Introduction

INTRODUCTION:
ENERGY SOURCES
POWER PLANT ENGINEERING
Historical Development
YEAR REMARKS
1769 Steam engine was invented by Watt
1822 First installation of water wheels
Capacity: 10000HP
1831 Foundation of Electric Generator and Motor
Michael Faraday’s principle of electromagnetic induction
1885 Transformer, first alternating current System then induction motor by Nikola Tesla
1886 Alternating-current transmission
Up to 1903 Steam power was obtained from steam engines
*Many centuries ago, water power was utilized in China, Egypt and Assyria.
WHAT IS POWER?
RATE OF FLOW OF ENERGY
WHAT IS POWER PLANT?

 UNIT BUILT FOR THE PRODUCTION AND DELIVERY OF
FLOW OF MECHANICAL AND ELECTRICAL ENERGY
WHAT IS POWER PLANT?
 A station or establishment which houses the prime-movers,
electric generators, and auxiliaries, for conversion of mechanical,
chemical and/or nuclear energy into electrical energy.
WHAT IS POWER PLANT ENGINEERING?

 Art of designing and installing generating plant that will result
in maximum return of investment (profit) over the expected
life of the equipment. And also operating this equipment to
achieve reliable, continuous and cheap power service.
FUNCTION OF POWER PLANT
Deliver power on the station busbars at the lowest possible
cost per kilowatt-hour and still maintain a high grade of
service without interruptions.
It is in the analysis of the elements that contributes to the

cost per kilowatt-hour to have the most profitable trend
for future power-station development.
FUNCTION OF POWER PLANT
Total Cost Factors:
• Operating Labor and superintendence
• Maintenance
• Fuel Cost
• Fixed Charges
Steam plants highest factors: fixed charges and fuel costs

*Decrease fuel costs by the adoption of more efficient methods.
WHAT IS POWER PLANT ENGINEERING
AND DESIGN?
ART OF SELECTING AND PLACING THE NECESSARY POWER-

GENERATING EQUIPMENT SO THAT A MAXIMUM OF
RETURN WILL RESULT FROM A MINIMUM OF
EXPENDITURE OVER THE WORKING LIFE OF THE PLANT
AND THE OPERATION OF THE COMPLETED PLANT IN A
MANNER TO PROVIDE CHEAP, RELIABLE AND CONTINUOUS
SERVICE.
CATEGORIES OF POWER PLANT ENGINEERS
DESIGNING ENGINEERS
CONSTRUCTION ENGINEERS
OPERATING ENGINEERS
ELECTRICAL DESIGNS:
Conduit
Equipment
Wiring
Lighting
Substation
Control boards
Details
WHAT IS ENERGY?
ASSOCIATED WITH PHYSICAL SUBSTANCE BUT NOT A
SUBSTANCE ITSELF
CLASSIFICATIONS OF MANIFESTATIONS:
➢MECHANICAL WORK
➢HEAT
➢ELECTRICITY
➢RADIATION
Tendencies in the design of steam
generating stations classified with four heads
1. Tendencies that improve the reliability of the power
station. Increases its cost, but do not appreciably affect
the operating efficiency.
• The use of house turbines, auxiliary generators, and storage batteries
for ensuring the auxiliary power supply.
• Isolated-phase layout and the use of reactors and other protective
devices in the switch house.
• The duplication of auxiliaries and provision of excessive amounts of
space capacity in boilers and turbines.
2. Tendencies that decrease the coal consumption per
kilowatt-hour and increase the cost of the power station
• The use of higher steam pressures (900 psi or higher) taken together
with steam reheating durings its expansion.
• The use of pulverized-fuel-burning equipment.
• The use of adjustable speed motors for driving auxiliaries where saving
in power consumption at light loads is the consideration
• The use of air heaters or economizers
• The use of an excessively large amount of surface in the surface
condensers for the main turbines.
3. Tendencies that decrease the coal consumption per
kilowatt-hour and also result in a reduction in the cost of
the power station and perhaps in the cost of operating
labor
• The use of electrically driven auxiliaries.
• The use of moderately high steam pressures without reheating.
• The use of highest steam temperatures that are possible with existing
materials.
• The use of large turbines and large boilers.
•The use of large mills for pulverizing coal.
4. Tendencies that add to the cost of the station without
either improving its reliability or appreciably decreasing
its coal consumption.
• Insufficient care given to grouping of equipment and waste space in
power-station building.
• Too may architectural frills.
Mercury-vapor steam cycle.
Three major possibilities ahead:
1. The further development of commercial equipment for
use in the application of mercury-vapor steam cycle.
2. The development of superheaters, high-pressure stea
piping, valves and turbines for operation in connection
with steam temperatures of 900oF or higher.
3. The use of hydrogen or some equally suitable gas as the
cooling medium in connection with closed ventilating
systems for turbogenerators and the development of new
generator designs that will take advantage of all the
possibilities of this new cooling medium.
Hydroelectic power plant.
Five factors that will limit the size of units.
*Fixed charges are the most important item in the final cost
of energy. Main objective is to lower the cost per unit of
installed capacity (water-wheel units) instead of higher
efficiency.
1. Shipping facilities
2. Material size limits
3. Economical generator speeds
4. Manufacturing limits
5. Strength and life of parts
UNITS OF ENERGY
1 KWH = 3600 KJ
= 3413 BTU
= 860 KCAL
1 HP-hr = 2545 BTU
1 QUAD = 1015 BTU
WHAT IS ENERGY EFFICIENCY?
FRACTION OF THE ENERGY SUPPLIED TO A UNIT OR A
SYSTEM WHICH IS FINALLY USEFULLY CONVERTED TO THE
PURPOSE FOR WHICH THE PROJECT WAS CONCEIVED.
Importance of electrical energy
Electrical Energy is superior to all other forms of energy due to the following reasons:
1. Convenient Form - can be easily converted into other forms of energy (heat,
light)
2. Easy Control - electrically operated machines have simple and convenient
starting, control and operation
3. Greater Flexibility - easily be transported from one place to another thru
conductors
4. Cheapness - cheaper, overall economical use (for domestic, commercial,
industrial)
5. Cleanliness - not associated with smoke, fumes or poisonous gas
6. High Transmission Efficiency
GENERATION OF ELECTRICAL ENERGY
The conversion of energy available in different forms in nature into electrical energy.
Electrical energy is produced from the forms of energy

available in the nature. However, it differs in one important aspect.
Unlike other commodities that were produced at will and consumed
as needed, electrical energy must be produced and transmitted to
the point of use at the instant it is needed. The entire process takes
only a fraction of a second. This instantaneous production of
electrical energy introduces technical and economical
considerations unique to the electrical power industry.
SOURCES OF ENERGY
1.FOSSIL FUELS
◦ Coal
◦ Petroleum
◦ Natural Gas
2.RENEWABLE SOURCES
◦ Solar & Wind
◦ Hydroelectric
◦ Biomass & Geothermal sources
3.NUCLEAR POWERED SOURCES
◦ Fission
◦ Fusion
SOURCES OF ENERGY
FUEL
FLOWING STREAMS OF WATER
OCEAN TIDES AND WAVES
WIND
SOLAR RAYS
TERRESTRIAL HEAT
ATOMIC NUCLEI
FUELS
ECONOMICS:
DIFFICULT TO SHIFT TO CHEAPER FUEL

FLOWING STREAMS OF WATER
ECONOMICS:
EFFORT TO HARNESS WATER POWER

HARD TO JUSTIFY ITS DEVELOPMENT
OCEAN TIDES AND WAVES
ECONOMICS:
DIFFICULT TO HARNESS & CONTROL ENERGY

ENOURMOUS AMOUNT OF ENERGY
WINDS
ECONOMICS:
EXPENSE IN INSTALLATION
VARIABILITY OF OPERATION
SOLAR RAYS
ECONOMICS:
NIGHT TIME
TERRESTRIAL HEAT
ECONOMICS:
FAR FROM THE CENTER OF CIVILIZATION

Energy Industry Sector
Philippine Power Statistics 2022
Philippines is heavily reliant on

fossil fuels particularly in coal
resource.
There is a significant increase

in the Solar farms.
Source: Department of Energy 2022 Power Statistics

RENEWABLE ENERGY SHARE IN THE PHILIPPINES
Source: Philippine Energy Plan 2020-2040 (Updated June 15, 2023); Department of Energy

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INTRODUCTION:

WHAT IS POWER PLANT?

WHAT IS POWER PLANT ENGINEERING?

It is in the analysis of the elements that contributes to the

Steam plants highest factors: fixed charges and fuel costs

ART OF SELECTING AND PLACING THE NECESSARY POWER-

Electrical energy is produced from the forms of energy

DIFFICULT TO SHIFT TO CHEAPER FUEL

EFFORT TO HARNESS WATER POWER

DIFFICULT TO HARNESS & CONTROL ENERGY

FAR FROM THE CENTER OF CIVILIZATION

Philippines is heavily reliant on

There is a significant increase

Source: Department of Energy 2022 Power Statistics

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