5 Qualititative Research

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Republic of the Philippines

PALAWAN STATE UNIVERSITY


Tiniguiban Heights, Puerto Princesa City, Palawan
Tel. No.: +6348-433-2379 • Fax No.: +6348-433-5303
Email: psu_ph@yahoo.com • Website: psu.palawan.edu.ph

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5 QUALITATIVE RESEARCH

1. The Social Stratification of English in New York City by William Labov

The article explores social stratification in New York through the lens of linguistic variation, focusing
specifically on the variable of the sound "r". It aims to investigate whether there is a correlation between the use
of "r" and social status in New York, where individuals with higher education and social standing tend to exhibit
a distinct pronunciation of this sound compared to those with lower social status and educational attainment.

The study was conducted in three distinct social contexts: Saks, Macys, and S. Klein. These stores cater to
different target demographics, reflecting varying levels of socioeconomic status, with Saks representing the
highest tier, followed by Macys and S. Klein. The study employed an unobtrusive method, utilizing natural data
gathered from salespeople in each store. Labov's methodology involved audio recordings to capture the
variation in the pronunciation of "r" in responses to questions such as directions to specific departments within
the store.

The findings of the study confirm a correlation between social stratification and linguistic characteristics, as
evidenced by the distinct linguistic patterns observed among salespeople in different stores. It is noteworthy that
all salespeople had similar educational backgrounds and economic statuses, yet their linguistic variations
correlated with the social context of their respective stores.

This highlights the stratification of linguistic characteristics and reinforces Labov's insight that language serves
as more than just a means of communication—it also functions as a marker of social identity and status.
Furthermore, the study suggests that language can be a tool for signaling social aspirations and navigating class
boundaries, as individuals from lower socioeconomic backgrounds may adopt linguistic features associated with
higher social classes in their pursuit of upward mobility.

Labov's research underscores the influence of community and social networks on linguistic behavior,
emphasizing the role of interpersonal relationships in the transmission of linguistic variation. These findings
have implications for language policy and education, particularly in diverse urban settings, where understanding
Republic of the Philippines
PALAWAN STATE UNIVERSITY
Tiniguiban Heights, Puerto Princesa City, Palawan
Tel. No.: +6348-433-2379 • Fax No.: +6348-433-5303
Email: psu_ph@yahoo.com • Website: psu.palawan.edu.ph

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linguistic diversity and social stratification can inform efforts to promote inclusivity, address discrimination, and
develop effective language education programs tailored to the needs of diverse learners.

William Labov's study on social stratification in New York City utilized a combination of quantitative and
qualitative methodologies to investigate linguistic variation across social classes. Here's a summary of his
methodology:

1. Quantitative Analysis:
o Labov conducted systematic sociolinguistic interviews with a large sample size from various
social classes in New York City.
o He utilized structured interviews to collect data on linguistic features such as pronunciation,
grammar, and vocabulary.
o Quantitative analysis involved the statistical examination of linguistic variables across different
social strata to identify patterns and correlations.
2. Qualitative Analysis:
o Labov employed qualitative techniques such as ethnographic observation to understand the
social context of language use.
o He conducted in-depth interviews and observations to gain insights into the social dynamics
influencing language variation.
o Qualitative analysis focused on identifying social factors such as education, occupation, and
ethnicity that contribute to linguistic variation.
3. Quantitative-Comparative Approach:
o Labov compared linguistic features across different social groups to assess variations in
pronunciation, grammar, and vocabulary.
o He used statistical tools to measure the significance of linguistic differences between social
classes.
o This comparative approach allowed Labov to identify linguistic markers of social stratification
and analyze their distribution within the population.

Overall, Labov's methodology combined quantitative analysis with qualitative insights to investigate social
stratification in New York City's linguistic landscape, providing a comprehensive understanding of how
language reflects and perpetuates social inequality.
Republic of the Philippines
PALAWAN STATE UNIVERSITY
Tiniguiban Heights, Puerto Princesa City, Palawan
Tel. No.: +6348-433-2379 • Fax No.: +6348-433-5303
Email: psu_ph@yahoo.com • Website: psu.palawan.edu.ph

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2. “The Peter Effect: Reading habits and attitudes of pre service


teachers”

This study shines a light on an essential aspect of literacy education: the difference between seeing
reading as intellectually stimulating versus merely a career task. It’s striking that 84% of people who find
reading intellectually challenging are enthusiastic readers, compared to only 19% who see it as just a job duty.
This finding gives educators clear direction. In this paper, I’ll share my thoughts on the study’s insights and
what they mean for teachers and parents in fostering a love for reading.

The research highlights how crucial teachers are in sparking curiosity and enthusiasm for reading. Traditional
methods focusing on rote learning—copying, memorizing, and reciting—just don’t cut it. Instead, teachers need
to create an environment that encourages inquiry, critical thinking, and engagement with texts. This means
rethinking our teaching strategies and committing to a lively, interactive classroom.

Thinking back to my own school days, I remember the teachers who went beyond the curriculum to make
reading enjoyable. They gave us choices in reading materials, encouraged discussions, and valued our
individual perspectives. These practices made reading fun and intellectually stimulating. The study’s focus on
these methods resonates with my belief that education should inspire a lifelong love for learning, not just meet
standards.

The study also shows how vital parents are in shaping their children’s attitudes towards reading, often even
more than schools. This means literacy education should extend beyond the classroom to the home. Schools
should actively involve parents in their children’s literacy development, providing them with tools and
strategies to create a reading-friendly environment at home.

Programs that educate parents about their role in literacy can have lasting benefits. Sharing research on the
positive effects of parental involvement and offering practical advice on creating a reading-friendly home can
empower parents. From my observations, families who prioritize reading together tend to have children who
develop strong, enthusiastic reading habits.

The study stresses the need for teacher training programs to focus on reading motivation and engagement.
Future teachers should learn not only the technical aspects of literacy but also how to inspire and engage
students. This includes modeling a love for reading and creating opportunities for students to enjoy intellectual
exploration through texts.
Republic of the Philippines
PALAWAN STATE UNIVERSITY
Tiniguiban Heights, Puerto Princesa City, Palawan
Tel. No.: +6348-433-2379 • Fax No.: +6348-433-5303
Email: psu_ph@yahoo.com • Website: psu.palawan.edu.ph

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Moreover, professional development for current teachers should help rekindle their own enthusiasm for reading.
Teachers who love reading are more likely to pass that passion on to their students. The idea of creating reading
communities within schools, with faculty as leaders, is particularly appealing. Such initiatives can transform
school cultures and significantly enhance students’ reading experiences.

It also suggests that national standards, like the Common Core, miss an opportunity by not focusing on reading
motivation. While technical proficiency is important, fostering a love for reading is equally crucial. Educational
policies and standards should include ways to assess and promote reading engagement and enthusiasm.

Additionally, it offers valuable insights into what influences reading attitudes and highlights the importance of
intellectual engagement in literacy education. Teachers, parents, and educational institutions all play critical
roles in fostering a love for reading. By prioritizing engagement, motivation, and intellectual curiosity, we can
cultivate enthusiastic readers who excel in literacy and carry a passion for reading throughout their lives.

Overall it has reinforced my belief in the power of engaged reading. It challenges educators to think beyond
traditional methods and find creative ways to inspire students. As someone invested in education, I find this call
to action both inspiring and necessary. The insights from this study will influence my approach to literacy
education and my advocacy for policies that prioritize reading enthusiasm alongside proficiency

3. Impact of Wattpad Reading on Filipino Junior High School's Reading


Habit and Social Values" by Prof. Rosemarie T. Rabang et al.
SUMMARY:

120 junior high school students from Palawan State University-Laboratory High School in the Philippines
participated in the study. They often used the online storytelling and reading app Wattpad. The research
gathered information from the students via a questionnaire on their reading choices, frequency, and opinions of
Wattpad's advantages and disadvantages. The majority of the students preferred mystery, fantasy, romance, and
horror literature because they felt that it helped them deal with stress and personal problems. While some
students used Wattpad extensively for reading, others used it less regularly.

The growth of maturity, self-reflection, motivation, open-mindedness, empathy, inventiveness, and a love of
reading were among the benefits of using Wattpad. Students claimed that their reading experiences had given
them new perspectives on a variety of life issues.

However, the study also emphasized the drawbacks, including heightened anger, decreased social engagement
with friends and family, ineffective time management, disregard for one's health, and exposure to offensive
language. Reading Wattpad excessively might affect language usage, especially the adoption of vulgar terms,
and cause health problems and duty neglect.
Republic of the Philippines
PALAWAN STATE UNIVERSITY
Tiniguiban Heights, Puerto Princesa City, Palawan
Tel. No.: +6348-433-2379 • Fax No.: +6348-433-5303
Email: psu_ph@yahoo.com • Website: psu.palawan.edu.ph

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In conclusion, Wattpad offered hazards if used excessively, even while it had a good impact on students' values
and reading habits. The study underlined the significance of teaching students self-discipline and critical
thinking in their consumption of digital media and recommended that instructors add pertinent and inspirational
Wattpad narratives into the curriculum.

INSIGHTS
For example, a student spending excessive time on Wattpad might neglect their studies or household chores,
potentially resulting in conflicts with academics or family. Furthermore, exposure to mature themes or profanity
in some Wattpad stories could influence language use and attitudes, possibly causing interpersonal conflicts.
Therefore, while Wattpad offers educational and entertainment benefits, it's crucial for educators and parents to
promote responsible usage and provide guidance on navigating digital platforms safely.

The study's conclusion recognizes that while excessive Wattpad use may have negative effects on kids' morals
and reading habits, it may also have good effects. This emphasizes moderation and is consistent with the larger
concept of the usage of digital media. Wattpad encourages imagination, creativity, and a love of reading, but
excessive use can result in a lack of social connection, a disregard for obligations, and exposure to offensive
material.

For instance, a student who spends too much time on Wattpad may ignore their homework or other domestic
duties, which might lead to problems at school or with their family. Additionally, reading stories on Wattpad that
include mature topics or profanity may have an impact on how people speak and behave, which may lead to
interpersonal disputes. Therefore, even while Wattpad provides pleasure and educational benefits, it's imperative
that parents and educators encourage appropriate usage and give advise on navigating digital platforms safely.

The study's suggestions emphasize how crucial it is to carefully and strategically include Wattpad tales into the
curriculum. Although using students' enthusiasm for Wattpad to their advantage might improve literacy and
engagement, cautious material selection is crucial. Instructors need to make sure the stories they choose uphold
moral principles and support learning objectives. Teachers should also provide students the freedom to assess
Wattpad material and other digital media critically.

To foster critical thinking and media literacy, educators may, for example, assist students in deciphering the
themes, characters, and messages found in Wattpad tales. Furthermore, promoting an open dialogue about
reading experiences and worries might aid in reducing any possible hazards related to using Wattpad. Overall,
incorporating Wattpad into the curriculum can successfully connect students' interests with their academic
objectives, but careful administration is needed to guarantee a successful outcome.
Republic of the Philippines
PALAWAN STATE UNIVERSITY
Tiniguiban Heights, Puerto Princesa City, Palawan
Tel. No.: +6348-433-2379 • Fax No.: +6348-433-5303
Email: psu_ph@yahoo.com • Website: psu.palawan.edu.ph

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Participants

 Demographic: 120 junior high school students at Palawan State University-Laboratory High School.
 Selection Criteria: Students had access to the internet and regularly used Wattpad, coming
predominantly from middle-class families.

Instruments and Data Sets

 Research Type: Qualitative descriptive inquiry.


 Questionnaire Composition:
o Part 1: Checklist on frequency and duration of Wattpad use, and preferred genres.
o Part 2: Seven open-ended questions on the positive and negative impacts of Wattpad on
attitudes, behaviors, and values.

Procedure

 Permissions: Obtained from the Dean of the College of Teacher Education and the Principal's Office.
 Survey Administration:
o Conducted in classrooms during non-teaching periods of the researchers, who were college
professors.
o Surveys took place from November to December 2018.
o Each survey session took 30 minutes of class time.
o Researchers introduced themselves, explained the study, and identified Wattpad users among the
students.
o Informed consent was read and considered by students before participation.
o Students had 20 minutes to complete the survey, with responses allowed in either English or
Filipino.

Data Analysis

 Responses from the surveys were analyzed qualitatively to explore themes related to the impacts of
reading Wattpad on the students' attitudes, behaviors, and values.

4. The Effects of Bilingualism and Multilingualism on Lexical Retrieval


The study investigates the impact of multilingualism on lexical retrieval through qualitative themes derived
from three data collection methods:

1. Interview:
o Subjective experiences of a bilingual participant regarding language switching and word retrieval
difficulties.
o Themes include personal anecdotes, perceptions of language influence on word retrieval, and
frequency of experiencing "tip of the tongue" moments.
2. Test One and Two:
Republic of the Philippines
PALAWAN STATE UNIVERSITY
Tiniguiban Heights, Puerto Princesa City, Palawan
Tel. No.: +6348-433-2379 • Fax No.: +6348-433-5303
Email: psu_ph@yahoo.com • Website: psu.palawan.edu.ph

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o Test One: Participants' speed in finding words across categories, drawing from any language.
o Test Two: Participants' self-reporting of instances where they struggled to recall a word they
knew.
o Themes encompass observed word retrieval strategies, language choice patterns, and real-life
word retrieval challenges.

The qualitative analysis aims to provide insights into how multilingualism affects lexical retrieval, considering
individual experiences and behaviors across linguistic contexts

5. Exploring Social Media Use of Filipino Learners: How it Impacts Reading


Attitudes and Competence
 Demographic: 101 first-year students at a state university in the Philippines.
o Courses: 51 in BS Psychology, 50 in BA.
o Gender: 36 males, 65 females.
o Generations: 92.1% Generation Z, 7.9% Millennials.
 Social Media Experience: 7-9 years, primarily using Facebook.
 Daily Online Activity: 54.5% spend 6-10 hours online.

Data Collection and Analysis

 Research Method: Mixed-method approach (both quantitative and qualitative).


 Instruments:
o Two researcher-made, expert-validated tools:
 A questionnaire-checklist for reading attitudes.
 A 20-item multiple-choice reading competence test.
o Semi-structured interviews for additional data and triangulation.
 Procedure:
o Permissions were obtained from university officials.
o Data collection spanned two class meetings (1.5 hours each):
 One for the reading attitudes survey.
 One for the reading competence test using "The Story of an Hour" by Kate Chopin.
o Reading attitudes were measured using a five-point Likert scale.
o Reading competence scores were checked with Zipgrade TM and converted using a university
transmutation table.
 Analysis Tools:
o Quantitative data were analyzed with SPSS version 26.
o Interview responses were qualitatively analyzed and organized into themes.
Republic of the Philippines
PALAWAN STATE UNIVERSITY
Tiniguiban Heights, Puerto Princesa City, Palawan
Tel. No.: +6348-433-2379 • Fax No.: +6348-433-5303
Email: psu_ph@yahoo.com • Website: psu.palawan.edu.ph

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Submitted to: Marjorie Española

Submitted by: Archie Y. Ibay

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