
• Date on which you accessed Web page
• Title of the Web page section from which you have taken direct quotes