Zoology Assignment

ZOOLOGY-131
CIA-3
POORVA GANGA U
2340531
1BSC CZ
1.Detailed classification of Kingdom Animalia with

major and minor phyla
The animal kingdom is a vast and diverse group of organisms. It can be
classified into major and minor phyla based on various characteristics.
Here's a simplified overview:
Major Phyla of the Animal Kingdom:

1. Porifera (Sponges): Simple, filter-feeding aquatic animals with
porous bodies.
2. Cnidaria (Corals, Jellyfish, Anemones): Radially symmetrical animals
with tentacles and stinging cells.
3. Platyhelminthes (Flatworms): Flat, often parasitic worms with
bilateral symmetry.
4. Nematoda (Roundworms): Non-segmented, cylindrical worms with a
simple body plan.
5. Mollusca (Mollusks): Soft-bodied animals with a muscular foot, often
protected by a shell (e.g., snails, clams, octopuses).
6. Annelida (Segmented Worms): Worms with segmented bodies, such
as earthworms and leeches.
7. Arthropoda (Arthropods): The largest phylum, including insects,
arachnids (e.g., spiders), crustaceans (e.g., crabs), and more. They have
jointed appendages and exoskeletons.
8. Echinodermata (Echinoderms): Marine animals with spiny skin, like
sea stars, sea urchins, and sea cucumbers.
9. Chordata (Chordates): Includes vertebrates and some invertebrates.
Features a notochord (or backbone) at some stage of development.
Vertebrates are a subphylum of Chordata.
Minor Phyla (Less Commonly Studied):

There are many minor phyla, including:
1. Brachiopoda (Lampshells)
Brachiopods are virtually defenseless and their shell, enclosing the
animal's organs, is the only protection against predators. Most are
permanently attached by a fleshy stalk (the pedicle) to a hard, sea-
floor surface and are incapable of actively pursuing food.
2.Bryozoa (Moss Animals)

Bryozoa (also known as the Polyzoa, Ectoprocta or commonly as
moss animals ) are a phylum of simple, aquatic invertebrate animals,
nearly all living in sedentary colonies. Typically about 0.5 millimetres
(1⁄64 in) long, they have a special feeding structure called a Lophophore,
a "crown" of tentacles used for filter feeding. Most marine bryozoans
live in tropical waters, but a few are found in oceanic trenches and polar
waters.
3.Tardigrada (Water Bears)

Tardigrades have a well-developed head region and a short body
composed of four fused segments, with each segment bearing a pair of short,
stout, unjointed limbs generally terminated by several sharp claws.
4. Onychophora (Velvet Worms)

velvet worm, (phylum Onychophora), any of about 70 wormlike
species of ancient, terrestrial invertebrates with short, thick legs and a
dry, velveteen body. Onychophorans range in size from 14 to 150 mm
(about 0.6 to 6 inches) and are found in rainforests. Unable to control
water loss, they cannot tolerate dry habitats
5.Hemichordata (Acorn Worms)
The Hemichordata consist of three classes: Enteropneusta,
Pterobranchia, and Planctosphaeroidea. Enteropneusts, or acorn
worms (about 70 species), are solitary, wormlike, bilaterally
symmetrical animals, often brilliantly coloured. They are known as
acorn worms because of the appearance of the proboscis and collar.
6. Xenoturbellida
Xenoturbella is a strange marine worm that can be collected regularly
only off the west coast of Sweden. Due to its simple morphology,
which lacks a centralized nervous system, coelom, anus, or
reproductive organs, its phylogenetic position has long remained
obscure
7.Chaetognatha (Arrow Worms)

Chaetognaths are transparent and shaped like a torpedo or arrow; hence the
common name "arrow worms." These worms are predators of copepods,
larval fish, crustaceans, and other chaetognaths. Using grasping spines found
on either side of the head, chaetognaths can grab
These minor phyla represent a smaller number of species compared to the

major phyla and are less commonly studied.
It's important to note that taxonomy and classification within the animal
kingdom can be complex, and some organisms may have characteristics that
place them in between or across phyla. Advances in scientific understanding
can also lead to changes in classification over time.
2.Characteristics features and classification of
Kingdom Protista
Some organisms may consist of just a single cell, while others may include
colonial or multicellular structures. The characteristics of Kingdom Protista is
as follows
 All protists are eukaryotic cells, with a well defined nucleus and
membrane-bound organelles.
 Protists varies in terms of size, shape, and life forms and can be found
in various habitats, including aquatic environments (freshwater and
marine), moist terrestrial environments, and within the bodies of other
organisms as symbionts or parasites.
 Protists can be autotrophic, capable of photosynthesis to produce their
own food (algae) or can be heterotrophic, obtaining nutrients by
consuming other organisms or organic matter (protozoans).
 They can reproduce both sexually and asexually.
 Many protists are capable of movement, using structures like flagella,
cilia, or pseudopods.
 Some protists, especially algae, have cell walls made of materials like
cellulose, silica, or calcium carbonate.
 Protists can form symbiotic relationships with other organisms,
including mutualistic and parasitic interactions and can play important
ecological roles, serving as primary producers (autotrophic protists)
and consumers/decomposers (heterotrophic protists) in different
ecosystem
Classification of Protista
The kingdom of Protista is composed of three different kinds of
organisms: those that resemble plants, those that resemble fungi, and
those that resemble animals. The classification of Protista is as follows:
Plant-like Protists
These organism exhibit traits similar to those of plants and are also
capable of photosynthesis. Dinoflagellates, chrysophytes, and
euglenoids fall under this category.
Dinoflagellates
The class Dinophyceae is comprised of around one thousand different
species of photosynthetic protists and is classified under the division
Pyrrophyta.
Dinoflagellates are single-celled, eukaryotic microorganisms

characterized by two whip-like flagella used for movement.
Many dinoflagellates are autotrophic, containing chloroplasts and
contributing to marine primary production.
Some species are bioluminescent, producing light when disturbed.
They can form symbiotic relationships with corals, providing them with
nutrients and color.
Some dinoflagellates cause harmful algal blooms known as “red tides,”
which can be toxic to marine life and even humans when consumed.
There is the potential for sexual as well as asexual reproduction.
Examples: Gonyaulax, Noctiluca, etc.
Chrysophytes
These are sometimes referred to as the gems of the plant kingdom
These are free-floating, unicellular forms of fresh or salt water that

may be found wherever.
The majority of them are photosynthetic, and the silica and pectin that
make up their cell walls are what give their cells their structure.
Reproduction may occur either sexually or asexually, depending on the
circumstances.
The term “diatomaceous earth” refers to the material that results from
the aggregation of a significant number of diatoms’ cell wall deposits
(which can be used as fuel after mining).
The cell walls of diatoms are formed by two thin shells that cover one
another and fit together like the lid and base of a soapbox.
Example: Diatoms, Desmids, golden algae, etc
Euglenoids
These are unicellular and have features with both plants and animals,
albeit they behave more like animals.
It represent the transitional link between plants and animals.

They are green and get their sustenance from autotrophic sources
(plant character).
These are unicellular flagellates (animal characters) that are similar to
Euglena and are most often seen in still freshwater.
They have two different forms of flagella, one called Long Whiplash
and the other called Short Tinsel.
Instead of having a cell wall, they have a pellicle, which is a protein-rich
layer that allows their body to be flexible.
The meal is kept in granules that are made of protein and are known as
pyrenoids.
They reproduce through asexual means.
In the dark, photosynthetic euglenoids change their feeding behaviour
to that of heterotrophs; this kind of diet is referred to as mixotrophic.
Fungi-Like Protists (Slime Moulds)

They have features of both animal and fungi, we collectively refer to
them as fungus-animals.
They exhibit amoeboid movement and can have multiple nuclei within
a single cell.
Slime molds have a complex life cycle that includes both amoeboid and
multicellular stages.
They are capable of reproduction via both sexual and asexual means.
They play a vital ecological role as decomposers, breaking down
organic matter in forest floors and other habitats.
Slime molds are classified into two main groups: plasmodial slime
molds (single, multinucleate mass of cytoplasm) and cellular slime
molds (aggregations of individual cells).
Slime molds are distinct from true fungi due to their cellular structure
and life cycle, despite their superficial resemblance.
Animal-Like Protists (Protozoans)

These protists, also known as protozoans, are organisms that engage in
heterotrophic metabolism. They are divided into four categories, which
are as follows:
Amoeboid Protozoans
They may be found in saltwater, as well as freshwater, and wet soil.
Similar to amoebas, they move with the assistance of a set of
pseudopodia.
Other members of this group include Entamoeba histolytica and E.
gingivalis, both of which, when swallowed after being exposed to
polluted water, may result in a variety of digestive and mouth
disorders or infections.
Flagellated Protozoans
They either live independently or are parasites.
The most important organisms in this group:
Trypanosoma species can spread some dangerous diseases, for
example, the tsetse fly.
Sand flies are the vectors for the Leishmania species that are
responsible for kala-azar and dum-dum fever.
Ciliated Protozoans
These organisms live in water and move with the help of cilia on their
bodies.
They exhibit nuclear dimorphism, having both macro and micronuclei,
as in the case of Paramecium and other similar organisms.
The vegetative nucleus, also known as the macronucleus, plays a role
in the regulation of metabolic processes and growth.
Micronucleus, also known as the reproductive nucleus, is an important
component for reproduction.
Sporozoans
They are obligate intracellular parasites, often causing diseases in their
hosts, including humans.
They possess a unique organelle called the apical complex, which helps
them penetrate host cells.
They live inside host cells, where they reproduce and cause damage,
often leading to disease symptoms.
Sporozoans have complex life cycles involving both sexual and asexual
stages. These cycles often require multiple hosts to complete.
Examples: Plasmodium, Monocystis, etc.
REFERENCE
 https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/kingdom-protista-
characteristics-classification-importance-examples/
 http://byjus.com
 http://www.britannica.com
 http://en.wikipedia.org
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ZOOLOGY-131

1.Detailed classification of Kingdom Animalia with

Major Phyla of the Animal Kingdom:

Minor Phyla (Less Commonly Studied):

2.Bryozoa (Moss Animals)

3.Tardigrada (Water Bears)

4. Onychophora (Velvet Worms)

7.Chaetognatha (Arrow Worms)

These minor phyla represent a smaller number of species compared to the

Dinoflagellates are single-celled, eukaryotic microorganisms

These are free-floating, unicellular forms of fresh or salt water that

It represent the transitional link between plants and animals.

Fungi-Like Protists (Slime Moulds)

Animal-Like Protists (Protozoans)

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