STUDY OF COMMERCIAL

ANTACIDS

CHEMISTRY INVESTIGATORY PROJECT

NAME: I.Kaaviyaa
CLASS: XII
SUBJECT:CHEMISTRY
REG NO. :
BATCH NO. : 2023-2024
 BONAFIDE CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that I.Kaaviyaa, a student of Grade X11 has

successfully completed Chemistry project entitled

‘STUDY OF COMMERCIAL ANTACIDS’

under the guidance of Mrs.S.N Chellammal., (PGT - CHEMISTRY)

during the academic year 2023-2024 in partial fulfillment of chemistry

practical examination conducted by SSCE , New Delhi.

REGISTER NUMBER:
DATE OF EXAMINATION:

INTERNAL EXAMINER EXTERNAL EXAMINER

PRINCIPAL
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I would like to express my special thanks of gratitude to

Mr. Dr. R. KRISHNAMOORTHY, CHAIRMAN SIR, Sri Krish International
School for providing me with all the facility that was required to complete my
project.

I am thankful to Mrs. Dr. S.UDAYA CHITRA, PRINCIPAL,

Sri Krish International School for her valuable guidance and for her constant
encouragement.

It gives me great pleasure to extend my special thanks to my chemistry teacher

Mrs.S.N.Chellammal., (PGT- CHEMISTRY) for her guidance, support &
encouragement throughout the duration of the project. Without her motivation and
help, the successful completion of this project would not have been possible.

I like to thank Mr. T. MANOHAR, Lab Incharge for helping me out during the
practical part of this project & all those who have helped me to complete this
project on time.
 CONTENT

SNO. TITLE TEACHER’S

SIGN
I. All about Acids
II. Aim of the Project
III. Introduction
IV. Theory
V. Requirements
VI. Procedure
VII. Observation
VIII. Result
IX. Bibliography
ALL ABOUT ACIDS
An acid is a molecule or ion capable of either donating a proton (i.e. hydrogen
ion, H+), known as a Brønsted–Lowry acid, or forming a covalent bond with
an electron pair, known as a Lewis acid.
The first category of acids are the proton donors, or Brønsted–Lowry acids. In
the special case of aqueous solutions, proton donors form the hydronium
ion H3O+ and are known as Arrhenius acids. Brønsted and Lowry generalized
the Arrhenius theory to include non-aqueous solvents. A Brønsted or
Arrhenius acid usually contains a hydrogen atom bonded to a chemical
structure that is still energetically favorable after loss of H+.
Aqueous Arrhenius acids have characteristic properties that provide a
practical description of an acid. Acids form aqueous solutions with a sour
taste, can turn blue litmus red, and react with bases and certain metals
(like calcium) to form salts. The word acid is derived from the Latin acidus,
meaning 'sour'. An aqueous solution of an acid has a pH less than 7 and is
colloquially also referred to as "acid" (as in "dissolved in acid"), while the
strict definition refers only to the solute. A lower pH means a higher acidity,
and thus a higher concentration of positive hydrogen ions in the solution.
Chemicals or substances having the property of an acid are said to be acidic.
Common aqueous acids include hydrochloric acid (a solution of hydrogen
chloride that is found in gastric acid in the stomach and activates digestive
enzymes), acetic acid (vinegar is a dilute aqueous solution of this
liquid), sulfuric acid (used in car batteries), and citric acid (found in citrus
fruits). As these examples show, acids (in the colloquial sense) can be
solutions or pure substances, and can be derived from acids (in the strict
sense) that are solids, liquids, or gases. Strong acids and some concentrated
weak acids are corrosive, but there are exceptions such
as carboranes and boric acid.
The second category of acids are Lewis acids, which form a covalent bond with
an electron pair. An example is boron trifluoride (BF3), whose boron atom has
a vacant orbital that can form a covalent bond by sharing a lone pair of
electrons on an atom in a base, for example the nitrogen atom
in ammonia (NH3). Lewis considered this as a generalization of the Brønsted
definition, so that an acid is a chemical species that accepts electron pairs
either directly or by releasing protons (H+) into the solution, which then
accept electron pairs. Hydrogen chloride, acetic acid, and most other
Brønsted–Lowry acids cannot form a covalent bond with an electron pair,
however, and are therefore not Lewis acids.
Conversely, many Lewis acids are not Arrhenius or Brønsted–Lowry acids. In
modern terminology, an acid is implicitly a Brønsted acid and not a Lewis acid,
since chemists almost always refer to a Lewis acid explicitly as a Lewis acid.
Modern definitions are concerned with the fundamental chemical reactions
common to all acids.
Most acids encountered in everyday life are aqueous solutions, or can be
dissolved in water, so the Arrhenius and Brønsted–Lowry definitions are the
most relevant.
The Brønsted–Lowry definition is the most widely used definition; unless
otherwise specified, acid–base reactions are assumed to involve the transfer of
a proton (H+) from an acid to a base.
Hydronium ions are acids according to all three definitions. Although alcohols
and amines can be Brønsted–Lowry acids, they can also function as Lewis
bases due to the lone pairs of electrons on their oxygen and nitrogen atoms.
Arrhenius acids

Svante Arrhenius

In 1884, Svante Arrhenius attributed the properties of acidity to hydrogen

ions (H+), later described as protons or hydrons. An Arrhenius acid is a
substance that, when added to water, increases the concentration of H+ ions in
the water.Chemists often write H+(aq) and refer to the hydrogen ion when
describing acid–base reactions but the free hydrogen nucleus, a proton, does
not exist alone in water, it exists as the hydronium ion (H3O+) or other forms
(H5O2+, H9O4+). Thus, an Arrhenius acid can also be described as a substance
that increases the concentration of hydronium ions when added to water.
Examples include molecular substances such as hydrogen chloride and acetic
acid.
An Arrhenius base, on the other hand, is a substance that increases the
concentration of hydroxide (OH−) ions when dissolved in water. This
decreases the concentration of hydronium because the ions react to form H2O
molecules:
H3O+
(aq) + OH−
(aq) ⇌ H2O(liq) + H2O(liq)

Due to this equilibrium, any increase in the concentration of hydronium is

accompanied by a decrease in the concentration of hydroxide. Thus, an
Arrhenius acid could also be said to be one that decreases hydroxide
concentration, while an Arrhenius base increases it.
In an acidic solution, the concentration of hydronium ions is greater than
10−7 moles per liter. Since pH is defined as the negative logarithm of the
concentration of hydronium ions, acidic solutions thus have a pH of less than
7.
Brønsted–Lowry acids
Main article: Brønsted–Lowry acid–base theory

Acetic acid, a weak acid, donates a proton (hydrogen ion, highlighted in green)
to water in an equilibrium reaction to give the acetate ion and
the hydronium ion. Red: oxygen, black: carbon, white: hydrogen.
While the Arrhenius concept is useful for describing many reactions, it is also
quite limited in its scope. In 1923, chemists Johannes Nicolaus
Brønsted and Thomas Martin Lowry independently recognized that acid–base
reactions involve the transfer of a proton. A Brønsted–Lowry acid
(or simply Brønsted acid) is a species that donates a proton to a Brønsted–
Lowry base. Brønsted–Lowry acid–base theory has several advantages over
Arrhenius theory. Consider the following reactions of acetic acid (CH3COOH),
the organic acid that gives vinegar its characteristic taste:
CH3COOH + H2O ⇌ CH3COO− + H3O+
CH3COOH + NH3 ⇌ CH3COO− + NH+4
Both theories easily describe the first reaction: CH3COOH acts as an Arrhenius
acid because it acts as a source of H3O+ when dissolved in water, and it acts as
a Brønsted acid by donating a proton to water. In the second example
CH3COOH undergoes the same transformation, in this case donating a proton
to ammonia (NH3), but does not relate to the Arrhenius definition of an acid
because the reaction does not produce hydronium. Nevertheless, CH3COOH is
both an Arrhenius and a Brønsted–Lowry acid.
Brønsted–Lowry theory can be used to describe reactions of molecular
compounds in nonaqueous solution or the gas phase. Hydrogen chloride (HCl)
and ammonia combine under several different conditions to form ammonium
chloride, NH4Cl. In aqueous solution HCl behaves as hydrochloric acid and
exists as hydronium and chloride ions. The following reactions illustrate the
limitations of Arrhenius's definition:

1. H3O+
(aq) + Cl−
(aq) + NH3 → Cl−
(aq) + NH+
4(aq) + H2O
2. HCl(benzene) + NH3(benzene) → NH4Cl(s)
3. HCl(g) + NH3(g) → NH4Cl(s)
As with the acetic acid reactions, both definitions work for the first example,
where water is the solvent and hydronium ion is formed by the HCl solute. The
next two reactions do not involve the formation of ions but are still proton-
transfer reactions. In the second reaction hydrogen chloride and ammonia
(dissolved in benzene) react to form solid ammonium chloride in a benzene
solvent and in the third gaseous HCl and NH3 combine to form the solid.
Lewis acids
A third, only marginally related concept was proposed in 1923 by Gilbert N.
Lewis, which includes reactions with acid–base characteristics that do not
involve a proton transfer.
A Lewis acid is a species that accepts a pair of electrons from another species;
in other words, it is an electron pair acceptor. Brønsted acid–base reactions
are proton transfer reactions while Lewis acid–base reactions are electron
pair transfers. Many Lewis acids are not Brønsted–Lowry acids. Contrast how
the following reactions are described in terms of acid–base chemistry:
In the first reaction a fluoride ion, F−, gives up an electron pair to boron
trifluoride to form the product tetrafluoroborate. Fluoride "loses" a pair
of valence electrons because the electrons shared in the B—F bond are located
in the region of space between the two atomic nuclei and are therefore more
distant from the fluoride nucleus than they are in the lone fluoride ion. BF3 is a
Lewis acid because it accepts the electron pair from fluoride. This reaction
cannot be described in terms of Brønsted theory because there is no proton
transfer. The second reaction can be described using either theory. A proton is
transferred from an unspecified Brønsted acid to ammonia, a Brønsted base;
alternatively, ammonia acts as a Lewis base and transfers a lone pair of
electrons to form a bond with a hydrogen ion. The species that gains the
electron pair is the Lewis acid; for example, the oxygen atom in H3O+ gains a
pair of electrons when one of the H—O bonds is broken and the electrons
shared in the bond become localized on oxygen. Depending on the context, a
Lewis acid may also be described as an oxidizer or an electrophile. Organic
Brønsted acids, such as acetic, citric, or oxalic acid, are not Lewis acids. They
dissociate in water to produce a Lewis acid, H+, but at the same time also yield
an equal amount of a Lewis base (acetate, citrate, or oxalate, respectively, for
the acids mentioned). This article deals mostly with Brønsted acids rather
than Lewis acids.
Dissociation and equilibrium
Reactions of acids are often generalized in the form HA ⇌ H+ + A−, where HA
represents the acid and A− is the conjugate base. This reaction is referred to
as protolysis. The protonated form (HA) of an acid is also sometimes referred
to as the free acid.
Acid–base conjugate pairs differ by one proton, and can be interconverted by
the addition or removal of a proton (protonation and deprotonation,
respectively). Note that the acid can be the charged species and the conjugate
base can be neutral in which case the generalized reaction scheme could be
written as HA+ ⇌ H+ + A. In solution there exists an equilibrium between the
acid and its conjugate base. The stronger of two acids will have a
higher Ka than the weaker acid; the ratio of hydrogen ions to acid will be
higher for the stronger acid as the stronger acid has a greater tendency to lose
its proton. Because the range of possible values for Ka spans many orders of
magnitude, a more manageable constant, pKa is more frequently used, where
pKa = −log10 Ka. Stronger acids have a smaller pKa than weaker acids.
Experimentally determined pKa at 25 °C in aqueous solution are often quoted
in textbooks and reference material.
Aim :
L To analyze the given samples of commercial antacids by determining the
amount of hydrochloric acid they can neutralize.

Introduction :
L It is well known that the food we take undergoes a series of complex
reactions within the body which constitute digestion and metabolism. These

reactions are catalyzed by enzymes which are very specific in their action

and can function properly only when the pH of the medium is within a

specific range.

L Some enzymes require mildly alkaline conditions while others operate only in
weakly acidic media. The enzymes control the digestion of proteins present

in the food as it reaches the stomach. In the stomach, dilute hydrochloric

acid is secreted and it provides mildly acidic conditions required for the

functioning of protein digesting enzymes in the stomach.

L Gastric acid is a digestive fluid, formed in the stomach. It has a pH of 1.5 to

3.5 and is composed of 0.5 % hydrochloric acid (HCl). It is produced by cells

lining the stomach, which are coupled to systems to increase acid production

when needed.

L Other cells in the stomach produce bicarbonate to buffer the acid, ensuring
the pH does not drop too low (acid reduces pH). Also cells in the beginning of

the small intestine, or duodenum, produce large amounts of bicarbonate to

completely neutralize any gastric acid that passes further down into the

digestive tract. The bicarbonate-secreting cells in the stomach also produce

and secrete mucus. Mucus forms a viscous physical barrier to prevent gastric

acid from damaging the stomach.

L However, sometimes the stomach begins to secrete an excess of HCl. This
leads to a condition known as Gastric Hyperacidity. This condition can also
be triggered by the intake of to much food or highly spiced food. This, in
turn, makes the stomach lining cells to secrete more acid resulting in
Hyperacidity. It also leads to acute discomfort due to indigestion.

L To counter this situation, substances like Antacids or literally anti - acids,

have been developed. Antacids are commercial products that neutralize the
excess acid in the stomach providing a sensation of relief to the person. The
action of antacids is based on the fact that a base can neutralize an acid
forming salt and water.

L Common antacids satisfy the condition – right amount of alkali that can
neutralize the acid. If the content of alkali in the antacid is too high, no
doubt acidity is relieved, but it’ll create alkaline conditions that makes the
digestive enzymes ineffective.

L To make sure that the pH of the stomach remains in a specific range, many
substances are added to the antacids.
Theory :
L Antacids react with excess stomach acid by neutralization.
HCl + NaOH → H2O + NaCl

L During the process, hydrogen ions H+ from the acid (proton donor) or a
hydronium ion H3O+ and hydroxide ions OH- from the base (proton acceptor)
react together to form a water molecule H2O.
L In the process, a salt is also formed when the anion from acid and the cation
from base react together. Neutralization reactions are generally classified as
exothermic since heat is released into the surroundings.
L Acids are proton donors which convert into conjugated bases. They are
generally pure substances which contain hydrogen ions (H+) or cause them
to be produced in solutions.
L Hydrochloric acid (HCl) and sulfuric acid (H2SO4) are common examples. In
water, these break apart into ions:

HCl → H+(aq) + Cl- (aq)

(OR)
H2SO4 → H+(aq) + HSO4-(aq)

L Bases are proton acceptors which convert into conjugated acids. They are
generally substances which contain hydroxide ion (OH-) or produce it in
solution.
L Alkalis are the soluble bases, i.e. a base which contains a metal from group 1
or 2 of the periodic table. To produce hydroxide ions in water, the alkali
breaks apart into ions as below:

NaOH→Na+(aq)
NaOH→ -
(aq)+OH (aq)

L Examples of bases include sodium hydroxide (NaOH), potassium hydroxide

(KOH), magnesium hydroxide (Mg(OH)2), and calcium hydroxide (Ca(OH)2).
Antacids are generally bases.
Requirements :
a.Apparatus:

L Burette(50ml)

L Pipette(20ml)

L Conical Flasks(250ml)

L Measuring Cylinder(10ml)

L Beakers(100ml)

L Standard Flasks(100ml)

L Filter Paper

L Funnel

L Bunsen Burner

L Weighing machine

L Clean & glazedwhite tile

L Glass Rod

L Water

L Crusher
b. Chemicals:

L NaOH powder

L Na2CO3 powder

L 10M conc. HCl acid

L Four different brands of antacids

L Phenolphthalein

L Methyl Orange
Procedure :

L First prepare 1 litre of approximately N/10 solution of HCl by diluting 10ml of

the given 10M HCl acid to 1litre.

L Next prepare1litre of approx.N/10NaOH solution by dissolving 4.0g of NaOH

to make1litre of solution.

L Similarly prepare N/10 Na2CO3 solution by weighing exactly 1.325g of

anhydrous Na2CO3 and then dissolving it in water to prepare exactly 0.25L or

250 ml of Na2CO3 solution.

L Now, standardize the HCl solution by titrating it against the standard

Na2CO3 solution using methyl orange as indicator.

L Similarly standardize the NaOH solution by titrating it against standardized

HCl solution using phenolophtahlein as indicator. Stop the titration when the

pink colour of the solution disappears.

L Now, powder the four antacid samples and weigh 0.5 g of each.
L Add 25 ml of the standardised HCl to each of the weighed samples taken in
conical flasks. Make sure that the acid is in slight excess so that it neutralize

all the basic character of the tablet powder.

L Add a few drops of phenolphthalein indicator and warm the flask over a
bunsen burner till most of the powder dissolves.

L Filter the insoluble material.

L Titrate this solution against the standardized NaOH solution till a permanent
pinkish tinge is obtained.

L Repeat the same experiment for all other samples too.

Observations :
L Standardisation of HCl solution:

Volume of 0.1N Na2CO3 taken is 20 ml

Indicator used is Methyl Orange

Tfsjbm!
Tfsjbm! Cvsfuuf!sfbejoht!
Cvsfuuf!sfbejoht! Wpmvnf!pg!!
Op/!
Op/! Jojujbm!sfbejoh!
Jojujbm!sfbejoh! Gjobm!sfbejoh!
Gjobm!sfbejoh! bdje!vtfe!)nm*!
bdje!vtfe!)nm*!
1. 0 17 17
2. 18 35 17

Applying normality equation,

N 1 V1 = N 2 V2
(acid) (base)

N1 x 17 = 0.1 x 20
Normality of HCl, N1= 2/17 = 0.11 ≈ 0.1

Standardization of NaOH Solution:

L Volume of the given NaOH solution taken is 20.0 ml

Indicator used is Phenolphthalein
Tfsjbm!
Tfsjbm! Cvsfuuf!sfbejoht!
Cvsfuuf!sfbejoht! Wpmvnf!pg!!
Op/!
Op/! Jojujbm!sfbejoh!
Jojujbm!sfbejoh! Gjobm!sfbejoh!
Gjobm!sfbejoh! bdje!vtfe!)nm*!
bdje!vtfe!)nm*!
1. 0 16 16
2. 17 33 16

Volume of acid used = 16 ml

Applying normality equation,
N1 V’1 = N’2 V’2
(acid) (base)
0.11 x 16 = N’2 x 20
Normality of HCl, N’2 = (0.11*16) / 20 = 0.09 ≈ 0.1
L Analysis of antacid tablets:
• Weight of the antacid tablet powder = 0.5 g

• Volume of HCl solution added = 30 ml

• Volume of sample solution taken for titration = 20 ml

 Wpmvnf!pg!)NaOH*!vtfe!gps!
Wpmvnf!pg!) *!vtfe!gps!
Boubdje!
Boubdje!
Ofvusbmj{joh!vovtfe!)
Ofvusbmj{joh!vovtfe!)HCl*
usbmj{joh!vovtfe!) *!
1. Eno pineapple 29
2. Eno Lemon 24
3. Digene Lime 9
4. Omez 24
5. Pephyrous 40
6. Gelusil 22

Result :
L 1g of Eno Pineapple required 29 ml of Sodium Hydroxide (NaOH) to titrate it
completely.
L 1 g of Eno Lemon required 24 ml of Sodium Hydroxide (NaOH) solution to
titrate it completely.
L 1 g of Digene lime required 9 ml of Sodium Hydroxide (NaOH) to titrate it.
L 1 g of Omez required 24 ml of Sodium Hydroxide (NaOH) to titrate it
completely.
L 1 g of Pephyrous required 40 ml of Sodium Hydroxide (NaOH) to titrate it
completely.
L 1 g of Gelusil required 22 ml of Sodium Hydroxide (NaOH) to titrate it
completely.
L Based on the hypothesis of the experiment, the antacid which requires the
least amount of Sodium Hydroxide (NaOH) is the best antacid. From the
recorded observation, Digene© requires the least (5 ml), and is therefore the
best Antacid.
 bibliography
L http://www.reachoutmichigan.org/funexperiments/quick/csustan/ antacid

L http://ien2.uneche.maine.edu/genchemlabs/Antacid /antacid2.htm

L http://www.chem.latech.edu/~deddy/chem104/104 Antacid.htm

L http://www.images.google.com

L http://www.wikipedia.com