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Earth and S p a c e S c i e ? ^ ,

u n it c Earth and Its Resources

CHAPTER 5
E arth C h a n g e s ..............................................................188
Lesson 1 E arth ’s F e a tu r e s ..........................................................1 9 0
Inquiry Skill B u ild e r ................................................... 2 0 0
Lesson 2 Sudden C hanges to E a rth ....................................... 2 0 2
R eadin g in S c ie n c e ....................................................2 1 0
Lesson 3 W e a th e rin g and E ro s io n ......................................... 2 1 2
• W ritin g in Science • M ath in S c ie n c e ..............2 2 0
C h a p te r 5 R eview and Test P r e p a r a tio n .................................2 2 2

CHAPTER 6
Using Earth's Resources..................................224
Lesson 1 M inerals and R o c k s ................................................... 2 2 6
• W ritin g in Science • M ath in S c ie n c e 236
Lesson 2 S o il.................................................................................... 2 3 8
Inquiry Skill B u ild e r ....................................................2 4 6
Lesson 3 Fossils and F u e ls ........................................................2 4 8
R eading in S c ie n c e ....................................................2 5 6
Lesson 4 A ir and W a te r R e s o u rc e s ....................................... 2 5 8
Inquiry In v e s tig a tio n ................................................. 2 6 8

0
What can cause
Earth's features
to change?
\§M Big Idea V ocabulary
ocean a large b o d y o f salt
w a te r (p. 192)

continent a grea t area o f

land on Earth (p. 193)

earthquake a s 니dden
m o ve m e n t o f the rocks
th a t m ake 니다 E arth’s c r 니st
(p . 2 0 4 )

volcano a m ᄋ니 ntain
th a t b 니ilds 니p ar ᄋ니 nd an
o p e n in g in Earth's cru st
(p . 2 0 6 )

w eathering th e breaking
d o w n o f rocks in to sm aller
pieces (p. 214)

erosion th e w earing
aw ay and m o ve m e n t o f
w e a th e re d rock (p. 216)

V isit www.macmillanmh.com fo r o n lin e resources.

Lesson 1

Earth’s Features
Explore Inquiry A ctivity

Does land or water cover Materials

more of Earth’s surface?
Make a Prediction
Do y o 니 th in k th a t there is m ore land or m ore
w ater on E arth’s s 니rface? W rite y ᄋ니 r p red ictio n .
glo b e
Test Your Prediction
0 Make a ta b le like the one show n fo r ten spins. 핵[복
O Experim ent Slow ly spin a globe. Do not $ p in L a n d lA /a te r
look at it. To 니ch ycujr fin g e r to the glo be
to stop it. i

O O b s e r v e Did y ᄋ 니 r fin g e r sto p on land or

2
w ater? Record th e in fo rm a tio n on th e chart.
(Q Repeat steps 2 and 3 nine m ore tim es. 3

0 U s e N u m b e rs How m any tim es did y ᄋ니

to u ch w ater? How m any tim es did y o 니 A
：

t ᄋ니ch land?

Draw Conclusions
<0 Infer Is there m ore land or m ore w a te r on
Earth? How do yo u r res 니Its com pare w ith the
results o f others?

More
Experim ent W hich covers m ore o f
Earth—rivers or oceans? Make a plan
to fin d ᄋ니t.
 What covers Earth’s surface?
If you could see Earth from space, it w ould
Essential Question look m ostly blue. T h at is because alm ost three
W h at shapes can the fourths o f Earth is covered by water. M o st of
land take? this w ater is in oceans ( ᄋ hhshunz). Oceans are
Vocabulary large bodies o f salt water.
ocean, p.192 Rivers, stream s, glaciers, and ponds are
continent, p. 193 som e other water features on Earth. These
landform, p. 194 w ater features are m ade up of freshwater.
crust, p.198 Freshwater is w ater that is not salty. Lakes
mantle, p.198 are another water feature. M ost lakes have
core, p. 198 freshwater. Some have salt water.

► Reading Skill O
Oceans and Continents
Main Idea and Details

A rctic Ocean

Technology
e - G lo s s a ry and e -R e v ie w on line N orth
a t w w w .m acm illan m h .co m A m erica

Pacific
O cean

South
A m erica

Southern
Ocean

192
EXPLAIN
 Earth also has seven great areas o f land called
c o n tin e n ts (K A H N *tuh»nunts). N orth Am erica is the
continent you live on.
A m ap can show E arth ’s land and w ater features.
To read a m ap, look at its key. A key show s w hat a
m ap ’s colors and shapes mean. C an you find N orth
Am erica on the m ap below?

o Q uick C heck
Main Idea and Details What covers
Earth’s surface?

Critical Thinking About how much

of Earth is covered by land?

Europe

Asia ▲ O cean w ater covers

m ost o f Earth.

A frica

Indian
Ocean

Australia

FAC The oceans are really one big b o d y o f water.

A ntarctica
EXPLAIN
What are some of Earth’s land
and water features?
There are m any land and w ater features on Earth.
Lan d features are called la n d fo rm s (L A N D *fo rm z ).
This diagram show s a few o f E arth ’s features.

Features of Earth

O A m o u n ta in is the
ta lle st landform . It
o fte n has steep sides
and a p o in te d top.
o A valley is th e low
land betw een hills
or m ᄋ니 ntains.
A canyon is a deep valley
w ith steep sides. Rivers
o fte n flo w th r ᄋ니gh them .
O A p la in is land th a t is
w id e and flat.
0 A lake is w a te r th a t is
surr ᄋ니nded by land.
O A riv e r is a large b o d y o f
m oving water.
O A p la te a u (pla*T O H ) is
land w ith steep sides and
a fla t top. It is hig h e r than
th e land around it.
O A coast is land th a t
borders the ocean.
O A peninsula is land
s 니rr ᄋ니nded by w a te r on
th re e sides.
(S) An island is land w ith
w a te r all ar ᄋ니nd it.
◎ Q uick C heck
M a in Id e a a n d D e ta ils Quick Lab
What are landforms?
Your State’s Features
C ritic a l T h in k in g H ow
could you tell a mountain (Q Make a Model Draw a map o f
y ᄋ니 r state. Decide how to show
from a plain?
y ᄋ니 r sta te ’s land and w a te r
fe a t 니res. Then m ake a key and
co m p le te th e map.

o Observe W here is y ᄋ 니 r town

or c ity located? Draw a large
d o t there. W h ich la nd form s
and w a te r features are f ᄋ니 nd
in y ᄋ니 r to w n o r city? How do
these fe a t 니res co m pare w ith
those f ᄋ니 nd in o th e r parts o f
y o 니r state?

EXPLAIN
What land features are
in the oceans?
D id you know that there is land below the ocean?
The land below the ocean is called the ocean floor. The
ocean floor has many features sim ilar to land features.
If you could travel there, you w ould find m ountains,
valleys, and canyons. You w ould even see plains.
The ocean floor begins at a coast where dry land
borders the water. Here you find a continental shelf. A
continental shelf is like a huge plateau. It lies under the
ocean at the edge of a continent. A bout 80 kilometers
(50 miles) aw ay from the coast, the continental shelf
slopes dow n steeply.

The Ocean Floor

 An abyssal plain (uh*BIH*sul PLAYN) begins a
little farther out. An abyssal plain is wide and flat. It
stretches thousands o f kilom eters across the ocean.
A trench is another feature you might recognize.
A trench is a canyon on the ocean floor. Trenches
are the deepest parts of the ocean floor. The deepest
trench is the M arian a Trench in the Pacific O cean. It
is alm ost 11 kilom eters (7 miles) deep.

^ 0 Q u ick C heck
Main Idea and Details How is the ocean floor like
the land of the continents?

Critical Thinking What do you think you would

find on the abyssal plain? Hint：Think about what
covers a river’s bottom.

W hich fe a tu re o f th e ocean flo o r is a

ty p e o f m ᄋ니 ntain?
Clue: Think a b o u t a m ᄋ니n tain’s shape
What are the layers of Earth?
H ave you ever eaten a hard-boiled egg? If so, you
know that an egg has several layers. It has a thin
shell, a white part, and a yolk.
Like an egg, Earth has several layers. The
continents and ocean floor m ake up E arth ’s
outerm ost layer, called the c ru s t. The crust is
E arth ’s thinnest and coolest layer.
The layer below the crust
is the m a n tle . Part o f the crust

mantle is solid rock. Part

is nearly melted rock m antle

that is soft and flow s.

It is a lot like putty. core

At the center of
Earth is the core.
The c o re is the
deepest and hottest
layer o f Earth. The
outer core is melted
rock. The inner core
is solid rock.

o Q uick C heck
Main Idea and Details What is Earth’s
deepest layer called?

Critical Thinking Which of Earth’s layers

is like the shell of an egg? Why?

198
EXPLAIN
Visual Summary Think, Talk, and W rite
Earth has m any O V o c a b u la ry W hich la n d fo rm is a
land features and deep, narrow valley w ith steep sides
w ater features. Most and a river flo w in g th r ᄋ니 gh it?
o f Earth is covered
by water. Q M ain Id e a a n d D e ta ils W h a t are
the layers o f Earth?
The ocean floor has
fe a t 니res sim ilar to
Earth's land fe a t 니res. Main Idea J

^ ^ ) e ta iis ^ I ' Details 〉 ^ ^ ) e ta i^ ^

Earth has three main

layers—the cm st, the O C ritic a l T h in k in g W here w o u ld y ᄋ니
m antle, and the core. be if y ᄋ니 w ere at th e de ep est place on
E a rth ’s crust?

o T e s t P rep All of the following are

landforms except
Make a [ fflS E E E
A an island
Study Guide
B a canyon
Make a layered- Fe.taresl
C a plain.
look book. Use it
to s 니m m arize w h a t , r „ D a river.
Land a n d w a T e r T e a T u re S

y ᄋ니 learned a b ᄋ니t Occon■floor

Earth’s features. O E ssen tial Q u e s tio n W h a t shapes
can th e land take?

Hath Link Social Studies Link

Compare Numbers Do Research

Here are the lengths o f some coastlines Som e p e op le 니se stories, called
in miles. W rite the states in order from m yths, to explain how m ountains
shortest coastline to longest coastline. fo rm e d . Research a m y th th a t tells
how m ᄋ니 ntains fo rm e d . W rite a
Oregon: 296 South Carolina: 187
re p o rt a b ᄋ니t th e m yth.
Georgia: 100 New York: 127
New Jersey: 130 Maryland: 31

—Review S 니 m m a rie s a n d q u iz z e s o n lin e at www.macmillanmh.com _________199

EVALU ATE
Focus on Skills L ________________________________

Inquiry Skill: Make a Model

Y o 니 j 니st le a rn e d a b o u t m a n y la n d fo rm s . S o m e o f
th e m are f o 니nd on land. S o m e lie u n d e r th e ocean.
In s o m e p la ce s a lim e s to n e cave fo rm s b e lo w th e
g r ᄋ니nd. It fo rm s w h e n w a te r seeps in to th e g r ᄋ니nd
a n d c h a n g e s rock. This can ta k e m illio n s o f years.
Y o 니 can m ake a m o d el to s h o w a cave.

^ Learn It
W h e n yo u m ake a m odel, y ᄋ니 b 니 ild s o m e th in g
to re p re se n t, o r sta n d for, a real o b je c t o r event. A
m o d e l can be b ig g e r o r sm a lle r th a n th e real th in g .
M odels help y ᄋ니 learn a b ᄋ니 t o b je c ts o r events th a t
are hard to o b s e rv e d ire ctly. Maps and g lo b e s are
tw o e xa m p le s o f m odels.

EXTEND
 Skill Builder

Try It
In th is a c tiv ity , y ᄋ니 w ill m ake a m odel o f a cave.
^ ruler, scissors, tan or white construction paper,
crayon, shoe box or other small box, clear tape

ESS©
O _ Be Careful. C 니t a p ie ce o f
c o n s tru c tio n p a p e r th a t is a little
sm a lle r th a n th e size o f th e b a ck
w all o f th e box.
<0 On th e p a p e r d ra w lim e s to n e
rocks like th e ones show n. Tape
th e p a p e r to th e b o x ’s b a ck w all.
<0 D raw m o re lim e sto n e rocks on
a n o th e r piece o f c o n s tn jc tio n
paper. D raw a fla p fo r each rock.
O ᅀ Be Careful. C 니t ᄋ니 t each rock
and its flap. Bend th e fla p fo r each
rock. Tape each ro c k inside th e
box. Use th e p h o to o f th e m o d e l
to help y ᄋ니 .

N ow use y ᄋ니 r m o d e l to answ er th e se q 니estions:

► H ow w o u ld y ᄋ니 d e s c rib e th e shapes o f rocks

in a lim e s to n e cave?
► W h e re d o th e rocks fo rm ?

► A pply It
Make a m odel o f a la n d fo rm th a t y ᄋ니 le a rn e d a b o u t. It
can be a la n d fo rm on th e ocean flo o r o r one on land. W h a t
d e ta ils d o you w a n t to show ? W h ic h m a te ria ls w ill y ᄋ니 니se
to help y ᄋ니 m o d e l th e se details?

2이
EXTEND
t > u 6 t i 9 f ^ C h t i n i i z

Look and Wonder

One minute, cars raced across this road
in O akland, California. Then the land
shook. Part of the road collapsed. What
might cause such a sudden change?
Purpose
Model w h a t happens when the land
s 니d d e n ly moves.
 Ir h E llK E H

I
magma, p. 206
lava, p.206
編…
flood, p.208

^ Reading Skill O
Cause and Effect What are earthquakes?
Som e events can change E arth ’s surface
Ga 니se E ffect
in less than a minute. One exam ple is an
e a r t h q u a k e (URTH»kwayk). W hat c au se s an
earthquake? Why does it change the land? The
► Technology answ ers are found under the ground.
e - G lo s s a ry , e -R e v ie w ,
Earth’s Moving Crust
and a n im a tio n s o n lin e
a t w w w .m acm illan m h .co m E arth ’s outside layer, the crust, is m ade up
of huge slabs o f rock. You might think that
slabs o f rock can not move. They do move,
however. R ocks deep below the ground can
slowly slide past each other. They can press
against each other. They can pull apart too.
These movements can cause rock to bend
and snap back like a bent stick. This causes
an earthquake. An e a rth q u a k e is a sudden
m ovement o f the rocks that m ake up
E arth ’s crust.

20 나
EXPLAIN
 When an earthquake happens, the ground shakes,
or vibrates. The vibrations travel out from the
earthquake’s center through the land. Som e earthquakes
are very w eak. They are not even noticed. Som e feel
like a truck rum bling by. Others are very strong.
Earthquakes can crack roads. They can cause buildings
and bridges to fall. They can even cause parts of
m ountains to collapse.

Q uick C heck
Cause and Effect What can happen when huge
slabs of rock in Earth’s crust move?

Critical Thinking You drop a pebble in water.

What happens to the water? How is this similar to
what happens to the crust during an earthquake?

，*녀 조嫌'
혔 짯 W here Earthquakes Start ▼ An e a rth q u a ke ’s vibrations travel
in waves in all directions. The
vibrations w eaken as they travel
aw ay from an e a rth q u a ke ’s center.
How a Volcano Forms

Read a

How do you know that a

volcano can get bigger?
Clue: Com pare the tw o
parts o f the diagram.

Science in Motion
W a tc h a v o lc a n o a t
www.macmillanmh.com

W hat are volcanoes?

A v o lc a n o (vahl»K AY »noh) is a m ountain that builds up
around an opening in Earth’s crust. Sometimes a volcano
explodes. Like an earthquake, this event can change the
land quickly.

Volcano Formation
You learned about Earth’s layers, the crust, mantle,
and core. Parts o f the mantle and crust have melted rock
called m a g m a . Sometimes m agm a m oves up through a
large crack in the crust and flow s onto land. M elted rock
that flow s onto land is called lava. Lava, rocks, and ash
are forced out onto Earth’s surface. They pile up in layers
and form a m ountain. Som etim es a volcanic m ountain
form s in just a few years.

2 Qg Volcanoes are not always active.

EXPLAIN
Effects of Volcanoes
Som etim es, lava oozes from a
volcano slowly. The lava hardens A Model Volcano
and the m ountain gets bigger. At
O Make a Model Cover a desk
other times, lava is forced out of w ith newspaper. Place a sm all
t 니be o f to o th p a s te on th e desk
a volcano in an explosion. When
to m odel E arth’s s 니rface.
this happens, a large part o f the
Q C arefully make a hole in th e
m ountain can be blown away. t 니be on the side o p p o s ite th e
M aterials from volcanoes can cause cap. This represents an
a lot o f dam age to buildings. They o pe n in g in Earth's
surface.
can harm living things too.

◎ Q uick C heck e Observe

Press on the t 니be
Cause and Effect What happens
near the cap. W h a t happens
when lava flows out of an by th e hole? W h a t do y ᄋ니
opening in Earth's crust? th in k the to o th p a ste is a
m odel of?
Critical Thinking Why are some
volcanoes a danger to people? o Com m unicate Did th e sam e
th in g happen to everyone's
t 니be? W h a t was d iffe re n t?
W h y w ere th ere differences?

Lava shoots ou t o f this

volcano in Hawaii.

EXPLAIN
What are landslides
and floods?
H ave you ever seen a pile of
rocks at the bottom of a m ountain?
H ow did the rocks get there? Part
o f the answ er is gravity. Gravity
is a pulling force that acts on
all objects. Gravity can cause a
landslide. A la n d s lid e is the rapid
m ovem ent o f rocks and soil dow n a
hill. A landslide can cause a hill or
m ountain to change quickly.
H eavy rains and melting snow
can quickly fill a river. When w ater
flow s over a river’s banks, or sides,
there is a flood. A flo o d is w ater
that flow s over land that is usually
dry. Flood w aters are very strong.
They can change land quickly by- ▲ This m ountain was quickly
w ashing it away. changed by a landslide.

Hurricane W ilm a caused

flooding in Florida in 2 0 0 5 .

Q Q uick C heck
Cause and Effect What effect
do landslides have on land?

Critical Thinking Explain how

an earthquake can cause a
landslide to happen.

208
EXPLAIN
 [L. Lesson Review ji]
Visual Summary Think, Talk, and W rite
Earthquakes happen O V o c a b u la ry W h a t is a volcano?
w hen rocks in the
c m st move. They
o C ause and E ffe c t W h a t ca 니ses
can change the
e a rth q 니akes to happen?
land q 니ickly.

W hen lava, ash, and

rock are forced fro m
a volcano, the land
can change q 니ickly.

Landslides can e eCaritic a l T h in k in g W h a t do

rth q akes, volcanoes, landslides,
니
q 니ickly change the
shape o f a hill or and flo o d s have in com m on?
m ᄋ니ntain. Floods can
wash land away.
o T e s t P rep W hich event can be
caused by heavy rains?
A flo o d
Make a r a a i p 1 b e a rth q 니ake
Study Guide c vo lca n ic e n jp ti ᄋ n
Make a th re e -ta b D d r ᄋ니g h t
book. Use it to
sum m arize w h a t y ᄋ니
learned a b ᄋ니t how O Essential Q u e s tio n How can E a rth ’s
Earth changes q 니ickly. s 니rface change quickly?

Writing Link Math Link

W rite a Story Make a Bar Graph

Think a b ᄋ니t w h a t it m 니st be like to The R ichter scale rates e a rth q 니akes
experience an e a rth q 니ake. W rite a by how stro n g th e y are. Research the
sto ry a b ᄋ니t it. Be s 니re to m ention stren gths o f five m ajor e a rth q 니akes
w hat the e a rth q 니ake does to land. in recent years. Make a bar graph to
com pare th e ir strengths.

—Review S u m m a rie s a nd q u iz z e s o n lin e a t www.macmillanmh.com 209

EVALUATE
觀 ᅳ 뼤 春 馨 '穩

to Reading in Science
F

S l *0 E o n th e S h o re

The w e s te rn c o a s t o f th e U n ite d S tates

is a b e a 니tifu l p la ce to live. The v ie w s fro m
its c liffs are a w e s o m e . H ea vy rains, m e ltin g
snow , a n d c o n s t r 니c tio n can w e a k e n th e s e
cliffs, how ever. T hen la n d slid e s m a y h appen.

T he re are s o m e th in g s p e o p le can d o to
h e lp p re v e n t landslides. P e o p le can ca rve
s te p s o f land c a lle d terraces in to th e cliffs.
R ocks a n d w a te r sta y on th e te rra c e s and
d o n o t flo w to th e b o t t o m o f th e cliff. These ice plants help
to control erosion on
P e o p le can also 니se d ra in s and co ve rs to
California’s coast.
k e e p th e land dry. T hey can p la n t sh ru b s
a n d o th e r p la n ts to help ke ep th e
soil in place.

P e o p le can b 니ild th in g s to help

k e e p th e soil fr o m m o v in g d o w n
a hill. F o r e x a m p le , w alls o f ro c k
a n d c o n c r e te can s u p p o r t a c liff
fr o m belo w . D itc h e s can d ir e c t
w a te r a r ᄋ니nd b 니ildings. A ll o f
th e s e th in g s h e lp keep p e o p le 'K 년
liv in g on o r a ro u n d c liffs safe.
This rock wall will keep soil
from m oving down this hillside.

EXTEND
W rite A bo ut It
Cause and Effect R ead th e a r tic le a g a in w ith
a p a rtn e r. W r ite a fe w s e n te n c e s th a t te ll w h a t
ca u se s la n d s lid e s . A ls o te ll w h a t p e o p le ca n d o
to p re v e n t th e m .

EXTEND
Lesson

and Erosion
Grand Canyon National Park, Arizona

Look and Wonder

This canyon w as once flat land. Today,
parts o f the G rand Canyon are nearly
one mile deep. H ow do canyons form ?
Form a Hypothesis
W hat happens to rocks when th e y move
around in w ater? W rite y ᄋ니r answer in the
fo rm “ If I shake rocks in water, then...”

Test Your Hypothesis

10 M e a s u r e Label three jars A, B, and C.
Put the same n 니m ber o f sim ilar-sized
rocks in each jar. Using the m eas 니 ring
c 니p, fill each jar w ith the same am ᄋ니nt
o f water. P니t a lid on each jar.
Let jar /\ sit. Do not shake it.
(0 Use Variables Shake ja r B hard fo r
2 m in 니tes. Then let the ja r sit.
킨) Use Variables Shake jar C hard for
5 m in 니tes. Then let the ja r sit.
10 Observe Use a hand lens to
observe the rocks in each jar. W h a t
happened? Did th e results s u p p o rt
your hypothesis?
 What is weathering?
Read and Learn You might think that hard rocks can not
Essential Question change or break, but they do. Large rocks
How can Earth’s surface break into smaller rocks. Small rocks break
change slowly? dow n into sand and soil. The breaking
► Vocabulary dow n of rocks into sm aller pieces is called
weathering, p.214 weathering (WEUd • 니r.ing). Weathering usually
erosion, p.216 happens so slowly that you do not
glacier, p.216
notice it. The weathering of rocks can take
m illions o f years.
deposition, p. 216
W hat causes weathering? Running water,
► Reading Skill O
wind, rain, and tem perature changes are some
Draw Conclusions
things that break down rocks.
Text Clues C onclusions
Running water and wind pick up small
rocks. These rocks scrape against other rocks.
This scraping slowly wears aw ay rocks.
► Technology
e - G lo s s a ry and e -R e v ie w online
a t w w w .m acm illan m h .co m
These hoodoos have been
worn m ostly by w ater that R ain and m elting snow can enter the
freezes and then thaws sm all cracks in rocks. When the w ater
inside cracks in th e rocks. freezes, it expands, or takes up m ore
space. This w idens the cracks. Then the
ice thaw s and becom es liquid w ater
This tree continues to again. Over time, repeated freezing and
break this rock a p a r t .'
thaw ing breaks rocks apart.
Living things can cause w eathering.
Plants can grow in the cracks o f rocks.
Their roots eventually split rocks
apart. W hen anim als dig in the ground,
they can uncover buried rocks. The
uncovered rocks can then begin
to weather.

o Q u ick C heck
Draw Conclusions A sidewalk
crack became wider during a
cold winter. Why?

懸
Critical Thinking Explain how
people can cause weathering.

215
EXPLAIN
 What is erosion?
Broken rocks are som etim es m oved
to other places. Erosion (ih-ROH*zhun)
is the wearing aw ay and movement of
weathered rock. M oving water, wind,
a n d glaciers (GLAY.shurz) all cau se
erosion. A glacier is a m ass of ice that
moves slowly across the land. Gravity
also causes erosion. Gravity pulls
weathered m aterials downhill.
The rocks in this stream w ere Erosion can happen slowly or
carried here by m oving water.
quickly. Floods can cause erosion
quickly when rivers overflow their
banks. Glaciers cause erosion slowly as
they move across the land.

Moving Water and Wind

M oving w ater in rivers, stream s, and
ocean waves picks up rocks and sand.
The rocks and sand can be carried far
away. Then they are dropped in new
places. Deposition (de*puh»ZIH*shun)
The rocks here w ere pulled
is the dropping off o f weathered rock.
dow n by gravity. ▼
Wind also picks up sm all bits of
weathered rocks. When the wind slows
dow n, they are deposited.
Glaciers Quick Lab
As it m oves, a glacier picks
up and carries aw ay rocks o f all Materials Settle
sizes. The ice at the bottom of
O Make a Model
a glacier freezes onto rocks. As Pour one c 니p
each o f sand,
the glacier m oves, it tears rocks
soil, and pebbles
out o f the ground. A glacier can into a jar. Fill
move rocks the size o f a house. the ja r alm ost
to the to p w ith
As a glacier melts, it leaves the water. Seal the
rocks in a new place. ja r tig h tly.

단 Shake th e ja r ten tim es. Then let

◎ Q uick C heck it sit. Draw w h a t y ᄋ니 see.
Draw Conclusions What Interpret Data In w hich o rd e r
causes erosion? do the m aterials settle?

Critical Thinking Compare o Infer W h a t happens to ero d e d

m aterials in a river as the river
erosion and weathering.
g ra d 니ally slows dow n?
Building a Canal
after

Read a

In 1913 the Culebra Mountain in How did people change the land here?
Panama was carved out to build Clue: Com pare the “a fte r” p h oto w ith the
the Panama Canal. “ before” photo.

How can people change the land?

People change the land too. Some changes are
very sm all, like digging a hole in your backyard.
Other changes are much larger.
In som e places trees are cut to build roads, stores,
and hom es. If trees are not replanted, soil can wash
away. In other places ponds and sw am ps are drained.
The dry soil left behind can blow away. In still other
places, land is dug up to reach valuable rocks.

Q uick C heck
Draw Conclusions What effect might planting
trees have on the land?

Critical Thinking How are people changing the

land where you live?

218
EXPLAIN
 . Lesson Review ^
Visual Summary Think, Talk, and W rite
W eathering breaks O Vocabulary W h a t is d e p o sitio n ?
dow n larger rocks
暴 i into sm aller rocks.
Q Draw Conclusions How do rocks
and soil erode?
. 휸m 厂
.；
.f >
,V?/ ' • • '
이 . .시 f. ᅵ d
T e x t C lu e s C o n c lu s io n s
Erosion is the
w eathering and
룰 톨 ~漏 m ovem ent o f
w eathered rock from
one place to another.
Q Critical Thinking How do
w e a th e rin g and erosion to g e th e r
People change the
^ 나 義 land in m any ways.
change land?

혁 구
•온 냐^-,A 표 O T e s t P re p All of the following can
cause weathering to rocks except
A ice.
B light.
Make a F old^ le^
C w ind.
Study Guide d plants.
Make a trifo ld book. Use it to sum m arize
w hat y o 니 learned a b o u t w eathering
and erosion. O Essential Question How can E a rth ’s
H a in W hdt X
X d e a .5 le a r n e d . S e ic h e s surface change slow ly?
지^
V/eatKerin3
-------
~~~-
B r o e io ^

How
^ 밧 1 월m롬nnn m

Writing Link Social Studies Link

W rite a Story River Deltas

Suppose y ᄋ니 are a small rock in a Research river deltas. Find ᄋ니t w h a t
stream. W rite a sto ry a b ᄋ니t w hat th e y are and how th e y form . W h a t
happens to y ᄋ니 chje to w eathering are som e fa m ᄋ니s deltas? W rite yo ur
and erosion. fin d in g s in a report.

-R e v ie w S니m m aries and quizzes on lin e a t www.macmillanmh.com 219

EVALU ATE
W riting in Science

Expository Writing
Missing Noses Good expository writing

R ocks are c o n s ta n tly c h a n g e d by ► has a topic sentence that

tells the main idea;
w e a th e r in g a n d e ro sion . H ow ever, n o t
all w e a th e r in g h a p p e n s th e sa m e way. ► supports the main idea
with facts and details;
W h a t h a p p e n e d to th e noses on th ese ► draws a conclusion based
s ta tu es? Did s o m e o n e b re a k th e m o ff? on the facts.
No, s o m e th in g else h a p p e n e d .

It all s ta rte d w h e n c e rta in gases W rite A bout It

w e re released in to th e air. M any o f Expository Writing W rite
th e s e gases c a m e fr o m cars, t m c k s ， a p a ra g ra p h to d e s c rib e
a n d fa c to rie s . The gases c o m b in e d o th e r c a 니ses o f w e a th e rin g .
w ith rainw ater. A w e a k a cid fo rm e d . R e m e m b e r to s ta rt w ith a
to p ic s e n te n c e a n d e n d w ith
T he a c id rain c h e m ic a lly c h a n g e d th e
a c o n c l 니 sion.
m in e ra ls in th e rock. This is ca lle d
c h e m ic a l w e a th e rin g . The ro c k b ro k e
d o w n . T hen rain w a s h e d th e c h a n g e d
m in e ra ls away.

O n e day, th is a n c ie n t p la ce c o u ld
w e a th e r a nd e ro d e c o m p le te ly . A ll it
The Acropolis in Greece is
ta kes is rain, gases in air, and lots o f tim e m ore than 2 ,5 0 0 years old.
 Make Estimations
Estimate a ► An estim ate is a num ber that
Glacier’s Change tells about how much or how
many. To estim ate the tongue's
growth, round 0.9 to the
S o m e tim e s a g la c ie r reaches th e nearest whole number: 0 .9 km
o cea n and flo a ts on to p o f it. This rounds to 1.0 km.
long, th in mass o f flo a tin g ice is 卜 To estim ate the change over
ca lle d an ice t o n g 니e. 5 years, m ultiply the am ount
of change per year by the
The M e rtz G la cie r is in A n ta rc tic a . number of years.
It has a t o n g 니e. Since 1963，m e ltin g 1 km per year x 5 years = 5 km
has c a use d th e g la c ie r ’s to n g u e The glacier’s tongue will
to g e t longer. It “ g r o w s ” a b ᄋ니t 0 .9 grow about 5 km in 5 years.
k ilo m e te rs each year. If th is rate stays
th e same, a b o u t h o w m 니ch s h o u ld
th e t o n g 니e g r o w o v e r th e n e x t
5 years?

▲ The M ertz G lacier’s

to n g u e is abo ut
72 km long.

Solve It
A b ᄋ니 t h o w m 니 ch s h ᄋ 니 Id th e g la c ie r ’s t o n g 니 e g r o w
in 2 0 years? If th e to n g u e g ro w s lo n g e r th a n y ᄋ니
e s tim a te d , w h a t m ig h t th is te ll y o u a b o u t th e ra te
a t w h ic h th e to n g u e is g ro w in g ?

221
EXTEND
CHAPTER 5 Review Vocabulary
rysni
Fill each blank with the best term
Visual Summary from the list.
Lesson 1 E arth’s continent, p. 193 landform, p. 194
surface has m any land
and w ater fe a t 니res. core, p.198 landslide, p.208

crust, p.198 magma, p. 206

Lesson 2 E a rth q 니akes, earthquake, p.204 volcano, p. 206
volcanoes, landslides,
and flo o d s cause erosion, p. 216 weathering, p. 214
Earth's s 니rface to
change q 니ickly. 1. Each o f the seven great land areas
Lesson 3 W eathering on Earth is called a _______
and erosion 니sually 2. The breaking dow n o f rocks into
ca 니se slow changes sm aller pieces is c a lle d _______
to Earth’s surface.
3. A m ᄋ니ntain is an exam ple o f a

4 . A m ountain th a t b 니ilds 니p ar ᄋ니 nd
Make a an opening in Earth’s c n js t is a
Study Guide
Glue y ᄋ니 r lesson s t 니dy g 니ides on 5. The s 니dden m ovem ent o f rocks
a sheet o f paper as shown. Use in Earth's c n js t m ig h t ca 니se an
yo u r s t 니dy g 니ides to review w h a t
y ᄋ니 have learned in this chapter.
6 . M elted rock below Earth’s c n js t is
c a lle d _______

7. The m ovem ent o f w eathered rock

by such thin gs as wind, m oving
water, and glaciers is known as

8. E arth’s deepest, h o tte st layer is

t h e _______ .

9. E arth’s cool, thin to p layer is called

t h e _______ .

10. The rapid m ovem ent o f rocks and

soil dow n hill is a _______

222 -G lossary W ords and d e fin itio n s online at www.macmillanmh.com

 Skills and Concepts
(POK 2-3 j
Answer each o f th e follow ing. 18. True or False E a rth ’s core has
m e lte d a n d s o lid rock. Is this
11. Cause and Effect W h a t causes sta te m e n t t r 니e or false? Explain.
landslides?
19. W hich o f th e fo llo w in g m ost like ly
12. Descriptive W riting Describe ca 니ses w eathering?
w h a t the ocean flo o r looks like.
A anim als C w in d
13. Make a Model S니 ppose y ᄋ니 B rocks D soil
w ant to show the difference
betw een a p la t e n and a © 2 0 . W h a t can ca 니se E a rth ’s
m ountain. Explain how y ᄋ니 fe a t 니res to change?
c ᄋ니 Id b 니ild a m odel to show the
difference.

14. Critical Thinking W hat m ig h t Perform ance Assessment

ca 니se a volcanic m ountain to XboK 3]~
fo rm q 니ickly?

15. How can erosion be ca 니sed by

The CJhanqinq ta rfh
a stream or a river?
new spaper
Rain Leads To Flooding
Tientvj cU^S
of
fa. le<i \o
s e v e re
o f th e c f^ d 뼤
0.-Z rr^ucV\ o-S G "卜
df- utater•
활 냐

► Research a recent natural event

th a t happened som ew here in th e
w o rld . It c o 니Id be an earthquake,
a flo o d , o r a vo lcan ic e ru p tio n .
16. Experim ent W ould clay or sand ► Find ᄋ니t w hen and w here th e event
be washed away m ore easily by o ca jrre cL W h a t caused the event
rain? Make a pred ictio n . How to take place? Did it change th e
could you te st y ᄋ니 r prediction? land? H ow d id it a ffe c t th e people,
o th e r living things, or b 니ildings in
17. True or False A ll m ountains are
th e area?
volcanoes. Is this sta te m e n t t r 니e
or false? Explain. ► W rite a short news re po rt presenting
th e in fo rm a tio n y ᄋ니 found.

-R ev iew Summaries and quizzes online at www.macmillanmh.com 223

Test Preparation
D Look at the diagram below. Q The m elted rock under Earth’s
crust is called
A lava.
B rocks.
C ash.
D magma.
DOK I

B Look at the diagram

showing Earth's layers.

The arrow points to which

landform?
A m ountain
B plateau
C penins 니la
D valley
DOK 1

□ Which of these is most likely

a slow process?
A a beach flo o d in g
B a volcano er 니 p tin g
C a rock w eathering
In which layer does an
D an e a rth q 니ake earthquake happen?
DOK I
A 1
Q W hich bodies of w ater cover
most of Earth’s surface? B 2
A oceans C 3
B lakes D 4
DOK 2
C rivers
D ponds
DOK I

223A
Q Which landform has steep sides P I Which feature of the ocean floor
with a flat top? is like a canyon?
A a penins 니la A seam ᄋ니 nt
B an island B abyssal plain
C a p la t e n C co n tin e n ta l slope
D a valley D tre n ch
DOK I DOK I

Q A scientist recorded the number of Use the p ic tu re b e lo w to answ er

earthquakes in the United States q ue stio ns 9-1 ᄋ.

for four years. She recorded this

information in a chart.

Earthquakes in the United States

Number of
Strength Earthquakes
great 0
m ajor 1
strong 2
m oderate 32
lig h t 245 n The land along this beach is
eroding. Name tw o possible
m inor 800
causes of the erosion shown here.
DOK I
Which inference can she make
Q2 Describe one way that this erosion
from this information?
could be slowed down.
A A m inor e a rth q 니ake is likely DOK 3
to happen som ew here in the
U nited States every year.
B A g rea t earthquake is likely
to happen som ew here in the
U nited States every year.
C A m o dera te e a rth q 니ake is not
likely to happen anyw here in the Check Your Understanding
U nited States. Question Review Question Review

D A lig h t e a rth q 니ake can never 1 pp. 194-195 6 pp. 194-195

happen in the United States. 2 pp. 214-215 7 pp. 13,204-205

DOK 2
3 pp. 192-193 8 pp. 196-197

4 p. 206 9 pp. 208,216-217

5 pp. 198,204-205 10 pp. 216,218

223B
What things used
by people come
from Earth?
 &J
靈

疆I
휸

광
i

4:%
I
© Big Id ea V ocabulary
mineral a solid, nonliving
substance fo u n d in
nature (p. 228)

rock a nonliving material

made o f one or m ore
minerals (p. 230)

soil a m ixtu re o f minerals,

w e a th e re d rocks, and
o th e r things (p. 24ᄋ)

natural resource a
m aterial on Earth th a t is
necessary or 니seful to
pe o p le (p. 244)

fuel a material th a t is
b 니rned fo r its energy
(p. 252)

groundw ater w a te r th a t
is held in rocks b e lo w the
g r ᄋ니 nd (p. 261)

V isit w w w .m a c m illa n m h .c o m fo r o n lin e resources.

This m ineral looks like gold, but don ’t be
fooled! It’s really pyrite, or “ fo o l’s gold.” H ow
can you tell fo o l’s gold from the real thing?
How do a mineral’s color
and mark compare?
Make a Prediction
Some m inerals leave a m ark behind w hen y o 니
m b them on a w h ite tile. Is the m ark le ft behind
always the same co lo r as the mineral?

Test Your Prediction minerals

0 Make a table like the one shown.

/Mineral C o lo r C o lo r L e f t l}eJnin<

w hite tile

O Observe Look at one mineral. Record

its co lo r in th e table.
O E xperim ent Rub the m ineral across
the tile. W h a t c o lo r is le ft behind?
Record th e co lo r in the table.
O Repeat steps 2 and 3 for each mineral.

Draw Conclusions
0 In t e r p r e t D a ta How did the colors and
marks o f the m inerals com pare?
0 I n f e r W hen m ig h t you use mineral
marks to help y ᄋ니 tell minerals apart?

Explore More
Experiment Are som e m inerals harder than
others? Make a plan to find ᄋ니t. Then try it.

EXPLOI
 Read and Learn What are minerals?
rk

M any com m on substances found on Earth

Essential Question
are m ade o f minerals (M IH .n u h .ru lz ). A m in e ra l
W hat makes rocks
different from one is a solid, nonliving substance found in nature.
another? Table salt, gold, and iron are minerals. The
graphite in your pencil is a mineral too.
^ Vocabulary
mineral, p.228 M inerals are the building blocks o f rocks.
rock, p. 230
They are found underground and in soil. They
are even in the ocean and on the ocean floor.
igneous rock, p.231
sediment, p.232 There are more than 3 ,000 different
sedim entary rock, p.232 kinds o f minerals. Each mineral has its own
m etam orphic rock, p. 233
properties. You can use the properties of
m inerals to tell them apart.
► Reading Skill O
Classify Color
It is easy to observe a m ineral’s color. M o st
m inerals are only one color. However, some,
like quartz, come in many colors. Som e, like
gold and pyrite, are the sam e color. You can
Technology not use color alone to identify a mineral.
e - G lo s s a ry , e -R e v ie w ,
an d a n im a tio n s o n lin e
a t w w w .m acm illan m h .co m
Minerals com e in m any colors.

turquoise

228
EXPLAIN
Streak
Streak is another property
used to identify minerals. Streak
is the color of the pow der left
when a m ineral is rubbed across
a white tile. A m ineral’s streak
may or m ay not be the sam e as
the m ineral’s color. ▲ Pyrite m ig ht look like
gold, but its streak is
Luster different. P yrite’s streak
Luster describes how light is greenish-black. G o ld ’s
streak is yellow.
bounces off a mineral. Some
minerals are shiny like metal.
Others are not. Luster is another
property used to identify a mineral

Hardness
The hardness of a mineral
describes how easily it can be
scratched. Som e m inerals, like talc ▲ Mica can have a pearly luster.

and gypsum , are soft. They can be

scratched with a fingernail. Other
minerals, like quartz, are much
harder. N o t even a steel file can
scratch quartz.

◎ Q uick C heck
Classify What are some
properties that help you ▲ D iam ond is th e hardest
identify a mineral? m ineral. No o th er m ineral
or o b je ct can scratch it.
Critical Thinking Is wood
a mineral? Explain your
answer.

229
EXPLAIN
What are rocks?
A rock is a nonliving m aterial m ade o f one or
m ore m inerals. There are hundreds o f different types
o f rocks. Som e rocks, like granite (G R A -n it), are m ade
o f several m inerals. Some rocks, like limestone, are
m ade m ostly o f one mineral. A rock ’s color gives
clues about the minerals that m ake it up.
R ocks are m ade o f mineral pieces called grains.
To a person who studies rocks, a rock’s texture
(T E K S *ch u r) is how its grains look. Some rocks have
large grains you can easily see. These rocks have a
coarse texture. Som e rocks have grains that are too
sm all to see. These rocks have a fine texture.
R ocks are classified by how they
form . There are three kinds of
rocks— igneous, sedimentary,
and m etam orphic.

Igneous Rock Formation ]

Read a Diagram

W here does granite form?

Clue: A c 니taw ay diagram can show
w h a t happens below the gr ᄋ니nd.

藤 Science in Motion w a tc h ig n e o u s
ro c k s fo rm a t www.macmillanmh.com
Igneous Rocks
An igneous ( IH O n e e • 니s) rock
form s when melted rock cools Classify Rocks
and hardens. Inside Earth, melted O Observe Use
rock called magma cools and a hand lens to
observe a
hardens very slowly. A rock
few igneous
with large mineral grains form s. rocks. W h a t
Granite is an exam ple. co lo r are they?
Are th e ir grains
M elted rock that flow s onto large or small?
Earth’s surface is called lava. Do th e y have a
coarse te x t 니re
Lava cools and hardens quickly. o r a fine texture?
A rock with sm all m ineral grains
◎ Classify Put th e rocks in to
form s. B asalt is an exam ple. g r ᄋ니 ps th a t are alike.

Q In fe r W h ich o f the rocks do

o Q uick C heck y o 니 th in k fo rm e d b e low E a rth ’s
s 니rface? W h ich fo rm e d above
Classify What kind of rock E a rth’s s 니 rface? Explain why.
is basalt?

Critical Thinking What is the

difference between a mineral
and a rock?

Basalt has a fine

textu re. It form s w hen
lava cools quickly
above E arth’s surface.

G ranite has a coarse

textu re. It form s w hen
m ag m a cools slowly
b en eath Earth’s surface.

231
EXPLAIN
What are sedimentary
and metamorphic rocks?
Som e rocks are form ed from
sediment (S E *d u h » m u n t). Sediment is
tiny bits of w eathered rock or once-
living anim als or plants. A sedimentary
▲ Shale is a sedim entary
(se *d u h *M E I\M ;u h .re e ) rock is a k in d o f
rock m ade up o f bits of
rock that form s from layers o f sediment. w eathered materials.
Sandstone, shale, and limestone are some
kinds o f sedim entary rocks.
Sedim entary rocks form where
w eathered and eroded m aterials are
dropped. This often happens at the bottom
o f rivers, lakes, and oceans. Over time,
sedim ent piles up. The top layers press
on layers below. They squeeze the water
and air from the lower layers and press
the sediment together. In time the Fossils are often found
sediment becomes cemented in the sedim entary rock
limestone. Lim estone can
together and form s rock.
form from the remains of
once-living things.

< Sandstone is sedim entary

rock th at forms from tiny
particles o f sand
 A third kind o f rock is m etam orphic
Metamorphic Rocks
( m e .tu h .M O R .fik ) rock. A m e ta m o rp h ic
ro c k is a rock that has been changed by
heating and squeezing.
Deep inside Earth, rocks heat up and
“ bake.” They also get squeezed by the
weight o f the rocks above them. All this
heating and squeezing can cause a rock ’s
minerals to change into new m inerals. A
Gneiss is a m eta m o rp h ic
new rock form s with properties that are
rock. It form s from granite.
different from the original rock.

◎ Q uick C heck
Classify What kinds of rocks are
limestone and gneiss?
별^ ^ ^ 놓^ ^ ^ ^ ^
*w
백^^^^^^^^향^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^v렬!^^^^^^^-산*"11獨
-위 사
剛^^^^빠*'*
C ritic a l T h in k in g What kinds
of rocks can change into ▲ Slate is a m eta m o rp h ic
metamorphic rocks? rock. It form s from shale.

▲ Phyllite is a m etam o rp h ic
rock. It form s from the
m eta m o rp h ic rock slate.
How do we use
minerals and rocks?
D id you write with a pencil today?
If so, you used the m ineral graphite.
Rubies and diam onds
D id you eat any food with salt? If so, you are gems.
ate the mineral halite. M any o f the things
we use every day come from minerals.
Telephone wires are m ade with the
m ineral copper. Som e baseball bats are
m ade with alum inum . Alum inum com es
from m inerals. In fact, m ost o f the m etals
we use com e from m inerals. M inerals
are even used to m ake glass, chalk, and
toothpaste.
G old, silver, and iron are minerals we
use for jewelry. Other m inerals, such as
diam onds, topazes, and rubies, are gems.
People value gem s for their beauty.
R ocks are used for building roads,
houses, and statues. Lim estone is used to
m ake cement. C oal is burned for heat.

Calcium, a mineral in
▲ M arble is a hard rock.
milk, helps to keep
It w eathers very slowly.
your bones strong.

Q uick C heck
Classify Is salt a gem?

Critical Thinking What minerals

have you used today?
 L Lesson Review
혈 ^^. 여^월/i

Visual Summary Think, Talk, and W rite

Properties such O V o c a b u la ry W h a t is a m ineral?
as color, hardness,
kjster, and streak
are 니sed to tell
0 C lassify How c ᄋ니 Id y ᄋ니 classify
granite, sandstone, basalt, and
minerals apart.
lim estone?

Igne ᄋ니s, sedim entary,

and m e ta m o rp h ic
rocks fo rm in
d iffe re n t ways.

O C ritic a l T h in k in g Explain th e
People use rocks
and minerals fo r re lationship betw een rocks
m any things. and minerals.

o T e s t Prep W hich of the following

is a sedim entary rock?
훼생의별텔별뺄훼혈델^텔
A sandstone
Make a b basalt
Study Guide c d iam on d
Make a th re e -ta b D g ranite
book. Use it to
s 니mmarize w hat
you learned a b o u t O Essential Question W h a t makes
minerals and rocks. rocks d iffe re n t fro m one another?

Writing Link A rt Link

W rite a Poem Make Rock Art

W rite a poem a b ᄋ니t an igne ᄋ니s, Find so m eth in g y ᄋ니 can decora te
sedim entary, or m e ta m o rp h ic w ith rocks, s 니ch as a box. C ollect
rock. Tell how the rock fo rm e d or sm all rocks o f d iffe re n t colors and
describe how it looks. Be s 니re to sizes. Glue th e rocks to y ᄋ니 r box.
include a title.

-R e v ie w S u m m a rie s a nd q u iz z e s o n lin e a t www.macmillanmh.com 235

EVALUATE
W riting in Science

Marble Memorials
The L in c o ln M e m o ria l a n d th e Descriptive Writing
J e ffe rs o n M e m o ria l h o n o r p a s t U.S.
A good description
p re s id e n ts . These t w o m a rb le b u ild in g s
卜 uses details to create a
are in W a s h in g to n , D.C. Each has a
picture for the reader;
s ta tu e o f a p re s id e n t in sid e it.
► includes words that
The l_inc 이 n M e m o ria l has th e sh ap e compare, such as both,
like, and too;
o f a re c ta n g le . It has w h ite c o lu m n s .
The J e ffe rs o n M e m o ria l has c o lu m n s includes words that
contrast, such as but
to o , b 니t it is ro u n d .
and unlike.

Lincoln Memorial Jefferson Memorial

*
W rite A bout It
D e s c rip tiv e W ritin g C h o o se tw o o b je c ts m a d e
fro m ro ck. W rite a p a ra g ra p h th a t d e s c rib e s an d
c o m p a re s th e m .

-Journal W rite a b o u t it online a t www.macmillanmh.com

236
EXTEND
H ath in Science y

Finding Fractions
This ta b le s h o w s th e d iffe r e n t
ro cks in a ro c k c o lle c tio n .
To find a fraction, use the
total number of rocks as the
My Rock Collection denominator. Use the num ber
of rocks for a particular kind
Igneous Sedimentary Metamorphic of rock as the numerator.

2 b a sa lt 1 c o q 니in a : 1 s c h is t Example: W h at fraction of

igneous rocks in the
3 g ra n ite 2 s a n d s to n e 1 slate collection are granite?

3 선— granite rocks
5 number of igneous rocks

Example: W h at fraction of
rocks in the collection are
m etamorphic?
째~
-3—m etam orphic rocks

granite 10 total number of rocks

警 ^ 와 coquina

…세 w sandstone

Solve It
W h a t f r a c t io n o f ro c k s in th e c o lle c t io n a re ig n e o u s
rocks? W h a t f r a c t io n o f s e d im e n t a r y r o c k s in t h e
c o lle c t io n are s a n d s to n e ?

237
EXTEND
Plants, anim als, and people conic
w ithout soil. W hat is in soil? Wh
im portant to m any living things?
Explore
What makes up soil? Materials
Purpose
Find ᄋ니t w h a t soil is made of.

Procedure plastic spoon

O Use a spoon to spread the soil on
the plate.

paper plate

O Observe Use the hand lens to

observe the soil. Is soil made o f small hand lens
bits o f material? W hat are the shape
and co lo r o f these small particles? Wash
y ᄋ니r hands. Record w hat y ᄋ니 see.
Q Communicate Talk w ith others
a b ᄋ니t w h a t the tin y bits in soil may be.

Draw Conclusions
O Infer W h a t kinds of things make 니p
this soil?

Explore More
Experiment Is all soil the same? Make a
plan to find ᄋ니 t. Then try y ᄋ니 r plan.
1:

管
1
r^a.k
is
r ;

:-
-

'-
. i
 What is soil?
Soilis a m ixture of m inerals, weathered
Essential Question
rocks, and other things. It has bits o f decayed
How does soil affect
living things?
p lants a n d an im a ls called hu m u s (HYEW*nnus).
H um us looks dark. It adds nutrients to soil.
Vocabulary
Plants then use these nutrients. H um us w orks
soil, p.240
like a sponge to soak up rainw ater and keep
humus, p.240
the soil m oist. Water, air, and living things are
natural resource, p.244
also found in soil.
^ Reading Skill O Living Things in Soil
P ro b le m a n d S o lu tio n
If you dig aw ay a chunk o f soil, you might
find roots. A plan t’s roots take in w ater and
m inerals from the soil. They also hold the
soil in place and help slow erosion.
You might also find anim als living in soil.
Anim als such as ants, earthw orm s, and moles
break up soil. Their burrow s help air and
w ater get into the soil.
> Technology
e - G lo s s a ry and e -R e v ie w o n lin e
a t w w w .m acm illan m h .co m Ants and earthw orm s are just a few
of the organisms th at live in s o il.T
How Soil Forms The Layers of Soil
The m aking o f soil starts with
weathering. W eathering causes
rocks to break dow n into sm aller
and sm aller pieces. The tiny bits of
w e ath e red r o c k build into layers.
Living things die and decay in the
weathered m aterial and become
humus. Over time, layers o f soil
form . The top layer is called topsoil.
Topsoil is dark and has the m ost
humus and m inerals. Below the
topsoil is subsoil. This layer is lighter
in color and has less humus. Below
the subsoil is bedrock, or solid rock.
Soil takes a long time to form — up
to 1,000 years for just 1 centimeter!
That is why people try to prevent
soil erosion. They
a 가V
add minerals
^ and
humus to soil to keep it healthy.

Read a Diagram

W hich layer of soil is found

between topsoil and bedrock?
Clue: Labels give inform ation.

Q Q uick C heck
Problem and Solution What
do people do to try to solve the
problem of Keeping soil healthy? Each layer of soil has
a d iffe re n t am o un t of
Critical Thinking How is soil rock and humus.
a habitat?

EXPLAIN
 H o w are so ils d ifferen t?
Different soils are found in different places. They
are m ade of different rocks and minerals. They have
different am ounts o f hum us in them too. Some soils
have thick layers o f topsoil. These soils are rich in
hum us. They are good for growing plants. Some soils
have thin layers of topsoil. These soils have little
hum us. They are not as good for grow ing plants.

Soil Color
Like rocks, soils differ in color and texture.
A soil’s color depends on w hat is in it. Soil rich in
hum us looks dark brow n or black. Soil with a lot
o f calcite (KAL»site) in it looks lighter in color. Soil
with hematite ( H E E .m u h .tite ) in it looks red. T hat is
because hematite contains iron.

242
EXPLAIN
Soil Texture Quick Lab
Soil texture describes how
big the pieces, or grains, o f soil Classify Soils
are. Sandy soil has a lot of sm all O Observe Look at th e sandy soil
grains called sand. Silty soil has and clay soil in plastic bags.
How are they alike? How are
grains sm aller than sand called
th e y different?
silt. Clay soil has the sm allest
Q Observe Use a hand lens to
grains called clay. Loam is soil look closely at each_soil.
made from a m ixture of sand, W h ich soil has
silt, and clay. larger grains?

e Classify
Soil texture affects how much W h ich soil is
water soil can hold. Clay soil sandy soil?
holds a lot o f water. Sandy soil W h ich is
clay soil?
holds very little water. M any How do
plants grow best in loam . It is y ᄋ니 know?
neither too wet nor too dry.

clay soil sandy soil loam

표
◎ Q uick Check
Problem and Solution What if plants could not
grow well in your neighborhood? What might be
the problem? How might you solve it?

Critical Thinking A cactus plant grows best in

dry soil. Which soil would be best for a cactus?

243
EXPLAIN
W h y is so il im p o rta n t?
Soil is a natural resource (NA«chu*rul
REE*sors). A n a tu ra l re s o u rc e is a m ate rial on
Earth that is necessary or useful to people.
W ithout soil, m ost plants could not grow.
People and anim als w ould not have food to
eat. There w ould be no cotton to m ake clothes.
There w ould be no w ood to build houses or
burn for heat. There w ould be fewer medicines.
It is im portant to keep soil healthy. It is also
im portant to prevent soil erosion. We can farm
in w ays to help keep soil from eroding. We can
help soil stay healthy by keeping it clean. We
The bark and leaves
can put nutrients into the soil for plants to use. of the w illow tree
w ere once used to
Q Q uick C heck m ake aspirin.

Problem and Solution How can people

keep soil healthy and prevent soil erosion?

Critical Thinking Are rocks and minerals

natural resources? Why or why not?

Contour farm ing helps

prevent soil erosion.
 Lesson Review
w

Visual Summary Think, Talk, and W rite

Soil is made up of O V o c a b u la ry W h a t is h 니 m 니s?
weathered rocks,
minerals, and once- P ro b le m an d S o lu tio n W h a t
living things. problem s m ig h t ᄋc a 」r if we
do not p ro te c t soil?

Problem
Soils are different
in color and te x t 니re.
They also hold
Steps to Solution
d iffe re n t a m ᄋ니nts
o f water.
Solution
Soil is a n a t 니ral
res ᄋ니rce. Soil is
im portant to many
living things. a C ritic a l T h in k in g Can soil fo rm
below Earth’s s 니rface? Explain
y o 니「 answer.

Make a I o T e s t P rep Which helps soil

Study Guide ■ I Soils are hold water?
S+l
Make a trifo ld A humus
book. Use it to B air
s 니mmarize w hat c b e d ro ck
you learned d animals
a b ᄋ니t soil. 1 ------------ 머

O Essential Q u e s tio n How does soil

a ffe ct living things?

Hath Link Health Link

Solve a Problem Medicines from Plants

Suppose it takes 1,000 years for Research a m edicine th a t people
1 cm o f soil to form. How long g e t fro m plants. If possible, find o u t
w ᄋ니Id it take 5 cm o f soil to form? w h a t kind o f soil the plant grows
best in. Share y ᄋ니 r fin d in g s w ith
the class.

■Review S니m m aries and q 니izzes online a t www.macmillanmh.com 245

EVALUATE
Focus on Skills
Inquiry Skill: Use Variables
Soils d if fe r fr o m pla ce to place. T hey
c o n ta in d iffe r e n t a m o u n ts o f h 니m 니s and
are m a d e 니다 o f d iffe r e n t kind s o f rocks.
D o all soils h o ld th e sa m e a m o u n t o f
w a te r? To a n s w e r th is q u e s tio n , y ᄋ니
can use variab les to te s t h o w w a te r
m o ve s th r o u g h d iffe r e n t soils.

卜Learn It
W h e n y ᄋ니 use variables, y ᄋ니 id e n tify th in g s
in an e x p e rim e n t th a t can be c h a n g e d. Soil ty p e is
a variable, fo r exam ple. The a m ᄋ니 nt o f soil y ᄋ니 use
in an e x p e rim e n t is also a variable. It is im p o rta n t th a t
y ᄋ니 c h a n g e o n ly one va ria ble at a tim e w h e n y ᄋ니 e x p e rim e n t. You
sh o u ld keep
all o th e r variables th e same. T h a t w a y y ᄋ니 can tell w h a t c a 니sed th e res 니 Its.

► Try It
Yo 니 will use variables to answ er this q 니estion: Does sandy soil or p o ttin g
soil h old m o re w ater?

^ pencil, 4 disposable cups, potting soil, measuring cup, water, sandy

soil, watch or clock

O Use a pencil p o in t to p o ke th re e tin y holes in th e b o t t o m o f a c 니 p.

O P 니t 2 5 0 m illilite rs o f p o t t in g soil in to th e a jp . Pack th e soil firmly.
O Fill a m e a s 니 ring c 니 p w ith 100 m L o f water.

2나6
EXTEND
 Skill Builder

Hold th e c u p o f p o ttin g soil ove r

an e m p ty c u p w it h ᄋ니t holes.
S lo w ly p ᄋ니 r th e w a te r ove r th e
soil. W a it fo r t w o m in 니tes. W rite
y o u r o b s e rv a tio n s in a ta b le like
th e one shown.

0P ᄋ니 r th e w a te r th a t drained ᄋ니 t
in to th e m e a s 니ring cup. Record
th e v 이 니 me in y ᄋ 니 r table.

O Repeat steps 1-5 using sa n d y soil

in place o f p o tt in g soil. R ecord
th e res 니 Its.

o W h ic h soil held m o re w ater?

H o w d id c h a n g in g the va ria ble
c h a n g e th e res 니 Its?

Vanabl tA y O b s e r v a tio n s ' Vo\i T h a t D ra in e d

► A pply It
N o w use v a ria b le s to e x p e rim e n t m ore. C h o o se o n e
o f th e fo llo w in g variables to test. List th e v a ria b le in a
ta b le and re co rd th e res 니Its o f y ᄋ니 r e x p e rim e n t. Did
c h a n g in g th e va ria b le change th e results? If so, ho w ?

• Do n o t p a ck th e p o ttin g soil firm ly.

• Mix clay in to th e sa n d y soil.
• Mix larger rocks in to the p o tt in g soil.
• Poke larger holes in the cups.
 look and wonaeri
This w inged ant w as trapped in am ber
m illions o f years ago. N o w it is a fossil. It
looks exactly as it did when it w as alive.
H o w do you think this fossil form ed?

2 나8
EXPLAIN
 Purpose
Find ᄋ니t how some living things o f the past
became fossils.
plastic spoon
Procedure
O M a k e a M o d e l Hold a spoon over a paper
towel. Sq 니eeze a small a m o u n t o f gkje on to
the spoon. Let the gkje set fo r ten m in 니tes.
This models sticky tree resin.
O M a k e a M o d e l Place a thin apple slice on
to p o f the g l 니e. This models an organism paper towel
tra p p e d in tree resin. Slowly add m ore glue
until the apple slice is co m p le te ly covered.
O U s e V a r ia b le s Put the spoon on a paper
towel. Place another apple slice next to
the spoon. glue 2 apple
slices
O O b s e r v e Look at the apple slices
th r ᄋ니g h ᄋ니t the day. Record any changes
y ᄋ니 observe.

Draw Conclusions
0 In t e r p r e t D a ta Compare the two apple
slices. W h a t differences do y ᄋ니 notice?
O I n f e r W h a t ca 니sed any differences
y ᄋ니 observed?
^ I n f e r How do some fossils form?

■ More
E x p e r i m e n t Could an organism
become a fossil in ice?
Make a plan to find ᄋ니t.

249
E X P L A IN
 fuel, p. 252

resource, p. 253 How are fossils form ed?

solar energy, p. 254
A fossil (F A H .s u l) is the trace, or rem ains, of
^ Reading Skill O som ething that lived long ago. Shells, bones,
D ra w C o n c lu s io n s skin, leaves, and footprints can become fossils.
Text Clues C onclusions
Imprints
Som etim es living things leave m arks, or
imprints, in m aterials like m ud. In time the
p Technology m aterials can harden into rock. The imprints
e - G lo s s a ry and e -R e v ie w on line are saved in the rock.
a t w w w .m acm illan m h .co m
Actual Organisms and Stony Fossils
Some fossils are actual organism s trapped in
amber, tar, or ice. Others look like actual plant
or anim al remains but are not. They are only
stony fossils in sedimentary rock.

< This im print o f a dinosaur’s

fo o t was left in mud. The
m ud turned to solid rock.

People did not live when dinosa 니rs did.

250
EXPLAIN
 Som etim es, sediment buries Quick Lab
an organism that has died. The
organism becomes a fossil as the Model Imprints
sediment turns into rock. Slowly, O Break a small chunk o f clay into
water with m inerals seeps into tw o pieces. Roll each piece to
fo rm a ball.
the hard parts o f the organism .
M inerals replace the hard parts 안 Make a Model Take one clay
ball. Press the fro n t o f y ᄋ니 r
of the organism . W hat is left is t h 니m b into it. Take th e o th e r
a stony fossil. clay ball. Press th e back o f yo u r
t h 니m b into it.
Molds and Casts
Shells leave fossils called m olds.
A mold is an empty space in rock
where som ething once w as. A
m old form s after a shell is buried
in sand or m ud. As water seeps in,
it breaks dow n the shell. A shell­
shaped space is left. M inerals can
<0 Com m unicate Sw itch clay balls
seep into this space and harden. w ith someone. How are the
They can form a copy of the im p rin ts sim ilar to y ᄋ니 rs? How
m old’s shape called a cast. are they diffe re n t?

<0 Infer W h a t can we learn by

◎ Q uick C heck c o m p a rin g fossil im prints?

Draw Conclusions What can

we learn from fossils?

Critical Thinking What would

be more likely to form a
fossil-a worm or a shell? Why?

The fossil on th e right

is th e mold. The fossil
on the left is th e cast.

251
EXPLAIN
What are fossil fuels?
The energy to heat homes and run
cars and airplanes comes from fuels.
A fu e l is a m aterial that is burned
for its energy. C oal, oil, and natural
gas are fossil fuels. A fossil fuel is a
fuel that form s from the rem ains of
ancient plants and anim als. Fossil
fuels can be used to make electricity.
Oil is a fossil fuel found in rocks
deep below E arth ’s surface. People use
huge drills to dig deep underground
for oil. Pum ps are used to bring oil
to the surface.

① Millions o f years ago, ② Layers o f decayed plants

swam ps covered large parts form ed a fuel called peat.
o f E arth’s land. Over tim e, Then the peat was buried
th e sw am p plants died. under sedim ent.

252
EXPLAIN
 Fossil fuels are natural resources. Plants,
anim als, water, and air are too. Plants, anim als,
water, and air can be replaced. N ew plants are
grown. N ew anim als are born or hatched. R ain
and snow bring m ore water. Plants put oxygen
back into the air. Plants, anim als, water, and air are
renewable resources (re e » N E W *u h » b u l REE»sors«es).
A re n e w a b le re s o u rc e is a resource that can be
replaced or used again and again.
Fossil fuels, however, are nonrenew able
(n a h n * re e * N E W * u h -b u l). A n o n r e n e w a b le re s o u rc e is
a resource that can not be replaced or reused easily.
Fossil fuels take m illions o f years to form . A fter they
are used up, they are gone forever.

Read a Diagram ᄉ

W hich fuel forms before coal forms?

Clue: Captions give information.

■ 병 ^ ^ ^
◎ Q u ick C heck
Draw Conclusions Why should
we be careful not to use up
fossil fuels?

Critical Thinking What are

other nonrenewable resources?
③ The sedim ent turned into
sedim entary rock. Slowly
the peat changed into the
sedim entary rock coal.

253
EXPLAIN
W h a t are so m e o th er
so u rce s o f e n e rg y ?
Fossil fuels are just one source o f energy. A
source is where something com es from . Fossil
fuels are nonrenewable. They can be used up.
For this reason, we need to use renewable
sources o f energy.
Solar energy is a renewable
source o f energy. S o la r e n e rg y is
energy from the Sun. M oving w ater
and wind are also renewable sources
o f energy. Underground heat is too. Solar ▲ som eday you m ight
energy, m oving water, wind, and underground drive a car pow ered
heat can all be used to m ake electricity. by solar energy'

o Q uick C heck
Draw Conclusions Why are the Sun, wind, and
moving water good sources of energy to use?

Critical Thinking Where might be some good

places to use wind for making electricity?
 Visual Summary Think, Talk, and W rite
There are different O V o c a b u la ry W h a t is a fossil?
kinds of fossils. Give tw o examples.

麵
Each form s in a
d iffe re n t way.
a D ra w C o nclusions Is it possible
to use up fossil fuels? Explain.

Fossil fuels are Text Clues C onclusions

nonrenewable

J h so 니rces of energy.

a뿐^^^ 누

The S니n, wind, and O C ritic a l T h in k in g How d o y ᄋ니

니se fossil fuels?
' * xM JL m oving w ater are
some renewable
而 C_ o T e s t P rep W hich one of the
following is a nonrenewable
resource for energy?
A w ater
Make a t j 孤
BE

b air
Study Guide c plants
Make a trifo ld d coal
book. Use it to
s 니mmarize w h a t
you learned a b ᄋ니t 0 Essential Q u e s tio n How are fossils
fossils and fuels. and energy related?

Hath Link Social Studies Link

W rite a Number Sentence Your State Fossil

Ultrasaur 니s was a b o u t 30 meters Do research a b o u t y ᄋ니 r state fossil.
long. Triceratops was a b ᄋ니t Tell how the fossil fo rm e d . W h a t
8 m long. How m 니ch longer was was the organism like? W rite this
Ultrasa 니h j s than Triceratops? W rite in fo rm a tio n in a report.
the num ber sentence th a t shows
how y ᄋ니 solved the problem.

—Review Sum m aries and quizzes on lin e a t www.macmillanmh.com 255

EVALU ATE
 P e o p le use a lo t o f energy. W e nee d it to p o w e r
o u r cars, to h e a t ᄋ니r hom es, a nd to r 니n m a n y o f
th e m a c h in e s w e use each day. The e n e rg y sources
w e use m o s t —coal and o il—are n o n re n e w a b le
res ᄋ니rces. T he y w ill be used up o n e d a y a n d w ill be
g o n e fo rever. O th e r e n e rg y so u rce s are ren ew a ble .
T he tim e line s h o w s h o w p e o p le have d e v e lo p e d
re n e w a b le so u rce s o f energy.

Hydropower Energy
The first plant in the U.S. W ind Energy Wind
opened in Wisconsin. turbines were invented
River current was 니sed in Denmark. They used
to turn a turbine to the energy of the wind
produce electricity. to produce electricity.

Geothermal Energy Heat

energy from geysers was
used in Italy. Steam from
this hot water that shoots
니다 from the ground was

used to turn turbines to

produce electricity.
 History of Science

R e n e w a b le e n e rg y sources can Draw C o n c lu sio n ^

be re p la c e d in a s h o r t tim e . The When you draw
re n e w a b le e n e rg y s o 니rces 니sed m ost conclusions,
► you explain the answer
o fte n are h y d r o p o w e r (w a te r), w in d ,
to a question;
g e o th e rm a l, solar, a n d biom ass. No ► you use w hat you
m a tte r w h a t e n e rg y so u rc e y o u 니se, already know;
it is im p o r t a n t to c o n s e rv e energy. ► you look for clues in
the article.

W rite A bout It
D raw C onclusions W h y is it i m p o r t a n t f o r p e o p le
to 니 se r e n e w a b le e n e r g y s ᄋ 니 rces? Use w h a t y ᄋ니
a lre a d y k n o w a n d w h a t y ᄋ니 read in th e a r tic le t o
a c o n c lu s io n .

-Journal W rite a b o u t it online

at www.macmillanmh.com

Biomass Energy This

energy sᄋ니「ce was
first used in California.
Materials such as dead
trees, leftover crops,
and animal waste were
Solar Energy Russell burned to produce
ᄋ hi invented a solar heat, steam, and
cell. It used light from electricity.
the S니n to produce
electricity.
 i：

Lesson

Water is an im portant natural resource.

■
M oving w ater from the N iagara River is
used to m ake electricity. H ow can people
use w ater wisely and keep it clean?
Explore Inquiry A ctivity

How is Earth’s water Materials

made clean?
Purpose
Find ᄋ니t how Earth’s w ater can be
made clean. funnel large, clear
plastic cup
Procedure
O Make a Model
Place a f 니nnel inside a
large, clear plastic cup.
Use a spoon to fill the spoon and coarse sand
funnel w ith gravel half gravel
way. Then fill the rest of
the funnel w ith coarse
sand. W h a t do you think
these layers model?
O Observe Mix a little soil and some small, clear soil and
cnjshed leaves into a small, clear c 니p of plastic cup crushed
water. Draw w h a t y ᄋ니 see. of w ater leaves

6 Observe Slowly pour the water, soil,

and leaves into the f 니nnel. Draw w h a t
y ᄋ니 see in the c 니p 니nder the funnel.

Draw Conclusions
o How did the w ater in step 3 compare
with the w ater in step 2?
0 How can Earth’s water be made clean?

More
Experiment Can fo o d coloring be removed
from w ater this way? Repeat to find ᄋ니t.

EXPLORE
Essential Question
How do we use air
and water?

V ocabulary
groundwater, p. 261
pollution, p. 264
conserve, p. 266

Reading Skill ©
Fact and Opinion

Fact O p inion

How do we use air and water?

Air is an im portant resource. Air surrounds
Technology Earth. M oving air brings clouds from which
e - G lo s s a ry and e -R e v ie w online
rain or snow falls. M oving air is used to help
a t w w w .m acm illan m h .co m
m ake electricity. People need the oxygen in air
to breathe.
Water is another im portant resource. People
use water for farm ing, cooking, drinking, and
traveling. Factories use water to m ake things.
People swim, fish, and play in water too.
Air and water are renewable resources. The
oxygen in air is replaced by plants when they
m ake food. The w ater we use is replaced when
rain or snow falls from clouds.
 Freshwater Sources
M ost of E arth’s water is in the
salty oceans. People can not use it
to drink. They m ust drink freshwater,
or water that is not salty. Freshw ater
is found in rivers, ponds, stream s,
and m ost lakes. It is also found
underground. Water that is held in
rocks below the ground is
called groundwater.
Glaciers, icebergs, and sea ice
are other exam ples o f freshwater.
However, this w ater is frozen. It
w ould not be easy to change this
frozen w ater to liquid water. Only
a sm all part of freshwater is usable.
Freshw ater is a limited resource.

W a te r seeps into the ground.

It collects in the spaces of
underground rocks. ►

O Q u ick C heck
Fact and Opinion A ir is a n im p o r ta n t
re s o u rc e . How is this a fact?

Critical Thinking What if it never

rained or snowed again? What would
happen to Earth’s freshwater?

------------- iiiih■
▲ Glen Canyon Dam in Arizona
form s a reservoir. How do people get water?
N o t everyone lives near freshwater.
H ow can people move water to
where they need it?

Aqueducts and Reservoirs

In some places pipes or ditches,
c a lle d aqueducts (A H * k w u h * d u k ts ),
carry water to where it is needed.
In other places, people build a wall,
called a dam, across a river. The
w ater behind the dam gathers in
a kind of lake, called a reservoir
(R E H *z 니h«vwor). The reservoir stores
w ater for people to use.

Wells
To reach groundwater, people dig
wells, or deep holes. Water fills the
well. It is pum ped up from the well
▲ W ells bring up w ater that when it is needed.
soaks d eep into the ground.

262
EXPLAIN
 Treating Water
In m any cities and tow ns, w ater is m ade safe for
people to drink. This happens at a water treatment
plant. First, w ater sits still in a tank. H eavy things in
w ater fall to the bottom o f the tank. Water is then
m oved through layers of gravel and sand. These layers
trap m ud and other tiny things. Chem icals can be
added to kill any harm ful living things in the water.
The clean w ater is then piped to people.

◎ Q uick C heck
Fact and Opinion Do you think adding chemicals
to water is a good idea? Why or why not?

Critical Thinking What things in nature act as

settling tanks and filtering tanks?

W ater Treatment Plant

O W a te r enters the plant. Large

objects are strained. W a te r is
sent to the settling tank.
filterin g tank

yuu

settling tank

o W a te r passes throu gh layers

o f sand and gravel. Chem icals
m ig h t be a d d e d . Clean w ater
is then p ip ed to homes.

263
EXPLAIN
What can happen to air
and water resources?
Air and w ater can be polluted. Water can be
used up. Then these resources can not be used.

Pollution
is w hat happens
P o llu tio n (puh«LEW «shun)
when harm ful things get into water, air, and
land. Pollution can m ake living things sick.
Pollution happens naturally. Volcanoes and
wildfires pollute air with dust, gases, and ash.
Eroded soil can w ash into w ater and pollute it.
People cause pollution too. When people ▲ Oil can harm living
things. This duck is
burn fossil fuels, they pollute the air. Trash, oil,
covered w ith oil that
and fertilizers (FU R «tuh *li*zurz) can pollute the spilled into the ocean.
land and water. People use fertilizers
to help plants grow. When fertilizers
so ak into the ground, they can
pollute groundwater. The smoke from a w ildfire
pollutes the air. ▼
Using Up Resources
Suppose that you turned on the
faucet and no w ater came out. It Record Water Use
could happen. People might use up ( 0 Communicate Make a table like
water if they w aste it. the one shown. Record each
a ctivity in which you 니se water.
People w aste w ater when they
allow leaky faucets to drip. People A c t iv it ie s V Ja fe tr U se
waste w ater when they take long
showers. Running a dishwasher
that is not full also w astes water. 뇌싸거 ^ '
축 셔 기 하 J
그^ ᅳ ^ 、

Can you think o f other w ays that

^ Use Numbers Use th e ta b le
people w aste water? below to see how m uch w a te r
each a c tiv ity 니ses. Record th e
a m ᄋ니 nts in your table.
◎ Q uick C heck
Fact and Opinion Why do you Ways People Use W a te r
think it is important to take care
Activity Normal Daily Use
of resources?

Critical Thinking What can s h o w e rin g 95 L

you do to help take care

of water? ta k in g a b a th 150 L

b ru s h in g te e th 18 L

w a s h in g hands 8 L

m n n in g a d is h w a s h e r 60 L
► A leaky faucet
wastes abo ut 56
w a s h in g c lo th e s 220 L
liters (15 gallons)
of w ater a day.

단 Use Numbers How m 니ch w a te r

do y ᄋ니 니se each day? Do y ᄋ니
니se a lot o f water? How c o 니 Id

you 니se less water?

265
EXPLAIN
 How You Can Help
W hat You Can Do

ride a bike instead of using a car conserves fossil fuels

turn down the heat and wear a sweater
turn off lights when leaving a room Read a Table

take a quick shower instead of a bath conserves water

W hat can you do to
conserve water?
turn off water as you brush your teeth
Clue: Find "conserves
plant trees and other plants conserves soil w a te r” in the column
"How It Helps.” Then
helps put oxygen
look to the left.
back into the air

• dispose of chemicals and trash properly • protects land and water

How can you

conserve resources?
Everyone can m ake resources last
longer if they conserve (ku n *S U R V ). To
conserve m eans to use resources wisely.

You do not have to be a scientist

to conserve resources. You do not
even have to be an adult. There are
m any things you can do to use fewer
resources. There are things you can do
to help protect air, land, and water.

o Q uick C heck
Fact and Opinion Name two facts to
explain why we should plant trees. A tre e ’s roots hold soil
in place. This helps to
Critical Thinking How could you use conserve soil.
less paper and conserve trees?

266
EXPLAIN
 Visual Summary Think, Talk, and W rite
People use air and O V o c a b u la ry W h a t is p o ll 니tion?
w ater for many
things. Air and
O F a c t a n d O p in io n W h y do y ᄋ니 th in k
w ater are im p o rta n t
people sh ᄋ니 Id conserve w ater?
renewable resources.
m
Fact O p in io n
Freshwater is
■"뼈 선l moved to where
people need it.
二 /
C ritic a l T h in k in g Is gr ᄋ 니 n d w a te r
a renewable res ᄋ니 rce? Explain
瞻 People sometim es y ᄋ니「 answer.
鎭 棟 생 '^ p o ll 니te air and water.
People can conserve
됐 램 ^^행 n 변 resources. CJ T e s t Prep All of the following are
sources of freshwater except
A rivers.
B oceans,
Make a c streams.
Study Guide D g r ᄋ니 ndwater.
Make a th re e -ta b
book. Use it to
O E s s e n tia l Question How d o we 니se
s 니mmarize w h a t
air and water?
you learned a b ᄋ니t
air and w ater
res ᄋ니「ces.

Hath Link Social Studies

Solve a Problem Make a Poster

How m 니ch garbage does y o 니r fam ily Do research to learn a b ᄋ니t Earth’s
th ro w away in one week? Each day, freshwater. On a poster list the places
weigh y ᄋ니 r fa m ily ’s garbage. Use the where fre sh w a te r is found. For each
weekly total to determ ine the totals so 니rce, in cl 니de a draw in g or p ic t 니re
for one m o nth and fo r one year. fro m a magazine.

—Review Sum m aries and quizzes on lin e a t www.m acmillanmh.com 267

EVALU ATE
Be a Scientist WM
M aterials ^ ^ M s tru c tu re d Inquiry

■h i B S B 할 헬B iM BWI —
每 德 魅 綠 짰 漏Form
令 표'、
What things pollute the air?
a Hypothesis
? • ] JIiWzWznnTTi
W h a t things are carried in air? Are the same things
f ᄋ니 nd in air everywhere? Record y ᄋ니 r hypothesis. W rite
3 sheets of white yo u r answer in the form “ If I hang w h ite papers covered
paper w ith p e tro le 니m jelly in several locations, then..."

Test Your Hypothesis

O Use Variables Choose d iffe re n t locations to hang
three sheets o f w hite paper. Some examples are
craft stick near a heating or cooling vent, near grass or
trees, and near a sidewalk. W rite y ᄋ니r
name and a location on the
b o tto m o f each paper.
( 0 Dip a craft stick into
p e tro le 니m jelly. Use the
stick to smear a thin
petroleum jelly
coat o f jelly on a large
area o f each w hite paper.
Get an adult to help
y o 니 attach the strings
to the papers and hang
3 pieces of string the papers in different
locations. Leave the
papers for a few h ᄋ니 rs.
UJV、
cdᅵ
\s \r\ \ h e a ir ?
O C o m m u n i c a t e Make
a table title d "W h a t is near 久 tree
in the air?” On it, record
each location. n e a f ck
hand lens heoch'n^ vervf"
0 O b s e r v e Use a hand
lens to observe each near o、
paper. Record y ᄋ니r 5iJetUA\k
observations in the table.

268
EXTEND
 Inquiry Investigation

Draw Conclusions
0 In terp ret Data W hat kinds o f things pollute
the air? W h a t differences, if any, were there
am ong the things f ᄋ니nd on the papers?
O Infer Might any o f the things carried in air
make some people sick? W hich ones?

Guided Inquiry Open Inquiry

W h a t o th e r q 니estions d o y ᄋ니
What is in water? have a b o u t air p o lk jtio n or w a te r
Form a Hypothesis pollution? Share y ᄋ니 r q 니estions w ith
o th e r classmates. How m ig h t y ᄋ니 find
W hat kinds of things are fo 니nd in water? the answers to y ᄋ니 r q 니estions?
Are the same things f ᄋ니nd in d iffe re n t
s ᄋ니rces o f water? W rite a hypothesis. 鞭 ^ ^ ^ ^
Test Your Hypothesis
Design a plan to test y ᄋ니r hypothesis.
Use the materials shown. W rite the
steps you plan to follow.

gloves
clear plastic jars
with lids
hand lens

Draw Conclusions
Did y ᄋ니 r res 니Its s 니p p o rt y o 니r
hypothesis? W h y or w h y not? Share
y ᄋ니r res 니Its w ith y ᄋ니 r classmates.

269
EXTEND
CHAPTER 6 Review f DOK I

Fill each blank w ith the best term from

V isu al S u m m a ry th e list.
Lesson 1 Rocks are conserve, p.266 metamorphic rock,
made of minerals. p. 233
Rocks are classified as
igneous, sedimentary, fossils, p. 250 minerals, p.228
or m etam orphic.
groundwater, natural resource,
Lesson 2 Soil is p. 261 p. 244
m ade up o f weathered
humus, p.240 S O il, p. 240
rocks, minerals, and
once-living things. igneous rock, solar energy,
Many living things p. 231 p. 254
need soil to s 니rvive.
Lesson 3 Fossil f 니els
1. A rock th a t is changed by heating
com e from living
and sq 니eezing is a \^0C-
things of long ago.
They are nonrenewable 2. Imprints and stony models are
sᄋ니 rces of energy. types of
Lesson 4 It is

crra
3. Rocks are made up o f one or
im p o rta n t to use m ore .
Earth’s air and w ater
res ᄋ니「ces wisely. 4 . Energy fro m the Sun is
called (八[\\\ 시

Make a i 5. Soil is an example o f a

S tudy Guide 6. One scujrce o f freshwater

Glue yo u r lesson s t 니dy guides to a is
piece o f paper as shown. Use your
s t 니d y g 니ide to review w hat y ᄋ니 have
7. To 니se resᄋ니rces wisely means
to
learned in this chapter.
8. The decayed plants and animals in
soil are known as j이MVo ..

9. Rock th a t form s when m elted rock

cools and hardens is JAMliMmViAv
1 v

10. A m ixture o f minerals, weathered

rock, and o th e r things is 'ᄀ^ .

270 " G l o s s a r y W ords and d e fin itio n s online at www.macmillanmh.com

 Skills and Concepts
[D O K 2 - 3 J

Answer each o f th e follow ing. 19. W hich mineral p ro p e rty is being

tested in this pho to gra p h ?
11. Draw C onclusions Scientists are
developing f 니els fro m plants
s 니ch as corn. W h a t kind of f 니els
w ould they b e —renewable or
nonrenewable? Explain.

12. D e scrip tive W r itin g Think o f a

sedim entary rock y ᄋ니 learned
about. Describe it.

13. Use Variables Yᄋ니 w ant to find color C luster

the best materials for filtering B streak D hardness
d irty water. Yᄋ니 make one filter
from paper and another from
2 0 . W h a t things 니sed by people
rocks and sand. Yᄋ니 observe as
com e fro m Earth?
y ᄋ니 pcujr d irty w a te r th r ᄋ니gh
them. W hich variables changed?
W hich were the same?
Perform ance Assessment
w
14. C ritical T h inking W hich are [POK 3j
more im p o rta n t to conserve—
renewable or nonrenewable Make a Poster
res ᄋ니rces? Explain y ᄋ니r answer.

15. C ritica l T h in kin g How does soil

help plants grow?

16. Infer W here w o u ld you find

freshwater?

17. W hich layer of

soil has the m ost
h 니m 니s in it? Why?
Make a p oster enc ᄋ니 raging
conservation o f at least three
d iffe re n t kinds o f n a t 니ral res ᄋ니rces.
Explain how y ᄋ니 use each n a t 니ral
res ᄋ니 rce in y ᄋ니 r daily life. W h y do
18. True or False M ost o f Earth's
y ᄋ니 need each res ᄋ니 rce?
w a te r can n o t be used as
d rin k in g water. Is this statem ent S 니g g e st ways y ᄋ니 can conserve
tm'6 or false? Explain. each o f these res ᄋ니 rces.

⑩ - Review S 니m m aries and q 니izzes online at www.macmillanmh.com 271

D Look at the picture below. Q Ronaldo poured w ater on three
soil samples. He recorded the
amount of tim e it took for w ater
to flow through each sample.

Soils
Type of Soil Time
sand 20 seconds
silt 4 0 seconds
clay 6 0 seconds

How long would it take for water

to flow through loam?
Which property would A a b ᄋ니t 20 seconds
scientists most likely use B abcujt 6 0 seconds
to classify this object?
C m ore than 6 0 seconds
A size
D betw een 20 and 6 0 seconds
B hardness DOK 2

C te m p e ra tu re □ All rocks are made o f

D smoothness A calcite.
DOK 2
：
-B minerals.
□ W h ic h ty p e o f ro ck fo rm s w hen
magma cools and hardens? C pebbles.
A m e ta m ᄋ rp hic.r ᄋck D sediment.
DOK I
B sedim entary rock
n Which action would help
C igne ᄋ니s rock conserve natural resources?
D w eathered rock A Re 니se fossil fuels.
DOK I
CB Recycle aluminum cans.
B The layer of soil that contains
the most humus is called C Burn trash.
[ 、A topsoil. D Bury trash.
DOK I
B subsoil.
C bedrock.
D fertilizer.
DOK I

2 7 IA
Kyla wants to know the texture IQ W here can you find groundw ater?
of the soil in her garden. W hat A in a glacier
should she do?
B on the g ro u n d
A Observe the co lo r of the soil.
C 니nder Earth’s c r 니st
B Identify the minerals in the soil
D in a well
C Observe the size o f the DOK 2
soil pieces.
The picture below shows
D Meas 니re how deep the soil is. animal fossils in rock.
DOK 2

Which of these is a fossil fuel?

A oil
B w ind
C e le ctricity
D g r ᄋ니n d w a te r
DOK I

Which most likely tells you

that a soil will be good for
growing crops?
Describe or draw a different fossil,
A black color DOK I

B red color Describe how your fossil form ed.

DOK 2
C contains hem atite
D contains animals
DOK 2

Which type of rock most likely

forms in layers?
A m e ta m o rp h ic rock
承 sedim entary rock
C igne ᄋ니s rock Check Your Understanding ^ᅵ
D w eathered rock Question Review Question Review
DOK I
1 pp. 228-229 7 pp. 242-243

2 pp. 230-231 8 pp. 252- 253

3 pp. 240-241 9 pp. 240-243

4 p. 243 10 p. 232

5 p. 228 11 p. 261

6 pp. 253,265-266 12 pp. 250-251

27IB
Mapmaker
D o you like w orking on puzzles
with sm all pieces? Are you good at
giving directions or describing places?
You might think about becom ing a
mapm aker.

Scientists who m ake m aps have

m any different skills. Some gather
data about the geography o f an area.
Others m ake three-dim ensional m odels
o f landform s. Still others use data
and m odels to draw the m aps with
com puterized m apping program s. ▲ This scientist is gathering
data about landform s.
There are things you can do right
now to prepare for this job. Learn
abou t E arth ’s land and water. Play
gam es that require you to solve a
problem . In high school take m ath,
science, and com puter classes. Then,
get a college degree.

Here are some other

earth science careers：
• oceanographer
• miner Thi
tra i
jewelry designer
he
geologist ma
 네

Memo 지내ᅮ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■
Contents
EARTH SCIENCE

Chapter 5 Earth Changes

Chapter Concept M ap....................... 4
Lesson 1 Lesson O 니t lin e ................. 5
L e s s o n V o c a b 니 l a r y ......... 7

8
L e s s o n C lo z e A c t i v i t y . . .

9 ■1
Lesson 2 Lesson O u tlin e .................

1
1
L e s s o n V o c a b u la r y .........

11

2
111
L e s s o n C lo z e A c t i v i t y . . .

222

3
223
R e a d in g in S c i e n c e .........

5
Lesson 3 Lesson O 니t lin e .................

7
L e s s o n V o c a b 니 l a r y .........

8
L e s s o n C lo z e A c t i v i t y . . .

9
W r itin g in S c ie n c e ............

^
Chapter V o c ab u lary........................

3
Chapter Test A .....................................

7
Lesson 1 T e s t......................................

8
Lesson 2 T es t......................................

9
Lesson 3 T es t......................................

0
Chapter Test B .....................................
Performance Assessment Rubric. ..
Performance Assessment Activity . 35

Chapter 6 Using Earth’s Resources

3
6 3
Chapter Concept M ap......................

7 3
Lesson 1 Lesson O 니t lin e .................
L e s s o n V o c a b 니 l a r y ......... 9 4
0
L e s s o n C lo z e A c t i v i t y . . .
^
W r itin g in S c ie n c e ............ 4
1

Lesson 2 Lesson O 니t lin e ................. 43

L e s s o n V o c a b 니 l a r y ......... 45
L e s s o n C lo z e A c t i v i t y . . . 46
Lesson 3 Lesson O u tlin e ................. 47
L e s s o n V o c a b u la r y ......... 49
L e s s o n C lo z e A c t i v i t y . . . 50
R e a d in g in S c i e n c e ......... 5
5
3

Lesson 4 Lesson O 니t lin e .................

5
5

L e s s o n V o c a b 니 l a r y .........
5
6

L e s s o n C lo z e A c t iv i t y . . .
7
5

Chapter Vocabulary...........................
5
9

Chapter Test A .....................................

6
3

Lesson 1 T e s t.......................................
Lesson 2 T es t.......................................
Lesson 3 T es t.......................................
Lesson 4 Test.......................................
Chapter Test B .....................................
Performance Assessment R ubric... 71
Performance Assessment Activity . 72
CHAPTER Date
Concept Hap

Earth Changes
C o m p le te th e c o n c e p t m a p a b o u t E a r th ’s fe a tu re s
a n d h o w th e y c a n c h a n g e . S o m e p a rts h a v e b e e n
d o n e fo r y o u .

S o m e o f E a rth ’s F eatu res

1. m ᄋ 니 ntains 4 . p la t e n s

2. 5.

3. 6.

S o m e th in g s cause S o m e thin g s cause

la n d fo rm s on la n d fo rm s on E a rth ’s
E a rth ’s crust to crust to ch an g e
c h a n g e sud den ly. v e ry slo w ly.

1. volcanoes 1. W e a t h e r i n g by:

a. m o v in g w a te r
2.
b. ______________
3. floods
c. ice
4.
d . _____________________

2. Erosion by:

a. ______________

b. ____________

c. glaciers

C h ap ter 5 • Earth Changes

4 Reading and W ritin g
 LESSON
Name Date
O utline

Earth's Features
Use your textbook to help you fill in the blanks.

W h a t covers Earth’s surface?

1. More than half o f Earth is covered

by * .

2. M o s t o f Earth is covered by OC^Qf]_____

w hich are made 니p o f salt water.

3. Rivers and glaciers are made 니p o f __

w a te r.

4 . W a t e r t h a t is n o t y ________ is fr e s h w a t e r .

5. E a r t h ’s r o h h n p r tS m ake 니다 seven g re a t
la n d areas.

W h a t are some of Earth’s land and w a te r

features?

6. A deep, narrow v a lle y w ith steep s id e s is

a ( n ) ____(y \r)f)h 도________■

7. A landform w ith w ater all ar ᄋ니nd it is

a (n ) ________ .

8. Rivers are bodies o f _ ____ _ water.

9. Land th a t is flat on to p and higher than the land

a r ᄋ 니 n d it is c a lle d a ( n ) .

C h ap ter 5 • Earth Changes U s e w it h Lesson 1

Earth’s Features 5
R eading and W ritin g
 LESSON
Name_______________________________Date.
Outline

W h a t land features are in the oceans?

10. The land 니nder an ocean at the edge of a co n tin e n t is

called a ^ 秦 A h r

11. Land th a t stretches fo r thousands o f miles across the

ocean is called the

12. C a n yo n s called Vfp,r\rV\_______ form the deepest

parts o f the ocean floor.

W h a t are the layers of Earth?

13. Earth's C ________ makes 니p the continents and

the ocean floor.

14. E a rth ’s c n j s t is a (n ) ~VWv\__________ , cool la ye r.

15. U n d e r the crust is a layer called the ^ .

16. T h e d e e p e s t a n d h o t t e s t la y e r o f E a r th is t h e

17. The ᄋ니te r core is made 니다 of _______ rock.

18. Earth’s inner core is made 니다 of ^^Vvcv_______ rock.

C ritical Thinking
= ~ x . i o o i o = I 002

19. W h a t can a map show y ᄋ니 ab ᄋ니t Earth’s features?

◎

6 C h ap ter 5 • Earth Changes Use w ith Lesson 1

R eading and W ritin g E arth，s Features
Name Date LESSON
V ocabu lary

Earth’s Features
Match each word with its definition.

d. c o n tin e n ta l shelf h. m a n tle

1. \______ a la rg e b o d y o f salt w a te r

2. 4 E a rth ’s th in ᄋ니 te r la y e r

3. ° a g r e a t a re a o f la n d

4. |/\ the layer im m e diately b elo w Earth’s c n js t

5. la land th a t borders the ocean

6. a c a n y o n th a t is the deepest p art o f the

ocean flo o r

7. ^ the d e e p e s t and h o tte s t layer o f Earth

8. 1______ la n d w ith w a te r all a ro u n d it

9. d a p latea 니 니nder the ocean at th e edge of

a co ntin en t

10. a deep, flat part o f the ocean floor,

th ᄋ 니 sands o f k ilo m e te rs w id e

C h ap ter 5 • Earth Changes U s e w it h Lesson 1

Reading and W ritin g E arth’s Features
LESSON
Name_______________________________Date.
Cloze A ctiyity

Earth’s Features
Fill in the blanks.

abyssal plain la n d fo rm s plain

c o n tin e n ta l shelf m a n tle p la te n

c ru st ocean
1

The seven large land areas o f Earth are the

continents. Continents have landform s 니ch as

m ountains and valleys. A high, flat landform w ith steep

sides is a(n) pial^aiA . A n o th e r landform is

a (n ) p l a m _________ , w h ic h is f la t a n d w id e .

The ᄋ니te r layer of Earth is t h e z세

7 . It

is thin and cool. The layer just below the crust is the

A?사시//^_______ . It is made 니p o f rock th a t is hot

and flow ing.

Most o f Earth is covered by salty Ocec\n_______

ll!H -M D J0 o l/\ l/U D II!£ o D l/\◎

water. Land under the ocean along a coast form s the

^Onbjn€ir>l^\l . Farther ᄋ니t, the w id e , flat -Mhj/Jt시 p1^

j

makes 니다 the ocean floor. A deep canyon in the ocean flo or is

called a trench.

g C h ap ter 5 • Earth Changes Use w ith Lesson 1

R eading and W ritin g E arth’s Features
Name LESSON
Date
O utline

Sudden Changes to Earth

Use your textbook to help you fill in the blanks.

W h a t are earthquakes?

1. The h 니ge rocks th a t make 니다 Earth’s crust

c a n ___________________ .

2 . Rocks b e lo w g r ᄋ 니 nd can b e n d w h e n th e y

___________________ e a c h o t h e r .

3. Rocks below ground can press against o the r rocks

a n d ___________________.

4. Rocks th a t bend c a n __________________and cause

s u d d e n m o v e m e n t.

5. A s 니dden m ovem ent of rocks in E arth’s crust is

a n ___________________ .

6 . A n e a r th q 니 ake can b e ____________________or

v e ry stro n g .

7. T h e l a n d ___________________，o r shakes, d 니 ring

an e a r th q 니 ake.

8. D 니ring an e a rth q 니ake, vibra tion s travel as

___________________ in all d ir e c t i o n s .

W h a t are volcanoes?

9. A m ᄋ니ntain ar ᄋ니nd an opening in Earth’s c m s t is

a _______________ .

C h ap ter 5 • Earth Changes Use w ith Lesson 2

R eading and W ritin g Sudden Changes to Earth
 LESSON Date
Name
Outline

10. Melted rock is c a lle d _________________ when it is in

Earth's c n js t and mantle.

11. Melted rock th a t flows th r ᄋ니gh an opening in the

c m s t is c a l l e d ___________________ .

12. A v o lc a n ic _________________ form s when lava, rocks,

and ash pile 니p in layers.

13. Lava c a n _________________ from a volcano, or it can

explode o ut o f it.

W h a t are landslides and floods?

14. The force th a t p 니lls on all objects, including rocks, is

c a l l e d ___________________ .

15. W hen rocks and soil m ove dow nhill very fast, a

___________________ o c c u rs .

16. A river th a t overflow s can ca 니se a ________________

on land th a t is usually dry.

C ritical Thinking

17. How can e a rth q 니akes, v o lc a n o es , landslides, and

floods change the shape o f coastlines?

I rj Chapte> 5 • Earth Changes Use w ith Lesson 2

R eading and W ritin g Sudden Changes to Earth
 Nam e_______________________________ Date LESSON
, V o cab u lary

Sudden Changes to Earth

Match the correct w ord to its definition by w riting its
letter in the space provided.

a. e a r th q 니ake c. g r a v ity e. lava g- v ib r a tio n s

b. flo o d d. landslide f. m a g m a h. v o lc a n o

1. _______ shaking fe lt d 니ring an e a rth q 니ake

2 . _______ m elted rock in the crust and m antle

3. _______ the force th a t p 니lis objects d o w n w a rd

4. _______ s 니dden m ove m e n t o f rocks in E arth’s c n js t

5 . ________ w a te r th a t flo w s o v e r land th a t is

norm ally dry

6 . _______ m elted rock th a t flow s th ro u g h an opening

and ᄋ니t o n t o la n d

7 . _______ rock and soil p 니lied d ow n a hill by g ra v ity

一 i!h - / v \ d jo o 1 a i/ u d iiie o d ia◎

8. ________ a m ᄋ 니 n ta in t h a t b 니 ild s 니p in E a rth ’s crust

around an opening
i

C hapter 5 • Earth Changes Use w ith Lesson 2

Reading and W ritin g Sudden Changes to Earth
LESSON Date
Name
Cloze A ctivity

Sudden Changes to Earth

Use the words in the box to fill in the blanks.

crust flood magma

earthq 니ake lava volcano

The land th a t makes up Earth’s s 니rface can change

very q 니ickly. Large, flat rocks in Earth’s ______________

can slide or press against each other. If they break or snap

back, they ca 니se a n _________________ . W a te r can also

change land. Sometimes heavy rain fills a river, and w ater

flow s over the banks. A _________________form s as w ater

flow s o n to land th at is us 니ally dry.

Hot, m elted rock in Earth’s c m s t is called

___________________ . M a g m a t h a t f l o w s ᄋ니 t t h r ᄋ 니 gh an

o p e n in g in t h e c n j s t is c a l l e d ___________________ . A

m ᄋ 니 ntain th a t form s ar■ᄋ니nd an opening in Earth’s crust

IIIH-§oJool/\l/UDII!EoDlAJ

is a ________________ . Lava can ooze or explode from

a volcano and change the land.

◎

Io C h ap ter 5 • Earth Changes Use w ith Lesson 2

R eading and W ritin g Sudden Changes to Earth
Name Date R eading
in Science

Slide on the Shore

Read the Reading in Science feature in your textbook.

Cause and Effect

Use the graphic organizer to list the causes and
effects of erosion and ways to prevent it.

Cause --------- ► Effect

--------- ►

----------►

--------- >■

--------- ►

----------►

----------►

C h ap ter 5 • Earth Changes Use w ith Lesson 2

R eading and W ritin g Sudden Changes to Earth
 I발
Reading Name Date.
in Science W

參 W rite A b o u t It
Cause and Effect Read th e article again w ith a partner.
W rite a fe w sentences th a t tell w h a t ca 니ses landslides
to happen. Include also w h a t people can do to p re ven t
th e m fro m happening.

Planning and Organizing

W h y do landslides take place?

W h a t are three things that people can do to

p re ven t landslides?

W h a t s tr 니ctures can keep cliffs safe fo r people to live

on ᄋ「near?

IIIH - M a J o o lA I/ U D IIIE o D lA ◎

Drafting
► W rite a clear statem ent ab ᄋ니t the ca 니ses o f landslides.

W rite a clear statem ent ab ᄋ니t w ha t can happen as a

res 니It of a landslide and w ha t people can do to prevent
I

them .

I |i C h ap ter 5 • Earth Changes Use w ith Lesson 2

Reading and W ritin g Sudden Changes to Earth
 LESSON
Nam e_______________________________Date_____________
제
O utline
___________

Weathering and Erosion

Use your textbook to help you fill in the blanks.

W h a t is w eathering?

1. The process of L\V온 breaks d o w n rocks

into smaller and smaller pieces.

2. W eathering can break d ow n rocks into

focKS and soil.

3. W eathering can be ca 니sed by fprnppm-fcArr chgn^

wind, rain, and ice.

4 . Rocks can w eather w hen th ey 人 pp ᅳ ___________________

against each other.

5. W a te r th a t freezes in a crack nn rocK y' and

makes the crack larger.

6 . Over time, freezing and 'ᄊOaoJ.mg w a te r

breaks dow n a rock into smaller pieces.

P la n t ■PrOcn _ g ro w into cracks in a rock

and split the rock.

W h a t is erosion?
IHH-MDJooiol 一

8. Pieces of weathered rock g et m oved to o th e r places

by e ro S \o n . ^
!EOD S◎

9 . Erosion can happen w hen b d ^ & ^ f ______p 니lls

w eathered rock and soil dow nhill.

C h ap ter 5 • Earth Changes Use w ith Lesson 3 | n

R eading and W ritin g W e a th e rin g and Erosion
 LESSON
Nam e_______________________________ Date
Outline

10. One ca 니se o f erosion is the 作 노 . in rivers and the

ocean.

11. Rock can be dro pp e d or HapoS'v^gl by wind

when the w ind slows down.

12. R o c k s a re c a r r ie d a lo n g in s id e a ( n ) (^ \a u p x S
and d ro p o ff as it melts.

How can peo ple change the land?

13. D ig g in g a(n) innl(즈_________ is a small e x a m p le of

how people can change land.

14. Land is changed when trees are c 니t to b 니i l d ________

___________________ , a n d ____________________ .

15. S oil c a n w a s h a w a y if tr e e s a re n o t p' d

16. Land can change when it is tAp for

v a l 니able minerals and metals.

C ritical Thinking

17. W h y w ould planting trees help stop erosion ca 니sed

by w ind and water?
_ !H -M o J9 o l/ \ l/U D II!E o D lA ◎
I

| 스 C h ap ter 5 • Earth Changes Use w ith Lesson 3

R eading and W ritin g W e a th e rin g and Erosion
 LESSON
Name Date
V ocabu lary

Weathering and Erosion

W h a t am I?

Choose a w ord from the w ord box below that answers

each question and w rite the correct letter in the
space provided.

a. erosion c. gravity e. soil g. wind

b. glacier d. roots f. weathering

1. I am a force that p 니Ms materials dow nhill.

W h a t a m I? ^

2 . I d r o p o r d e p o s i t s m a ll b it s o f r o c k w h e n I s l o w d o w n .

W hat am I? 안
3. I can g r o w in s m a ll c r a c k s and s p lit r o c k s apart.

W h a t a m I? ^

4. Rocks freeze 니nder me. Then I d ro p th e m in new.

places when I begin to melt. W h a t am I? b

5. I a m th e m o v e m e n t o f w e a t h e r e d rock.

W h a t a m I? 0-

6. I ca 니se rocks to break d o w n w ith the help o f r 니nning

water, rain, and ice. W h a t am I? ~P

7. I am the res 니It o f rocks, being broken d o w n into

smaller pieces. W h a t am I? ^

C h ap ter 5 • Earth Changes Use w ith Lesson 3

Reading and W ritin g W e a th e rin g and Erosion
LESSON Date
Cloze A ctivity

Weathering and Erosion

Fill in the blanks.

b lo w a w a y erosion fre e z in g scrape

d e p o s ite d expands p la n t ro ots w in d

The w eathering o f rocks is the w ay that

rocks g et broken into small pieces. W eathered rock

m oving fro m one place to another is P.roS[r>n .

Sand and rocks are picked 니p and d e p o s rfe d in a

new place. Moving water, glaciers, and fAitnd______

help erosion take place. People can ca 니se erosion by

c 니ttin g d o w n trees, w hich can ca 니se the soil

to blo\Ai a w a y .

Some w eathering happens because w ater gxpand3

when it freezes in a crack in a rock. Repeated

and th a w in g helps break the rock. Some rocks w eather

when th e y rnpp._____ against other rocks. Rocks

also break a part when p la n t rrxjtC g ro w into their

cracks. They also break when g ra vity p 니lls rocks downhill.

■q C h ap ter 5 • Earth Changes Use w ith Lesson 3

R eading and W ritin g W eath erin g and Erosion
Name Date W riting
in Science

Missing Noses
Read the W riting in Science feature in your textbook.

W rite A bout It
Expository Writing W rite a parag rap h to describe
o th e r c a 니ses o f w ea th ering . R em em ber to s ta rt w ith a
to p ic sentence and to end w ith a c o n c l 니sion.

Getting Ideas
W a te r is one cause of weathering and erosion. W h at
are some other causes? W rite them in the chart below.

Cause Effect

u) 니r、d d e p o s iK 'o O

SG UXpng \A je o th e X
으 /\ex\

누e 미우 ^ 切야내 1^ G r 05 \OiH

Planning and Organizing

Here are three sentences that S u ki w rote. W rite “Ml”
if the sentence tells a main idea. W rite “D” if it gives
a detail.
1. Large rocks g et w orn aw ay by scraping
against smaller rocks.

2. P W in d can c a 니se t h e s o il t o e r o d e .

3. 내포 T h e r e a re s e v e ra l c a u s e s o f w e a th e rin g a n d e r o s io n .

C h ap ter 5 • Earth Changes Use w ith Lesson 3 | 9

R eading and W ritin g W e a th e rin g and Erosion
 Writing Nam e. Date.

Drafting
W rite a topic sentence. Make sure it states your main
idea about weathering and erosion.

Now w rite your paragraph. Use a separate piece of

paper. Begin with your topic sentence. Then w rite
about other causes of weathering and erosion. Reach
a conclusion at the end.

Revising and Proofreading

Here are some sentences Suki wrote. Combine each
pair, using the w ord in parentheses after each sentence.
1. Machines can ca 니se weathering. They dig 니p the
g r ᄋ니nd. (b e ca 니se)

2. The roots o f a tree can break a rock apart slowly.

They grow, (w hen)

3. Rocks will weather. An animal digs them 니p. (after)

= !H -M o J9 0 1 / \ j/u o = E O D IA ◎

N ow revise and proofread your writing. Ask yourself:

► Did I begin w ith a to p ic sentence?

► Did I include facts and details?

I

► Did I co rre ct all mistakes?

p/% C h ap ter 5 • Earth Changes Use w ith Lesson 3

R eading and W ritin g W eath erin g and Erosion
 CHAPTER
Name Date
V ocabu lary

Earth Changes
Circle the letter of the best answer.

1. The m iddle layer o f Earth 4 . A continental shelf is

is the flat and slopes o ff into
a. c 「니st.
the ocean. It is similar
to a
b. mantle.
a. p l a t e n .
c. inner core.
b. coast.
d. ᄋ니ter core.
c. plain.

2. The continents and ocean d. trench.

flo o r make up Earth’s
5. Most o f Earth is co vered
a. mantle.
a. sand and soil.
b. coast.
b. oceans.
c. crust.
c. lakes.
d. core.
d. m elte d rock.
3. W h a t form s when w ater
s 니 ddenly flows over land 6 . W h e n w a t e r fre e ze s , it
th a t is 니s 니ally dry? a. flows.
a. an o c e a n
b. e x p a n d s .
b. a v o l c a n o c. s h rin k s .
c. a la n d s lid e
d. melts.
=!H-MDJ9ol/\l/UD

d. a flood

f=
EoDlAI
©

C hapter 5 • Earth Changes

Reading and W ritin g
21
CHAPTER Date
Name.
Vocabulary

Circle the letter of the best answer.

7. W h a t c h a n g e ᄋ c c 니 rs w h e n 10. A n e a r th q u a k e can h a p p e n
rocks are carried to a new b e c a 니 se rocks in Earth's
place? c r 니s t c a n

a. e r o s io n a. m e lt and harden.

b . m e lt in g b. bend and snap back.

c. fre e z in g a n d th a w in g c. fre e z e and th a w .

d. fo r m a tio n o f a n e w rock d. ooze and explode.

8. M e lte d r o c k t h a t f lo w s ᄋ니t 11. Gravity ca 니ses erosion on a

o nto land is called hillside when it
a. magma. a. p 니 shes rocks along.

b . lava. b. holds rocks in place.

c. a landslide. c. p 니 lls rocks dow nhill.

d . a s la b o f ro c k . d . b e n d s ro c k s .

9 . A n e a r t h q 니a k e ᄋc c 니rs 12. W h a t m a k e s a s lo w in g w i n d
when slabs of rock in the drop pieces o f weathered
Earth’s crust rock?
a. m o v e s lo w ly . a. m o v in g w a te r

b . e x p lo d e . b. g r a v i t y

c. m o v e sud den ly. c. glaciers

d . o o z e o n t o la n d . d . a n im a ls
II!H-MDJ0O1AI/UDII!EOD1AI

13. The deepest part o f an

ocean is its
a. abyssal plain.
◎

b. coast.

c. continental shelf.
d. trench.
op C h ap ter 5 • Earth Changes
R eading and W ritin g
Name Chapter
Test A

Earth Changes
W rite the w ord that best com pletes each sentence in
the spaces below . W ords may be used only once.

core erosion magma w e a th e rin g

crust landform mantle
earthquake lava volcano

1. The s 니dd e n m o v e m e n t o f plates on Earth's c n js t is

called a( 门) £ M ik l C\{\0^3. .

2. M elted ro c k th a t flo w s ᄋ니t o f a v o lc a n o is _ ______

3. The d e e p e s t and h o tte s t layer o f Earth, lo ca te d at

its c e n te r , is c a lle d t h e COV 6 __________

4. The slow process o f b re akin g d o w n rocks into

sm aller pieces is called nn c5 .

5. A natural fe a tu re o f land, is a ( n ) '' 생 _ _ __

6. Melted rock inside Earth’s m antle and crust is _

7. The m o v e m e n t o f w e a th e re d rock, s o m e tim e s

c a 니 sed b y m o v in g w a t e r o r w i n d is c a lle d _ ^Y'OS i 0 ^ ____

8. The layer b e lo w E a rth ’s c ru st is th e _ i U M ltM ______

9. A m ᄋ니ntain th a t b 니ilds up a r ᄋ니nd an o p e n in g in

E a rth 's c ru s t is c a lle d a(n) \/ OU■(시nO___

10. E a rth ’s ᄋ니te rm o s t layer on w h ic h th e c o n tin e n ts

are lo ca te d is called E a rth ’s _ C V USV________

C h ap ter 5 • Earth Changes Use w ith C h ap ter 5 23
Assessment
 Chapter
Test A

Circle the letter of the best answer for each question.

11. W h a t a r e t h e s e v e n g r e a t 1 4 . W h ic h o f t h e fo llo w in g
areas o f land on Earth s ta te m e n ts is false?
called? A A lm o s t half o f Earth is
A c ᄋ 니 n tries c o v e re d by w ater.
B c o n tin e n ts B Oceans are large bodies
C la n d fo r m s o f salt w ater.
D vo lcanoes C A tre n c h is a ca nyo n on
th e ocean floor.
12. W h i c h o f t h e f o llo w in g c a n D E a r t h ’s d e e p e s t la y e r is
s 니d d e n ly ch an ge th e land called th e core.
on Earth?
15. A n e p i c m o v e m e n t o f
A w e a th e rin g
rocks and soil d o w n a hill is
B g la c ie r
called a(n)
C e a rth q 니ake
A e a r t h q 니 a ke.
D erosion
B v o lc a n o .
C ts u n a m i.
13. All o f th e fo llo w in g m ay
cause erosion e x c e p t D la n d s lid e .

A sunlight.
B w a te r .
C w in d .
D glaciers.

2 L| C h ap ter 5 • Earth Changes Use w ith C h ap ter 5

Assessm ent
Name Chapter
Test A

Answer the follow ing questions.

Y o 니 are g o in g on a trip. Use th e m ap b e lo w to help

y o 니 plan fo r th e la n d fo rm s y ᄋ니 w ill e n c ᄋ니n te r along
th e way.

16. Interpret Data L o o k at th e m ap key. H o w can

rea din g th e key help y o 니 plan y ᄋ니r trip ?

17. Infer H ow does th e w e s t side o f th e m ap d iffe r

fro m th e east side? W h a t la n d fo rm s e pa ra te s th e
east fro m the w est?

18. Define H ow w o u ld y ᄋ니 explain a ca n y o n to

so m e on e 니nfam iliar w ith th e te rm ?

C h ap ter 5 • Earth Changes Use w ith C h ap ter 5 pc

Assessment
 Chapter
TestA

Answ er the follow ing questions.

Label E a rth ’s layers.

19
19. ______________ 20
21
20.

21.

22. Critical Thinking Disc 니ss the s니dden changes and

slow changes a h 니rricane could cause to Earth’s
s 니rface.

23. Thinking Like a Scientist Y ᄋ니 are asked to

research th e Mariana T rench in th e Pacific Ocean.
W h a t la n d fo rm m ig h t y ᄋ니 니se to aid in y o u r
research? W h y?

26 C h ap ter 5 • Earth Changes Use w ith C hapter 5

Assessm ent
Name Lesson I
Test

Circle the letter of the best answer for each question.

1. W h a t are th e large bodies 3 . W h a t is th e nam e fo r th e

o f salt w a te r th a t c o v e r land th a t lies at th e b o t t o m
Earth called? o f th e ocean?
A rivers A ocean
B glaciers B ocean
C oceans C ocean
D lakes D ocean

2 . N o rth A m e rica is an 4 . W h a t lies 니n d e r th e o cea n

e xa m p le o f a at th e e d g e o f a c o n tin e n t?
A c o 니ntry. A ocean v o lc a n o
B c o n tin e n t. B c o n tin e n ta l d iv id e
C la n d fo rm . C ocean c u rre n ts
D state. D c o n tin e n ta l shelf

Critical Thinking H o w do E a rth ’s la n d fo rm s a ffe c t

Earth's w a te r s 니pplies?

C h ap ter 5 • Earth Changes Use w ith Lesson 1

Assessment E arth ’s Features
 Lesson 2
Test

Circle the letter of the best answer for each question.

1. W h a t o c c u r s w h e n w a t e r 3 . W h a t happens w hen
rises o v e r th e banks or h ardened lava builds up
sides o f a river? o ve r a long p e rio d o f tim e?
A a landslide A m o u n ta in s f o r m
B an earthquake B rivers f o r m
C a flood C an e a r t h q 니 a k e ᄋ c c 니 rs
D a h 니rricane D a flo o d occurs

2. W h e n m a g m a f l o w s o n t o 4. W h ich o f th e fo llo w in g
land, it is called fo rce s c a 门 ca 니se a
landslide?
A crust.
B la va . A dr ■ᄋ니g h t

C ash. B w in d s to r m s
D m a n tle . C m a g n e tic fo rc e
D g r a v ity

Critical Thinking W h a t a ffe c t w o u ld a heavy

sn o w fa ll have on rivers and stream s?

2Q C h ap ter 5 • Earth Changes Use w ith Lesson 2

Assessm ent Sudden Changes to Earth
 Name Lesson 3
Test

Circle the le tte r of the best answer for each question.

W h ic h o f th e fo llo w in g 3. H ow can g ra v ity c a 니se

is n o t k n o w n to c a 니se erosion?
w e a th e rin g ? A it c a 니ses flo o d in g
A rain B it
B ice C it pulls rocks d o w n h ill
C lig h t D it
D w in d
4. H o w can p la n tin g tree s
2 . W h a t is a mass o f ice th a t help th e land?
m oves s lo w ly across land A Trees add c a rb o n
called? d io x id e to th e air.
A a glacier B Trees help p re v e n t
B an iceberg erosion.
C an ice c a p C Trees p ro v id e m o re
D an avalanche tim b e r fo r h ᄋ니ses.
D Trees drain n 니trie n ts
fro m th e soil.

C ritical Thinking H ow can ice c a 니se w e a th e rin g ?

ll!H-MDJool/VUDII!EoDI/\l
◎

C h ap ter 5 • Earth Changes Use w ith Lesson 3

W e a th e rin g and Erosion
29
Assessment
 Chapter Name
Test B ,

Earth Changes
W rite the w ord that best com pletes each sentence in
the spaces below . W ords may be used only once.

core erosion magma weathering

crust landform s mantle
earthquake lava volcano

1. The ce n te r o f Earth is t h e G lL r___________ _

2. Breaking d o w n rocks into sm aller pieces is a slow

process called _ 어 i ______

3. R ock th a t is m e lte d and flo w s o n to E arth’s surface

is c a lle d \(k W _____________

4. A ( 门) ___________________ is th e s 니dden
m o v e m e n t o f rocks on E a rth ’s crust.

5. E a rth ’s o u te rm o s t layer is called th e _ ° :广_ ' ____________

6. The w e a rin g a w a y o f rocks is € V^ $i 6 _________

7. The layer b e lo w E a rth ’s c r 니st is th e D Q M l t i €>_________ .

8. M elted ro c k th a t is f ᄋ니nd b en ea th Earth's m antle

and c n js t is called _ \ __________

9. Land fe a t 니res, s 니ch as plains and valleys, are

called ᅳ _______

10. A ( n ) __\ . L 1CAJO호 is a m ᄋ니ntain th a t b 니ilds

니다 a r ᄋ니nd an o p e n in g in E a rth ’s crust.

2Q C h ap ter 5 • Earth Changes Use with C hapter 5

Assessm ent
Name C h a p te r
TestB

Circle the le tte r of the best answer for each question.

11. W h ic h o f th e fo llo w in g 14. W h ic h o f th e fo llo w in g

c a 니ses slow changes to does n o t c a 니se e ro s io n ?
E a rth ’s surface? A w a te r
A ts 니nami B s u n lig h t
B e a rth q u a k e C glaciers
C hurricane D w in d
D gla cier
15. T here are seven large land
12. G ra vity c a n p 니II rocks a n d areas on Earth
soil ra p id ly d o w n a hillside, A c o n tin e n ts .
causing a (n)
B volcanoes.
A ts 니nami. C c o 니ntries.
B e a r th q 니ake. D la n d fo rm s.
C landslide.
D volcano.

13. All o f th e fo llo w in g

s ta te m e n ts are tru e e x c e p t
A E a rth ’s d e e p e st layer is
called th e core.
B a tre n c h is a ca n yo n on
th e ocean floor.
C oceans are large b od ies
o f salt water.
D m o re th a n half o f Earth
is co v e re d by land.

C h ap ter 5 • Earth Changes Use with C h ap ter 5 g |

Assessment
 T e s ts '

Answ er the follow ing questions.

Use th e pie c h a rt b e lo w to help y ᄋ니 plan fo r the

la n d fo rm s y o 니 w ill e nc ᄋ니n te r on y ᄋ니r trip.
Vacation Destination

16. Infer Sh ᄋ니Id y ᄋ니 b rin g hiking shoes on ycujr trip?

Explain w h y o r w h y not.

17. Define H ow w o u ld y ᄋ니 explain w h a t a m o u n ta in is

to s o m e o n e w h o is 니n fam ilia r w ith th e te rm ?

18. Interpret Data W h a t th re e ty p e s o f la n d form s will

y o u e n c ᄋ니n te r on y ᄋ니r trip ? Rank th e m fro m the
ty p e y ᄋ니 w ill see the g re a te s t n 니m b e r of, to the
ty p e y ᄋ니 w ill see the least n 니m b e r of.

2.

3.

02 C hapter 5 • Earth Changes Use w ith C hapter 5

Assessm ent
 w

Nam e_______________________________________________ Chapter

^ TestB

Answer the follow ing questions.

19.-21. C o m p le te th e c h a rt w ith w o rd s fro m th e

b o x below.

core c n js t m antle

19. This is the layer just below Earth’s crust.

This is the hottest and deepest layer of

20. Earth.

21. This is Earth’s thinnest and coolest layer.

22. Critical Thinking V o lca n o e s can b o th d e s tro y and

c re a te landform s. Explain h o w this can be true.

23. Thinking Like a Scientist If y ᄋ니 w e re to c o m p a re

th e Grand C anyon to a la n d fo rm th a t is lo c a te d
on th e ocean floor, w h a t la n d fo rm w o u ld y ᄋ니
c o m p a re it to and w hy?
l—H - i J 9 3 5 s ll! L U 3 D l/ \ ◎
l

C h ap ter 5 • Earth Changes Use w ith C h ap ter 5 gg

Assessment
P e rfo rm a n ce Name
A sse ssm en t

Letter to the Editor Materials

Objective: St 니d e n t will w rite a letter to a newspaper • paper
e d ito r explaining w h y clearing a w o o d e d area w ould
■
• markers ■
be h a rm f 니I to the environm ent. St 니d e n t’s statem ents
will be su p p o rte d by facts he or she has learned. • pencils

Scoring Rubric
사 p o in ts St 니d e n t co rre c tly describes the s 니dden and lo n g ­
te rm effects th a t b 니ilding a shopping center w ou ld have on
the e n viro n m e n t and gives clear examples of each. Student
clearly and c o rre c tly explains his or her answers to the
q 니estions in A nalyze the Res 니Its.

3 p o in ts St 니d e n t shows a g o o d 니nderstanding of the

s 니dden and lo n g -te rm effects and gives examples of each.
Examples may not be well elaborated. Answers to the
q 니estions in Analyze the Res니 Its are m ostly correct, b 니t
contain a few errors.

2 points S tudent's 니nderstanding o f the s 니dden and lo n g ­

te rm effects are som ew hat inacc 니rate. St 니dent may offer
only lo n g -te rm or only sudden effects, b 니t not both.
St 니d e n t’s answers to the questions are m ostly inacc 니rate
or incom plete.

/ point St 니d e n t m isunderstands the concepts of sudden and

lo n g -te rm effects on the environm ent. Student does not
answer the q 니estions in Analyze the Res 니Its.

C h ap ter 5 • Earth Changes Use w ith C hapter 5

Assessment
Nam e________________________________ Performance
Assessment

Letter to the Editor

C o m m u n ic a te
A local d e v e lo p e r has s 니b m itte d a p ro p o s a l to th e c ity
c ᄋ니ncil to clear a w o o d e d area in ycujr c o m m 니n ity
to b 니ild a s h o p p in g center. W r ite a le tte r to th e
n e w s p a p e r e d ito r th a t o p p o se s th e c o n s tru c tio n o f
th e new s h o p p in g center. Be sure to sta te th e reasons
w h y a new sh o p p in g c e n te r w o u ld be h a r m f 니I to
th e e n v iro n m e n t. Discuss th e s 니d d e n and lo n g -te rm
e ffe c ts th a t re m o v in g th e natural resources w o u ld
have on th e e n v iro n m e n t and th e p e o p le livin g there.

A n a ly z e th e R esults
1. Nam e so m e o f th e s 니dd e n e ffe c ts th a t cle a rin g th e
land m ay c a 니se to th e e n v iro n m e n t.

2. W h a t lo n g -te rm e ffe c ts w o u ld cle a rin g th e land

have on th e e n v iro n m e n t?

C h ap ter 5 • Earth Changes Use w ith C h ap ter 5 gg

Assessment
CHAPTER Name________________________________________
Coneept Hap ^

Using Earth’s Resources

C o m p l e t e t h e c o n c e p t m a p w it h t h e in f o r m a t io n y o u
le a r n e d a b o u t E a r t h ’s res o u rc e s .

M inerals and Rocks Soil

T h e th r e e t y p e s o f ro c k Soil is m a d e o f

a re .

, and

. R ocks
a n d m in e ra ls are 니 sed t o

m ake
It p r o v id e s a p la c e
f o r p la n ts to

I Earth’s
\ Resources

A ir and W a t e r Fossils and Fuels

A i r is i m p o r t a n t b e c a 니se S o m e ty p e s o f fossils are

it has
----------------------------- j
___________________ th a t s to n y m o d e ls

____________________need. , a nd

P e o p le n e e d w a t e r . Fossil
fu e ls are a s ᄋ 니 「ce
f o r ___________________
of

OA C h ap ter 6 • Using Earth's Resᄋ니rces

R eading and W ritin g
 ^ LESSON
N am e______________________________________________
, O utline

Minerals and Rocks

Use your textbook to help you fill in the blanks.

W h a t are minerals?

1. Solid, nonliving s 니bstances c a lle d __________

are found in rocks and soil.

2. It is possible to tell one mineral fro m a no th er b eca 니se

m in e r a ls h a v e t h e ir o w n ____________________.

3. Minerals cannot be identified b y _________________

alone beca 니se some minerals com e in m any colors.

4. One p ro p e rty of minerals is the co lo r o f th e ir pow der,

o r ___________________ .

5. A m ineraTs_________________ can be described by

t h e w a y lig h t b ᄋ니n c e s o f f o f it.

6. Minerals are scratched in o rd er to investigate the

p r o p e r t y c a l l e d ____________________.

W h a t are rocks?

7. A r o c k w i t h la rg e g r a in s has a c o a r s e ____________________ .
ll!H-M DJ9ol/\l/UDII!ooIAI

8. A rock th at form s from m agm a or lava is classified as

a ( n ) ___________________ .

9. Granite th at has fo rm e d fro m m elted rock inside

◎

E a r th is c a l l e d ___________________ .

C hapter 6 • Using Earth's Resᄋ니rces Use w ith Lesson 1 oy

R eading and W ritin g M inerals and Rocks
 LE S S O N Name____________________________________
Outline ,

10. Basalt th a t has form ed from m elted rock on Earth’s

s 니r fa c e is c a l l e d ___________________ .

W h a t are sedim entary and m etam orphic rocks?

11. A rock th a t form s from layers o f sedim ent is classified

as a ( n ) ___________________ .

12. A n o th e r name fo r the tiny bits o f rock th a t make 니p

s h a le i s ___________________ .

13. Heating and sq 니eezing rocks inside Earth can form a

k in d o f r o c k c a l l e d ___________________ .

How do w e use minerals and rocks?

14. Minerals c a lle d _________________ are valued for

t h e i r b e a 니ty .

15. People make cem ent f r o m _________________ and

b 니r n ___________________ f o r f 니el.

C ritical Thinking

16. Choose three rocks or minerals m entioned in the

te x tb o o k th a t y ᄋ니 w ᄋ니Id 니se to make a necklace.
Explain y ᄋ니r choices based 니pon their q 니alities.

oq C h ap ter 6 • Using E arth’s Resources Use w ith Lesson 1

R eading and W ritin g Minerals and Rocks
Nam e____________________________ ^ LESSON
V ocabu lary

Minerals and Rocks

W h a t am I?

Choose a word from the box that answers each

question below.

a. ig n e ᄋ니s ro c k c. m e ta m o rp h ic ro c k e. s e d im e n t

b. luster d. m ineral f. s e d im e n ta ry ro c k

1. I am the p ro p e rty o f a mineral th a t describes how

lig h t r e fl e c t s f r o m t h e m in e ra l. W h a t a m I ? ________

2. I am tin y bits of animals, plants, or w ea th ere d rock.

W h a t a m I ? ________

3. I am a solid, nonliving s 니bstance f ᄋ니nd in n a t 니re.

W h a t a m I ? ________

4 . I f o r m e d w h e n la y e rs o f s e d i m e n t p ile d 니p and w e re

pressed t o g e t h e r . W h a t a m I ? ________

5. I fo rm e d deep inside Earth. I was heated and

squeezed by the w e ig h t of rocks above me.

W h a t a m I ? ________

6. i fo rm e d when m elted rock cooled and hardened,

either inside Earth or on Earth’s surface.

W h a t a m I ? ________

C h ap ter 6 • Using E arth’s Resources Use w ith Lesson 1 oq

R eading and W ritin g M inerals and Rocks
LESSON
Cloze A ctiyity

Minerals and Rocks

Use the words in the box to fill in the blanks below.

anim als lava m e ta m o rp h ic s e d im e n ta ry

hardness luster m inerals

igne ᄋ니s m a gm a plants

Rocks are classified into three g r ᄋ니ps based on the

w ay th ey form . A rock th a t fo rm e d from melted rock is

c a lle d a ( n ) ___________________ r o c k . R o c k s w i t h la rg e

mineral grains form ed f r o m _________________ . Rocks

w i t h s m a ll m in e r a l g r a in s f o r m e d f r o m ___________________ .

Shale is a ( n ) ________________ rock beca 니se it form ed

when tin y bits o f rocks pressed to g e th e r in layers.

O ther rocks o f this kind can contain tin y bits of

________________ a n d _________________ . W hen rocks

are heated and sq 니eezed inside Earth, new rocks called

________________ rocks can form . Rocks are made of solid,

= H - S J 9 o !D II! E O D lA©

nonliving materials c a lle d _________________ . They can be

i d e n t i f i e d b y t h e i r ___________________ , ____________________,
I

and streak. Rocks and minerals are very 니sef 니I.

m /\ C h ap ter 6 • Using E arth’s Resources Use w ith Lesson 1

R eading and W ritin g Minerals and Rocks
 Nam e. Writing
in Science

Marble Memorials
Read the W riting in Science feature in your textbook.

W rite A bout It
Descriptive W ritin g Choose tw o o b je c ts m ade
fro m rock. W rite a parag rap h th a t describes and
com pares them.

Getting Ideas
W rite the names of the tw o objects above the
ovals below. In the outer part of each oval, w rite
how they are different. In the overlapping part, w rite
how they are alike.
Different Different
Alike

Planning and Organizing

i i ! h - m d jo o ia j / u d ii ! £ odiaj

Lily w rote tw o sentences. W rite “com pare” or

“contrast” depending on w hether each sentence is
alike or different.
1. ________________ Both necklaces w ere m ade o f blue stones.
◎

2. A n o th e r necklace had sm o o th stones, but

the stones w ere black.

C h ap ter 6 • Using Earth’s Resources Use w ith Lesson 1

R eading and W ritin g M inerals and Rocks
m
 Writing Name_______________________________
in Science a

D ra ftin g
Begin your paragraph by writing a sentence that
identifies the tw o objects you will com pare. W rite a
main idea about them.

Now w rite your paragraph. Use a separate piece of

paper. Start with the sentence you w rote above.
Then com pare the tw o things and include details.

Revising and P roofreading

Here is part of a paragraph that Lily wrote. She
m ade five mistakes. Proofread the sentences.
Find the mistakes and correct them.

There are two statues that I like, both of them are

made of marble. One statu is made of white marble. It is a
sculpture of a jack rabit. The other statue is made of black
marble. It is a sculpture of a gient black spider. The marble
on both sculptures is very smooth and cold. Even when it，s
hot outside the marble is still cold.

Now revise and proofread your writing. Ask yourself:

► D id I c o m p a r e t w o t h in g s m a d e f r o m ro c k s ?

► D id I 니se details t h a t s h o w h o w t h e y a re a lik e

a n d d iffe re n t?

► D id I c o r r e c t all m is ta k e s ?

l_|2 C h ap ter 6 • Using E arth’s Resᄋ니rces Use w ith Lesson 1

R eading and W ritin g Minerals and Rocks
 LESSON
Name
O utline

Soil
Use your textbook to help you fill in the blanks.

W h a t is soil?

1. Minerals, weathered rocks, and bits o f decayed plants

a n d a n im a ls m a k e 니p ____________________.

2. P la n ts 니se n 니t r ie n t s t h a t ____________________a d d s
to soil.

3. A p la n t's ________________ take in w a te r and hold

the soil in place.

4. Bits o f rock, minerals, and a lot o f h u m 니s make 니다 the

so il la y e r c a l l e d ___________________ •

5. The soil layer c a lle d __________________has less h 니m 니s

than the layer of soil above it.

^ 6. Below topsoil and s 니bsoil is solid rock, o r ___________

How are soils different?

7. Soils w ith thick layers and lots o f h u m 니s are g o o d

f o r ___________________ ■

8. Soils are d if fe r e n t _________________b e c a 니se th e y

have d iffere nt minerals and a m o un ts o f h 니m 니s.

9. W hen you say th at soil has large or small grains, y ᄋ니

are describing t h e _________________o f the soil.

C h ap ter 6 • Using E arth’s Resᄋ니rces U s e w it h Lesson 2

Reading and W ritin g Soil
 LESSON Name____________________________________
O utline ,

10. The ty p e o f soil w ith the largest grains i s ___________

11. Soil w ith g r a in s smaller than those o f sand but larger

t h a n c la y i s ___________________ .

12. S o m e p la n t s m a y n o t g r o w w e ll i n ___________________
b e c a 니se it is too wet.

13. The best soil fo r g ro w in g many plants i s ____________

W h y is soil im portant?

14. Soil is a ( n ) _________________ and is im p o rta n t

b eca 니se people need the plants th at g ro w in soil.

15. People can keep s o il_________________ by preventing

soil erosion and keeping soil clean.

C ritical Thinking

16. If y ᄋ니 w e r e a f a r m e r lo o k in g t o b 니y la n d t o g r o w
plants, w hich kind of soil w o 니Id y o 니 look for?
Describe the qualities you w ou ld like the soil to have.

mm C h ap ter 6 • Using E arth’s Resources Use w ith Lesson 2

Reading and W ritin g Soil
 r LESSON
Name _
. V ocabu lary

Soil
Match the correct word to its description below. W rite
the letter of the word in the blank provided.

a. b e d ro c k e. soil

b. h 니mus f. s 니bsoil
c. loam g- to p s o il
d. n a t 니ral res ᄋ니「ce

1. _______ soil made up o f a m ixture o f sand, silt,

a n d c la y

2 . _______ the to p layer o f soil

3 . ________ t h e la y e r o f s o il t h a t has a l i g h t e r c o l o r a n d
less h 니m 니s than the layer above it

4 . _______ bits of decayed plants and animals th a t add

n 니trients to soil

5 . _______ material on Earth th a t is necessary or 니sef 니I

to people

6 . ________ s o lid r o c k

7. _______ a m ixture o f minerals, w ea th ere d rocks,

w a t e r , air, a n d liv in g things

C h ap ter 6 • Using Earth’s Resᄋ니rces U s e w it h Lesson 2 nc

R eading and W ritin g Soil
LESSO N
Name
Cloze A etiyity

Soil
Use the words in the box to fill in the blanks below.

clay soil m inerals subsoil

h 니m 니s m ix tu re to p s o il

loam n a t 니「al 厂es ᄋ니「ce w e a th e rin g

Soil is im p o rta n t beca 니se plants need it to grow.

Beca 니se soil is f ᄋ니nd in nature and is 니sef 니I to people,

it is a ( n ) _________________ . Soil is made 니p of

minerals, weathered rocks, a n d _________________ . The

soil in w hich plants g ro w well is c a lle d _______________

This kind o f soil is a ( n ) _________________ of sand, silt,

and clay. Sandy soil holds little water, a n d ___________

holds a lot o f water.

Soils vary beca 니se they contain d iffere nt rocks and

_________________ . Soil starts fo rm ing when rocks are

broken d o w n b y _________________ . The first layer of

=!h -m o j o02/ u d=

ll!H-/v\DJool/\l/UDII!EoDlAI

soil is c a lle d _________________ and the next layer is

c a lle d _________________ . Solid rock called bedrock is

e o o s◎

below the soil layers.

-C h a p te r 6 • Using E arth’s Resᄋ니rces Use w ith Lesson 2

R eading and W ritin g Soil
 Name 4시노 시 ;«o Writing
in Science

Fossils and Fuels

Use your textb o o k to help you fill in the blanks.

How are fossils form ed?

1. The bone of an animal th a t lived long ago is an
X , r ：(
exam ple of a(n) ；:> - 1 _______.

2. An animal fo o tp rin t in solid rock is a ty p e o f fossil

• , ᄉ ,, f
c a lle d a ( n ) ____ 내기广 A' ' .

3. Fossils can be in the fo rm o f bones, leaves, skin,

f o o t p r i n t s , o r ______ 노세 '________.

4. An organism buried in sedim ent can t 니m into a typ e

o f fo s s il c a lle d a ( n ) 신0、
으 네 ‘: .

5. An e m p ty space in rock in the shape o f a living

th in g ’s remains is a(n) r '__________ .

6. A co p y o f a m o ld ’s shape th at fo rm e d in hardened

m in e r a ls is a ( n ) _________ [__________ .

W h a t are fossil fuels?

=H-i90ioll!EO! ©

7. People g et energy to heat homes by burnin g material

c a l l e d ____________ ' ■

8. A f t e r a n c ie n t p la n ts and a n im a ls d ie d , t h e i r remains
r>

turned into a f 니el called a ( n ) _____________

； .

9. F ossil f 니els, p la n ts , a n im a ls , w a t e r , a n d a ir a re ^ᅵ
. -

C h ap ter 6 • Using E arth’s Resources Use w ith Lesson 3 ||y

R eading and W ritin g Fossils and Fuels ■
 L ES SO N
Outline

10. P la n ts a n d a n im a ls a re r d r; ''■니
7山! res ᄋ니 rc e s f t \ ( \ J
b e c a 니se t h e y c a n b e r e p la c e d .

11. Oil and gas are , ______ res ᄋ니rces beca 니se
they cannot be replaced.

W h a t are some other sources of energy?

12. W e have m a n y ____________

； o f energy besides
fossil fuels.

13. A r e n e w a b le r e s ᄋ니r c e t h a t c o m e s f r o m t h e S 니n is

C ,r f 'i f r if (? f f 1.1

14. People can 니se the S 니n, wind, and m oving w ater to

m a k e __________:_________ .

C ritical Thinking

15. W h i c h k in d o f fo s s il w o u l d y o 니 like t o d is c o v e r
and w ha t do y ᄋ니 think can be learned from it?

C h ap ter 6 • U s in g E a r t h ’s R e s o u rc e s Use with Lesson 3

Reading and W ritin g Fossils and Fuels
 LESSON
Name
V ocabulary

Fossils and Fuels

Match the correct word with its description below.
W rite its letter in the blank provided.

a. cast e.
I
b. fossil f.
：
c. fuel g-
d. im p rin t h. solar e n e rg y

a typ e o f fossil th a t is a c o p y o f a
mold's shape

2. a type o f fossil th a t is a m ark in solid rock

3. energy from the S니n

4. 2. a res ᄋ니rce th a t can be replaced or 니sed

again and again

5. i. a m a te r ia l t h a t is b 니r n e d f o r its e n e r g y

6. ____ a t y p e o f fo s s il t h a t is an e m p t y s p a c e in
rock where the remains o f an animal or
plant lay

7. 사 a re s ᄋ니rc e t h a t c a n n o t b e r e p l a c e d o r
IIIH-MDJ90IA^UDIIIE0D1/\J

reused easily

8. 느 t h e t r a c e o r r e m a in s o f s o m e th in g t h a t liv e d
long ago
◎

C h ap ter 6 • Using E arth’s Resᄋ니rces Use w ith Lesson 3

R eading and W ritin g Fossils and Fuels
LESSON Name.
Cloze A ctiyity

Fossils and Fuels i V

Use the words in the box to fill in the blanks below.

cast im p rin t n o n re n e w a b le solar e n e rg y

e n e rg y m inerals orga n ism s s to n y m odel

fossils m o ld s e d im e n t

Fossil f 니els are an im p o rta n t natural res ᄋ니rce.

These f 니els form ed from the remains o f _

th at lived long ago. Remains or traces of ancient plants

and animals are c a lle d _________________ . A fo o tp rin t of

an animal in solid rock is a ( n ) _________________ .

Organisms th at have died can be b 니ried in ______

As the sedim ent becomes r o c k ,_________________ replace

the hard parts of the organism, making a(n) 드切n

A space in the shape of an organism ’s remains is a(n)

______________ . If this fossil fills w ith water, minerals can

harden and form a ( n ) _________________ . Beca 니se fossils

=!H-MDJool/\l/UD=EODIAI

take so long to form, they are • •■ ________ res ᄋ니rces.

However, fossils are not ᄋ니r only scujrce o f ______________

◎

Other sᄋ니rces inchjde wind, moving water, and _ _ _ 5 ^

These sᄋ니rces are renewable beca 니se they can be replaced.

gQ C h ap ter 6 • Using E arth’s Resᄋ니rces Use w ith Lesson 3

R eading and W ritin g Fossils and Fuels
Name Reading
in Science

Turning the Power On

Read the Reading in Science feature in your textbook.
Fill in the blanks in the graphic organizer below.
W hen you have finished, you will see how text
clues help you draw conclusions.

T e x t C lu e s C o n c lu s io n s

P e o p le n e e d t o 니se
P e o p le n e e d . Som e
m o re
e n e r a v s o u rc e s like w ill e n e r g y s ᄋ니rces so t h a t
be 니sed 니p o n e day. S o m e e n e r g y s ᄋ니rces n o n r e n e w a b le e n e r g y
s o 니rce s w ill n o t b e
are a n d can b e used u se d 니p.
a g a in a n d again.

H y d r o p o w e r , w in d , g e o th e r m a l, solar, R e n e w a b le re s ᄋ니「ces
a n d b io m a s s e n e rg y can all p r o d 니ce c a n s 니p p ly ᄋ니r n e e d f o r

. This f o r m o f

e n e ra v ᄋ니「cars.

o ur hom es, and

o u r m a c h in e s .

C h ap ter 6 • Using E arth’s Resᄋ니rces Use w ith Lesson 3

R eading and W ritin g Fossils and Fuels
 Reading Name
面 n Science A

W rite A b o u t It
Draw C o n c lu s io n s W h y is it im p o rta n t fo r people to
니se renew able energy scujrces? Use w h a t y ᄋ니 already
k n o w and w h a t y ᄋ니 read in th e article to d ra w a
conclusion.

Planning and O rgan izing

Answer the following questions.
1. W h y do people need energy?

2. W h a t will happen if people 니se coal and oil instead of

renew able res ᄋ니「ces?

3. Can renewable res ᄋ니rces m eet peo ple ’s energy

needs? Explain.

D raw Conclusions
Now, use your answers to the questions above to
w rite an answer to this question: “W hy is it im portant
for people to use renewable resources?”

co C h ap ter 6 • Using E arth’s Resources Use w ith Lesson 3

R eading and W ritin g Fossils and Fuels
 LESSON
Name
O utline

Air and Water Resources

Use your textb o o k to help you fill in the blanks.

How do w e use air and w ater?

1. A i r is i m p o r t a n t b e c a 니se it has th a t
people need in o rd er to breathe.

2. W a t e r is a ( n ) ( 허찼从! sVJ . b e c a 니se it c a n b e

replaced by rain or snow.

3. People cannot drink m ost of E arth’s w a te r beca 니se it

is very ■가_______■

4 . R ive rs, p o n d s , a n d w a t e r b e l o w g r ᄋ니nd, o r o p rM M \|切 ^

a re f r e s h - w a t e r s o 니rces.

5. People cannot 니se m ost of Earth’s fre sh -w a te r

s ᄋ니rc e s b e c a u s e t h e w a t e r is 사 안 ___________.

How do people get w ater?

6 . W a te r is carried to people th r ᄋ니gh

7. A wall th a t is b 니ilt on a river is called a(n)

8 . People can 니se the w a te r th a t is stored in a(n)

behind a dam.
IIIH-MDJ9ol/\l/UDIIIEoDl/\l

9. People dig to p 니m p g r ᄋ니n d w a te r

to Earth’s surface.
◎

10. A t a w ater tre a tm e n t plant, w a te r is cleaned so th a t it

is _ — to drink.

C h ap ter 6 • Using E arth’s Resources Use w ith Lesson 4 co

Reading and W ritin g A ir and W a te r Resources
 LESSON Name
Outline

W h a t can happen to air and w a te r resources?

11. L iv in g t h in g s c a n b e c o m e s ic k f r o m ______
to water, air, or land.

12. A i r b e c o m e s p o l l 니t e d w h e n p e o p le b 니rn .

13. W a t e r b e c o m e s p o llu t e d w h e n p e o p le use \V l썼 >

to make plants grow.

14. If p e o p le \V 1 ______
、 w a te r, th e y m a y
e v e n t 니ally 니se all of the available w ater on Earth.

How can you conserve resources?

15. W h e n p e o p le 니se less w a t e r , t h e y 知

res ᄋ니rces.

C ritical Thinking

16. W h y a re E a r t h ’s a ir a n d w a t e r r e s ᄋ니rc e s i m p o r t a n t ?
H o w m i g h t t h e s e re s ᄋ니rc e s b e h a r m e d b y h u m a n
activities?

=H-M oJ902/UD=EO DI/\j

◎

C h ap ter 6 • Using Earth’s Resᄋ니rces % Use w ith Lesson 4

R eading and W ritin g A ir and W a te r Resources
 Name LESSON
V ocabulary

Air and Water Resources

Match each w ord with its description. Then w rite its
letter in the blank provided.

a. a q u e d 니cts c. g ro 니n d w a te r e. re s e rv o ir
I
■

' b. co n se rve d. p o llu tio n f. well

a h o le t h a t has b e e n d u g t o r e a c h
니n d e r g r ᄋ니n d w a te r

2. to 니se r e s ᄋ니rc e s w is e ly

3. Ov p ip e s o r d it c h e s t h a t c a r r y w a t e r

4. w a t e r s t o r e d b e h in d a d a m

5. h a r m f 니I t h in g s in t h e w a t e r , air, a n d la n d

6. 0 w a t e r h e ld in r o c k s b e l o w g r ᄋ니n d
-
=Iio50io-~EODS ◎

C h ap ter 6 • Using E arth’s Resources Use w ith Lesson 4

Reading and W ritin g A ir and W a te r Resources
55
LESSO N
Nam e.
Cloze A etivity

Air and Water Resources

Use the words in the box to fill in the blanks below.

air J fresh water -j p 이 1니tion J xjwater treatment

aq 니ed 니cts 니' gro 니ndwater renewable-^ wells J
fossil f 니elsᅱ nat 니re sj reservoirs V

W e m 니st 니se res ᄋ니rces wisely so th at we will not n」n

ᄋ니t o f them. Tw o im p o rta n t res ᄋ니rces are w ater and

________ r _______ . These res ᄋ니rces are tp f 나A)

b 니t they can be harmed by n；

1'•
； jQ . Volcanoes
\
a n d w ild f ir e s a re p o l l 니t i o n c a u s e d b y V _______ ■

P e o p le c a 니se a ir p 이 I 니t i o n w h e n t h e y b 니rn ^^SS\S.

F e r t iliz e r s c a n p 이 k jte riv e rs , lakes, and (ytoun 在 ^ H c v ,

J

a n i m p o r t a n t s ᄋ니rce o f ^ 아 .
승
s
fv

People get gr■ᄋ니n dw a ter by d ig g in g ___

Some people do not live near fresh water. They 니se

^ 1■ _____ to store w ater and t

=!

예
工- MoJ9o^/UDII!EoDI/\j◎

to tra n s p o rt w ater to them. Some cities and tow ns 니se

ItMej j 1 plants to make w ater clean and safe.

Beca 니se fresh w ater is limited, people sh ᄋ니Id practice

conservation.

C h a p te r 6 • Using Earth’s Resources Use w ith Lesson 4

R eading and W ritin g A ir and W a te r Resources
 CHAPTER
Name
V ocabulary

Using Earth’s Resources

Circle the letter of the best answer.

1. W hich of the follow ing is a 4. W hich kind o f rock fo rm s

s o lid , n o n liv in g s 니b s t a n c e from magma?
f ᄋ니n d in n a t 니re?
m e ta m o rp h ic
a. s e d im e n t
S - ig n e o u s
b. h u m u s
c. sedim entary
획 a mineral d. fossil
d. a fo s s il
5. W h ic h o f t h e f o l l o w i n g
2 . W h i c h o f t h e f o l l o w i n g is is a m ixture o f minerals,
made up o f bits o f decayed w eathered rocks, and living
plants and animals th a t add things?
nutrients to soil? a. soil
a. fo s s ils
b. h u m u s
b . t o p s o il
c. a fo s s il
c. lo a m
d . n u trie n ts
\h 니rrujs
6 . A d in o s a 니r ’s f o o t p r i n t in
3. W hich o f the fo llo w in g is an hardened m 니d is a(n)
example of a nonrenewable a. m o ld .
res ᄋ니「ce?
b . c a s t.
a. air
_!H-MOJ9ol/\l/UD=UJoDlAI

c. s t o n y m o d e l,
b. soil
dv i m p r in t .
s/ coal
d. w ater
◎

C h ap ter 6 • Using E arth’s Resᄋ니rces

R eading and W ritin g
57
CHAPTER
Vocabulary
Circle the letter of the best answer.
7. W h a t do people 니se to get 10 . W hat kind of res ᄋ니rce
w a te r from below Earth’s are plants, animals, water,
s 니rface? and air?
a. a q 니e d 니cts a. nonrenewable
私. wells S. renewable
c. reservoirs c. energy
d. dams d. limited

8. R o c k f o r m e d f r o m h e a t 11. W h ic h k in d o f r o c k f o r m s
a n d p r e s s 니re in s id e E a r th from tin y bits of plants,
is classified as animals, or weathered rock?
a. b e d r o c k . ^ s e d im e n t a r y

b. i g n e ᄋ니s ro c k . b . m e t a m ᄋr p h ic

c. sedim entary rock, c. ig n e ᄋ니s

m e t a m ᄋ r p h ic ro c k . d . m in e ra l

9. W h ic h o f th e fo llo w in g 12. W h ic h o f t h e f o l l o w i n g is a
is Earth’s main source m a te r ia l t h a t is b u r n e d f o r
o f energy? its energy?
a. fossil fuels a. m a g m a

b. magma b . s o la r e n e r g y

Q. the Sun c. fo s s ils

d. m oving w ater fuel

수

C h ap ter 6 • Using E arth’s Resources

58 R eading and W ritin g
N am e_______________________________ D ate______ Chapter
Test A

Using Earth’s Resources

W rite the w ord or words that best com pletes each sentence
in the spaces below . W ords may be used only once.

conservation n o 门re n e w a b le 「es ᄋ니「ce sedim entary rock

igne ᄋ니s rock pollution solar energy
mineral r e n e w a b le 「es ᄋ니「ce
i natural resource sedim ent

1. A res ᄋ니rce th a t can be 니sed o v e r and o v e r is a (n)

2. T iny bits o f ro c k or dead p la n t and anim al m a tte r

is c a lle d ^
기 一
3. A ro c k th a t is fo rm e d fro m layers o f s e d im e n t is

called a(n) d폐핫fl훌내^ OCi느

4. H arm ful th in g s in th e air cause _______ .

5. M elted ro ck cools and hardens, fo rm in g 베 OX0Ui>

6. Making res ᄋ니rces last lo n g e r is c a ll e d n )1아 ______

7. A m aterial on Earth th a t is necessary o r 니s e f 니I to

p e o p le is a (n ) _ ^f^OUYCC .

8. E nergy fro m th e s 니n is c a lle d St)UW £

9. Salt is a ty p e o f D l I f U T d t _________ .

10. A res ᄋ니rce th a t takes m illions o f years to fo rm and

c a n n o t be easily replaced is a (n ) Q^in Y-CSOWTCf.

C hapter 6 • Using Earth’s Resᄋ니rces Use w ith C hapter 6

Assessment
 Chapter Date
Test A

Circle the le tte r of the best answer for each question.

11. W h a t is a n o th e r n a m e f o r a 14. W h a t a r e t h e im p r e s s io n s
valuable m ineral such as a th a t living th in g s leave
d ia m o n d o r a ruby? behind in th e m 니d called?
政 gem A c a s ts
B coal B remains
C to p a z C fo s s ils
D ig n e ᄋ니s ro c k p ^； i m p r i n t s

12. W h a t is w a t e r th a t is h e ld in 15. W h i c h p a r t o f t h e s o il
rocks b elo w g r ᄋ니nd called? w o rk s like a sponge?
g r ᄋ니 n d w a t e r A b e d ro c k
B a q 니e d 니c t s B hum us
C fre s h w a te r O \s u b s o il
D reservoirs D sand

13. W h ic h m ineral p ro p e r ty
is id e n tifie d b y th e c o lo r
o f th e p o w d e r left behind
w he n it is m b b e d across a
s 니rface?
A hardness
streak
C c o lo r
D luster

C hapter 6 • Using Earth’s Resources Use w ith C hapter 6

60 Assessment
 Name Date Chapter
TestA

Answer the follow ing questions.

Use th e d ia g ra m to th e rig h t to
answ e r th e fo llo w in g q 니estion.
To p s o il

Subsoil

B e d ro c k

16. In terp re t Data W h ic h level o f soil is ro c k y and

w ᄋ니Id be th e m o s t d if f ic 니It to reach? W h y ?

m ode

17. Infer W h y is it im p o rta n t fo r fa rm e rs to p re v e n t erosion?

18. Classify U s e t h e f o l l o w i n g vocab 니la r y te rm s to

classify each rock.
一
!I H-M DJ9olAI/uoIHEODI/\l

ig n e ᄋ니s r o c k m e ta m o rp h ic ro c k s e d im e n ta ry ro c k

g r a n i t e ____________________ s a n d s t o n e ________________
◎

s la t e __________________

C hapter 6 • Using Earth’s Resᄋ니rces Use w ith C hapter 6 ^ |

Assessment
A nsw er the follow ing questions.

19. Coal and gas are tw o o f th e U nited S tates’s main

scMjrces o f energy. W h a t is one p ro b le m w ith 니sing
these fossil fuels?

2 0 . M any p e o p le are co n sid e rin g a lte rn a tive fo rm s o f

energy. W h a t a lte rn a tive fo rm o f e n e rg y do you
th in k w ᄋ니Id be best fo r th e e n v iro n m e n t? W h y?

21. C ritical Thinking Som e anim als live in soil. H o w can

anim als b e n e fit the soil w h e re th e y live?

22. Thinking Like a Scientist Y o 니 live in an area w ith

v e ry little w ater. There is a w a te r s ᄋ니rce several
miles away. Describe one w a y y ᄋ니 could m ove the
w a te r fro m its s ᄋ니rce to w h e re it is needed.

C hapter 6 • Using Earth’s Resources Use w ith Chapter 6

Assessment
 Name Date Lesson I
Test

Circle the le tte r of the best answer for each question.

1. H ow does s e d im e n ta ry 3 . W h a t is m e a n t b y a
ro c k fo rm ? m in e ra l’s luster?
A fro m v o lc a n ic ash th a t A h o w d i f f i c u l t it is t o
b eco m e s co m p re sse d scratch
o v e r tim e 흉 h o w lig h t re fle c ts o f f o f it
U fro m tin y bits o f C th e c o lo r o f th e p o w d e r
! w e a th e re d rock, anim al left beh ind
remains, or plants th a t -D h o w it is fo rm e d
pile 니p in layers I
C by hea ting and 4. W h a t is th e te rm used to
s q 니eezing rocks and d e s crib e any kind o f ro c k
m inerals to g e th e r th a t is c h a n g e d b y h e a tin g
D by c o o lin g and and s q 니eezing?
h ard e n in g m elte d rock
A\ m e ta m ᄋrp h ic ro c k
B s e d im e n ta ry ro c k
2. Each o f th e fo llo w in g is a
p ro p e r ty o f m inerals e x c e p t C ig n e ᄋ니s ro c k
D o bsid ia n ro c k
A color.
B streak.
C luster,
size.

Critical Thinking W h y should a s tu d e n t n o t 니se

c o lo r alone to id e n tify minerals?
= !H - M D J 9 a l/ \ l/ U D II! E 0 D 2◎

C hapter 6 • Using Earth’s Resᄋ니rces Use w ith Lesson 1

Minerals and Rocks
63
Assessment
 Lesson 2 Date
Test

Circle the letter of the best answer for each question.

1. W h e n minerals, w e a th e re d 3. W h a t is th e c o rre c t o rd e r
rocks, and o th e r th in g s are o f layers o f soil fro m to p to
m ixed to g e th e r, th e y fo rm b o tto m ?
A p e a t. A b e d r o c k , s u b s o il, to p so il
B sand. (&v. t o p s o i l , s 니b s o i l ，b e d r o c k
C h 니itujs. C t o p s o i l , b e d r o c k , subsoil
© so il. D s 니b s o il, t o p s o i l , b e d r o c k

2 . W h a t is h 니m 니s? 4. W h a t d e te rm in e s a soil’s
color?
A t h e s a n d y p a r t o f s o il
B ro o ts th a t g ro w d e e p A how m 니c h s 니n it g e t s
into th e soil B h o w m 니ch w a te r it gets
C u b its o f d eca yed plants 令 w h a t t y p e s o f m a t e r ia ls
and anim als fo u n d in soil are in it
D th e to p layer o f soil D w h a t g ro w s on it

C ritical Thinking A s t 니d e n t is g ro w in g plants th a t

need soil th a t is n eith er to o w e t nor to o dry. W h a t
w ᄋ니Id be a g o o d soil to 니se? W h y?

C hapter 6 • Using Earth’s Resᄋ니rces Use w ith Lesson 2

Assessment Soil
Name Date Lesson 3
Test

Circle the letter of the best answer for each question.

1. W h a t a r e i m p r i n t s ? 3 . A ll o f t h e fo llo w in g a r e
r e n e w a b le 「es ᄋ니「ces e x c e p t
A ty p e s o f shells
획 ty p e s o f fossils A natural gas.
C t y p e s o f m inerals B p la n ts .

D ty p e s o f plants C w ater.
D air.
2. W h i c h is o n e o f E a r t h ’s
main s ᄋ니rces o f ren ew a ble 4 . A ll o f t h e f o l l o w i n g a r e
energy? exam ple s o f fossil fuels
except
A n 니clear e n e rg y
B e le c tric ity A c o a l.

C\ solar e n e rg y B natural gas.

D fossil f 니el e n e rg y & w a te r.
D oil.

Critical Thinking W h y is it im p o rta n t to co n se rve

fossil fuels?

C hapter 6 • Using Earth’s Resources Use w ith Lesson 3

65
Assessment Fossils and Fuels
 Lesson 4 Date
Test ▲

Circle the letter of the best answer for each question.

1. W h e r e is m o s t o f E a r t h ’s 3. W h a t is an a q 니e d 니ct?
w a te r located?
A a w a ll across a r iv e r
A r iv e r s B a place to sto re w a te r
B la k e s C a n o th e r name fo r
oceans g r ᄋ니n d w a te r
D g l a c ie r s (b. a pipe or d itch th a t
carries w a te r
2 . W h a t d o rivers, p o n d s ,
stream s, glaciers, and 4. W h a t kind o f w a te r is
icebergs all co nta in? p 니m ped fro m wells?
.jft^fresh w a te r A ocean w a te r
B s a lt w a te r B tre a te d w a te r
C d rin k in g w a te r 电 g r ᄋ니n d w a t e r
D fro ze n w a te r D river w a te r

C ritical Thinking W h y is it im p o rta n t fo r cities to

have w a te r tr e a tm e n t plants?

Chapter 6 • Using Earth’s Resources Use w ith Lesson 4

Assessment A ir and W a te r Resources
 N am e_______________________________ D a te ______ Chapter
, Test B

Using Earth’s Resources

W rite the w ord or words that best com plete each sentence
in the spaces below. W ords m ay be used only once.

c o n s e r v a t io n m in e r a l r e n e w a b le r e s ᄋ니rc e
fossils n at 니ral res ᄋ니rce sedim entary rock
fuel nonrenew able resource
ig n e ᄋ니s r o c k p o l l 니t io n

1. S 니I f 니r is a t y p e o f _ 州 베 ( ^人____________ .

2. The b 니rning o f fossil f 니els c a 니s e s ________ .

3. Using res ᄋ니rces w isely is c a lle d co^>gr 子니n .

4. Coal is an e xam ple o f a (n ) _ _____

th a t c a n n o t be easily replaced.

5. W a te r is an e xam ple o f a ( n ) _______

th a t can be 니sed again and again.

6. S a n dsto n e is an e xa m p le o f a _____

7. The rem ains or traces o f s o m e th in g th a t lived long

ago a r e _______ 우的나_________ .

8 . S o il is a n e x a m p l e o f a ( n ) »'fSoyvc^S .
= H - M D J 9 3 ? L iD = lu 3 D l A ◎

9. M agm a cools slo w ly and th e n hardens in to a (n )

_ _ ____________________________________

10. Energy 니sed in homes and in cars is c a lle d ^__________

I

C hapter 6 • Using Earth’s Resources Use w ith C hapter 6

Assessment
 Chapter Name Date
TestB

Circle the le tte r of the best answer for each question.

11. W h a t is g r ᄋ니n d w a te r? 14. W h ich p a rt o f th e soil

soaks 니p rainw ater, keeps
A salt w a te r fro m oceans
the soil moist, and adds
B w a te r th a t falls to th e
n 니trien ts?
g ro u n d w he n it rains
^ w a te r th a t is held in A sand
rocks b e lo w g ro u n d B b e d ro c k
D fre s h w a te r taken C subsoil
fro m reservoirs and ft/h u m u s
aq 니e d u cts
15. H ow are im p rin ts best
12. W h ic h m ineral p ro p e r ty described?
is id e n tifie d by h o w lig h t
A bones and shells fro m
b ounces o ff it?
\ long ago
A 'x- luster 电 im pressions th a t living
B hardness th in g s leave behind in
streak th e m ud
D c o lo r C valleys ca rve d o u t by
glaciers
13. All o f th e fo llo w in g are D minerals th a t seep into
e xam ples o f gem s e x c e p t a m old and harden
A

d ia m o n d
B

to p a z
^

slate
D

l—H -M D J9 o l/\ l/U D = !EoDl/\◎

r 니by
l

C hapter 6 • Using Earth’s Resᄋ니rces Use w ith Chapter 6

Assessment
Name Date Chapter
TestB

Answer the follow ing questions.

16. Classify Match each ro c k ty p e w ith its exam ple.

s late
ᅳ ^ A m e ta m o rp h ic ro ck

shalp ^ B ig n e ᄋ니s ro c k

g ra n ite ^ C s e d im e n ta ry ro ck

17. In terp re t Data C hoose fro m th e b o x b e lo w to

c o m p le te th e chart.

s 니bsoil topsoil b ed ro ck

Soil Layer Description

This layer contains the most h 니m 니s and

+0 우 minerals and is dark in color.
This layer contains less h 니m 니s and is
우 b lighter in color.

This layer is made of solid rock.

18. Infer W h a t ty p e o f p la n t w ᄋ니Id g r o w b e s t in sandy

soil? W h y?

C hapter 6 • Using Earth’s Resᄋ니rces Use w ith C hapter 6 jlq

Assessment
 Chapter Date
TestB

Answer the follow ing questions.

19. W h a t a lte rn a tiv e fo rm o f e n e rg y w o u ld w o rk best

in th e e n v iro n m e n t w h e re y ᄋ니 live? W hy?

2 0 . List th re e w ays to r e d 니ce th e 니se o f fossil fuels.

21. C ritical Thinking W h y are e a rth w o rm s im p o rta n t

in soil d e v e lo p m e n t?

22. Thinking Like a Scientist The H oo ve r Dam is

lo c a te d on th e b o rd e rs o f Nevada and Arizona.
The H o o ve r Dam p ro v id e s w a te r to m illions in
A rizon a , California, and Nevada. W h y is it m ore
im p o rta n t to p ro v id e w a te r to these states than
to rainy states like W a s h in g to n or O regon?

yQ C hapter 6 • Using Earth’s Resᄋ니rces Use w ith Chapter 6

Assessment
 Name Date Performance
Assessment

The Water We Use M aterials

Objective: S t 니de n t will create a diagram showing poster board
the path drinking w a te r takes fro m the tre a tm e n t
markers
plant to their fa 니cet at home.
or colored ..
pencils
S c o rin g R u b ric
reference
H p o in ts S t 니d ent shows a g o o d representation materials (such
o f each step in the w a te r tre a tm e n t process. as encyclopedias,
S t 니de n t clearly labels each step o f the process. Internet sites) - for
Steps sh ᄋ니Id incl 니de all o f the fo llow ing: W ater ideas only
enters the plant; w a te r passes t h r ᄋ니gh a strainer
or filter; w a te r sits in a settling tank so large particles can
sink to the b o tto m ; w a te r is filte red th ro u g h sand or gravel;
w a te r is chem ically tre a te d to kill harmful organisms; w a te r
is piped to homes. Student clearly explains his or her
answers to the q 니esti ᄋns in Analyze the Results.

3 p o in ts S t 니de n t shows a g o o d representation o f m ost of

the steps in the w ater tre a tm e n t process, leaving ᄋ니t one
step or label. St 니d e n t’s answers to questions are m ostly
correct.

2 p o in ts S t 니dent's representation o f the steps in the w a te r

tre a tm e n t process is so m ew ha t inacc 니rate or incom plete.
S t 니d ent leaves ᄋ니t 2 to 3 steps. S t 니d ent labels some o f the
steps a cc 니rately. St 니d e n t’s answers to the q 니estions are
m ostly inacc 니rate or incom plete.

point S t 니dent identifies and labels some b 니t not all o f the

steps in the w a te r tre a tm e n t process, leaving ᄋ니t 4 or m ore
= H - M D J 9 o s / U D = E O D I/ \ ©

steps. S t 니de n t does not answer the q 니estions.

l

Chapter 6 • Using Earth’s Resᄋ니rces Use w ith C hapter 6

Assessment
Performance Date
Assessment

The Water We Use

M a k e a D ia g ra m
W a te r 니sed fo r drin kin g , c o o kin g , and b a th in g is m ade
safe by w a te r tr e a tm e n t plants. Make a d ia g ra m to
s h o w w h a t happens fro m th e tim e th e w a te r enters th e
tr e a tm e n t p la n t 니ntil it reaches kitch en fa 니cets. Label
and d e sc rib e each step in th e process.

A n a ly z e th e R esults
1. If so m e on e p e e re d oil o n to an e m p ty lo t d o w n the
street, h o w c ᄋ니Id this a ffe c t y ᄋ니r d rin k in g w ater?

2. Is it m o re d if fic 니It to filte r liq 니id o r solid s 니bstances

ᄋ니t o f th e w a te r in a tr e a tm e n t plant? Explain.

y2 C hapter 6 • Using Earth’s Resources Use w ith Chapter 6

Assessment
Credits
A
Cover Jnichanan/Shutterstock; Back Cover Brian Kinney/Shutterstock; i Brian Kinney/ Sakdinon Kadchiangsaen/Shutterstock, Alan Morgan; 233 Jacques Cornell/McGraw-Hill
Shutterstock; ii-iii Burke/Triolo Productions/Getty Images; iii Stockbyte; iv Doug Sherman/ Education, Siede Preis/Getty Images; 2 34 Photodisc/SuperStock, Ingram Publishing/
Geofile; 187 javarman/Shutterstock; 1 8 8-18 9 meinzahn/123RF; 189 Chris Willig/McGraw-Hill SuperStock, Andrew F. Kazmierski/Shutterstock; 235 Ken Karp/McGraw-Hill Education, Doug
Education, H.G. Wilshire/U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), J.D. Griggs/U.S. Geological Survey Sherman/Geofile, Andrew F. Kazmierski/Shutterstock, Jacques Cornell/McGraw-Hill Education;
(USGS), Doug Meek/Shutterstock, Ken Eis/WeatherVideoHD.TV; 190-191 Chris Willig/McGraw- 236 Image Source, United States Navy; 23 7 Jacques Cornell/McGraw-Hill Education; 2 3 8 -2 3 9
Hill Education; 191 MHE, Michael Scott/McGraw-Hill Education; 193 NASA-GFSC Image johnsroad7/123RF; 2 39 MHE, Michael Scott/McGraw-Hill Education; 2 40 Scott Bauer/U.S.
created by Reto Stockli with the help of Alan Nelson, under the leadership of Fritz Hasler; 195 Department of Agriculture (USDA), photographyfirm/Shutterstock; 241 Jacques Cornell/
Michael Scott/McGraw-Hill Education; 2 00 IrinaK/Shutterstock, Michael Scott/McGraw-Hill McGraw-Hill Education; 242 Franck Jeannin/Alamy, Stockbyte/SuperStock; 243 Michael Scott/
Education; 201 Michael Scott/McGraw-Hill Education; 202-203 H.G. Wilshire/U.S. Geological McGraw-Hill Education, Jacques Cornell/McGraw-Hill Education; 2 44 PixtaI/AGE Fotostock,
Survey (USGS); 203 MHE; 204 Brand X Pictures/PunchStock; 2 07 Michael Scott/McGraw-Hill Tim McCabe/U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA); 2 45 photographyfirm/Shutterstock,
Education, J.D. Griggs/U.S. Geological Survey (USGS); 2 08 Mark Reid/U.S. Geological Survey Stockbyte/SuperStock, Tim McCabe/U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA), Jacques Cornell/
(USGS), IrinaK/Shutterstock; 2 09 Brand X Pictures/PunchStock, J.D. Griggs/U.S. Geological McGraw-Hill Education; 2 4 6-24 7 stockofbr/Shutterstock; 24 7 Michael Scott/McGraw-Hill
Survey (USGS), Mark Reid/U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), Jacques Cornell/McGraw-Hill Education, Brand X Pictures/PunchStock; 2 4 8 -2 4 9 Bjoern Wylezich/Shutterstock; 2 4 9 Michael
Education; 210-211 Don Ramey Logan/Shutterstock; 2 10 MHE, AlexSmith/Shutterstock; Scott/McGraw-Hill Education, MHE; 2 50 Rattana/Shutterstock, Michael C. Gray/Shutterstock;
212-213 sumikophoto/Shutterstock; 213 MHE; 2 1 4 Doug Sherman/Geofile; 215 Doug 251 Breck P. Kent/Shutterstock, Michael Scott/McGraw-Hill Education; 2 5 2-25 3 Brian Kanof/
Meek/Shutterstock, Daniel Dempster Photography/Alamy; 2 16 Ken Eis/WeatherVideoHD. McGraw-Hill Education; 25 2 DorkyPix/Kitty May; 25 3 Donna Pizzarelli/U.S. Geological
TV, Jack Goldfarb/Design Pics; 2 17 Bruce F. M이nia/U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), Michael Survey (USGS); 2 5 4 Idealink Photography/Alamy, MHE, Julie D에nelly-Nolan/U.S. Geological
Scott/McGraw-Hill Education; 218 Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division [LC- Survey (USGS); 2 55 Michael C. Gray/Shutterstock, Brian Kanof/McGraw-Hill Education, Julie
USZ62-117221], Lissa Harrison; 2 19 Doug Sherman/Geofile, Bruce F. Molnia/U.S. Geological D에nelly-Nolan/U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), Jacques Cornell/McGraw-Hill Education;
Survey (USGS), Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division [LC-USZ62-117221], 2 5 6-25 7 pryzmat/Shutterstock; 2 5 6 Julie D에 nelly-Nolan/U.S. Geological Survey (USGS);
Jacques Cornell/McGraw-Hill Education; 2 20 Glow Images; 221 Andreea Dragomir/ 2 57 Stockbyte/Getty Images, Mariusz Szczygiel/Shutterstock; 2 5 8-25 9 MHE; 259 MHE;
Shutterstock; 222 Chris Willig, H.G. Wilshire/U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), sumikophoto/ 2 60-261 Polar Bear Standing on the Ice; 2 6 0 White water rafting; 2 62 High angle view of
Shutterstock, Jacques Cornell/McGraw-Hill Education; 223 Ken Eis/WeatherVideoHD.TV, a dam, Glen Cany 에 Dam, Arizona, Utah, USA; 2 6 4- 265 Andrea Booher/Federal Emergency
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Education; 226-227 Doug Sherman/Geofile; 227 MHE, Michael Scott/McGraw-Hill Education; McGraw-Hill Education; 268 MHE, Ken Karp/McGraw-Hill Education; 2 69 MHE; 2 7 0 Bjoern
22 8 Mark Dierker/McGraw-Hill Education, Jacques Cornell/McGraw-Hill Education, Zadiraka W ylezich/Shutterstock, Doug Sherman/Geofile, Stockbyte/SuperStock, MHE; 271 Brian Kanof/
Evgenii/Shutterstock; 229 Ken Karp/McGraw-Hill Education, Ken Cavanaugh/McGraw-Hill McGraw-Hill Education, Ken Karp/McGraw-Hill Education; 272 USGS Earthquakes Hazards Program,
Education, Doug Sherman/Geofile; 231 Phot이ibrary/AGE Fotostock, Ken Cavanaugh/McGraw- Purestock/Alamy
Hill Education, Michael Scott/McGraw-Hill Education; 232-233 Doug Sherman/Geofile; 232