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Electrons
Outcomes Covered Explain that in atoms the electrons are found in shells and each atom has a particular electron configuration Explain that when one shell is full, the next electron goes in the next level up State that atoms are more stable with a complete outer shell of electrons Use the energy level or shell model of electron structure to write the electron configurations for the first twenty elements Quick 5 Quiz 1) What are the horizontal and vertical lines on the Periodic Table called? 2) What is the difference between a molecule and a compound? 3) What is the difference between Atomic Number and Atomic Mass? 4) What elements, and how many, are in the molecule ethanoic acid- CH3COOH? 5) Carbon-14 and Carbon-13 are considered isotopes of Carbon. What does this mean? Recap on Electrons Electrons are negatively charged, extremely small particles that circle the nucleus (centre of the atom) You can figure out how many electrons a neutral/non-charged atom has by figuring out the number of protons it has- this will be the same amount for the electrons Where Electrons Go Electrons (e’) circle around the See the numbers for each nucleus of an atom shell below? Ignore the letters; that’s The pathway these e’ travel is called just another way you can name them (we don’t) their shells The closest ‘shell’ to the nucleus is called the First Shell Only two e’ exist/move around in this First Shell Where Electrons Go Only 2 e’ fit in the First Shell The next shell is the Second Shell; this can fit 8 e’ – this is because there is more space available Then is the Third Shell- this can also fit 8 e’ There is a certain amount of e’ that can fit in each Shell because e’ are negatively charged, and they will repel each other if they get too close The electrons fill the First Shell first, then left over e’ go to Second Shell, then go to Third Shell, etc The Fourth Shell The Fourth Shell can actually fit 18 electrons However, things start to get weird about this, so we only learn about the first 2 e’ that fill this particular shell and don’t go beyond that (it’s very weird) So we only look at the first 20 elements and how their electrons fill their shells The Octet Rule The fact that a maximum of 8 electrons can fit in one shell is called “The Octet Rule” Technically, once you get past the first 20 elements, the Octet Rule doesn’t apply, because more than 8 can fit in each shell, but it gets very complicated and you will learn more about that in ATAR Chemistry Example Time
Helium has 2 electrons in total- both of these e’ move
around in the First Shell Lithium has 3 electrons- 2 of these fill the First Shell, then the last 1 goes into the Second Shell by itself Example Time
Neon has 10 electrons in total- 2 e’ fill the First Shell, then the last 8 all go into the Second Shell Magnesium has 12 electrons- 2 of these fill the First Shell, then 8 of them go into the Second Shell, then the last 2 will go into the Third Shell Calcium- 20 e’, and the highest we go!
Calcium has 20 electrons
The first 2 go into the First Shell The next 8 go into the Second Shell The next 8 go into the Third Shell The leftover 2 go into the Fourth Shell Showing Where Electrons Live/Exist
The pictures you have seen in
these PowerPoints are called “Electron Shell Diagrams” Each e’ is drawn as a dot, and they are spread apart on each line/Shell as far as they can go Remember, this is because e’ are negative, and will try push away Electron Dot Diagram for Magnesium from each other if they get too close Showing Where Electrons Live/Exist You can also use numbers to show this, rather than drawing them all the time These are called Electron Configurations (configuration means order/layout/pattern) You show these with numbers- Helium (2 e’) has an e’ config. of 2 Lithium (3 e’) has an e’ config. of 2,1 Beryllium (4 e’) has an e’ config. of 2,2 Electron Configuration Calcium has 20 e’ The first 2 are in First Shell, so this is shown with the number 2 The Second Shell then has 8, so its written as 2,8 The Third Shell then also has 8, so its written as 2,8,8 The Fourth Shell then has 2 shells, so its written as 2,8,8,2 That is all the 20 e’ included, so the e’ config. for sodium is 2,8,8,2 Example Time
Helium has 2 electrons in total- both of these e’ move around in
the First Shell, so Electron Configuration of 2 Lithium has 3 electrons- 2 of these fill the First Shell, then the last 1 goes into the Second Shell by itself, so Electron Configuration of 2,1 Example Time
Neon has 10 electrons in total- 2 e’ fill the First Shell, then the last 8 all go into the Second Shell, so Electron Configuration of 2, 8 Magnesium has 12 electrons- 2 of these fill the First Shell, then 8 of them go into the Second Shell, then the last 2 will go into the Third Shell, so Electron Configuration of 2,8,2 The Outside Electrons- Valence Electrons
In any atom, the outermost electrons are called
valence electrons Valency is the amount of electrons in an atoms outer shell Sodium has 2 electrons in its outermost shell, so Sodium has a valency of 2 Two outermost Lithium has 1 electron in its outermost shell, so electrons, so Lithium has a valency of 1 has a valency Magnesium has 2 electrons in its outermost shell, so of 2, or has two valence e’ Magnesium has a valency of 2 Valence Diagrams- Electron Dot Diagrams
You can also draw only the
outermost electrons for an element rather than all of them This is called an Electron Dot Diagram Only draw the outermost electrons around the nucleus Electron Dot Diagram (Valence)
Electron Shell Diagram Easy Way to Figure Out Valency
Rather than having to re-write the
Electron Configuration every time to find out the amount of valence (outermost) electrons, you can use an easy ‘cheat’ way with the Periodic Table 1 1 8 2 13 14 15 16 17 Group 1 elements have 1 valence e’ 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 Group 2 elements have 12 2 valence e’ SKIP the middle elements- they are a little tricky Group 13 has 3 valence e’ Group 14 has 4 Group 16 have 6 Group 15 have 5 Group 17 have 7 Group 18 (noble gases) have 8 Summary Electrons exist around atoms in areas called Shells Only certain amounts of e’ can fit in different shells, because they are negatively charged and will repel/push away from each other The First Shell fits 2 e’, the Second Shell fits 8, the Third Shell fits 8, and the Fourth fits 2 The electrons on the outermost shell are called Valence Electrons We can draw diagrams of where the e’ exist- these are called Electron Shell Diagrams We can draw diagrams of where only the VALENCE e’ exist- these are called Electron Dot Diagrams We can show the amount of e’ in each shell with numbers- these are called Electron Configurations
