Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia Email: kengyinnwong@utm.my What is the function of compressor ? ▪The function of a compressor is to take a definite quantity of fluid and deliver it at a required pressure ▪ Usually a gas, and most often air. ▪To do this, mechanical work must be supplied to the air compressor, by an electric motor ▪The air compressor does work on the air, called indicated work
2 Types of Air-Compressor
Reciprocating
Positive displacement Rotary or screw type
Air-Compressor Centrifugal
Dynamic impulse Centrifugal
(non-positive mixed-flow displacement)
Centrifugal axial flow 3 POSITIVE DISPLACEMENT MACHINES -PART 1 What is the Positive Displacement Machines A machine where: ➢a fluid (air) is physically trapped between to relatively moving components and forced to occupy lower volume (thereby increasing its pressure)
➢ a type of air compressor
5 Types of Air Compressor Positive Displacement Compressors -Draw in and capture a volume of air in a chamber, then reduce the volume of the chamber to compress the air.
Dynamic Compressors -Speed up the air to high velocity, and then restrict the air flow so that the reduction in velocity causes pressure to increase Positive Displacement Air Compressors..
Source: http://www.aircompressorworks.com/blog/index.php?mo de=post&id=20 Positive Displacement Compressor – Reciprocating type ▪ Low mass flow-rate due to pulsating operation ▪ High pressure ratio ▪ High efficiency ▪ Bigger size and heavy ▪ Complex mechanical design
8 Positive Displacement Compressor – Rotary or Screw type ▪ High mass flow-rate due to continuous operation ▪ Low pressure ratios ▪ Low efficiency ▪ Smaller in size and light ▪Simple mechanical design (out of the scope SKMM2423)
9 Analysis Objectives
▪To calculate air pressure and
temperature before and after compression process
▪To calculate indicated
work/power
▪To obtain compressor
efficiency
▪To calculate free air delivery
rate, 𝑚ሶ [kg/s] or 𝑉ሶ [𝑚3/𝑠]
10 Reciprocating Air Compressor Basic components A reciprocating air compressor typically comprises of
1. A cylinder 2. A piston-moving inside the cylinder 3. A connecting rod arrangement 4. Intake and exhaust valve Reciprocating air-compressors can be classified into single-acting or double-acting type 11 Reciprocating Air Compressor
Single-acting compressor
Double-acting compressor 12 Reciprocating Air Compressor
• In a double-acting air compressor, the induction and delivery of compressed air occurs during every strokes of the piston.
• In most air compressors, the Double Acting Reciprocating Air Compressor
intake and exhaust valves are of spring-loaded type. They operate automatically.
Example of Double Acting Reciprocating Air Compressor
BDC – Bottom Dead Center Reciprocating Air Compressor Assumptions The working fluid is assumed as a perfect/ideal gas and P-v-T can be calculated by using simple equation of state:
Usually, these assumptions are used to calculate estimate
pressure, volume and temperature of the working fluid.
15 THE IDEAL-GAS EQUATION OF STATE 1 P V = m R T [kPa]∙[m3] = [kg]∙ [kJ/(kg.K)]∙ [K]
P v = R T [kPa]∙[m3/kg] = [kJ/(kg.K)]∙ [K] Note: kJ = kPa.m3
2 P V = N Ru T [kPa]∙[m3] = [kmol]∙ [kJ/(kmol.K)]∙ [K]
P v = Ru T [kPa]∙[m3/kmol] = [kJ/(kmol.K)]∙ [K]
16 Analysis of Reciprocating Air Compressor
Reciprocating Air Compressor
Compressor Compressor Multistage
without with clearance compressors clearance volume volume
17 Air Compressors without Clearance The Cycle of Operation
▪The cycle of operation of a
reciprocating air-compressor is best shown on a p-V diagram.
▪It is known as an indicator diagram
for the compressor.
▪The cycle comprises of three
processes
1) d-a : Induction stroke
2) a-b : Compression stroke
3) b-c : Delivery stroke`
p-V diagram for a reciprocating compressor with clearance neglected 18 Air Compressors without Clearance Description of the processes 1) d-a : Induction stroke Intake valve opens, while exhaust valve closed. Atmospheric air is drawn into the cylinder at constant pressure, p1 and T1. Ideally, there is no heat loss to the surrounding from the air.
2) a-b : Compression stroke
Both intake and exhaust valves closed. The air is compressed according to a p-V diagram for a reciprocating polytropic law, pVn=constant. Its compressor with clearance pressure is increased from p1 to p2. The volume neglected temperature is also increased to T2.
19 Air Compressors without Clearance Description of the processes 3) b-c : Delivery stroke Intake valve closed while exhaust valve opens. The compressed air is pushed out of the cylinder at constant pressure, p2 and T2. There is no heat loss from the air to the surroundings.
p-V diagram for a reciprocating
compressor with clearance volume neglected
20 Analysis of the Cycle
The indicated work per cycle:
The area under the p-V diagram represents
the net or indicated work done on the air per cycle
Indicated work/cycle OR work input/cycle,
= area abcda = area abefa + area bc0eb – area ad0fa 𝑉𝑏 𝑉𝑎
p-V diagram for a reciprocating
compressor with clearance volume neglected
21 Analysis of the Cycle Indicated work per cycle
Assuming the air as a perfect gas & polytropic relationship,
Where m is the mass of air induced and delivered per cycle, R is
a gas constant at 0.287 kJ/kgK, substituting,
Indicated work per cycle …. kJ or,
or,
22 Analysis of the Cycle Indicated Power:
The indicated power is the work done on the air per unit time. The mass flow per unit time, ṁ is often used to compute the work done/time or indicated power. Thus, all indicated work equations must be replaced with ṁ to obtain indicated power.
Indicated power per cycle …. kW
23 Analysis of the Cycle Motor efficiency:
The motor efficiency is defined as,
where input power is the electric power supplied to the electric motor
Compressor mechanical efficiency:
The compressor mechanical efficiency is defined as,
Note: Shaft power is the power supplied by the electric motor to the compressor. Friction power is the power loss to overcome friction in moving mechanical parts. where Shaft power = Indicated power + Friction power 24 Example 1 A single stage reciprocating compressor takes 1 m3 of air per minutes at 1.013 bar and 15C and delivers it at 7 bar. Assuming that the law
of compression is pV1.35=constant, and that clearance is negligible.
i) Calculate the indicated power (kW)
ii) If the compressor is a single acting and to be driven at 300 rpm, calculate the cylinder bore required if stroke to bore ratio is 1.5/1 (mm).
iii) Calculate the power of the motor required to drive the
compressor if the mechanical efficiency of the compressor is 85% and that of the motor transmission is 90% (kW)
(4.238kW; 141.4mm; 5.54kW)
25 Solution Example 1 (i) (ii)
(iii)
27 Condition for Minimum Work • The work done on the gas (indicated work) is given by the area of the indicator diagram.
• It is desirable to have work done on the air to be as minimum as possible.
• The indicated work is minimum if the area of the diagram is smallest.
• The height of the p-V diagram is fixed by
the required pressure ratio. The length d – a is fixed by the stroke of the piston.
• Thus, the area of the diagram will be
smallest only if the compression process is carried out in reversible isothermal process according to a law,
Possible compression process
Condition for Minimum Work
P2 is desired delivery pressure.
As long as P2 is reached, the compressor has done its job.
▪ Only the compression process can be adjusted by
varying n, the polytropic index. ▪ Isothermal process (n=1) results in minimum work (smallest area).
29 Condition for Minimum Work The indicated work per cycle when the air is compressed isothermally is given by,
Indicated Work = area ab1cda
= area ab1efa + area b1c0eb1 – area ad0fa
Since the process is isothermal (pV=C),
therefore p1Va= p2Vb1 , hence:
The indicated work/cycle …. (kJ)
The indicated power/cycle
…. (kW)
30 Condition for Minimum Work Using Indicated work or power at isothermal condition, the isothermal efficiency can be estimated by,
Example 2 Using the data of Example 1, calculate the isothermal efficiency of the compressor.
