DIRECTORATE OF ENFORCEMENT

 Financial investigation agency of India.

 For offences of money laundering and violations of foreign exchange laws.
 It functions under the Department of Revenue under the Ministry of Finance.
 It is a statutory body under Foreign Exchange Regulation Act 1947.
 It comprises officers of IRS, IPS and IAS.
 ED has not been classified as a ‘police agency’.
 Section 50 (2): ED can summon anyone for ‘any information’ whose attendance
is considered necessary.
 It is not obliged to follow the Code of Criminal Procedure Code.
 It files an Enforcement Case Information Report (ECIR) – an equivalent of
the FIR – it is considered an “internal document” and not given to the
accused.
 Only the grounds for arrest shall be told to the accused.
 PMLA is the only Act in the country in which a statement recorded before an
investigating officer is admissible in court as evidence.
 The ED carries out search (property) and seizure (money/documents).
 The ED has special powers for confiscating property, if it believes that the
property is proceeds of crime under the PMLA Act.
 However, the Supreme Court clarified in 2022 that ED officials were not
equivalent to police officers and could not make arrests under the PMLA.
 In July 2023, Goods and Services Tax Network, Virtual digital assets &
crypto currency all are included in the PMLA.
 Both FEMA or PMLA apply to the whole of India. So, the ED can take action
against any person on which this act applies.
 Cases under FEMA may lie in civil courts where PMLA cases will lie
in criminal courts.
 ED cannot take an action suo motu.
 One has to complain to any other agency or Police first and then ED will
investigate the matter and will identify the accused.
 The ED director is appointed as per provisions of the CVC Act, 2003 . Centre
appoints the director on the recommendation of a committee, with the Central
Vigilance Commissioner as chairperson and vigilance commissioners as
members.
 A number of statutes are enforced by the Enforcement Directorate are-

o Prevention of Money Laundering Act 2002

o Foreign Exchange Management Act 1999
o Fugitive Economic Offenders Act 2018
o Sponsoring Agencies under Conservation of Foreign Exchange and Prevention
of Smuggling Activities 1974.

PROCEEDS OF CRIME
 Property derived or obtained, directly or indirectly, as a result of criminal
activity relating to the scheduled offense under PMLA.
NATIONAL INVESTIGATION AGENCY
 The National Investigation Agency (NIA) is a specialised counter-terrorism law
enforcement agency in India.
 It is empowered to deal with terror-related crimes across states without special
permission from the states under written proclamation from the Ministry of
Home Affairs.
 Statutory body under the statute National Investigation Agency Act, 2008.
 Functions under Ministry Of Home Affairs. Came into existence after 26/11
attacks of 2008.
 NIA was created after the 2008 Mumbai terror attacks.
 The primary mandate of the National Investigation Agency is to investigate and
prosecute offences that have national and cross-border implications, and involve
threats to the sovereignty, security, and integrity of India.
 It has the authority to conduct searches, make seizures and arrests, as well as to
collect evidence and maintain a database of terrorist organisations and their members.
CENTRAL BUREAU OF INVESTIGATION
 Central Bureau of Investigation (CBI) is the premier investigating police
agency in India.
 It provides assistance to the Central Vigilance Commission and Lokpal.
 It functions under the Deptt. of Personnel, Ministry of Personnel, Pension &
Public Grievances, Government of India – which falls under the prime
minister’s office.
 It is also the nodal police agency in India which coordinates investigation on
behalf of Interpol Member countries.
 The CBI is not a statutory body but derives its power to investigate from the
Delhi Special Police Establishment Act, 1946.
 The establishment of the CBI was recommended by the Santhanam Committee
on Prevention of Corruption (1962–1964).
 Appointment of the CBI Director – a High-Level Committee of the Prime
Minister, Opposition Leader and the Chief Justice of India had to recommend.
SPIKE NON-LINE OF SIGHT (NLOS) ANTI-TANK GUIDED MISSILE

 Lightweight, fire-and-forget tactical precision-guided missiles using electro-optical

and fibre-optic technologies.
 Indian Air Force has received the Israeli Spike NLOS Anti-Tank Guided
Missiles.
 Will be integrated with Russian-origin fleet of Mi-17V5 helicopters.
 It is developed and designed by Israeli company Rafael Advanced Defense Systems.
 It belongs to 6th Generation of Spike missiles.
 Capable of destroying enemy targets hidden behind mountains from long ranges.
 Effective range is 25km.

NEW GENERATION BALLISTIC MISSILE ‘AGNI PRIME’ WAS SUCCESSFULLY

FLIGHT-TESTED BY DRDO.
  Agni-P is a two-stage canisterised solid propellant ballistic missile with dual
redundant navigation and guidance system. It has a range between 1000 to 2000
km. It is lighter than all the earlier Agni series of missiles. Agni missiles form the
backbone of India’s nuclear deterrence.

BRAHMOS

 BrahMos is a long-range supersonic cruise missile system capable of being

launched from land, sea, or air.
 The Integrated Guided Missile Development Programme, conceived and led by Dr
A P J Abdul Kalam includes a range of missiles including Prithvi, Agni, Trishul,
Akash and Nag.
 A joint venture between DRDO and NPO Mashinostroyenia (NPOM), Russia.
 BrahMos is named after the rivers Brahmaputra and Moskva (Russia).
 BrahMos is a two-stage missile with a solid propellant booster engine. Its first
stage brings the missile to supersonic speed and then gets separated.
 It operates on ‘Fire and Forget Principle’, adopting varieties of flights on its way
to the target.

MiG-21

 The Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG 21 was the first supersonic fighter

in service of the IAF and was inducted in 1963 and has participated in all major
conflicts since.
 It is a soviet union product.
 They will be phased out by 2025.
 Sukhoi is another Russian aircraft.
 MiG 21 will be replaced by Light Combat Aircraft.

LIGHT AIRCOMBAT AIRCRAFTS

 Designed by: Aeronautical Development Agency under the Department of

Defence Research and Development.
 Manufactured by: State-owned Hindustan Aeronautics Limited (HAL).
 The Indigenous LCATejas Mk2 is a fighter aircraft developed in India that can
carry eight Beyond-Visual-Range (BVR) missiles simultaneously, along with
integrating all native weapons and advanced weapons from other countries.
 The LCA Mk2 is an upgraded version of the LCA Tejas Mk1
PRALAY MISSILE

 Surface-to-surface short-range ballistic missile (SRBM).

 Developed by DRDO.
 A payload capacity of 500-1,000 kg.
 'Pralay' has been developed for deployment along the Line of Actual Control
(LAC) and Line of Control (LoC).
 'Pralay' missile can be compared with China's 'Dong Feng 12' and Russia's
'Iskander' missiles.
MH60R SEAHAWK HELICOPTERS

 The Navy is set to commission MH 60R, capable of firing torpedoes, missiles, and
Advance Precision Kill Weapon System rockets.
 Taken from USA.
 These helicopters are considered to be the world's most advanced maritime
helicopter.
 Seahawks - a brown, white, and black predatory seabird with a hooked beak.
Also called: skua.
DEFENCE DIPLOMACY
 India gifted the indigenously built in-service missile corvette INS Kirpan to
Vietnam.
 Signifies our focus in Indian Ocean Region.
 INS Kirpan is a Khukri class missile corvette.
 The Khukri class corvettes are equipped with Diesel Engines assembled in India
PARAMILITARY FORCES
In India, the Central Armed Police Forces (CAPF) is the collective name of central
police organisations under the Ministry of Home Affairs of India.
These are technically paramilitary forces, meaning they are not a part of the country’s official
armed forces.
CAPF is further classified into three groups

 Border Guarding Forces

o Assam Rifles (AR)
o Border Security Force (BSF)
o Indo-Tibetan Border Police (ITBP)
o Sashastra Seema Bal (SSB)
 Special Task Force
o National Security Guard (NSG)
 Forces for Internal Security
o Central Industrial Security Force (CISF)
o Central Reserve Police Force (CRPF)
Assam Rifles (AR)
The Assam Rifles is a central police and paramilitary organisation responsible for border
security, counter-insurgency, and law and order in Northeast India. Its primary role is to
guard the 1,643 kilometre long Indo-Myanmar border.

BSF

The primary role of the Border Security Force is to guard the Indo-Pakistan and Indo-
Bangladesh borders, it is deployed both on the international border and the LOC. The BSF
also has active roles during times of war. It is also known for being the largest dedicated
border guarding force in the world.
Central Reserve Police Force (CRPF)
The Central Reserve Police Force is the largest of the Central Armed Police Forces. The
Central Reserve Police includes:

 The Rapid Action Force (RAF), a 15 battalion anti-riot force trained to respond to
sectarian violence.
 The Commando Battalion for Resolute Action (COBRA), a 10 battalion strong
anti-Naxalite/COIN force.
National Security Guard (NSG)
The National Security Guard (NSG), commonly known as Black Cats, is a counter-
terrorism unit under the Ministry of Home Affairs. It was founded on 16 October 1984 under
the National Security Guard Act, 1986. All personnel are deputed from other CAPFs and the
Indian Army.

Sashastra Seema Bal (SSB)

The objective of the Sashastra Seema Bal (English: Armed Border Force) is to guard
the Indo-Nepal and Indo-Bhutan borders. It has 76,337 personnel and 73 battalions, as well as
some reserved battalions.

MILITARY FORCES

The Indian Armed Forces are the military forces of the Republic of India. It consists of
three professional uniformed services: the Indian Army, Indian Navy, and Indian Air Force.

The President of India is the Supreme Commander of the Indian Armed Forces but the
executive authority and responsibility for national security is vested in the Prime Minister of
India and their chosen Cabinet Ministers. The Indian Armed Forces are under the
management of the Ministry of Defence of the Government of India.

INDIAN ARMY
The Indian Army is observing the year 2024 as the ‘Year of Technology Absorption’.
The absorption will be mainly in terms of disruptive technology (DT) comprising artificial
intelligence, autonomous weapon systems such as drones, sensors, robotics, space
technology, and hypersonic weapon systems.
INS VIKRANT
 INS Vikrant is indigenously designed and constructed
 India now operates two aircraft carriers: the Russian-made INS Vikramaditya
and the INS Vikrant – India’s first homegrown carrier.
 Warship grade steel used to be procured from Russia.
 A collaborative effort of SAIL & DRDO & Indian Navy, warship grade was
developed in India.
 They produced DMR-249 steel.
 It uses the STOBAR (Short Take-Off but Arrested Recovery) method to launch
and recover aircraft.
OPERATION SANKALP
 Malta flagged MV Ruen was rescued by Indian Navy from gulf of Aden.
 Operation lasted 100 days.
 INS Kolkata was used by Indian Navy and air force provided some help.
 AGNI-5 MISSILE TEST FLIGHT SUCCESSFUL
MISSION DIVYASTRA
 Agni-5 ballistic missile with Multiple Independently Targetable Re-entry Vehicle
technology developed by the DRDO under Mission Divyastra.
 The MIRV technology means a single missile can carry multiple warheads.
 It will ensure that a single missile can deploy multiple warheads at different
locations.
 China, US, Russia, France, and the UK, has the capability to launch missiles with
multiple independently targetable re-entry vehicle (MIRV) technology.
AGNI-5 BALLISTIC MISSILE
 Ingeniously built advanced surface-to-surface ballistic missile developed under
the Integrated Guided Missile Development Programme (IGMDP).
 It is a fire-and-forget missile.
 The missile has the capability of hitting targets beyond the range of 5000 km.
 Designed and developed by DRDO.
INS JATAYU
 The Indian Navy commissioned INS Jatayu, at Minicoy island in the
Lakshadweep islands, its second base in Lakshadweep after INS Dweeprakshak
in Kavaratti.
 The Nine Degree Channel separates the island of Minicoy from the main
Lakshadweep archipelago.
 The Ten Degree Channel separates the Andaman Islands and the Nicobar Islands
from each other in the Bay of Bengal.
 Praful K. Patel, Administrator of Lakshadweep
 INS Baaz to the east in Andamans and now, INS Jatayu in the west at Minicoy,
will serve as the eyes and ears of the Navy.
INIDIA-EGYPT
 BRIGHT STAR-23 is a biennial multilateral tri-service exercise held in Egypt.
For the first time, Indian Air Force is participating in it.
75TH ANNIVERSARY OF OPERATION POLO IS BEING CELEBRATED
 It is the code name of military action launched by the Indian Army on September
13, 1948, to integrate the princely state of Hyderabad.

AGNEEPATH SCHEME
  Agneepath Scheme is a short-service manpower model where the soldiers will be
recruited annually, and of these, 75% will leave the service in four years.
 25% will be allowed to continue for another 15 years under a permanent commission.
 The goal of the Agneepath Scheme is to deploy fitter, younger troops on the front
lines.
 The soldiers, called Agniveers, will be recruited across the three services – Army,
Navy, and Air Force.
 The recruitment of the Agniveers will be done twice a year through rallies and on an
‘all India, all class’ recruitment basis.
 Aspirants between the ages of 17.5 years and 23 years will be eligible to apply for
Agneepath Scheme.
 The upper age limit has been relaxed from 21 years to 23 years as a one-time measure
for the Recruiting Year 2022-23.
 There shall be no entitlement to gratuity and pensionary benefits.
 The ‘trained-to-kill’ soldiers being demobilized every year could prove dangerous if
they remain jobless and frustrated.
 The Central government has announced a reservation of 10% of all vacancies in the
Border Security Force (BSF) for ex-Agniveers.
 The age limit for recruitment for ex-Agniveers has been relaxed and they will be
exempt from the physical proficiency test.
ISRAEL – LET
 Israel listed lashkar-e-taiba as a terror organisation to symbolise the marking of
15th year of commemoration of the 26/11 mumbai attacks
INTERPOL COMPLETED 100 YEARS
 Headquarter: Lyon (France).
 CBI joined interpol.
REGIONAL ANTI-TERRORIST STRUCTURE
 India’s National Security Council Secretariat held joint exercise with Regional
Anti-Terrorist Structure.
 It is a permanent organ of SCO.
 HQ: Tashkent, Uzbekistan.
 Serves to promote cooperation of member states against terrorism.
NATIONAL SECURITY COUNCIL
 The National Security Council (NSC) of India is an executive government agency
established in 1998 and tasked with advising the Prime Minister's Office on
matters of national security and strategic interest.
 It is headed by the PM.
 NSA is Ajit Doval.
AKASH WEAPON SYSTEM (AWS)
  Can engage four aerial targets simultaneously at 25 km range using single firing
unit.
 AWS is a short Range Surface to Air Missile System to protect vulnerable areas and
points from air attacks.
 Indigenously designed by DRDO.
 Simultaneously engage Multiple Targets.
 Inducted with Indian Air Force and Indian Army.
NEW INDIAN AIR FORCE (IAF) FLAG

 It was unveiled as IAF marked its 91st anniversary.

 New ensign includes the Air Force Crest in the top right corner.
 IAF Crest has national symbol, the Ashoka lion on the top with the words “Satyamev
Jayate” in Devanagari below it.
 Below the Ashoka lion is a Himalayan eagle with its wings spread, denoting the
fighting qualities of the IAF.
 A ring in light blue colour encircles Himalayan eagle with the words “Bhartiya Vayu
Sena”.
 IAF's motto, "Touching the sky with glory," is inspired by the Bhagavad Gita.
INTRUDERS IN PARLIAMENT
 Ministry of home affairs manages the security of parliament.
 The inquiry into the breach has been
entrusted with the IndoTibetan Border Police
(ITBP) chief whose force is involved in the security setup of Parliament.
 In the absence of the Joint Secretary, Security, the Lok Sabha and
the Rajya Sabha each have a ‘Director Security’ to direct security operations.
DELHI POLICE OUT; CISF TAKE OVER PARLIAMENT SECURITY
 A small unit of Delhi Police of around 75 personnel will, however, be retained for VIP
duty.
 The CISF is also likely to replace the Parliament Security Service (PSS) and
Delhi Fire Service.
PARLIAMENT SECURITY SERVICES
 Repercussion of bomb throwing incident in Lok Sabha Chamber, the then Central
Legislative Assembly on 8 April 1929, the then president of Central Legislative
Assembly, Shri Vithalbhai Patel, set up a 'WATCH AND WARD COMMITTEE'
on 3 September 1929.
 The Watch & Ward has been renamed as Parliament Security Service since 15
April 2009.
 Being the In-House security service its prime approach revolves around the
principles of Access Control, based on proper authorization, verification,
identification and authentication of human and material resources entering the
Parliament House Complex.
  Functions under the speaker of Lok Sabha and administrative head is Joint
secretary (security).
 The head of Parliament security is the Joint
Secretary, Security — a post that is vacant at present.
WORLD’S FIRST NEAR-SPACE COMMAND
 Established by China.
 The new command will act as China’s 5th force, apart from the 4 current
branches—Army, Navy, Air Force and Rocket Force.
 Near Space refers to the area in Earth's atmosphere, approximately 20 to 100
kilometers from the Earth's surface.
 In this region, the air is very thin, preventing military aircraft from flying, and
satellites can’t be placed due to strong gravity, creating a No-Man's land region.
 The near-space command will be equipped with- Modern hypersonic missiles to
target critical military assets of enemies.
 These are projectiles that can move at a speed of at least Mach 5.
 Such missiles can operate in near space due to the rarefied atmosphere, enabling
them to fly at hypersonic speeds for long ranges.
 Rarefied atmosphere is basically air with very less oxygen – mountain air, near
space etc.
 Advent of Space warfare began in 1962 when the US exploded a ground-based
nuclear weapon in space, which eventually led to the Outer Space Treaty of 1967.
It is the basis of international space law and prohibits the placement of weapons of
mass destruction in outer space. India is a signatory to this treaty and ratified it in
1982.
 Satellites are critical components within a state’s national infrastructure used for
commercial as well as military purposes, India has two dedicated military satellites
— the GSAT-7 (Rukmini) and GSAT-7A (Angry Bird).
UNITED LIBERATION FRONT OF ASOM
CLASSIC EXAMPLE OF SON OF SOIL THEORY
 Chairman of ULFA, Arabinda Rajkhowa, is the face of the pro-talks faction.
 Paresh Bahua – anti-talks faction.
 ULFA special camps called are “Nabanirman Kendras”.
ASSAM ACCORD?
 The ULFA is a byproduct of the anti-foreigners Assam Agitation that began in 1979.
 Assam Accords were signed between GOI – Assam Govt. – All Assam Students’
Union – All Assam Gana Sangram Parishad in 1985.
 In 1986, a new Department was set up in the Government of Assam, called
“Implementation of Assam Accord Department”, to implement the various clauses
of the Memorandum of Settlement.
 An NRC would be conducted in the state of Assam.
 Citizenship would determined of various people in the following manner:
o All those who came before 1960 will be given full fledged citizenship.
 o Thode who arrived between 1961-1971, will be given citizenship but not
voting rights for 10 years so that they do not influence the politics of
Assam.
o People who came after 1971 will be deported out of Assam.
OPERATION BAJRANG & OPERATION RHINO
 In 1990 India launched Operations Rhino and Bajrang against Assam separatist
groups. Facing continuous pressure, Assamese militants relocated their camps to
Bhutan.
 Assam was labeled a 'disturbed area,' prompting the imposition of President's rule and
invoking the Armed Forces Special Powers Act (AFSPA).
THE PEACE ACCORD
 A comprehensive package entailing an investment of ₹1.5 lakh crore for the all-
round development of Assam.
 A commitment to follow the principles applied for the
2023 delimitation exercise for future delimitation exercises in Assam.
 Checking demographic changes by preventing people of one constituency
from being registered as voters in another.
 The pact envisages ensuring maximum representation for indigenous
communities in the 126 member Assam Assembly.
 The number of reserved seats was also increased.
 Apart from the legislative safeguard, the pact seeks exemption for Assam from
Section 3 of the Citizenship Act of 1955.
 Under section 3 of CAA 1955 – Central government has powers to grant voting
rights to any person who renounced his Indian citizenship, or who was deprived
of his citizenship or even a person whose citizenship was terminated under this
act.
 Thus, this exemption means central government cannot allow any such person to
cast a vote in Assam.