New

syllabus
2020-21

Chapter 8
Web
Browsers

Informatics Practices
Class XII ( As per CBSE Board)
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 Web browsers

Web browser –
A browser, short for web browser, is the software
application that is used to search for, reach and explore
websites.
The primary function of a web browser is to render HTML
code (the code used to design or "mark up" webpages).
Each time a web browser loads a web page received from
web server, it processes the HTML, which may include
text, links, and references to images and other items,
such as cascading style sheets and JavaScript functions.
The browser processes these items, then renders them in
the browser window.
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 Web browsers

Basic Features of a good Web browser –

Speed - A browser should be able to quickly load webpages
including multimedia files, no matter how dynamic the
content. Nowadays images and videos dominate online
platforms which require too much data to be processed.
Simplicity - A browser should have easy and simple user
interface. The user interface shouldn’t take up a lot of screen
space, which would be better used for the content that a user
is trying to consume.
Security - Browsers should also be very secure, as there are
number of security threats available on internet, which can
lead to serious data breach and leakage

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 Web browsers

Major functions of a typical Web browser –

 Send and receive internet resources
 Access web pages ,render and display them
 Select and save our favorite pages
 Print documents
 Keep records of our activity
 Store information in the cloud
 Install applications

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 Web browsers

How web browser works –

The User Interface: space where User
interacts with the browser.
The Browser Engine: it queries and
manipulates the rendering engine
The Rendering Engine: It interprets the HTML,
XML documents and images as per CSS and
generates the lawet to display.
Networking:handles all aspects of Internet
communication & security using http(s)/ftp.
JavaScript Interpreter: interprets and executes
the javascript code embedded in a website.
UI Backend: for drawing basic widgets like
combo boxes and windows etc.
Data Persistence/Storage: It manages user
data such as cache, cookies, bookmarks and
preferences.
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 Web browsers

Commonly Used web browsers –

Google Chrome
Google Inc. has developed google chrome web browser. It is an open and
free source. It runs on different operating systems, like Microsoft
Windows, Mac OS X, Chrome OS, Linux, Android and iOS. It was launched
in 2008 and since then it has become the most popular web browser in the
world market. Google Chrome is very strong in its application performance
and JavaScript processing speeds. It allows users to create local desktop
shortcuts which will open the desired web page quickly and easily.
Mozilla Firefox
This web browser is free and open, developed by the Mozilla Corporation
and the Mozilla Foundation in 2002. It works on Microsoft Windows, Mac
OS and Linux operating systems. Firefox features a pop-up blocker, anti-
phishing and anti-malware warnings, making it easy to validate a website
before we enter .
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 Web browsers

Commonly Used web browsers –

Apple Safari
This web browser is free and closed source, developed by Apple Inc.
It works on OS X, iOS, and Microsoft Windows operating systems. Its
market launch in 2003. Works on webkit to render graphics and run
javasript Safari is faster and more energy efficient than other
browsers

Internet Explorer
This web browser was developed by Microsoft Corporation,
integrated into the Microsoft Windows operating system in all its
versions. It was launched in 1995 and was the most popular web
browser until it was moved by Google Chrome in 2011.It supports ad
ons,improved security and power saving features
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 Web browsers

Commonly Used web browsers –

Opera
Opera is a web browser developed by the company Opera Software.
It is compatible with Microsoft Windows and Mac OS X operating
systems mainly. Although it also works, in older versions, on Linux. It
was launched in 1995.It provide integrated adblocker,faster with
opera turbo,sidebar extension for multitask.

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 Web browsers
Google chrome browser settings –
1. No More Notification Requests - chrome://settings/content/notifications
2. Get Around Ad Blocker Blocking - chrome://settings/content/javascript
3. Font and Sizing - chrome://settings/fonts
4. Review wer Passwords - chrome://settings/passwords
5. Customize wer Startup Pages - chrome://settings/onStartup
6. Send a Do Not Track Request - chrome://settings/privacy
7. Set Flash to Ask First - chrome://settings/content
8. Mic and Camera Access - chrome://settings/content
9. Send Reports to Google - chrome://settings/syncSetup
Resetting Chrome to Default Settings
If we ever break Chrome by accident and want to reset everything, it’s super
easy. Scroll to the bottom of settings and click Advanced. Then:
• On Mac, Chromebook, or Linux: Under Reset Settings, click Restore settings
to their original defaults > Reset Settings.
• On Windows: Under Reset and cleanup, click Reset Settings > Reset Settings.

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 Web browsers

Mozilla firefox browser settings –

1. Homepage,font&color,downloads – //option/general
2. Searchbar and search engine - //option/search
3. Forms,passwords,history,cookies,security - //option/privacy and security
4. Firefox account - //option/firefox account

Resetting Mozilla firefox to Default Settings

 Click the menu icon, then click on “Help”. Click on Firefox's main menu
button, represented by three horizontal lines. ...
 Click “Troubleshooting Information”. ...
 Click on “Refresh Firefox” ...
 Confirm. ...
 Click “Finish”.

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 Web browsers

Internet explorer browser settings –

1. Homepage,browsing history ,appearance(font color)– //tools/internet
options/general
2. Security level for zones(internet,local internet,trusted sites,restricted sites) -
//tools/internet options/security
3. Privacy,popup blocker - //tools/internet options/privacy
4. Parental control,autocomplete- //tools/internet options/content
5. Setup internet connections - //tools/internet options/connections
6. Default web browser,add-ons- //tools/internet options/programs
7. Accessibilit,browsing,multimedia,security - //tools/inetnet
options/advanced/settings

Resetting Internet explorer to Default Settings

//tools/inetnet options/advanced/Reset

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 Web browsers

Opera browser settings –

1. Homepage,popup,language - //settings /preferences/general
2. Password manager - //settings /preferences/forms
3. Search engine - //settings /preferences/search
4. Font,color,zoom - //settings /preferences/webpages
5. History,cookies,security,storage,network,notification- //settings
/preferences/advanced
Resetting Opera to Default Settings
• Close Opera and open command prompt from the start menu.
• Enter the following command to remove the preferences file: del
%AppData%\Opera\Opera\operaprefs.ini
• Reset-Opera-settings-to-default-by-removing-the-operaprefs.ini-file
• The file will be removed from the system. The next time Opera is
launched, the file will be re-created with the custom preferences wiped.
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 Web browsers
Add-ons/Extensions
Add-ons are tools which integrate into our browser. They're similar to
regular apps or programs, but only run when the browser runs. Add-
ons can allow the viewing of certain types of Web content, such as
Microsoft's Silverlight necessary for Netflix movies.
How Add-ons Are Installed
There are two key ways in which add-ons become installed – through
an external installer and through the browser’s own add-on service.
The add-on service is the most reliable way of installing an add-on,
with the browser service providing a relative “vetting” process for the
general safety of the add-on. Outside programs can also install add-ons
in wer browser as part of its separate installation process. Microsoft
Office, for example, may place an add-on which speeds up the in-
browser opening of office documents.

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 Web browsers
How Add-ons Are Installed
There are two key ways in which add-ons become installed –
through an external installer and through the browser’s own
add-on service. The add-on service is the most reliable way
of installing an add-on, with the browser service providing a
relative “vetting” process for the general safety of the add-
on. Outside programs can also install add-ons in wer browser
as part of its separate installation process. Microsoft Office,
for example, may place an add-on which speeds up the in-
browser opening of office documents.

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 Web browsers
How to Remove Add-ons
Add-ons can be removed in one of two ways. Some
add-ons, particularly ones installed outside of the
browser, create an entry in the “Programs” portion of
the control panel. Removing these is done in the
same way we uninstall any other program. Many
add-ons, however, can only be removed through the
browser’s add-on manager.

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 Web browsers
Add-ons manager in
• Google chrome - /more tools/extensions
• Mozilla firefox -/add-ons option or ctrl+shift+A
• Internet explorer - /tools/manage add-ons
• Opera - https://addons.opera.com/en/extensions/

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 Web browsers
A plugin is a piece of software that acts as an add-on to a web
browser and gives the browser additional functionality. Plugins
can allow a web browser to display additional content it was not
originally designed to display. An example of a plugin is the free
Macromedia Flash Player, a plugin that allows the web browser to
display animations using the Flash format.
Most plugins are available as free downloads. To install the
plugin, we visit the website of the plugin’s developer and click on
a link that will download the installer for the plugin we have
selected. we can save the installer to an easy to find location such
as the Desktop or a specific folder we have created to organize all
of our downloads. Once we have downloaded the installer, we
can open it and follow the prompts to install the plugin on our
system.
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 Web browsers
Difference between add ons and plugins
Plug-in is a complete program and add-on is not a program. For
example Flash is a plug-in made by adobe is required to play a
video in flash player. Also Java is a plug-in made by Sun
Microsystem which is used to run programs based on Java. Plug-
in is not bounded for browsers only. Flash can be installed in
computers to play flash files. Similarly Java can be installed to run
Java files.
On the other hand add-on is not a complete program. It is used to
add a particular functionality to a browser. If we suppose to
install add-on on other work environment, say, wer operating
system, we can’t do it. It means, add-ons are limited to a certain
boundary.

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 Web browsers

Cookies - are small bits of data stored as text files on a browser.

Websites use those small bits of data to keep track of users and
enable user-specific
What's in a Cookie?
Each cookie is effectively a small lookup table containing pairs of
(key, data) values. Once the cookie has been read by the code on
the server or client computer, the data can be retrieved and used
to customise the web page appropriately. features.
Suppose we want to have a counter for a webpage to access it
three times only,this value can be stored over users computer at
first attempt it will be 1 then 2 and then 3 on next time server will
not allow to access that page.
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 Web browsers

When are Cookies Created?

Writing data to a cookie is usually done when a new webpage is
loaded with code to create cookies.
Why are Cookies Used?
Cookies are a easiest way to carry information from one session
on a website to another, or between sessions on related
websites, without having to burden a server machine with
massive amounts of data storage. Storing the data on the server
without using cookies would also be problematic because it
would be difficult to retrieve a particular user's information
without requiring a login on each visit to the website.

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 Web browsers

How Long Does a Cookie Last?

The time of expiry of a cookie can be set through using server site
scripting language ,when the cookie is created. By default the
cookie is destroyed when the current browser window is closed,
but it can be made to persist for an arbitrary length of time after
that.
How Secure are Cookies?
Cookies are not a threat to privacy, since they can only be used to
store information that the user has volunteered or that the web
server already has.

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 Web browsers

What are Tracking Cookies?

Some commercial websites may include embedded advertising
material which is served from a third-party sites, and it is possible
to store a cookie for that third-party site, containing information
fed to it from the containing site - such information might include
the name of the site, particular products being viewed etc.Then
third party can advertise you in future with the help of tracking
cookies.
Are Cookies Enabled in my Browser?
When a webpage with cookies is opened a popup appears to
enable cookies ,if browser setting is disabled for cookies.
We can also check it through browsers setting options.
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