E E 12(2): 172-180, 2024 :// . .

DOI: 10.13189/eer.2024.120208

A Community Project on Waste Management

Awareness and Livelihood Training of Residents nearby
a Polluted Creek: An Impact Study
Arian M. Edullantes1, Giovanni B. Cagurin2, Angelo Mark P. Walag2,3,*

1D L , ,
2D E , ,
3D B , C ,

Recei ed Jan ar 18, 2024; Re ised March 8, 2024; Accepted April 22, 2024

Ci e Thi Paper in he Follo ing Ci a ion S le

(a): [1] Arian M. Edullantes, Giovanni B. Cagurin, Angelo Mark P. Walag , "A Community Project on Waste Management
Awareness and Livelihood Training of Residents nearby a Polluted Creek: An Impact Study," Environment and Ecology
Research, Vol. 12, No. 2, pp. 172 - 180, 2024. DOI: 10.13189/eer.2024.120208.
(b): Arian M. Edullantes, Giovanni B. Cagurin, Angelo Mark P. Walag (2024). A Community Project on Waste
Management Awareness and Livelihood Training of Residents nearby a Polluted Creek: An Impact Study. Environment
and Ecology Research, 12(2), 172 - 180. DOI: 10.13189/eer.2024.120208.
C 2024 , .A
C C A L 4.0 I L

Abstract Policymakers, leaders of nonprofit provide meaningful clues on the impact community-based
organizations, and others have repeatedly demanded proof programs, caution must be taken in the interpretation of the
over the past few decades showing how environmental finds due to some methodological limitations.
education significantly improves environmental quality
and aids in conservation goals. This study investigated the Keywords Community Education, Community
impact of a community-based project on waste Empowerment, Environmental Education, Solid Waste
management awareness and livelihood training. The Management, Sustainable Development
program was specifically designed to capacitate
community members on waste segregation, reduction,
recycling, reusing, and repurposing with the goal of
reducing the pollution of a nearby creek. The present study 1. Introduction
aims to fill in the gap in our understanding on how
community-based programs help improve environmental Poor sanitation is a significant contributor to the health
outcomes. A convergent mixed method parallel design was issues that Filipinos face. A study shows that the most
utilized to quantitatively show the residents' knowledge, prevalent causes of morbidity include measles, bronchitis,
attitudes, and practices while simultaneously exploring the diarrhea, influenza, pneumonia, TB, and malaria [1]. The
benefits derived from the said program through a focus poor sanitary conditions could be due to improper waste
group discussion with barangay residents and barangay disposal. Due to rapid industrialization, urbanization, and
leaders. Results demonstrate that the participants have population expansion, waste output by inhabitants in the
possessed sufficient solid waste management knowledge Philippines has lately increased, particularly in
and desirable attitudes and practices towards solid waste. metropolitan areas. One major cause of this improper waste
In addition, participants also reported the importance of disposal is the inadequacy or inefficiency of most solid
incentives, community involvement, and political will waste management systems [2].
toward strengthened waste segregation at-source. These Solid waste management (SWM) services are
results demonstrate a positive impact on the lives of the insufficiently supplied in many municipalities in the
community residents as a result of a community-based developing world even though the ultimate obligation to
environmental education campaign. While the results manage solid waste is a constitutionally mandated
 E E 12(2): 172-180, 2024 173

municipal role in most nations [3], [4], [5]. Furthermore, Creek Watch in 2022, and clean-up drive in 2023. These
the majority of rural households in developing nations do projects aim to improve the solid waste management
not consistently adhere to prescribed waste disposal knowledge and cleanliness in the barangay as part of the
protocols. [6]. This may be due to a lack of environmental environmental education thrust of the department. This
awareness [7] or the lack of structural and systemic study aims to evaluate the impact of community projects as
facilities [8]. Similarly, most disposal facilities are poorly a medium of environmental education on the personal lives
run, and many homeowners do not receive garbage pickup of residents in the barangay. Specifically, this study sought
services. Numerous studies conducted worldwide have to:
demonstrated that informal recycling efforts significantly
1.
lower the cost of SWM, support the urban poor, and may
;
have good or negative environmental consequences [1], [9].
2. :
About 35,580 tons of waste are produced every day in
the Philippines. In the country, each person produces a.
around 0.5 kg and 0.3 kg of waste daily in the urban and - - ;
rural areas, respectively. This is important because disposal b.
sites have the potential to contaminate the surrounding ;
groundwater, soil, air, plants, and scavenger animals [10], c.
[11], [12]. Similar effects may be felt in nearby populations, ;
endangering their health. Dengue, cutaneous, upper d.
respiratory, and gastrointestinal illnesses were probably
3.
prevalent. Disposal sites may be unhealthy, but because the
;
community feels economically dependent on jobs and
4.
resources, it keeps settling for what is available.
.
Environmental education, training, and demonstration
initiatives are beneficial in raising people's knowledge of
the advantages of recycling and trash reduction [13]. It is 2. Materials and Methods
also a collection of resources that improves environmental
attitudes, values, and knowledge while fostering the skills
necessary for people and communities to work together to 2.1. Re ea ch De ign
take constructive environmental action [14]. This This study utilized a mixed methods research design,
highlights the importance of using environmental particularly the convergent parallel mixed methods variant
education to develop a sustainable program on sustainable [15]. In a convergent parallel design, the researcher
waste management. conducts both the quantitative and qualitative components
Bitan-ag Creek, in Cagayan de Oro City, is a major of the study during the same phase, assigns equal weight to
waterway that cuts across central residential and business each approach, analyzes each component separately, and
districts in the city, from Barangay Camaman-an, Cogon interprets the findings together [16]. In this study, the
Market, Agora Market, and Barangay Lapasan. This creek descriptive quantitative component examined the
also serves a catchment basin of the drainage system of confidence of the residents in terms of their solid waste
Cogon Market Area, Osmeña Street, Provincial Capitol management knowledge and identified the number of
Ground, Ramonal Village, Barangay Nazareth, and a participants who have benefitted from the training in terms
portion of Divisoria in the City of Cagayan de Oro. More of their use of the knowledge gained, their promotion, or
so, it is challenging to keep the river system area clean and for earning better after the training, and for developing
maintained since informal settlers have constructed their products as a result of the livelihood project. On the other
houses along the stream. The stream has essentially become hand, the phenomenological qualitative component
a waste dump due to years of mismanagement and neglect, explored the changes in the participants' personal and
and it has been a significant cause of the practically professional lives, including their barangay as a whole.
constant flooding that has devastated the city's main
commercial and residential areas. Due to its major role as 2.2. En i onmen and Con e of he S d
the ultimate catchment, its health and status are of prime
importance. The study was conducted in Barangay 22, Cagayan de
It is for this reason that the University of Science and Oro City, for both the quantitative and qualitative
Technology of Southern Philippines Department of components. Survey questionnaires were distributed to
Environmental Science and Technology (USTP-DEST) residents of Barangay 22 with the assistance of Barangay
conducted a series of community-based projects, which Officials. These were administered in their respective
include waste characterization and community livelihood residences to avoid gathering participants in one place. The
training in 2018, recycling of recyclable materials in the interview, on the other hand, was conducted in the
Materials Recovery Facility (MRF) in 2019, Bitan-ag Barangay Office. Barangay 22 served as a recipient of
174 AC M A L C :
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community projects on solid waste management from 2018 2.4. Sampling P oced e
to 2023 as part of the environmental education thrusts of
the USTP-DEST. The quantitative component of the study utilized a
complete enumeration of all participants of the different
2.3. Pa icipan of he S d projects organized by USTP-DEST. Meanwhile, those who
were unavailable during the data collection were no longer
For the quantitative component, only the residents were considered due to time constraints. In the qualitative
considered as the participants, while for the qualitative component, purposive sampling was utilized to ensure that
component, both the residents and their Barangay Officials the key informants included in the study would be able to
were considered. Only those who have participated in the provide rich data with respect to the objectives of the study.
different USTP-DEST projects were considered
participants. Table 1 summarizes the socio-demographic
2.5. Re ea ch In men
characteristics of the participants of the study. The majority
of the respondents are females with some formal education, The study utilized a researcher-made questionnaire to
who have resided in the barangay for at least six years, and ascertain the confidence of the participants in terms of their
who have a family income of less than PhP 10,000 (around knowledge of solid waste management. Experts in
$ 180.00). assessment and community development studies validated
Table 1. ( =28) this for its face and content validity. Another researcher-
made questionnaire was used to determine the number of
Frequency Percent participants who utilized their knowledge in their day-to-
Sex day life and workplace to earn better and develop products
Male 9 32.14% due to the community extension projects. Meanwhile, the
Female 19 67.86% qualitative component utilized an interview guide. This
interview guide was validated to ensure that questions
Education Level
allow rich data to be collected. Member checking was also
No formal education - conducted to ensure the authenticity of the results.
Elementary School -
Secondary School 9 32.14%
2.6. E hical Con ide a ion
College level 16 57.14%
Bachelor's degree and above 3 10.72%
Participation in the research was voluntary, and
participants were provided with informed consent. The
Years of Residence in the
Barangay
goals and objectives of the project were thoroughly
discussed with the respondents. No potential harm,
Less than two years -
physically or psychologically, was anticipated in the study.
2 5 years - Participants were also allowed to withdraw from the study
6 10 years 4 14.29% at any stage if they wished to do so. Using offensive,
More than 10 years 24 85.71% discriminatory, or other unacceptable language was
Family Size avoided in formulating questionnaires and guide questions
at all costs. The privacy and anonymity of the respondents
One to three members 3 10.72%
were ensured by using a researcher-made code for each
Four to six members 12 42.85%
respondent. The data was only accessible to the research
Seven to nine members 5 17.85% team alone and will be destroyed after one (1) year. All
10 members and more 8 28.58% necessary permissions will be obtained before data
Average Household Monthly collection. These were all compliant with the Ethical
Income (Php) Standards of the University of Science and Technology of
Less than 10,000 14 50.00% Southern Philippines.
10,000 to 15,000 1 3.56%
15,001 to 30,000 3 10.72% 2.7. Da a Anal i
30,001 to 50,000 2 7.14%
The quantitative data was analyzed using descriptive
More than 50,000 8 28.58% statistics and reported using mean and standard deviation.
Occupation The qualitative data was analyzed usi C
Government Employee 9 32.14% thematic analysis [17]. Recordings were transcribed and
Private Employee 2 7.14%
coded. Codes were then grouped to form themes. The
quantitative and qualitative data were then integrated to
Self-employed 7 25.00%
provide a bigger picture of the impact of the projects
Unemployed 10 35.72% conducted by USTP-DEST.
 E E 12(2): 172-180, 2024 175

3. Results and Discussion vermicomposting, would result in better solid waste

management [20].
The study examined households' knowledge of solid Attitudes towards solid waste management of
waste management as a result of the livelihood training and households were also investigated after completing the
waste management awareness programs they conducted. program and these are summarized in Figure 2. As shown,
As shown in Figure 1, all participants agree that solid waste most participants strongly agreed that solid wastes can be
is a source of environmental pollution and that improper reduced, recycled, and reused. Qualitative findings also
dumping can eventually lead to pollution of rivers, lakes, corroborate this result as participants mentioned that I
and wells. In addition, participants also agree that solid really segregate waste, those that are still useable and
waste can be a source of wealth by sorting and recycling it. those which are really considered trash, those that are
This result is also corroborated by the qualitative findings useable are reused, that is why there is decrease in our
that participants noted a reduction of waste produced and waste. This highlights the importance of having a positive
that waste segregation and recycling are already practiced. attitude towards solid waste management as it determines
The household trash their behavior towards their waste. Similarly, participants
before the training is dumped as one, but after the training, also disagree that solid waste is anything without value, and
wastes were reduced and are now sorted as biodegradable that could be because they use their waste for composting
and recyclable. This highlights the development of solid and developing products. The same agreement is also
waste management knowledge at the household level. This observed that participants find selling plastic waste as one
highlights the importance of community environmental way to address solid waste management. For example, one
education as it bridges the gap between waste management , It has a huge impact because it
knowledge and waste sustainability in developing countries helped us use plastic wrappers and tetra packs of coffee
[18]. More so, improvement in knowledge will enhance and other products to develop wallets and other goods.
This positive attitude towards solid waste management is
[19]. important since the degree to which individuals believe
Participants also agreed that compost or organic they are related to nature influences their views about the
fertilizer can be prepared from solid waste. This is also environment and their care for it [21]. As such, community
supported by the quote from a participant that gardening programs developing positive attitudes towards solid waste
or container gardening has been one of their significant management are desirable as these will have consequences
recycling activity. This is important as adopting and for the sustainability level of the entire country [22].
utilizing low-cost techniques, like composting and

Figure 1. Knowledge of Households towards Solid Waste Management

176 AC M A L C :
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Figure 2. Attitudes of Households towards Solid Waste Management

Solid waste management practices of households were products for livelihood. Composting has been long
also investigated in this study and are summarized in Table acknowledged as an effective means to reduce the volume
2. About half of the household waste is from leftover food, and weight of solid wastes while yielding meaningful
and the other half comes from recyclable materials like revenue [25]. For example, when participants were asked
plastic, beverage cans, and bottles. These types of waste what they benefitted from the program, one responded,
can be recycled and reduced, as shown in the qualitative It s the gardening beca se e can reall make se of it,
findings where participants develop goods to sell and use and we can get produce , We
food waste for container gardening. These types of don t ha e an thing else to sa b t e are thankf l to o r
household wastes are also common in other parts of the Barangay Captain and to USTP that they gave us free
world. In Turkey and Tehran, food wastes were found to be livelihood training that did not Only help us but also our
the highest type of waste produced by households [23], [24]. community. the
Desirable practices are also shown in the same table, training in terms of household practices in solid waste
where most of the participants reported that solid waste is management.
disposed of through a disposal site. This is confirmed in the Participants also noted that they segregate their wastes at
qualitative findings, where several participants mentioned source and that they have a good solid waste collection and
Our Barangay Captain constructed a Materials .H ,
Recovery Facility (MRF) where we are expected to dispose collection system. This is understandable since household
of our segregated wastes from 4:00pm to 8:00pm. solid wastes are no longer collected door-to-door but are
suggests that community residents will conform to the brought to the Barangay MRF. This is clearly explained by
desired behavior when effective systems and structures are We segregate our own
in place. Similarly, participants also noted a significant household wastes and bring it to the MRF, and they check
reduction in waste and that a majority no longer burn their if it is really segregated correctly before they accept it. I
waste. These positive practices may be due to the addition, at-source segregation allows for easy extraction
opportunities brought about by the community training of recyclable materials, reducing the occupational hazards
program, where they were taught various ways to reduce of waste segregation [26].
waste, like composting for gardening and developing
 E E 12(2): 172-180, 2024 177

Table 2. H M

Household Practices Frequency Percent

1. What are the typical components of your household solid wastes?
A. Food leftovers and food waste 14 50.00%
B. Plastic, beverage cans, glass and bottle 14 50.00%
C. Metal, leather, and textile -
D. Paper and cardboard -
2. How do you get rid of solid wastes from home
A. Dump in backyard with sacs -
B. Dumped along roadsides or in canal 1 3.60%
C. Dumped in disposal site 27 96.40%
D. Buried in the soil -
3. How are the content and volume of solid waste changes from time to time in your community?
A. Increased 3 10.72%
B. Decreased 23 82.14%
C. No change 2 7.14%
4. Do you burn your solid waste?
A. Yes -
B. No 26 92.86%
C. Sometimes 2 7.14%
5. If you answered yes or sometimes above, what is the frequency of burning your household solid
waste?
A. Daily -
B. once in two or three days -
C. Weekly -
D. Monthly 4 14.28%
6. How is the collection and disposal service of solid waste provided by the city?
A. Good 21 75.00%
B. Satisfactory 7 25.00%
C. Poor -
7. Do you separate solid wastes before disposal?
A. Yes 28 100.00%
B. No -
8. Do you practice reduce, reuse and recycle strategy for SW or not use 3R?
A. Reduce by compost preparation (R-1) 11 39.29%
B. Reuse (R-2) 8 28.57%
C. Selling for recycling business (R-3) 9 32.14%
D. Burn (Not use 3R) -
9. Are there adequate solid waste landfills or dumping sites in the town?
A. Yes 27 96.40%
B. No 1 3.60%
10. Do you have access to door-to-door waste collection service?
A. Yes 6 21.42%
B. No 22 78.58%
178 AC M A L C :
A I

These positive practices may also result from enabling environment and a prosperous, healthy lifestyle for present
systems imposed in the community. For example, positive and future generations [28].
incentives are implemented in the Barangay as noted by a Table 3 shows how the participants utilize the
B angay won in the city-wide knowledge they have gained from the project in their day-
contest, the Barangay Captain used the prize money to buy to-day lives. As shown, all participants agree that they
, utilize the knowledge gained in their day-to-day lives
through reducing waste, recycling, proper waste disposal,
, and developing products from waste by upcycling.
wastes. Incentives or any form of reward have long been Similarly, participants also noted increased income through
noted to encourage community participation in waste selling upcycled products and vegetables from their
segregation [27]. Aside from the rice that the community gardening projects. These highlight the potential of
provided, the community also practiced other forms of community projects on solid waste management to help the
. when residents participants improve their lives.
participate in the waste segregation, a waste slip is given Community involvement is another means of using the
by the Barangay Captain and is noted in the logbook. Once knowledge they gained from the training. Several
a resident needs certain documents in the barangay [i.e., participants mentioned that the take t rns in manning the
barangay clearance, community tax, etc.], the Barangay MRF and check whether our neighbors segregate their
secretary reviews the logbook for conformance. Those who astes correctl . In this way, participants are involved in
did not participate must explain where they disposed of segregating waste and ensuring this practice's sustainability
their astes . While incentives are important, it is also by having an enabling system. Aside from engaging them,
essential for the residents to realize that the greatest they also apply their knowledge meaningfully
motivation for waste segregation is to enjoy a clean

Table 3. M K - -

Uses of SWM Knowledge Frequency Percent

1. Do you use the knowledge (solid waste management and livelihood) gained from the
training in your day-to-day life?

A. Yes
How?: reducing waste, recycling, proper waste disposal, develop products from wastes 28 100.00%
by upcycling

B. No -

2. Do you use the knowledge (solid waste management and livelihood) gained from the
training in your workplace?

A. Yes
23 82.14%
How?: recycling and waste segregation

B. No -
3. Has your learning gained from the training helped you get promoted in your job or
increased your day-to-day income?

A. Yes
22 78.58%
How?: making and selling products, by composting and planting and selling vegetables

B. No
2 7.14%
Why?: Only use the knowledge at home

4. Has your learning gained from the training helped you develop livelihood products?

A. Yes
22 78.58%
How?: making wallets from recycling, planted vegetables for selling

B. No 2 7.14%
 E E 12(2): 172-180, 2024 179

4. Conclusions C , , J Biodivers Environ Sci, vol. 9,

no. 2, pp. 142 148, 2016.
Environmental education plays a positive role in [3] J. G. Paul, J. Arce-Jaque, N. Ravena, and S. P. Villamor,
I
and reducing waste. As such, this study investigated the waste management in the Philippines - ?,
knowledge, attitudes, and practices and explored the Waste Management, vol. 32, no. 11, 2012, doi:
10.1016/j.wasman.2012.05.026.
benefits derived from a community environmental
education program conducted by the USTP-DEST. Results [4] Alicia. C . ,
demonstrated that community residents possessed M , The 24th Annual
sufficient knowledge and desirable attitudes and practices Conference of Japan Society of Material Cycles and Waste
Management, 2013.
toward solid waste management. In addition, participants
also reported the importance of incentives, community [5] A. M. . , . .C , B. A. F ,
involvement, and political will toward strengthened waste Quality: Mindanao Island of t ,
segregation at source. These may be due to the different Translating National Policy to Improve Environmental
Conditions Impacting Public Health Through Community
livelihood activities provided in the program. Participants Planning, B. A. Fiedler, Ed., Cham: Springer International
also reported that they could learn container gardening with Publishing, 2018, pp. 219 253. doi: 10.1007/978-3-319-
the use of food waste as compost material. The residents 75361-4_12.
also produced several recycled products using food
[6] F. Wa , . C , A. , .L , C
wrappers, which they sell and derive additional income. with household solid waste management in rural villages in
These results demonstrate a positive impact on the lives of , J Clean Prod, vol. 202, pp. 293 298,
the community residents due to a community-based Nov. 2018, doi: 10.1016/j.jclepro.2018.08.135.
environmental education campaign. While the results [7] M. Sun, X. Yang, D. Huisingh, R. Wang, and Y. Wang,
provide meaningful clues on the impact of community- C
based programs, caution must be taken in interpreting the household battery collection and recycling in China: a case
findings due to methodological limitations. Firstly, a , J Clean Prod, vol. 107, pp. 775 785, Nov. 2015, doi:
descriptive study was conducted, which may not 10.1016/j.jclepro.2015.05.081.
conclusively establish the development and improvement [8] C. Zeng, D. Niu, H. Li, T. Zhou, and Y. ,
of waste segregation knowledge, attitudes, and practices. perceptions and economic values of source-separated
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limited only to those who were available during the data
doi: 10.1016/j.resconrec.2015.12.010.
collection and may not cover the whole picture of the said
community. Finally, while the study had some limitations, [9] .G E. G , E :E
critical practical implications for improving community- Conditions for Informal Sector Integration in Solid Waste
Management: Lessons learned from Brazil, Egypt and
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threats to adjacent community in a Sanitary Landfill,
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The authors would like to acknowledge their immense [11] . . K. . G B. B. L. H ,
appreciation to the University of Science and Technology management response of selected public secondary school
of Southern Philippines for the funding received for this , International Journal of Advanced and
Applied Sciences, vol. 4, no. 7, pp. 110 115, Jul. 2017, doi:
project. The same gratitude is also expressed to the 10.21833/ijaas.2017.07.016.
administration of Barangay 22, Cagayan de Oro City, for
their strong support and permission to conduct this study. [12] . .C A. M. . , C
power plant industry in Misamis Oriental, Philippines: A
potential groundwater contamination and heavy metal
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and Environmental Sciences, vol. 18, no. 1, pp. 55 59, 2016,
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