Mental Health & Mental Illness

A Dual Factor Model
 The pathogenic Approach, Greek word pathos,

suffering or emotion evoking sympathy
 Pathogenic approach views health as the absence of
disability, disease and premature death
 The salutogenic Approach, word salus , meaning
health
 The salutogenic approach views health as the
presence of positive states of human activities and
functioning thinking, feeling, and behavior
 The complete state model, drives from the ancient
word for health as being hale, meaning whole and
strong, exemplified in the World Health Organization
 Increased life expectancy has increased the
number of years spent living with chronic
physical diseases and mental disorders rather
than greater health
 Long live equal to experience some physical
physiological or neurological disorder or disease
 Risk of physical disease in youth is low but some
chronic problem such as diabetes, asthma, and
CVD is high
 Increased life expectancy based on pathogenic
rather than salutogenic
 Until mid-1990, before the age of 55, one half of all
adults at lease one serious mental illness in theire Life
 One quarter of adults a serious mental illness each
year
 By the age 18, 20% had a clinical depression
 Depression is more prevalent worldwide and the
second leading cause of disability/adjusted life years
within the first quarter of the 21st century
 The average age of first onset of mood and anxiety
disorders has decreased
 Ineffectiveness of psychotherapy and
psychopharmacology must be added to these
 Until recently, mental health remained
undefined, unmeasured, and therefore
unrecognized
 Definition of WHO in 2004, mental health as
not merely the absence of mental illness
 13 specific dimensions of well/being
Positive Affect •Regularly cheerful, interested in life, happy, calm and peaceful, full of life
Quality of life •Mostly or highly satisfied with life overall or in domain of life
Self/acceptance •Holds positive attitudes toward self, acknowledges, like most parts of self, personality
Personal growth •Seeks challenge, has insight into own potential, feels a sense of continued development
Purpose in life •Finds own life has a direction and meaning
Environmental mastery •Exercises ability to select, manage, and mold personal environs to suit needs
Autonomy •Is guided by own, socially accepted, internal standards and values
Positive relations with others •Has, or can form, warm, trusting personal relationships
Social acceptance •Holds positive attitudes toward, acknowledges, and is accepting of human differences
Social actualization •Believes people, groups, and society have potential and can evolve or grow positively
Social contribution •Sees own daily activities as useful to and valued by society and others
Social coherence •Interested in society and social life and finds them meaningful and somewhat intelligible
Social integration •A sense of belonging to, and comfort and support from, a community
 High levels on at least one measures of hedonic
well/being and high levels on at least six
measures of positive functioning (Psychological
and Social Well/being) be diagnosed as
Flourishing
 Low level on at least one measure of hedonic
well being and low levels on at least six
measures of positive functioning are diagnosed
as Languishing
 Moderately mentally healthy do not fit the
criteria for either flourishing or linguishing
 The single factor model hypothesizes that the
measures of mental health and mental illness reflect a
single latent factor
 The two factor model hypothesizes that mental
health and mental illness are two factor but correlated
to each other
 Absence of mental illness dose not imply the presence
of mental health
 Absence of mental health dose not imply the
presence of mental illness
 Neither the pathogenic nor salutogenic approaches
alone accurately describe the mental health of a
population
Mentally Completely
Unhealthy Moderately Mentally Healthy
Mentally Health
(Languishing) (Flourishing)
Low Moderate High
Flourishing Flourishing Flourishing
Symptoms Symptoms Symptoms
Low Low Low

Pathological Pathological Pathological
Completely
Mentally Illness Moderately Mentally Illness
(Languishing) Mentally Illness
(Mental Illness)
Low Moderate High
Pathological Pathological Pathological
Low Low Low

Flourishing Flourishing Flourishing

Mental Health & Mental Illness

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A Dual Factor Model

 The pathogenic Approach, Greek word pathos,

Purpose in life •Finds own life has a direction and meaning

Low Low Low

Low Low Low

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