Is Matter Around Us Pure

CHAPTER - 2
IS MATTER AROUND US PURE-2

(Separation techniques-1)
Separating the components of a mixture
The components of a heterogeneous mixture can be
separated by techniques which utilize the differences
between various physical properties associated with
them. The properties can be:
 Solubility
 Boiling point
 Freezing point
 Sublimable nature
 Magnetic properties etc
Separating the components of a mixture
The differences can be applied in form of simple
methods like hand picking, sieving, filtration etc.
Sometimes special techniques are used to separate the
components of mixtures like :-
 Evaporation
 Centrifugation
 Using separating funnel
 Sublimation
 Chromatography
 Distillation and fractional distillation
 Magnetic separation
Evaporation
Condition: This method is used for separating a volatile component
(solvent) from a non volatile component (solute) by heating
mixture.
Principle: On heating volatile solvent is evaporated leaving behind
the non volatile solute.
Procedure:
1. Apparatus was set up as shown in diagram.
2. Mixture was heated mildly to avoid boiling.
3. Solvent is allowed to escape as vapours leaving behind the
solute.
Uses:
4. Separation of dye from ink.
5. Separation of salt/sugar from solution in water.
Centrifugation
Condition: Method is used for separating a insoluble
dispersed component (solute) from a liquid component
medium(solvent) by using centrifuge machine.
Principle: The application of the centrifugal

force causes the sedimentation suspended component
from heterogeneous mixtures (as pellet) leaving
behind the liquid medium (as supernatant).
Procedure:
1. Bottle or tube containing mixture was installed in a
centrifuge.
2. Mixture was rotated at suitable speed to cause
separation.
Centrifugation
Centrifugation
Uses of Centrifugation:
1. Separation of cream from milk.
2. Separation of components of blood
like serum & RBC.
3. Drying of clothes in dryer.
4. Separation of cell organelles.
By separating funnel
Condition: This method is used if two components are liquid, insoluble
and differ significantly in density.
Principle: When mixture is allowed to stand for some time low

density liquid separate out and form a separate layer above high
density component.
Procedure:
1. Mixture was filled in separating funnel.
2. Mixture was allowed to stand till two separate layers are
observed.
3. Open the bottom tap to separate high density component.
Uses:
4. Separation of kerosene oil & water.
5. Separation of vegetable oil & water.
By separating funnel
Sublimation
Condition: This method is used if components of the

mixture are solid and one of the component is
sublimable.
Principle: When mixture is heated sublimable
component separate out as vapours which are
condensed to obtain pure component.
Procedure: (Mixture of Ammonium Chloride (NH4Cl) &
common salt)
1. Apparatus was set up as shown in diagram.
2. Mixture was heated till white fumes of NH4Cl were
observed.
3. Mixture was covered using inverted funnel which is
sealed with cotton plug.
4. Mixture was heated for 10 min and then allowed to
cool for some time.
5. Crystals of NH4Cl are obtained by scratching inner
surface of funnel.
Sublimation
Uses: Sublimation can be used to
separate a mixture of solids in
which one is sublimable solid and
other is non sublimable. Some
substances that sublime are iodine,
ammonium chloride, naphthalene,
camphor E.g. Separation of
ammonium chloride from sodium
chloride.
Chromatography
Condition: This method is used if solute differ in
solubility in a solvent.
Principle: In paper (partition) chromatography
compounds in the mixture get separated due to
differences in their affinity (solubility) towards
water (solvent) moving in stationary phase (i.e.
chromatography paper) resulting in separation of
different components.
The component which is more soluble in water
rises faster and higher in stationary phase thus
get separated.
Chromatography
Procedure: (Separation of dyes present in ink)
1. Samples of ink is spotted on to a pencil line drawn on a
sheet of chromatography paper.
2. Apparatus was then set up as shown in diagram.
3. Paper strip was suspended with a shallow layer of a
suitable solvent (water or alcohol) in it. The solvent level is
kept below the line with the spots on it.
4. Solvent was allowed to reach the top of chromatography
paper.
Uses:
5. Separation of pigments of chlorophyll.
6. Separation of proteins & amino acids.
7. Separation of coloured components (dye) from ink.
Chromatography
Distillation
This method is used if the components of a mixture are

liquid, miscible with each other and differ in boiling point
by at least 25oC.
Procedure: (Separation of acetone & water)

2. Solution was heated at 56.5oC as boiling point of acetone
is 56oC.
3. Vapours of acetone are condensed and collected in a
separate container as distillate.
Distillation
2. Solution was heated to 79oC as boiling point of ethanol is 78.2oC.
3. Vapours of ethanol are condensed and collected in a separate
container as distillate.
Uses:
4. Separation of ethanol, acetone from water.
5. Preparing distilled water in lab.
6. Preparation of alcoholic beverages.
Fractional Distillation
Condition: This method is used if components are
liquid, miscible and differ in boiling point by at least
5oC.
2. Solution was heated at 56.5oC as boiling point of
acetone is 56oC.
3. Vapours of acetone are condensed and collected in a
separate container as distillate.
Fractional Distillation
Uses:
1. It is used for obtaining different gases
from the air.
2. It is used to separate different
components of crude oil.
3. Separation of ethanol from fermented
alcohol.
Purification of solids by crystallization
Condition:This method is used if impurity is more soluble than
substance to be purified.
Principle: When saturated solution of impure sample is cooled pure
crystals of substance separate out leaving behind the impurities in
dissolved state.
Procedure: (Purification of impure sample of CuSO 4)
1. Saturated solution of impure sample was prepared by heating up
to 70oC.
2. Evaporate the solution till blue crystals are observed.
3. Solution was cooled once crystals appear and allowed to stand
for overnight.
4. Blue crystals of pure salt are separated by filtering the mixture.
Purification of solids by crystallization
Uses:
1. Purification of salts like CuSO4.
2. Purification of drugs in pharmacology.
Separation by magnet
Condition: This method is used if either impurity or pure

substance is magnetic in nature.
Procedure (Mixture of Sulphur & iron fillings): Sample was
taken in a china dish and a small magnet was passed through
mixture. Iron fillings are magnetic thus adhere with magnet
leaving behind Sulphur as pure substance.
Uses:
1. Separation of iron fillings from waste.
2. Separation of iron ore from soil.

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CHAPTER - 2

IS MATTER AROUND US PURE-2

Principle: The application of the centrifugal

Principle: When mixture is allowed to stand for some time low

Condition: This method is used if components of the

This method is used if the components of a mixture are

Procedure: (Separation of acetone & water)

Condition: This method is used if either impurity or pure

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