CLASSIFICATION OF

ENGINEERING
SERVICES AND THE
SELECTION OF THE
CIVIL ENGINEER
Instructor: ENGR. TWITIE JANE A. CRISTOBAL
2.1 GENERAL
The needs for professional civil engineering
services vary, and the civil engineering firms that
meet these needs vary in organizational
structure, size, and capability.

Many civil engineering firms provide

comprehensive services to the client, while
other firms specialize in areas of engineering,
such as geotechnical or structural, and
transportation, water and construction CLASSIFICATION
management, and provide their services to a
prime engineer, architect, or owner.
OF ENGINEERING
SERVICES
 SERVICES PROVIDED BY CIVIL
ENGINEERS CAN BE GROUPED INTO
SEVEN BROAD CATEGORIES:

• Consultations, research, investigations, and

reports
• Design services for construction projects
• Construction Services
• Special services for construction projects
• Engineering support services
• Academic services
• Services as Employee
 SERVICES PROVIDED BY CIVIL
ENGINEERS CAN BE GROUPED INTO
SEVEN BROAD CATEGORIES:
 THE TYPES OF INFRASTRUCTURE
UNDER THE DOMAIN OF CIVIL
ENGINEERING, PURSUANT TO RA
544, AS AMENDED, INCLUDE:

• Street, bridges, highways and railroads

• Airports and hangars
• Portworks, canals, river and shore improvements,
light houses and dry docks
• Buildings
• Fixed structures for irrigation, flood protection,
drainage, water supply and sewerage works
• Tunnels
REPUBLIC ACT NO. 544
2.2 CONSULTATIONS, RESEARCH,
INVESTIGATION AND REPORTS

These services deal primarily with collecting,

interpreting, and reporting information,
together with formulating conclusions and
making recommendations. Typical services
in this category are:
2.2.1 PRELIMINARY AND FEASIBILITY
INVESTIGATIONS AND REPORTS

These services usually precede the authorization of a capital

project and may involve extensive investigations, analyses of
conditions, and comparison of several possible plans. These
studies may include the impact of a project upon the cycle
costs, financing considerations, and expected revenues as bases
for conclusions and recommendations regarding the advisability
of undertaking a project.
2.2.2 PLANNING STUDIES

These services may include the broad areas of developing the

engineering requirements of master plans for long-range capital
improvement programs;

preparation of preliminary engineering of land development plans,

urban plans, and regional plans;

and environmental conditions and preparation of environmental

impact studies with subsequent engineering planning to improve
or maintain existing conditions.
2.2.3 APPRAISALS, VALUATION AND RATE
STUDIES
These services may include

investigations and analyses of existing conditions;

capital and operating costs;

overhead costs and costs of financing;

and revenues as needed to evaluate a property or to

recommend establishment of prospective rates.
2.2.4 ASSISTANCE IN FINANCIAL MATTERS

The Civil Engineer may be engaged by a client who is planning to

issue bonds, particularly revenue bonds, to finance a capital
project.

The scope of services may include an evaluation of capabilities

of existing or proposed facilities to meet present and projected
future needs, statements of probable construction costs, and an
estimate of annual revenue requirements, with a determination of
appropriate rates to provide this income.
STATE REVENUE BOND PROCESS
2.2.5 MATERIALS ENGINEERING AND
EQUIPMENT TESTS

These services include tests of materials and

equipment under established codes and standards,
specialized examination of equipment and materials
used in construction and industry, and other
inspections and monitoring required by a client.
2.2.6 DIRECT PERSONAL SERVICES

This includes services such as assistance in

preparation for legal proceedings.

Appearances before courts or commissions to

render expert opinions and conclusions, and
investigation of technical matters where specialized
civil engineering knowledge, experience, and
judgment is required.
2.2.7 RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT

Research is a specialized investigation and gathering of data from existing

resources or through laboratory works and processes related to the
purpose and object of the research. Research and development may
cover the following:

• Development of new construction materials and methods from

concept to commercialization.

• Improvement of construction materials and methods through

exhaustive studies to reduce total construction cost and at the same
time improve quality.
2.2.8 SPECIAL SERVICES
These services can vary to suit special needs of the client and can include such diverse activities
as:
–Value engineering
–Appraisal and valuation
–Load testing
–Environmental evaluations
–Traffic engineering
–Forensic engineering for structural and other failures
–Operational assistance
–Materials process design
–Pilot studies
–Computer modeling
–Safety engineering
–Topographic, sounding and boundary survey engineering
–Toxic and hazardous waste evaluation
–Permit and application services
–Sales and marketing services
–Expert witness
–Representation of municipal or private entities in project proposed for privatization
2.3 DESIGN SERVICES FOR CONSTRUCTION
PROJECTS
Civil engineering services are required for each of six typical
phases of a construction project.

All services are preferably furnished by the same Civil Engineer for
consistency and efficiency, although at times services in various
phases are furnished by different engineers or by the client.

The services are supplemented by special services which may be

provided by the client, a specialized engineer, or another Civil
Engineer.
2.3.1 STUDY AND REPORT PHASE
•This phase involves determination of project scope and economic and technical
evaluation of feasible alternatives. May include:

–Reviewing available data and consulting with the client to clarify and define the client’s
requirements for the project.
–Advising the client as to the necessity of providing or obtaining from others additional
data or services and assisting the client in obtaining such data and services
–Identifying and analyzing requirements of governmental authorities having jurisdiction to
approve the design of the project and participating in consultations with such authorities.
–Providing analyses of the clients needs, planning surveys, comparative evaluations of
prospective sites and solutions.
–Providing a general economic analysis of the client’s requirements applicable to various
alternatives.
–Preparing a report and presenting alternative solutions available to the client with the
Civil Engineer’s findings and recommendations.
2.3.2 PRELIMINARY DESIGN PHASE
This phase involves the establishment of the general size and scope of the project and its
location on the selected site. The preliminary design services may include:

–Consulting with the client, reviewing preliminary reports, clarifying and defining project
requirements, reviewing available data, and discussing general scheduling.
–Advising the client as to whether additional data or services of the type described
under the study and report phase above are required and assisting the client in obtaining
such data and services.
–Preparing preliminary design documents consisting of final design criteria, preliminary
drawings, outline specifications, and written descriptions of the project.
–Preparing revised estimates of probable total project costs.
–Providing periodic status reports.
2.3.3 FINAL DESIGN PHASE
This phase of project development is usually undertaken only after the client has
approved the preliminary design phase material.
The basic services for the final design phase may include:
–Preparing construction drawings and specifications showing the character and extent of the project based on the final accepted preliminary
design documents.

–Preparing and furnishing to the client a revised estimate of probable total project costs based on the final drawings and specifications.

–Furnishing the necessary engineering data and assisting in the application for regulatory permits from local, or national authorities. This is
distinguished from and does not include detailed applications and supporting documents for government grants-in-aid or planning grants that
would be furnished as additional services described later this section.

–Preparing basic documents related to construction contacts for review and approval by the client (and the client’s legal and other advisors).
These include contact agreement forms, general conditions and supplementary conditions, invitations to bid, instructions to bidders, insurance and
bonding requirements, and other contract-related documents.

–Furnishing to the client a specified number of copies of drawings, specifications, and other contract documents.

–Providing final design and construction services for design-build contracts. The engineer generally serves as a subcontractor to a general
contractor during the initial planning and design phases. Services provided by the engineer may extended through the construction phase, as
appropriate.

–Providing periodic status reports.

2.3.4 BIDDING OR NEGOTIATING PHASE
Services under this phase may include:

–Assisting the client in advertising for and obtaining bids or negotiating proposals for each separate prime
construction contract, maintaining a record of prospective bidders to whom bidding documents have been issued,
attending pre-bid conferences, and receiving and processing deposits for bidding documents.

–Issuing addenda as appropriate to interpret, clarify, expand or amend the bidding documents.

–Assisting the client in determining the qualifications and acceptability of prospective contractors, subcontractors
and materials suppliers.

–Consulting with and advising the client as to the acceptability of alternative materials and equipment proposed by
the prospective construction when substitution prior t the award of contracts is allowed by the bidding documents.

– Attending the bid opening, preparing bid tabulation sheets and providing assistance to the client in evaluating
bids or proposals and in assembling and awarding contracts for construction, materials, equipment and services.
2.3.5 CONSTRUCTION PHASE
Construction phase services may include:

–Reviewing, for compliance with design concepts, shop and erection drawings submitted by the constructors.
–Reviewing laboratory, shop, and mill test reports on materials and equipment.
–Visiting the project site at appropriate intervals
–Providing services during construction by a full-time resident project representative, and by supporting staff as
required
–Issuing instruction from the client to the contractors, issuing necessary interpretations and clarifications of
contract documents, preparing change orders, requiring special inspections and testing of the work, and making
recommendations as to acceptability of the work.
–Making recommendations to the client on corrective actions or contractual measures that may be exercised by
the owner.
–Preparing sketches required to resolve problems due to actual field conditions encountered.
–Determining amounts of progress payments due, based on degree of completion of the work, and recommending
issuance of such payments by the client.
–Observing and assisting performance tests and initial operation of the project.
–Preparing record drawings from information submitted by the contractor.
–Making a final inspection and reporting on completion of the project
2.3.6 OPERATION PHASE
At the completion of construction, the Civil Engineer may as basic service, assist in
the star-up of project operations.

The Civil Engineer may be commissioned to prepare a manual for both operation
and maintenance requirements, and may also provide assistance in adjusting and
balancing equipment, identifying deficiencies and assisting in obtaining
corrections, and performing inspection prior to the end of the project warranty
period.

The Civil Engineer may assist in operator training, setting up job classifications and
salaries, organizing the purchases of supplies developing charts for recording
operational date, and observing and reporting on project operations.
THANK YOU!