tI

- Giving appr oxim at ef i gur es

I
17 a Read t he em ail ext r act and answ er t he f ollow ing quest ions.
I W h o d o y o u t h i n k se n t t h e e m a i l ?W h a t i s t h e i r r o l e w i t h i nt h e c o m p a n y ?
2 W h at t y p e o f r ev i ew i s t h e co m p an y g o i n g t o u n d er t ak e?
3 W h at i s t h e o b i ect i v eo f t h e r ev i ew ?

To: Gerry Klein

Subj ect :I nt ernal review

Dear colleagues,
As you know , w e ar e pr epar ingt o under t akea com pr ehensiveint er na|r eviewoÍ t he com pany'S
your engineer ing
or ganisat lonand f acilit ies.A key ar ea of t his r evieww ill be t o assess how ef f icient ly
exper t iseis being ut i| ised.I w ou| dem phasiset hat t he aim oÍ t his assessm entis not t o quest ionyour
pr of essionalcom pet ence.On t he cont r ar y,I and t he com pany'snew shar eholder sr ecogniset he high
degr eeoÍ t echnica|exper t isew it hint he or ganisat ion.our int ent ionis t o w or k t ow ar dsopt im isingt his
valuabler esour ceby ident if yingt he dem andson your t im e t hat ar e lar gelyunpr oduct ive( such as
t asks) in or der t o allow your skillst o be used m or e pr oduct ively.
adm inist r at ive

b The f ollow ing ext r act is f r om a quest ionnair e used in t he r eview w hich w as
I
I sent t o st af f in t he com pany's design depar t m ent . Read t he quest ionnair e
an d m at ch each q u est i o n ( l - 3 ) t o p o i n t s ( a- c) .

Appr oxim at ely w hat per cent age oÍ your t im e do you spend on t he t ypes of t ask
b e| o w ? Fo r each q u est i o n , t h e su m o f v a| u es g i v en f o r A + B sh o u l d eq u al í o o % .

1 A D o i n g t e c h n i c a l t a sk s t h a t u se m y e n g i n e e r i n gsk i l l s e x t e n si v e l y 'y"
B D o i n g m o d e r a t e l y t e c h n i c a l t a sk s t h a t a l e ss q u a l i f i e dc o l l e a g u e c o u l d d o - %

2 A D o i n g [ e c h n i c a l t a sk s t h a t a d d v a l u e [ e . 9 . d e si g n r n g ,p r o b l e m - so l v i n g-] %
B D o i n g t a sk s t h a t d o n o t a d d v a l u e [ e . 9 . a d m i n i st r a t i o n )- " / "

3 A D o i n g t a sk s t h a t a r e p u r e l y t e c h n i c a l - %
B D o i n q t a sk s t h a t r e l a t e t o t e c h n i c a l o r q a n i za t i o na n d d e c i si o n - m a k i n q- %

a Th e ex t en t o f t ech n i calr o l e v er su s m an ag em en tr o l e
b Th e d eg r ee o f co m m er ci alex p l o i t at i o no f t ech n i calsk i l l s
c Th e d eg r ee o f ap p l i cat i o no f ex p er t i sean d ex p er i en ce

C ) g, S Eleanor and Ger r y t w o design engineer s, ar e t alking about t he

quest ionnair e. List en and w r it e appr oxim at e values, t o t he near est l0o/ o, f or
Ger r y's answ er s t o t he quest ions.

d Com plet e t he f ollow ing sent ences using t he w or ds or phr ases in t he box.
Som et im es m or e t han one answ er is possible.

t at t parFq$í € offt he t op of my head nowhere

near pret t ymuch
rought y somewhere in t he regionof

I They asked f or a baillpar vk'qr t ^ " ' f or set t ing up t he new syst em '
2 I ' v eg o t t h e f i g u r esi n m y co m p u t er ,b u t I co u l d n ' t t el l y o u
3 Th e w o r k i s f i n i sh ed ,t h er e' sj u st t h e t i d y i n g u p t o d o .
4 Th e act u al co st o f t h e st ad i u m w as - t h e est i m at eat E2 m o v er b u d g et .
5 | t h i n k i t ' l l t ak e t w o w eek s t o co m p l et et h e r ep o r t .
6 T h e d e v e l o p m e nw t i l l c o st $ 10m.

68 Un i t 8 Mo n i t o r i n gan d co n t r o l

I
 I

I n pair s, ask and answ er t he quest ionsf r om t he quest ionnair ein Exer cise I I b
using t he phr ases in Exer cise I I d. Not e dow n your par t ner 'sansw er s.
I A- o / o B- o / o

2 A- o / o B- o / o

3 A- o / o B- o / o

1, 2 a ) a.g Rs par t of t he com pany'sint er nat r eview ,an assessm entis being m ade
of t he har dw ar eand sof t w ar et hat m ake up t he f ir m 's Com put er Aided Design
( CAD) syst em . Dan, a design engineer ,is t alking t o Beat r ice,his m anager ,
about t he st at e of t he syst em .List en and m ar k t he f ollow ingst at em ent sTiue
CI ) or False ( F) .
I Most of t h e scr een sar e t oo sm all.
2 En g in eersp
s en da lot of t im ew or k in gon scr een .
3 Lar genum ber sof dr aw ingsar e pr int edat t heir of f ice.

Find w or ds and phr ases in audioscr ipt 8.9 on page 93 t o m at ch t he f ollow ing
d ef in it ion s( l - 5 ) .
I ap p r ox im at ely
/
2 m u chm or et h an/
3 at least/ ( t w o t hir ds)
4 m ost/
5 alm ost zer o /

Com plet e t he f ollow ing r eplies t o expr ess t he f igur es in appr oxim at e t er m s
u si n g t h e w o r d s i n Ex er ci ses | 1 d an d l 2 b . So m et i m es m o r e t h an o n e an sw er
is possible.
l How o| d is t his equipm ent ? A goü, f ive year s o| d. ( at | east 5 year s)
2 W h at p er cen t ag eo f t h e PCs n eed ch an g i n g ?- al l o f t h em . ( 9 5 o / o )
3 Ho w m an y o f t h e co m p u t er sar e u p t o sp ec? al l o f t h em . ( 1 Oo / o )
4 How m any of t he st af f use t he CAD syst em ? half of t hem . ( 55o/ o)
5 H o w m u c h w o u | d t h e n e w p r i n t e r sc o st ?- $ 2 ' 0 0 0 . ( $ 3 ' l 2 0 )
6 H o w m u c h d o e sa n a d a p t e r | i k e t h i sc o st ?- ( $ z;
7 How long w ould a f ull syst em t ake t o inst all? 5 days. ( 4- 6 days)
8 Can m o st o f o u r cl i en t sr ead t h ese f i l es? Yes, o f t h em . ( 95o/ o)

13 You ar e set t ing up a sm all com pany of consult ing engineer s em ploying seven
m em ber s of st af f - f ive engineer s and t w o assist ant s. You need t o r ent
an of f ice, equip it w it h a com put er net w or k w it h CAD syst em and adm in
sof t w ar e, and buy ot her basic of f ice equipm ent . ! n pair s, discuss som e
ballpar k f igur es r elat ing t o t he f ollow ing quest ions.
o W h at co m p u t er eq u i p m en tw i l l b e r eq u i r edan d h o w m u ch w i l l i t co st t o b u y ?
o W h at o t h er i t em s o f f u r n i t u r e/ eq u i p m enwt i l l b e n eed ed ,an d h o w m u ch w i l l
t his cost ?
. Ho w m u ch f l o o r sp ace w i l l b e r eq u i r edi n t h e o p en - p l ano f f i ce?
. Ho w l o n g w i l l i t t ak e t o set u p t h e o f f i ce- i n st al lt h e f u r n i t u r ean d eq u i p m en t ?

Unit 8 Monit or ingand cont r ol 69

- Exp lain in g
t est san dexp er im en t s
I n pair s, discuss t he f ollow ing t est s and exper im ent s and t heir m ain
advant ages and disadvant ages.
I co m p u t er m o d el s an d si m u l at i o n s 2 r ed u ced - scal et est i n g 3 f u l l - scal et est i n g

2 a ln pair s, suggest how t he f ollow ingdevelopm entt ools could be used f or

aer odynam ict est ing.
o Com p u t at ion alFlu idDy n am ics( CFD) o f ield t est ing
o a w in dt u n n eleq u ip p edw it ha r ollin gr oad

) S.t Rn int er nat ionalt eam of r esear cher sar e collabor at ingon t he design
of an exper im ent alener gy- ef f icientvehicle.They ar e discussingt he t ools
availablef or developingt he vehicle'saer odynam icdesign. List en t o t he
conver sat ionand answ er t he f ollow ingquest ions.
I Wh at op t ion sar e av ailab lef or w in dt u n n elt est in gin t er m sof scale?
2 Wh yar e r ollin gr oad su sef u in
l w in dt u n n elsw h ent est in gv eh icles?
3 Wh at issu ew ill d et er m in ew h et h eror n ot a r ollin gr oadis n ecessar y ?
4 Wh at p oin t is m ad eab ou tt h e r eliab ilit of
y CFD an d w in dt u n n eld at a?
5 What pr oblemis m ent ionedw it h r egar dt o out doort est ing?

) g.t t ist en again and com plet et he f ollow ingext r act sf r om t he conver sat ion
using t he w or ds and phr ases in t he box.
Theacidtest back-to-backtesting in thefietd mock-up
triatrun tried-and-testedvalidate vfttnt

1 ... t he t est swouldobviouslgDe virt t ^ al , based on a comput ermodel.

2 ... go int o a wind t unnel,wit h a scale model, or a full-size
3 ... t f's not j ust about dat a got hering.Youalso have t o t he dat a.
4 The onlg comes whengou t rA out a full-scaleprot ot Apein real
condit ions.We need t o make sure t hat evergt hingis - out side,wit h
a full-scale
5 ... wit h changeable weat her, it 's not easA t o do - out

70 Unit 9 Theor yand pr act ice

 I

Mat ch t he w or ds and phr ases in Exer cise 2c t o t he def init ions ( a- h) .

a a 3 D m o d el si m u l at i n gsh ap e an d si ze, b u t w i t h o u t i n t er n alco m p o n en t s
uaoclc-t ep
b p r ov ent o b e r eliab let h r ou g hr eal u se/ t r ials
c ou t d oor s.in a r ealsit u at ion
d d escr ib es som et h in g sim u lat edb y sof t w ar e, n ot p h y sical
e a cr u cialt r ialt o p r ov ew h et h eror n ot som et h in w g or k s-
f t r ialst o com p ar et w o d if f er ensolu
t t ion s,in t h e sam econ d it ion s
g p r o v e t h e o r e t i ca | co n ce p t sb y t e st i n g t h e m i n r e a | i t y -
h a pr act icalt est of som et hingnew or unknow nt o discoverit s ef f ect iveness

Com plet e t he aer odynam ic design developm ent plan of t he ener gy- ef f icient
vehicle using st ages ( a- e) .
a Test m odel in w ind t unnel t o validat e dat a f r om scale t est s
b Car r y o u t b ack - t o - b ackt est s i n w i n d t u n n el w i t h m o ck - u p s
c Bu i l d f u l l - si zew o r k i n g p r o t o t y p e
d Sel ect b est d esi g n , b ased o n d at a f r o m w i n d t u n n el t est s
e Nar r o w d o w n d esi g n o p t i o n st o t h r ee, b ased o n co m p u t er d at a
Aer odynam ic design developm ent plan
I Ex p er im enut sin gCFD sof t w ar e
2

3 Pr o d u ce r ed u ced - scal em o ck - u p so f d esi g n san d t est i n w i n d t u n n el

4
5 Bu ildf ir stf u ll- scale m ock - u p
6
1 Pr o d u ce t w o r ev i sedd esi g n st o i m p r o v eo n f u l l - scal em o ck - u p
I
9 Select best design, based on dat a f r om t est s
l0
il Car r you t f ieldt est sw it ht r ial r u n sou t sid e

3 You ar e m em ber sof a t echnologicalr esear cht eam sim ilar t o t he one
in Exer cise2b. You have been asked t o design a t est pr ogr am m ef or an
exper im ent alsyst em f or air - dr oppingcar go. Read t he br ief and, in pair s,
discusst he t ypes of t est r equir ed and t heir sequence.

Design br ief
Th e syst em allow s r elat ivelyf r agilecar go t o be air - dr oppedf r om plan es
in t o r em ot e locat ion s on t h e gr ou n d. lt com pr ises a par ach u t e,at t ach ed
t o a cylin dr icalcon t ain er t w o m et r es lon g w it h a diam et er of 1. 5 m et r es.
Th e con t ain er is su r r ou n ded by a def or m able pr ot ect ive st r u ct u r e.
The aims of t est ing are t o develop t he designs of:
a) t he parachut e
b) t h e pr ot ect ive st r u ct u r e, in or der t o m in im iset h e im pact t o car t o
in side t h e con t ain er .
Th e n u m ber of t est s m u st be m axim ised w it h in a lim it ed bu dget .As
t est s involving real drops from aircraft are cost ly, t hese must be kept t o
a m inim um .

Unit 9 Theor yand pr act ice 77

I view son pr edict ions
Exchanging and t heor ies
4 a t n pair s, answ er t he
f ollow ingquest ions.
I Wh at k in d sof car g ois
som et im esdr oppedf r om
aircraft ,and why?
2 What ar e t he advant ages
an d d isad v an t ag es
of
air - d r op s?

Read t he f ollow ing pr edict ions of how a cont ainer air - dr opped w it h
par achut es m ight behave w hile f alling, and on hit t ing t he gr ound. Com plet e
t he pr edict ions by under lining t he w or ds you t hink ar e cor r ect .
I Th e l o n g er t h e co n t ai n eri s i n t h e ai r , t h e m o r e i t s h o r i zo n t alsp eed w i l l
decr ease/ incr ease.
2 Co m p ar ed w i t h a l o w - al t i t u d ed r o p , t h e v er t i calsp eed o f a h i g h - al t i t u d ed r o p
w i l l b e l o w er / h i g h er .
3 I n t er m s o f d am ag e t o t h e co n t ai n er ,a h i g h v er t i cal / h o r i zo n t ali m p act sp eed
i s p o t en t i al l yw o r se.
4 A v er y l o w - al t i t u d ed r o p w i l l m o st l i k el y cau se t h e co n t ai n ert o sl i d e/ r o l l
al o n g t h e g r o u n d .

) g: Ar naud and Jenna, t w o engineer s, ar e t alking at t he st ar t of an air -

dr op r esear ch pr oj ect . Which pr edict ions in Exer cise 4b do t hey agr ee on,
and w hich do t hey disagr ee on? How do t heir ideas com par e w it h your s?

5a Rephr ase t he w or ds in br acket s t o com plet e t he f ollow ing ext r act s f r om t he

conver sat ion.
l So ' - ( i n t h e o r y ) ' t h e h o r i zo n t a l sp e e d w i l l k e e p d e c r e a si n g . . .
2 So, ( assum e)t he dr op alt it ude's ver g low , . . .
3 ... - ( sure) o low vert ical speed is t he crit ical fact or.
4 Because, ( presume) , if t he groundspeed's quit e high, t here's a
danger t he cont ainer will roll ...
5 So, ( ar gue) ,r olling is t he w or st pr oblem , . . .

Rephr ase t he w or ds in bold in t he f ollow ing sent ences using t he w or ds in

Exer cise 5a.
I I su p p o se t h er e' l lal w ay sb e a cer t ai n am o u n t o f g r o u n d sp eed .
2 l f w e assu m e t h e co n t ai n erw i l l r o l l , w e' l l n eed t o p r o t ect i t acco r d i n g l y .
3 Acco r d l n g t o t h e h y p o t h esi s, g r o u n d sp eedw i l l al m o st al w ay sb e p o si t i v e.
4 Yo u co u l d say t h at i t ' s i n ev i t ab l et h e co n t ai n erw i l l r o l l an d b o u n ce al o n g .
5 I ' m co n v i n ced t h at h i g h v er t i calsp eed i s l ess p r o b l em at i ct h an h i g h
g r o u n d sp eed .

72 Unit 9 Theor yand pr act ice

 I

c I n pair s, decide w het her t he f ollow ing w or ds and phr ases ar e used t o agr ee
or disagr ee. can you t hink of ot her phr ases f or agr eeing and disagr eeing?
Ab so l u t el y I ' m n o t co n v i n ced I ' m n o t so su r e No t n ecessar i l y
Of cour se Tr ue

d Look at t he diagr am and, in pair s, discuss t he f ollow ing quest ions.

Dr opalt it ude

Air cr af tspeedand d'ir ect ion

Win dsp eedan dd ir ect ion

sp eedof con t aj n er
Ver t ' icaI

{- Air sp eed of con t ain er

{- o f co n t ai n er
Gr o u n d sp eed

I W h at i s t h e d i f f er en ceb et w eenai r sp eed an d g r o u n d sp eed ?Ho w d o

w i n d sp eed an d w i n d d i r ect i o nr esu l t i n a d i f f er en ceb et w eenan ai r cr af t ' s
ai r sp eed an d i t s g r o u n d sPeed ?
2 l f an ai r cr af t ' sg r o u n d sp eedan d ai r sp eed ar e t h e sam e, w h at m u st t h e w i n d
sp eed b e?
3 I n t h eo r y ,an ai r cr af tcan f l y w i t h a g r o u n d sp eedo f zer o i n cer t ai n ex t r em e
co n d i t i o n s.w h at w o u l d t h ese co n d i t i o n sb e, w i t h r eg ar d t o w i n d sp eed an d
t he air cr af t 'sdir ect ion r elat ive t o t he w ind?
4 To m i n i m i set h e h o r i zo n t alg r o u n d sp eedo f an ai r - d r o p p edco n t ai n ero n
l an d i n g ,w h at sh o u l d t h e ai r cr af t ' sd i r ect i o nb e, r el at i v et o t h e w i n d ?
5 l f sev er alai r - d r o p sar e car r i ed o u t f r o m t h e sam e al t i t u d ew i t h d i f f er en t
w i n d sp eed s,h o w w i l l h i g h er w i n d sp eed s af f ect t h e g r o u n d sp eedo f t h e
co n t ai n ero n l an d i n g ?

6 a t n pair s, discuss w hich of t he f ollow ing opt ions you t hink is pr ef er able and
why.
I a l o w - l ev eld r o p w i t h l o w v er t i calsp eed an d h i g h h o r i zo n t alsp eed
2 a h i g h - l ev eld r o p w i t h h i g h v er t i calsp eed an d l o w h o r i zo n t alsp eed

I n pair s, discuss how t he design of t he cont ainer used f or dr opping car go

w ould be dif f er ent f or each of t he t w o opt ions in Exer cise 6a. For each
sit uat ion, consider how t he cont ainer could be built t o cushion t he t ype
of im pact . I n par t icular , t hink about t he shape of t he cont ainer and t he
pr ot ect ive st r uct ur e ar ound it .

Un i t 9 Th eo r yan d Pr act i ce 73
- Com p ar in gr esu lt sw it h ex p ect at ion s
7a ln pair s, discuss t he dif f er ence bet w een expect at ions and r esult s.
Cive an exam ple r elat ing t o r esear ch and developm ent ( R& D) in
en g i n eer i n g .

Man f r ed Hau g , an aer o n au t i cal en g i n eer , i s d escr i b i n g h i s ear l y

r ocket exper im ent s. Read t he descr ipt ion and explain w hat is
m ean t b y t h e ex p r essi o n s i n b o l d .
Relging on t rial and error isn't olwags t he best wag t o improve
t echnologg, but I found it was an effect ive waA t o develop roclset s.
Especiallg as rocket science was unfamiliar t errit org for me. I was on
a st eep learning cule, hence t he numerous explosions.

Read m or e of t he descr ipt ion. What kinds of r ocket did t hey build
and how do you t hink t hey w or ked?
I should sag t hat t his had not hing t o do wit h NASA, and happened
a long wag from Cape Canaveral. lt was j ust me and a few friends
on a windswept foot ball field near Homburg. But t he plast ic bot t le
wat er rocket s we built and launched went t hrough an impressive R&.D
!l progromme, bearing in mind we were onlg 12 gears old!

8a ) g. S t ist en t o an int er view w it h Manf r ed about building and

launching w at er r ocket s and answ er t he f ollow ing quest ions.
I Ho w f u l l w er e t h e b o t t l es?
2 W h at co i n ci d en cew as h el p f u l ?
3 How pow er f ul w as t he r ocket ?
4 W h at p r o b l em o ccu r r ed ?

Read t he f ollow ing ext r act s f r om t he int er view . What is m eant by t he w or ds

in bold?
1 ... we expect ed it would shoot up reasonablg fast .
2 ... we didn't ant icipat e j ust how powerful it would be.
3 lt totallg exceeded our expectations.

lt 9a I n pair s, discuss t w o or t hr ee solut ions t o t he pr oblem exper ienced w it h t he

r ocket , based on basic m at er ials and sim ple assem bly t echniques. For each
pot ent ial solut ion, explain how you w ould expect t he r ocket t o per f or m and
w hy, descr ibing pot ent ial pr oblem s f or each solut ion.

) g. q Vanf r ed goes on t o descr ibe how he and his f r iends solved t he

p r o b l em . Li st en t o t h e d escr i p t i o n an d su m m ar i se t h e so l u t i o n , ex p l ai n i n g
w hy it w as ef f ect ive. How does t he solut ion com par e w it h your ideas in
Exer cise 9a?

) g. q Ust en again and com plet e t he f ollow ing phr ases f r om t he descr ipt ion.
I ( as expect ed) lt didn't go exact lg
2 ( ext r em elyw ell) lt w or ked

74 Un i t 9 Th eo r yan d p r act i ce
t 0a t n pair s, discuss possiblew ays of m akingt he w at er r ocket m or e pow er f ult o
allow it t o at t ain higher alt it udes.The basis of t he design should be t he
sa m e a n d y o u m a y o n | y u se b a si cm a t e r i a l s. Fo r e a ch so l u t i o n , e x p l a i n t h e
f ollow ingpoint s.
o Why you w ouldexpectt he r ockett o be m or eef f ect ive
. Any pot ent ialPr oblem s
t he
) g.S t ist en t o Manf r ed descr ibinghow t he r ocket w as developedand
r esult s of f ur t her t est s. Make not es on t he im pr ovem ent m
s ade and t heir
consequences. How do t he solut ions com par ew it h your ideas f r om
Exer cise lOa?

Read t he f ollow ingphr asest hat Manf r ed uses. com plet e t he def init ionsby
under liningt he cor r ect w or ds.
1 as it t ur nedout : w hat happenedin t heor y/ pr cllCe
2 w hat act uallg hoppened : w hat happenedin t heor y/ pr act ice
3 w e under est im at t
ed he pr essur e : it w asless/ m or et han w e t hought
4 we overest imat edt he st rengt h : it was less/ more t han we t hought
5 plast icbot t lesore hardlg up t o t heiob : t hey'readequat e/ inadequat e
6 I lear nedt he har d w ag. : it w asa t heor et ical/ pr act icallesson

ln pair s, discusst he f ollow ingquest ions.

o Did y ou h av ean y ex p er ien ces of b u ild in gt h in g sw h eny ou w er ey ou n g er
w h ichd id n ' tt u r n ou t as y ou ' dex p ect ed w ? h at d id y ou u n d er est lm ator e
over est im at e? What lessonsdid you lear nt he har d w ay?
o w h en y ou w er ey ou n g erw, h atex p er ien ces w er em ost b en ef icial in h elp in g
y ou t o im p r ov ey ou rt ech n icalsk ills?w h at t ech n ical p r in cip les
d id y ou lear n ?

1t Am at eur r ocket scient ist shave pr oducedw at er r ocket s capable of r eaching

alt it udes of sever al hundr ed m et r es in com pet it ions.I n pair s, t hink of init ial
ideas f or a suit able design w hich com pliesw it h t he f ollow ingcom pet it ionr ules'

Wat er Rocket GomPet it ion

{f Rocket s m ust be assem bled ent ir elyf r om
con su m er Pr od u ct sPu r ch asedf r om
super m ar ket s or DI Y st or es. For saf et y
r eason s, n o g lass or m et alliccom p on en t s
ar e per m it t ed.

{f Flocket sw ill be pr essur ised, and anchor ed

d u r in g p r essu r isat ionu sin g a com p r essor
an d lau n ch p ad p r ov id edb y t h e or g an iser s

Jf Release of t he r ocket w ill be t r igger ed by

com pet it or s, f r om a dist ance, by r ope' at
t he m om ent deem ed appr opr iat e by t he
com pet it or ,based on a r eading on t he
pr essur e gauge of t he com Pnessor .

Unit 9 Theor yand Pr act ice 75

 Discu ssin gcau sesan d ef f ect s
I n p ai r s, d i scu ss t h e d i f f er en ce b et w een cau se an d ef f ect i n each o f t h e
f o l l o w i n g si t u at i o n s.
1 a v eh i cl et y r e o v er h eat i n g
2 a n e l e c t r i c acl i r c u i to v e r l o a d i n g
3 a sh i p ' sh u l l c o r r o d i n g

t 3a Read t h e t i t l e o f t h e ar t i cl e i n Ex er ci se I 3 b an d ex p l ai n w h at y o u t h i n k i t
m ean s.

b Read t h e ar t i cl e an d an sw er t h e f o l l o w i n g q u est i o n s.
I W h at ar e ch i ck encan n o n sd esi g n edt o d o ?
2 W h y w as a ch i ck encan n o n u sed f o r a t r ai n t est ?
3 W h at w er e t h e ef f ect so f t h e t est ?

CHI GKEICAlI
{ l{ ol{GOOFMAKESTECHEGGHEADS
I OOKLI KETURKEYS
j et
\ f , / n en n ew ai r cr af t ar e d ev el o p ed , The ef f ect s w er e devast at ing. As a r esult of
l, Y Y en g i n es an d co ck p i t w i n d sh i el d s ar e t h e i m p act , a h o l e w as sm ash ed , n o t j u st
|Í t est ed t o si m u l at e b i r d st r i k es ( m i d - ai r t h r o u g h t h e w i n d sh i el d , b u t al so t h r o u g h
co l l i si o n s w i t h b i r d s) , w h i ch can r esu l t i n t h e b ack o f t h e d r i v er ' s co m p ar t m en t . I t
dam age. The t est s ar e car r ied out using w as har d t o believe a chicken had caused
special com pr essed- air cannons t hat f ir e so m u ch d est r u ct i o n . Co n seq u en t l y ,t h e
d ead ch i ck en s. On o n e o ccasi o n su ch a engineer s cont act ed t heir aer onaut ical
gun w as lent , by an aer onaut ical com pany, co l l eag u es t o en q u i r e i f t h e p r o b l em m i g h t
t o so m e en g i n eer s d ev el o p i n g a n ew t r ai n . b e d u e t o an i ssu e w i t h t h e g u n , so m e so r t o f
Bir d st r ikes w er e a pot ent ial danger , ow ing f ault t hat could have caused it t o exceed it s
t o t he t r ain's high speed. Having r eceived nor m al f ir ing pow er . No m alf unct ions w er e
i n st r u ct i o n s i n h o w t o u se t h e can n o n , f ound. How ever , it w as lat er discover ed
t he t r ain designer s bought an oven- r eady t hat t he unexpect ed dam age had occur r ed
ch i ck en f r o m a l o cal su p er m ar k et , an d b ecau se o f a t em p er at u r e i ssu e.
subsequent ly f ir ed it at t heir pr ot ot ype.

Th e t ex t i n Ex er ci se I 3 b i s an u r b an l eg en d ( o r u r b an m y t h ) - a co m m o n l y

lt t o l d st o r y t h at i s sai d t o b e t r u e, b u t w h i ch i s n o t . Can y o u g u ess w h at

t em per at ur e issue caused t he unexpect ed ef f ect s?

d Co m p l et e t h e f o l l o w i n g sen t en ces u si n g t h e w o r d s an d p h r ases i n t h e b o x .

becauseof ( x2) caused consequent lyduet o owingt o rt sut t in resultof

I Bi r d st r i k es 6 2 n v esq l t i \ d am ag e t o ai r cr af t .
2 Bi r d st r i k e sW e r e a p o t e n t i a | p r o b | e m f o r t h e t r a i n , - l
I- i t s sp eed .
5 Du r i n g t h e t est , t h e t r ai n w as sev er el yd am ag ed as a - t h e i m p act .
4 Th e d am ag e o ccu r r ed a p r o b l em r el at i n gt o t em p er at u r e.
5Theim pact of t hechicken- it t oent er t het r ain.
6 Th een g i n eer st h o u g h t t h eg u n w asf au | t y , so - t h ey ca| | ed t h ei r
c o l l e a g u e s.

76 Un i t 9 Th eo r yan d p r act i ce

I
 e Read t h e f o l l o w i n g en g i n eer i n g u r b an l eg en d s an d co m p l et e t h e
descr ipt ions of causes and ef f ect s using t he cor r ect f or m of t he w or ds
an d p h r ases i n Ex er ci se I 3 d . So m et i m es m o r e t h an o n e w o r d o r p h r ase i s
p o ssi b l e.
1 Ap p ar en t l y ,t h e b i g g est ch al l en g ei n sp ace ex p l o r at i o nw as d ev el o p i n ga p en
f o r ast r o n au t st o u se i n o r b i t as o r d i n ar y b al l p o i n t p en s d o n ' t w o r k i n sp ace,
becat use oP / Ar l. elo / ow \ t \ glo t he f act t hat t her e's no gr avit y. So
t h i s p r o b l em ,t h er e w er e t eam s o f r esear ch er sw o r k i n g f o r
y ear s,t r y i n g t o f i n d a so l u t i o n .Ev en t u al l yso
, m eo n e cam e u p w i t h t h e i d ea
o f u si n ga p e n c i l .
2 W h en t h ey d esi g n edt h e f o u n d at i o n so f t h e l i b r ar y o n t h e u n i v er si t ycam p u s,
t h ey f o r g o t t o al l o w f o r t h e w ei g h t o f t h e b o o k s o n t h e sh el v es,w h i ch
t h e b u i l d i n gt o st ar t si n k i n g .So - , h al f o f t h e
f l o o r s h av e h ad t o b e l ef t em p t y ,w i t h o u t b o o k s, t o k eep t h e w ei g h t d o w n .
3 Di d y o u h ear ab o u t t h at Ol y m p i c- si zedsw i m m i n gp o o l t h at w as b u i l t ?
Th ey g o t t h e l en g t h w r o n g , t h e t i l es. Th ey f o r g o t t o t ak e
i n t o acco u n t t h e t h i ck n ess,w h i ch t h e p o o l m easu r i n ga f ew
m i | | i m e t r e s t o o Sh o r t . So - , i t c a n ' t b e u s e d f o r s w i m m i n g
co m o et i t i o n s.

14a On e p o p u l ar t o p i c f o r u r b an l eg en d s i s t h e su g g est i o n t h at t h e m o o n
l an d i n g s d i d n ' t r eal l y t ak e p l ace an d w er e f i l m ed o n Ear t h . l n p ai r s, d i scu ss
t h e f o l l o w i n g q u est i o n s.
. I n p h o t o s t ak en o f ast r o n au t so n t h e m o o n , w h y ar e n o st ar s v i si b l e i n t h e
sk y ?
o I n f i l m f o o t ag e,w h y i s t h e f l ag p l an t ed o n t h e su r f aceo f t h e m o o n seen
m o v i n gsl i g h t l y ?
o W h y d o p h o t o s o f ast r o n au t s'f o o t p r i n t sap p ear t o b e o n a w et su r f acean d
n o t i n d r y d u st ?
. W h y i s n o b l a st c r a t e rc a u se db y e n g i n et h r u st d u r i n gt h e l a n d i n gv i si b l e
b e l o wt h e m o d u l e ?

) g . S Car o l i n e an d Ren at o , t w o co l l eag u es at an en g i n eer i n g f i r m , ar e

t al k i n g ab o u t t h e m o o n l an d i n g s d u r i n g a co f f ee b r eak . Li st en t o t h e
conver sat ion and com par e
w hat t hey say w it h your
i d eas f r o m Ex er ci se 1 4 a.

C l n p ai r s, d i scu ss an y u r b an
legends you have hear d
r el at i n g t o en g i n eer i n g
and t echnology. Use t he
f o l l o w i n g i d eas t o h el p y o u .
o unbelievabld e e si g nf a u l t s
. b i zar r e i n ci d en t s
i n v o l v i n gcar s
o r u m o u r sa b o u t a m a zi n g
ex p er im en t al t echn o l o g y
o b a d w o r k m a n sh i pb y =
p l u m b e rasn d
b u i l d e r s,
e l e ct r i ci a n s 'G'; ; -.=
jf-= * "::H
Unit 9 Theor yand pr act ice
.i.