Biology Project On DNA Fingerprinting

JAI ACADEMY
BIOLOGY PROJECT
Session: 2024-2o25
Topic: DNA fingerprinting
SUBMITTED TO SUBMITTED BY
INDEX
MR. FARHAN ALI NITYA SHANKER JAISWAL
Index
 What is DNA Fingerprinting
 Polymerase chain reaction (PCR)
 VNTRs
 Gel Electrophoresis
 Southern Blotting
 DNA Fingerprinting advantages
 Applications of DNA fingerprinting
 Famous cases solved by DNA
 Fingerprinting
 Conclusion
 Bibliography
Certificate of Authenticity
This is to certify that “Nitya Shanker Jaiswal” a student of

class 12th ‘B’ has successfully completed the research
project on the topic “DNA Fingerprinting” under the
guidance of Mr. FARHAN ALI.
This project is absolutely genuine and does not indulge

in plagiarism of any kind. The references taken in making
this project have been declared at the end of this project.
___________________ ___________________
TEACHERS SIGNATURE STUDENTS SIGNATURE
Acknowledgement
I would like to extend my acknowledgement to several
individuals who have played crucial roles in the successful
completion of this biology project. Firstly, I would like to thank
our principal Mr. Sanjay Singh for providing us with the
opportunity to complete this project. My sincere gratitude goes
to my biology teacher Mr. Farhan Ali for guiding me throughout
the project and providing me with valuable feedback.
I would also like to thank my parents for their unwavering

support and encouragement throughout this journey.
Furthermore, I want to express my appreciation to my friends
and classmates who have helped me a lot in the completion of
this project.
WHAT IS DNA FINGERPRINTING?
called variable number tandem repeats (VNTRs), in particular short tandem repeats
(STRs), also known as microsatellites and mini satellites. VNTR loci are very similar
between closely related individuals, but are so variable that unrelated individuals are
extremely unlikely to have the same VNTRs.
PRINCIPAL OF DNA
FINGERPRINTING
The DNA of every human being on the planet is 99.9% same. However, about 0.1% or 3
x 106base pairs (out of 3 x 109 bp) of DNA is unique in every individual.
is unique in every individual.

Human genome possesses numerous small non-coding but inheritable sequences of bases
which are repeated many times. They do not code for proteins but make-up 95% of our
genetic DNA and therefore called the ―junk DNA
Human genome possesses numerous small non-coding but inheritable sequences of bases
which are repeated many times. They do not code for proteins but mke-up 95% of our
genetic DNA and therefore called the ―junk DNA
POLYMERASE CHAIN
REACTION (PCR)
If there is only a small amount of DNA available for DNA
Fingerprinting the amount of DNA is increased by using a
technique called PCR. PCR is a method of DNA replication in a test
tube.
• Like All DNA Polymerases Taq polymerase can only add

to the 3’ end of an existing nucleoid
•A DNA primer that is complementary to the template is used to supply that

3’ end
VNTRs (VARIABLE
NUMBER TANDEM
REPEAT)
• After we isolate the DNA and amplify it with PCR
• We then treat the DNA with restriction enzymes
– cut DNA at specific sequences
– Everyone’s DNA is different, so everyone’s DNA will cut at
different sites
• This results in different sized fragments
The different sized fragments are called restriction fragment
length polymorphisms, or RFLPs
• We can observe the different

sized fragments in an
experiment that separates
DNA based on fragment size
called Gel Electrophoresis
• Everyone has genetic

sequences called variable
number tandem repeats, or
VNTRs
– Everyone has different
amounts of VNTRs
– The VNTRs make the
different sized RFLPs
GEL ELECTROPHORESIS
• Fragments of DNA from restriction enzyme cleavage are
separated from each other when they migrate through a
support called an agarose gel
– It is similar to the yummy food Jell-O gelatine
- It is actually made out of some of the same ingredients
• The size-based separation of Molecules of DNA

separate based on size when an electric current is
applied to an agarose gel.
• This method is called gel electrophoresis
• The separated DNA fragments are then drawn out of the

gel using a nylon membrane
• The nylon membrane is treated with chemicals that break
the hydrogen bonds in DNA and separate the strands
• The single stranded DNA is cross linked to the nylon

membrane.
• – By heat or UV light
• Incubate the nylon membrane with a radioactive probe

of single stranded DNA complementary to the VNTR
• The radioactive probe shows up on photographic
film
• – Because as it decays it gives off light
– The light leaves a dark spot on the film
• Different individuals have different patterns of bands

– These make up the fingerprint.
This Protocol is known as Southern Blotting.
SOUTHERN BLOTTING
A Southern blot is a method
used in molecular biology for
detection of a specific DNA
sequence in DNA samples.
Southern blotting combines
transfer of electrophoresis-
separated DNA fragments to a
filter membrane and
subsequent fragment
detection by probe
hybridization.
DNA FINGERPRINTING
ADVANTAGES
• DNA fingerprints can be used to determine which
bone fragments belong to which individual
• DNA fingerprints of children should be similar to the

those of parents. DNA fingerprinting can show which
individuals are the parents of specific children.
APPLICATIONS OF
DNA FINGERPRINTING
1. Forensic science
Forensic science is the application of science to criminal
and civil laws, mainly—on the criminal side—during
criminal investigation, as governed by the legal standards of
admissible
evidence and
criminal
procedure.
Forensic scientists
collect, preserve,
and analyse
scientific evidence
during the course of an investigation. While some forensic
scientists travel to the scene of the crime to collect the
evidence themselves, others occupy a laboratory role,
performing analysis on objects brought to them by other
individuals.
In addition to their
laboratory role, forensic
scientists testify as expert
witnesses in both criminal
and civil cases and can
work for either the
prosecution or the defence. While any field could
technically be forensic, certain sections have developed over
time to encompass the majority of forensically related cases.
2. Paternity and Maternity

Determination:
A Person accedes to his or her VNTRs from his or

her parents. Parent-child VNTR prototype analysis
has been used to solve disputed cases. This
information can also be used in inheritance cases,
immigration cases.
3. Diagnosis of Inherited Disorders:

It is also useful in diagnosing inherited
disorders in both prenatal and newborn
babies. These disorders may include cystic
fibrosis, haemophilia, Huntington’s
disease, familial Alzheimer’s, sickle cell
anaemia, thalassemia, and many others.
4. Breeding Program:
Breeders conventionally use the phenotype
to evaluate the genotype of a plant or an
animal. As it is difficult to make out
homozygous or heterozygous dominance
from appearance, the DNA fingerprinting
allows a fastidious and precise
determination of genotype. It is basically
useful in breeding race horses and hunting
dogs.
5.Development of Cures for Inherited

Disorders:
By studying the DNA fingerprints of
relatives who have a history of some particular
disorder,
DNA prototypes associated with the
disease can be ascertained.
6.Personal identification
It utilizes the concept of using DNA

fingerprints as a sort of genetic bar
code to pinpoint individuals. This
method can be used to identify a
person or to place a person at a crime

scene and to help clarify paternity.
Conclusion
It is the small difference in base pair sequences of DNA

that make the phenotypic appearance of each individual
unique. An easier and quicker solution to comparing DNA
sequences is DNA fingerprinting. In human beings, ninety-
nine per cent of DNA base sequences are identical and are
known as the bulk genomic DNA. The remaining one per
cent DNA base sequences differ and are present as a small
stretch of repeated sequences known as repetitive DNA.
DNA fingerprinting identifies the differences in this region.
To separate both genomic as well as repetitive DNA the
process of density gradient centrifugation is carried out. As
satellite DNA is lighter and bulk DNA is heavier, so they
get separated on the basis of their density. Graphical
representation shows bulk genomic DNA as a major peak
and repetitive DNA as smaller peaks known as satellite
DNA.
Satellite DNA is highly repetitive and consists of non-
coding sequences. Based on the length of the segment, base
composition and number of repetitive unit satellite DNA
can be classified as mini-satellite DNA and micro-satellite
DNA. Mini-satellite is a section of DNA which has a
variable number of tandem repeats or VNTR. This step is
followed by the hybridisation of the DNA fragments using
a radio-labelled VNTR probe. Finally, the hybridised DNA
fragments are detected by a technique called
autoradiography conducted using an X-ray film.
Hybridisation with the VNTR probe results in an
autoradiogram, which produces several bands of different
sizes. These bands provide a characteristic pattern to an
individual’s DNA and vary from one individual to another
except in identical or monozygotic twins. Today, the
accuracy of the DNA fingerprinting technique has further
improved due to the advent of the polymerase chain
reaction or PCR, where multiple copies of a single DNA
sequence can be made. DNA polymorphism is the guiding
principle behind genetic mapping and therefore it helps in
the DNA fingerprinting technique. The DNA fingerprinting
technique was developed by Alec Jeffrey’s. DNA
fingerprinting technique helps in crime investigation,
paternity testing, determining genetic and population
diversity and studying evolution and speciation.
Bibliography
1. www.bcps.org
2. http://www.csun.edu
3. www.nextgurukul.in
4. https://archive.jsonline.com/news/crime
5. https://www.wikipedia.org
6. 6.
7. https://adpcollege.org.in

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JAI ACADEMY

Topic: DNA fingerprinting

This is to certify that “Nitya Shanker Jaiswal” a student of

This project is absolutely genuine and does not indulge

I would also like to thank my parents for their unwavering

is unique in every individual.

• Like All DNA Polymerases Taq polymerase can only add

•A DNA primer that is complementary to the template is used to supply that

• We can observe the different

• Everyone has genetic

• The size-based separation of Molecules of DNA

• This method is called gel electrophoresis

• The separated DNA fragments are then drawn out of the

• The single stranded DNA is cross linked to the nylon

• Incubate the nylon membrane with a radioactive probe

• Different individuals have different patterns of bands

• DNA fingerprints of children should be similar to the

2. Paternity and Maternity

A Person accedes to his or her VNTRs from his or

3. Diagnosis of Inherited Disorders:

5.Development of Cures for Inherited

It utilizes the concept of using DNA

person or to place a person at a crime

It is the small difference in base pair sequences of DNA

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