A Project Report

on

IoT Based Anti-Theft Floor Mat System

Submitted

in partial fulfillment for the award of the Degree

Bachelor of
Technology
in

Electrical & Electronics Engineering

by

Nitish Kumar (2001920210009)

Rohit Singh- (2001920210012)

Under the Supervision

of
Dr. Nagendra Kumar

G.L. Bajaj Institute of Technology & Management,

[Approved by AICTE, & Affiliated to Dr. A.P.J. Abdul Kalam Technical University, Lucknow,
U.P. India]
Plot No.2, KP-III, Greater Noida - 201306, G.B. Nagar, U.P.,
India
MAY, 2024
 Contents

Contents..............................................................................................................................i

Declaration.......................................................................................................................iii

Certificate.........................................................................................................................iv

Acknowledgement.............................................................................................................v

Abstract.............................................................................................................................vi

List of Tables...................................................................................................................vii

List of figures.................................................................................................................viii

List of abbreviations..........................................................................................................ix

1. Background, motivation and scope of the work...................................................1

1.1 Introduction.........................................................................................................10

1.2 Motivation of the present work...........................................................................12

1.3 Scope of the present work...................................................................................13

2. Overview of IoT.....................................................................................................18

2.1 Introduction........................................................................................................18

2.2 IoT Architecture and Technologies...................................................................20

3. System Design .......................................................................................................24

3.1 Introduction.........................................................................................................24

3.2 Implementation...................................................................................................26

3.2.1 Hardware Implementation........................................................................26

3.2.1.1 Raspberry pi..................................................................................29

3.2.1.2 Piezo Sensor..................................................................................34

3.2.1.3 Servo Motor..................................................................................36

3.2.1.4 Buzzer...........................................................................................37

3.2.1.5 Pi Camera………………………………………………...………39

I
 3.2.1.6 Node MCU...........................................................................…….41

3.2.1.7 ADC………………………………………………...……………42

3.2.1.8 Ultrasonic Sensor..........................................................................44

3.3 Software Implementation....................................................................................46

3.3.1 Raspbian Os..............................................................................................46

3.3.2 Python.......................................................................................................47

3.3.3 Open CV...................................................................................................48

3.4 Working..............................................................................................................50

3.4.1 Code………………………………………………………………………51

3.5 Scability..............................................................................................................50

3.5.1 Understanding Of Scability....................................................................50

3.5.2 Case studies & Real World Applications...............................................55

3.6 Flowchart of the System.....................................................................................56

3.7 Architectural Flow Diagram of System..............................................................59

4. Conclusion...............................................................................................................60

5. Impact on environment and/or Impact on society..............................................62

References.......................................................................................................................66
Plagiarism Report..........................................................................................................67

II
 Student Declaration
We hereby confirm that the report entitled “IoT Based Anti-Theft Floor Mat System”
submitted to GL Bajaj Institute of Engineering & Technology Gr. Noida U.P. India for
the partial fulfillment of the degree of B. Tech in Electrical & Electronics Engineering,
has been done by us under the guidance of Dr. Nagendra Kumar, EEE- Dept. GLBITM
Greater Noida. We also declare that this submission is our own work and that, to the best
of our knowledge and belief, it contains no material previously published or written by
another person nor material which to a substantial extent has been accepted for the award
of any other degree or diploma of the university or other institute of higher learning,
except where due acknowledgment has been made in the text.

1. Nitish Kumar Jha (2001920210009)

EEE-Dept. GLBITM Gr. Noida, U.P. India

2. Rohit Singh (2001920210012)

EEE-Dept. GLBITM Gr. Noida U.P. India

III
 Certificate

This is to certify that a report entitled “IoT Based Anti-Theft Floor Mat System” being
submitted by Mr. Nitish Kumar Jha (2101920210009), Rohit Singh (2001920210012), in
partial fulfillment of the requirement for the award of degree B. Tech in Electrical &
Electronics Engineering at GL Bajaj Institute of Engineering & Technology Gr. Noida
affiliated to AKTU Lucknow U.P. is a record of the candidates own work carried out
under my supervision and guidance. To the best of my knowledge, the matter embodied
in this report has not been submitted to any University/Institute for the partial
fulfilment of any degree.

Dr. Nagendra Kumar (Prof. Mohit Bansal)

Project Supervisor, Head of Department-EEE
EEE Dept. GLBITM, Gr. Noida, U.P. India GLBITM Gr. Noida, U.P. India

(Prof. Priyanka Datta)

Project Coordinator
EEE Dept. GLBITM, Gr. Noida, U.P. India

IV
 Acknowledgment

It gives us a great sense of pleasure to present the report of the B. Tech Project
undertaken during B. Tech. Final Year. We owe a special debt of gratitude to Prof.
Nagendra Kumar, Department of EEE, GLBITM Gr. Noida for his constant support and
guidance throughout the course of our work. His sincerity, thoroughness, and perseverance
have been a constant source of inspiration for us. It is only his/her cognizant efforts that
our endeavors have seen the light of the day. We also take the opportunity to acknowledge
the contribution of Prof. Mohit Bansal, HOD- EEE GLBITM Gr. Noida for his full support
and assistance during the development of the project. We also do not like to miss the
opportunity to acknowledge the contribution of all faculty members of the EEE department
for their kind assistance and cooperation during the development of our project. Last but
not least, we acknowledge our friends for their contribution in the completion of the
project.

1. Nitish Kumar Jha (2001920210009)

EEE-Dept. GLBITM Gr. Noida, U.P. India

2. Rohit Singh (2001920210012)

EEE-Dept. GLBITM Gr. Noida U.P. India

V
 Abstract
The surge in urbanization has heightened the need for security measures, yet conventional
anti-theft Floor Mat systems using Piezo sensors or motion detectors face evasion tactics. To
counter this, we propose an innovative idea of IoT Based Anti-Theft Floor Mat System
driven by Raspberry Pi 3b+ to fortify homes during the absence. This system's unique
approach involves monitoring floor movements and ensuring comprehensive surveillance.
Comprising secure floor tiles interconnected via IoT, the system activates upon leaving the
house. It tracks every step across the floor and promptly alerts the user over IoT, enabling
remote vigilance. Its Raspberry Pi-powered setup, encompassing demonstration tiles, and a
Piezo sensor, exemplifies its technological backbone. When an intruder steps onto the floor,
the sensor triggers the Raspberry Pi controller. This real-time transmission empowers
homeowners to assess the situation remotely. However, the system's reliability hinges on
addressing false alarms, ensuring data encryption for privacy during image transmission,
optimizing response time, and scalability for diverse homes, and implementing robust
maintenance protocols. Balancing technological innovation with reliability is pivotal for this
system to emerge as a dependable and comprehensive home security solution.

VI
 List of Tables
Table 3.1: Table of voltage supply in Raspberry Pi 3b+ …………………………………34

VII
 List of Figures
Figure 2.1: Components of an IoT platform…………………………………………………23
Figure 3.2.1: Hardware Implementation…………………………………………………….29
Figure 3.2.2: Raspberry Pi 3b+………………………………………………………………32
Figure 3.2.3: GPIO pins of Raspberry Pi……………………………………………………33
Figure 3.2.4: Piezo Sensor..…………………………………………………………………35
Figure3.2.5: Servo Motor……………………………………………………………………37
Figure 3.2.6: Buzzer………………………………………………………………………….39
Figure 3.2.7: Pi Camera..……………………………………………………………………40
Figure 3.2.8: Node MCU…………………………………………………………………….42
Figure 3.2.10: Ultrasonic Sensor……………………………………………………….……44
Figure 3.2.9: ADC……………………………………………………………………...……45
Figure 3.3.1: Installed of Raspbian OS…………………………………………………...…47
Figure 3.4.1: Working………………………………………………………………………51
Figure 3.5.1: Flowchart……………………………………………………………...………57
Figure 3.9: Architectural Flow………………………………………………………………59

8
 List of Abbreviations

IoT Internet of Things

GPIO General Purpose Input Output
RPi Raspberry Pi
LPWAN low-power wide-area networks
HTTP Hyper Text Transfer Protocol
MQTT Message Queuing Telemetry
Transport
RFID Radio-Frequency Identification
NFC Near Field Communication
CPS Cyber-Physical Systems
BLE Bluetooth Low Energy
ML Machine Learning
RAM Random Access Memory

9
 Chapter 1

Background, Motivation and Scope of Work

1.1 Introduction

The IoT-based anti-theft floor mat system represents a cutting-edge solution to address
security concerns in various environments, ranging from retail stores and warehouses to
exhibition spaces and museums. At its core, this innovative system relies on smart floor
mats equipped with advanced sensors and connectivity features to detect and prevent theft
or unauthorized access. These smart mats are strategically placed in key locations where
security is a concern, such as entry points, display areas, or restricted zones. By
continuously monitoring changes in pressure, weight, or motion, the sensors embedded
within the mats can detect any suspicious activity, such as someone stepping on the mat or
attempting to move a protected item. This real-time detection capability serves as the first
line of defense against potential theft or security breaches

Connectivity plays a crucial role in the functionality of the anti-theft floor mat system,
allowing the smart mats to communicate with a central monitoring system or hub. This
connectivity is typically established using wireless communication protocols such as Wi-Fi,
Bluetooth, or Zigbee, enabling seamless data transmission between the mats and the central
system[1,5]. Through this connectivity, the smart mats can transmit data in real-time,
providing instant updates and alerts to security personnel or authorized users. This real-time
communication capability ensures that security incidents can be detected and addressed
promptly, minimizing the risk of loss or damage to valuable assets.

The central monitoring system serves as the nerve center of the anti-theft floor mat system,
receiving data from the smart mats, processing it, and triggering appropriate actions in
response to detected activity. This centralized approach to monitoring allows for efficient
management of security operations, enabling security personnel to monitor multiple
locations simultaneously from a single interface. The monitoring system can be deployed as
a cloud-based platform, a dedicated server, or a local computer equipped with IoT software,
depending on the specific requirements and preferences of the organization.

When the smart floor mats detect unauthorized activity, such as someone stepping on the

10
mat or attempting to move a protected item, they send an alert to the central monitoring
system. These alerts can take various forms, including email notifications, SMS messages,
or mobile app notifications, depending on the configuration of the system. Security
personnel or authorized users can then receive these alerts in real-time, allowing them to
take immediate action to address the security incident. This proactive approach to security
ensures that potential threats can be detected and mitigated before they escalate into more
significant security breaches.

In addition to generating alerts, the anti-theft floor mat system can also activate security
measures to deter theft or unauthorized access. For example, the system can trigger alarms,
turn on lights, lock doors, or initiate video surveillance in response to detected activity.
These security measures serve as a deterrent to potential thieves, making it more difficult
for them to carry out their illicit activities and increasing the likelihood of apprehension. By
combining real-time detection with immediate response capabilities, the anti-theft floor mat
system provides a comprehensive and effective solution for enhancing security in various
environments.

Furthermore, the anti-theft floor mat system can be integrated seamlessly with existing
security systems, such as access control systems, surveillance cameras, and alarm systems,
to enhance overall security effectiveness. Integration allows for seamless communication
and coordination between different security components, enabling a more comprehensive
and robust security solution. This interoperability ensures that the anti-theft floor mat
system can complement and enhance existing security infrastructure, rather than operating
in isolation.

The IoT-based anti-theft floor mat system provides real-time detection of unauthorized
access, enabling immediate response and intervention. Users can customize the system to
send alerts and notifications to designated individuals or security personnel, ensuring
prompt action when a security breach occurs. The modular nature of the system allows for
easy scalability to accommodate varying security needs, from small residential properties to
large commercial establishments. The system can integrate seamlessly with existing
security infrastructure, including surveillance cameras, access control systems, and alarm
systems, enhancing overall security effectiveness. With minimal moving parts and durable
construction, the floor mat system requires little to no maintenance, making it a cost-
effective security solution in the long run. Discreet Design: The floor mat's discreet design
blends seamlessly into its surroundings, making it ideal for use in both residential and

11
commercial settings without detracting from aesthetic appeal.

One of the key advantages of an IoT-based anti-theft floor mat system is the ability to
remotely manage and control the system from anywhere with an internet connection.
Security personnel can monitor the system in real-time, receive alerts, and take appropriate
action remotely using a web-based dashboard or mobile app. This remote management
capability provides flexibility and convenience, allowing security operations to be
conducted efficiently and effectively, even when personnel are not physically present on-
site. Additionally, remote management enables organizations to respond promptly to
security incidents, regardless of their location, thereby minimizing the risk of loss or
damage to valuable assets.

As technology continues to advance, the IoT-based anti-theft floor mat system is poised to
become even more sophisticated and effective in deterring theft and enhancing security.
Future developments may include. Incorporating AI algorithms to analyze sensor data and
identify patterns indicative of potential security threats, leading to more accurate and
proactive threat detection. Leveraging historical data and machine learning algorithms to
predict and prevent future security breaches based on past trends and patterns. Integrating
the floor mat system with other IoT devices and smart home/building systems for seamless
communication and centralized control. Utilizing energy harvesting technologies to power
the system's sensors and control unit, reducing reliance on external power sources and
enhancing reliability[10].

The IoT-based anti-theft floor mat system represents a significant advancement in security
technology, offering a proactive and effective solution for deterring theft and protecting
assets in various settings. With its real-time detection capabilities, customizable alerts, and
seamless integration with existing security infrastructure, this innovative system is poised
to revolutionize the way we approach security in the digital age. As it continues to evolve
and adapt to emerging threats and technologies, the future looks bright for IoT-based
security solutions like the anti-theft floor mat system.

In conclusion, the IoT-based anti-theft floor mat system offers a proactive and effective
approach to enhancing security in various environments. By leveraging smart floor mats,
connectivity, centralized monitoring, real-time alerts, security measures, and remote
management capabilities, organizations can detect and prevent theft or unauthorized access,
protect valuable assets, and deter potential thieves or intruders effectively. With its ability to
provide continuous monitoring, immediate response, and seamless integration with existing

12
 security systems, the anti-theft floor mat system represents a powerful tool for enhancing
security and peace of mind in today's dynamic and challenging security landscape.

1.2 Motivation of the Present Work

In the contemporary landscape of escalating security challenges, the motivation behind the
current work is rooted in the critical necessity for innovative and robust solutions. Traditional
security measures, while once effective, are now proving inadequate in addressing the
evolving nature of security threats. Recognizing this gap, the primary impetus is to pioneer a
novel and advanced approach to security. The development of an anti-theft mat security
system serves as a strategic response to this imperative[7,8]. With an overarching goal of
providing comprehensive asset protection, the system is designed to address vulnerabilities
across diverse environments. Traditional security mechanisms often fall short of providing a
holistic shield against unauthorized access and theft. Hence, the focus of this work is on
crafting a solution that not only adapts to different settings but also integrates seamlessly into
the daily lives of users.

It has a user-friendly design for the pivotal aspect of this system, acknowledging that the
effectiveness of a system is directly linked to its ease of use. A non-intrusive and intuitive
design ensures that end-users embrace the technology, widespread acceptance, and
utilization.

Moreover, the integration of emerging technologies, such as the IoT, underscores a

commitment to staying at the forefront of advancements in the security system. By leveraging
IoT capabilities, the anti-theft floor mat system can provide real-time monitoring, data
analytics, and remote control, enhancing its overall effectiveness.

One of the key drivers is the system's proactive nature, emphasizing prevention over reaction.
While traditional security systems often respond after an incident occurs, the anti-theft mat
security system aims to thwart unauthorized access and theft before they happen. This
proactive stance aligns with a broader strategy of minimizing risks and ensuring a higher
level of security.

The motivation behind the present work is to address the inadequacies of existing security
measures by pioneering an anti-theft mat security system. This system aims to provide
comprehensive asset protection, adaptability to diverse environments, user-friendly design,
integration with emerging technologies, and a proactive approach to security. Through these

13
attributes, this work aspires to make a significant and timely contribution to the evolving
landscape of security challenges.

1.3 Scope of the Present Work

In an era characterized by technological advancements and increasing security concerns, the

scope of IoT-based anti-theft floor mat systems is expanding rapidly. These innovative
systems, which leverage the power of the Internet of Things (IoT) to detect and prevent theft,
offer a multitude of applications across various industries and environments. In this
comprehensive exploration, we delve into the extensive scope of IoT-based anti-theft floor
mat systems, uncovering their potential in enhancing security, streamlining operations, and
safeguarding valuable assets.
The present work focuses on developing an innovative anti-theft mat security system,
integrating advanced sensing technologies for adaptability in diverse environments. A key
aspect is the emphasis on user-friendly design, ensuring intuitive interfaces and seamless
interaction. The scope extends to the integration of emerging technologies like IoT, enabling
real-time monitoring and data analytics. Proactive security measures are prioritized, aiming to
prevent unauthorized access before incidents occur. Rigorous testing, ethical considerations,
and comprehensive documentation are integral elements within the scope, ensuring
reliability, privacy, and successful knowledge transfer.

At its core, the primary objective of an IoT-based anti-theft floor mat system is to enhance
security by detecting and deterring unauthorized access to protected areas. By leveraging
intelligent sensors embedded within floor mats, these systems can detect changes in pressure,
weight, and other parameters associated with human presence. This real-time detection
capability enables immediate response and intervention, thwarting theft attempts before they
escalate into security breaches.
The scope of IoT-based anti-theft floor mat systems in enhancing security is vast and
encompasses various industries and environments. For example:
Retail Sector:
In retail stores, these systems can be deployed near exit points and high-value merchandise
areas to prevent shoplifting and inventory shrinkage. By detecting unauthorized removal of
items from designated zones, they provide a proactive security measure that complements

14
traditional surveillance methods.
Warehousing and Logistics:
In warehouses and distribution centers, IoT-based floor mat systems can secure loading
docks, storage areas, and restricted zones. By detecting unauthorized access to these areas,
they help prevent theft of valuable inventory and equipment, as well as unauthorized
tampering with shipments.
Residential Properties:
In residential settings, these systems can enhance home security by detecting intruders
attempting to gain access through doors, windows, or other entry points. By providing an
additional layer of security beyond traditional alarm systems, they offer peace of mind to
homeowners and help deter burglaries.
Financial Institutions:
In banks, ATM vestibules, and other financial institutions, IoT-based floor mat systems can
help prevent unauthorized access to cash handling areas and vaults. By detecting attempts to
breach security perimeters, they mitigate the risk of theft and ensure the safety of staff and
customers.
Streamlining Operations:
Beyond security enhancements, IoT-based anti-theft floor mat systems also offer the potential
to streamline operations and improve efficiency in various industries. By providing real-time
data on occupancy, movement patterns, and other relevant metrics, these systems enable
organizations to optimize resource allocation, enhance workflow management, and reduce
operational costs.
Retail Analytics:
In retail environments, IoT-based floor mat systems can provide valuable insights into
customer behavior, such as foot traffic patterns, dwell times, and popular product areas. By
analyzing this data, retailers can optimize store layouts, adjust staffing levels, and tailor
marketing strategies to maximize sales and customer satisfaction.
Warehouse Management:
In warehouses and distribution centers, these systems can help optimize inventory
management and logistics operations. By monitoring the movement of personnel and
equipment in real-time, they enable more efficient allocation of resources, faster order
fulfillment, and reduced overhead costs.
Facility Maintenance:

15
In commercial and industrial facilities, IoT-based floor mat systems can assist in facility
maintenance and asset management. By monitoring foot traffic and identifying high-traffic
areas, they help prioritize cleaning and maintenance tasks, prolong the lifespan of flooring
materials, and ensure a safe and hygienic environment for occupants.
Safeguarding Valuable Assets:
In addition to enhancing security and streamlining operations, IoT-based anti-theft floor mat
systems play a crucial role in safeguarding valuable assets and minimizing the risk of losses
due to theft, vandalism, or unauthorized access.
Artifacts and Exhibits:
In museums, art galleries, and cultural institutions, these systems can protect valuable
artifacts, exhibits, and collections from theft or damage. By monitoring access to restricted
areas and alerting security personnel to unauthorized intrusions, they help preserve cultural
heritage and ensure the integrity of valuable artworks.
Sensitive Equipment:
In industrial settings, research facilities, and laboratories, IoT-based floor mat systems can
safeguard sensitive equipment, machinery, and infrastructure from theft or tampering. By
detecting unauthorized access to restricted areas and triggering immediate response protocols,
they mitigate the risk of costly disruptions and ensure uninterrupted operations.
Data Centers:
In data centers and server rooms, these systems can protect critical IT infrastructure and
sensitive data from unauthorized access or tampering. By monitoring access to server racks,
networking equipment, and other restricted areas, they help prevent data breaches, cyber-
attacks, and other security threats that could compromise business continuity and customer
trust.
Future Developments and Innovations:
As technology continues to evolve, the scope of IoT-based anti-theft floor mat systems is
expected to expand further, driven by ongoing advancements in sensor technology,
connectivity, and data analytics. Future developments and innovations in this space may
include:

 Integration with AI and Machine Learning: Incorporating artificial intelligence

(AI) and machine learning algorithms to enhance the capabilities of IoT-based floor
mat systems. By analyzing large volumes of sensor data and identifying patterns
indicative of security threats, AI-powered systems can provide more accurate and

16
 proactive threat detection, reducing false alarms and improving overall security
effectiveness.
 Enhanced Connectivity and Interoperability: Integrating IoT-based floor mat
systems with other smart devices, sensors, and building management systems to
create seamless and interconnected security ecosystems. By enabling real-time
communication and collaboration between different components of the security
infrastructure, interoperable systems can provide a holistic approach to security
management and response.
 Energy Harvesting and Sustainability: Implementing energy harvesting
technologies to power IoT-based floor mat systems and reduce reliance on external
power sources. By leveraging renewable energy sources such as solar, kinetic, or
thermal energy, these systems can operate autonomously and sustainably, minimizing
their environmental footprint and reducing operational costs. Utilizing advanced
materials and design principles to enhance the durability, reliability, and functionality
of floor mat sensors. By incorporating materials with improved sensitivity, flexibility,
and resistance to wear and tear, manufacturers can create sensors that are more robust,
responsive, and adaptable to different environmental conditions and usage scenarios.
The scope of IoT-based anti-theft floor mat systems is vast and multifaceted, encompassing a
wide range of applications across various industries and environments. From enhancing
security and streamlining operations to safeguarding valuable assets and minimizing risk,
these innovative systems offer numerous benefits and opportunities for organizations seeking
to protect their people, property, and resources.
As technology continues to advance and evolve, IoT-based floor mat systems are expected to
become even more sophisticated, intelligent, and effective in addressing emerging security
challenges and requirements. By embracing innovation, collaboration, and continuous
improvement, organizations can harness the full potential of these systems to create safer,
smarter, and more resilient environments for people to live, work, and thrive.

17
 Chapter 2
Overview of IoT

2.1 Introduction

The IoT is a network where physical devices, equipped with sensors, software, and
connectivity, interact and exchange data via the internet. These devices span from common
items like smart home appliances to intricate industrial machinery. It operates on core
elements: connectivity through various protocols, data collection using embedded sensors,
processing and analysis either locally or in the cloud, and enabling automation based on the
insights derived. Its applications are widespread, impacting smart homes with enhanced
convenience and energy efficiency, healthcare through wearable devices and remote
monitoring, manufacturing with optimized production processes, and transportation by
improving safety and logistics.[8] However, challenges persist, notably in ensuring security
and privacy data transmissions, managing the increasing number of devices while ensuring
seamless interoperability, and addressing ethical concerns regarding data ownership and
responsible usage. Despite these challenges, IoT's potential for innovation and efficiency
across industries remains immense, contingent upon overcoming these obstacles and
integrating regulations that safeguard privacy and ethics.

The concept of IoT can be traced back to the early days of the internet, when researchers and
technologists envisioned a world where everyday objects could be connected and
communicate with each other over the internet. The term "Internet of Things" was coined by
Kevin Ashton in 1999, who described it as a network of interconnected devices capable of
collecting and exchanging data without human intervention.

Since then, IoT has evolved rapidly, driven by advancements in sensor technology, wireless
communication, cloud computing, and data analytics. Today, IoT encompasses a vast
ecosystem of devices, ranging from smartphones and wearables to industrial machinery and
smart home appliances, all interconnected and communicating to create a seamless and
intelligent environment.

At its core, IoT transforms inanimate objects into intelligent entities capable of sensing,
communicating, and making decisions based on the data. This digital integration of the

1
8
physical world has far-reaching implications, reshaping industries, enhancing efficiency, and
creating new possibilities.

IoT has found applications across a wide range of industries and domains, transforming
processes, enhancing efficiency, and unlocking new possibilities. Some notable use cases
include: IoT-enabled devices such as smart thermostats, lighting systems, security cameras,
and voice assistants allow homeowners to automate and control various aspects of their
homes remotely, enhancing comfort, convenience, and energy efficiency.

IoT devices such as wearable fitness trackers, remote patient monitoring systems, and smart
medical devices enable healthcare professionals to monitor patients' health in real-time,
deliver personalized care, and improve treatment outcomes. In manufacturing, IoT sensors
embedded in machinery, equipment, and production lines collect data on performance,
efficiency, and maintenance needs, enabling predictive maintenance, process optimization,
and supply chain management. IoT technologies are being deployed in urban environments to
monitor and manage critical infrastructure such as transportation systems, utilities, waste
management, and public safety, improving efficiency, sustainability, and quality of life for
residents. IoT sensors deployed in fields, greenhouses, and livestock facilities provide
farmers with real-time data on soil conditions, weather patterns, crop health, and animal
behavior, enabling precision agriculture, resource optimization, and yield maximization.

Key components of the IoT include:

 Sensors and Actuators: Devices in the IoT ecosystem are equipped with sensors to
gather information from the environment. Actuators enable these devices to perform
actions based on the collected data.

 Connectivity: IoT devices depend on various communication technologies such as

Bluetooth, cellular networks, and low-power wide-area networks to transmit data to
and from the internet.

 Data Processing and Analytics: The massive amounts of data generated by IoT
devices require robust processing capabilities. Edge computing and cloud platforms
are often used to analyze data, derive insights, and make informed decisions.

 Internet Communication Protocols: Standardized communication protocols like

1
9
 MQTT, Constrained Application Protocol, and HTTP (Hypertext Transfer Protocol)
enable seamless interaction between IoT devices.

 Security: IoT systems must prioritize security. This includes encryption, security, and
protection against cyber threats to safeguard both the devices and the data they
transmit.

 Applications: IoT finds application in diverse fields, such as smart houses,

healthcare, agriculture, industrial automation, and transportation. These applications
leverage IoT to enhance efficiency, and optimize resource utilization.

 Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning: IoT systems often integrate artificial
intelligence (AI) and machine learning (ML) algorithms to analyze data patterns,
predict trends, and automate decision-making processes.

 Standardization: Efforts are underway to establish common standards to ensure

interoperability among different IoT electronic devices and platforms. Standardization
facilitates a more cohesive and scalable IoT ecosystem.

IoT continues to evolve, and its impact on society, business, and daily life is becoming
increasingly profound. It holds the potential to revolutionize industries, create innovative
services, and address complex challenges by harnessing the power of data-driven insights and
intelligent automation. The widespread adoption of IoT also brings forth important
considerations, such as privacy, ethical concerns, and the need for robust cybersecurity
measures. As technology advances, the IoT landscape is play a pivotal role in shaping the
future of our interconnected world.

2.2 IoT Architecture and Technologies

The Internet of Things (IoT) is a complex ecosystem comprising various architectural layers
and an array of technologies that enable the seamless interaction between devices and
systems. Understanding its architecture is pivotal in comprehending its functioning and
capabilities. IoT architecture is structured into three fundamental layers: Perception Layer,
Network Layer, and Application Layer. The Perception Layer constitutes the physical
"things" or devices equipped with sensors, actuators, and embedded systems that gather data

2
0
from the environment. These devices can range from simple temperature sensors to complex
machinery and wearables. They form the foundation of the IoT network by collecting real-
time data. The Network Layer facilitates communication among these devices and enables
data transmission to and from the Perception Layer. This layer encompasses various
connectivity options and protocols, such as Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, Zigbee, LoRa WAN, MQTT,
CoAP, and more. The choice of protocol depends on factors like range, power consumption,
and data transfer speed, tailored to the specific requirements of the IoT application.

The Application Layer is where the collected data is processed, analyzed, and acted upon.
Cloud-based IoT platforms like AWS IoT, Azure IoT, or Google Cloud IoT play a significant
role here, providing the infrastructure for data storage, analytics, and management.
Additionally, edge computing has gained prominence, allowing data processing closer to the
devices themselves, and reducing latency and bandwidth usage.

Combining these layers and technologies forms the foundation of IoT systems. Sensors in
household appliances, industrial machinery, smart cities, and wearable health devices all
operate within this architecture. As IoT continues to evolve, security, interoperability, and
scalability remain crucial aspects to consider, ensuring the seamless integration and
functionality of the interconnected devices and systems.

In essence, IoT architecture is a sophisticated framework that interconnects devices,

networks, and applications, enabling the collection, transmission, and analysis of data, and
fostering innovation across various industries. Here is an overview of the typical IoT
architecture and the key technologies associated with each layer:

 Perception Layer: Collect data from the physical world. Sensors measure parameters
like temperature, humidity, and light, and actuators perform actions based on received
instructions.

 Network Layer: Connectivity Technologies: Enable communication between

devices. This can include Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, cellular network, Low-Power Wide-Area
Network, and others.

 Middleware Layer: Facilitate data exchange between devices. Examples include

MQTT, CoAP, HTTP, and AMQP.

2
1
  Processing Layer: Involves processing data closer to the source, reducing latency and
bandwidth. Centralized processing in cloud platforms for tasks requiring extensive
computation and storage.

 Data Storage: Databases: Store and manage large volumes of data. Options include
SQL databases e.g. MySQL, and NoSQL databases e.g., MongoDB.

 Security Layer: Secure data transmission using protocols like TLS/SSL. Verify the
identity of devices and control access to data.

 Application Layer: IoT Applications: Custom software applications or third-party

applications that utilize the processed data to provide specific functionalities.

 Business Layer: Data Analytics: Utilize tools and algorithms for extracting insights
from the collected data.

 Machine Learning and AI: Implement intelligent algorithms to make predictions

and optimize processes.

Key Technologies in IoT:

 RFID: Enables tracking and identification of objects using radio waves.

 NFC: Facilitates short-range communication between devices, commonly used for

contactless payments.

 Blockchain: Provides a decentralized method for recording and verifying

transactions, enhancing trust in IoT systems.

 AI and Machine Learning: Enhances the ability of IoT systems to analyze patterns
in data.

 LPWAN (Low-Power Wide-Area Network): Designed for low-power, long-range

communication, suitable for IoT devices with minimal energy consumption
requirements.

 5G Technology: Enables faster and more reliable communication, reducing latency

2
2
 and supporting a larger number of connected devices.

 Edge Computing: Distributes computing resources closer to the devices, reducing

latency and improving real-time processing capabilities.

 Digital Twins: Virtual representations of physical objects or systems, enabling better

monitoring and management of physical assets.

 CPS: Integrates computational algorithms and physical processes, enhancing the

ability to monitoring and control systems in actual time.

The combination of these technologies and architectural layers enables the creation of
powerful and efficient IoT solutions across various industries. As the IoT landscape continues
to evolve, advancements in these technologies contribute to growth and effectiveness of IoT

applications.

2
3
Figure 2.1: Components of an IoT platform [2]

2
4
 Chapter 3
System Design

3.1 System Design

The design and implementation of this project depend upon its process which is in the
method and its design includes various parts that work together in the execution of this IoT
system which is discussed below, it includes hardware installation which contains Piezo
sensors, camera, buzzer and various basic alert and monitoring system. creating an IoT-based
anti-theft floor mat system involves a systematic approach that encompasses hardware
integration, software configuration, data processing, and rigorous testing.
The IoT-based anti-theft flooring system's design is a sophisticated integration of hardware
and software components, orchestrated to deliver a comprehensive security solution. Central
to this architecture is the RPi, serving as the nerve center that coordinates and manages the
interconnected functionalities of the system. At the heart of its operation lies the piezo
sensor, strategically embedded within the flooring, designed to detect and respond to any
pressure changes or unauthorized motion within the monitored area. This sensor, upon
activation due to movement, promptly signals the RPi, initiating a chain of orchestrated
responses. The RPi, bolstered by Python scripts and leveraging the capabilities of OpenCV
for image processing, acts as the decision-making entity upon receiving signals from the
piezo sensor. Upon detection of unauthorized entry, the RPi swiftly triggers the servo motor,
directing the attached camera toward the location of the detected motion.[4] Concurrently,
the system activates a buzzer, serving as an immediate audible alert mechanism to notify
occupants or nearby individuals of the potential breach. Captured images, obtained through
the camera's movement, undergo processing via OpenCV. This processing enables the
system to compare the captured faces against a pre-existing database of authorized
individuals, stored either locally or on a cloud platform.
The core of the system comprises intelligent sensors embedded within the floor mat, capable
of detecting changes in pressure, weight, and other parameters associated with human
presence. These sensors act as the primary data collection mechanism and trigger alerts when
unauthorized access is detected. Additionally, actuators may be incorporated into the system
to perform actions such as sounding alarms, activating physical barriers, or sending

25
notifications to security personnel.
IoT devices rely on various wireless communication protocols to transmit data to and from
the internet and other devices. The anti-theft floor mat system may utilize protocols such as
Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, Zigbee, or cellular networks to establish connectivity and transmit sensor
data to a central control unit or cloud-based server for processing and analysis.
The central control unit serves as the brain of the system, responsible for processing
incoming sensor data, analyzing it for signs of suspicious activity, and initiating appropriate
responses. This unit may be implemented as a dedicated hardware device or as software
running on a cloud-based server. It should feature robust processing capabilities, storage
capacity, and connectivity options to handle large volumes of data and support real-time
decision-making.
The data collected by the sensors is often processed, stored, and analyzed in the cloud,
leveraging scalable computing resources and data analytics tools to derive insights and make
intelligent decisions. A cloud-based infrastructure provides flexibility, scalability, and
accessibility, allowing authorized users to monitor and manage the anti-theft floor mat
system remotely from anywhere with an internet connection.
In some cases, IoT devices may perform data processing and analysis locally, at the "edge"
of the network, to reduce latency, conserve bandwidth, and enhance privacy and security.
Edge computing capabilities may be incorporated into the anti-theft floor mat system to
enable faster response times and autonomous operation in the event of network disruptions or
communication delays.
The system should include a user interface that allows administrators to configure settings,
view real-time sensor data, and receive alerts and notifications in the event of unauthorized
access or security breaches. Alerts may be delivered via email, text message, mobile app, or
other communication channels, providing immediate notification to designated personnel for
prompt action.
To maximize effectiveness and interoperability, the anti-theft floor mat system should be
designed to integrate seamlessly with existing security infrastructure, including surveillance
cameras, access control systems, and alarm systems. This integration allows for coordinated
responses to security incidents and enhances overall security effectiveness.
Given the sensitive nature of security-related data, robust security measures should be
implemented to protect against unauthorized access, data breaches, and tampering.
Encryption, authentication, access controls, and regular software updates are essential for
safeguarding the integrity and confidentiality of the system.

26
Finally, the system should be designed with scalability and reliability in mind to
accommodate growth and ensure uninterrupted operation. This may involve implementing
redundant components, load balancing, failover mechanisms, and disaster recovery plans to
mitigate the risk of downtime and data loss.
By considering these key components and considerations in the system design, an IoT-based
anti-theft floor mat system can be effectively deployed to enhance security, deter theft, and
protect valuable assets in various environments and industries
This comparison determines the legitimacy of the intrusion, allowing the system to
differentiate between authorized and unauthorized entries. The system then transmits
relevant data, including captured images and alert notifications, over the internet. This
enables remote monitoring and instant notification to the homeowner or designated
individuals, enhancing the system's responsiveness. The system's architecture incorporates
error-handling mechanisms and security measures to ensure robustness and reliability.
Detailed integration diagrams, wiring schematics, and flowcharts visually illustrate the
interplay and coordination among system components, contributing to the creation of a
robust and effective anti-theft solution[9,10].

3.2 Implementation

This project is implemented depending upon its process which is discussed below in the
method. Its design includes various parts that work together in the execution of this IoT
system which is discussed below. It includes hardware installation in which it contains Piezo
sensors, buzzer and various basic alert and monitoring system creating an IoT-based anti-
theft floor mat system involves a systematic approach that encompasses hardware
integration, software configuration, data processing, and rigorous testing.
3.2.1 Hardware implementation:

The hardware implementation of an IoT-based anti-theft floor mat system involves careful
consideration of components, sensors, connectivity, power management, and physical
design. In this detailed exploration, we'll delve into each aspect to understand how to create a
robust and effective hardware solution for such a system.
Components Selection:
The first step in hardware implementation is selecting the components needed to build the

27
system. This includes sensors, microcontrollers or processing units, connectivity modules,
power sources, and any additional hardware required for specific functionalities.
Sensors:
Intelligent sensors are the core of the anti-theft floor mat system. Pressure-sensitive resistors,
capacitive sensors, or piezoelectric sensors can be used to detect changes in pressure and
weight when someone steps on the mat. These sensors should be sensitive enough to detect
subtle changes in pressure but robust enough to withstand regular foot traffic.
Microcontroller or Processing Unit:
A microcontroller or processing unit is required to process the data collected by the sensors,
analyze it for signs of suspicious activity, and trigger appropriate responses. Microcontrollers
like Arduino, Raspberry Pi, or ESP32 are commonly used for IoT applications due to their
versatility, low cost, and ease of programming.
Connectivity Modules:
To transmit sensor data to a central control unit or cloud-based server, connectivity modules
such as Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, Zigbee, or cellular modules are required. The choice of module
depends on factors like range, bandwidth, power consumption, and interoperability with
existing infrastructure.
Power Sources:
Power sources such as batteries, solar panels, or wired connections are needed to provide
continuous power to the sensors, microcontroller, and connectivity modules. Battery-
powered solutions offer flexibility and mobility but require careful power management to
conserve energy and extend battery life.
Sensor Placement and Physical Design:
The physical design of the anti-theft floor mat system plays a crucial role in its effectiveness
and usability. The sensors should be strategically placed within the floor mat to ensure
accurate detection of pressure changes while minimizing false alarms.
Sensor Grid:
The sensors can be arranged in a grid pattern across the surface of the mat to ensure
comprehensive coverage. The spacing between sensors should be optimized to detect
footsteps accurately without compromising comfort or usability.
Durability and Robustness:
The floor mat should be constructed from durable and resilient materials capable of

28
withstanding heavy foot traffic, environmental conditions, and wear and tear. The sensors
should be securely embedded within the mat to protect them from damage and ensure
reliable operation over time.
Flexibility and Customization:
The design of the floor mat should be flexible and customizable to accommodate different
environments, usage scenarios, and user preferences. Modular components and adjustable
settings can allow users to tailor the system to their specific needs and requirements.
Connectivity and Data Transmission:
Once the sensors detect a change in pressure, they need to communicate this information to a
central control unit or cloud-based server for processing and analysis. Connectivity modules
enable wireless transmission of sensor data over various communication protocols.
Wireless Communication:
Wireless communication protocols like Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, or Zigbee can be used to transmit
sensor data to the central control unit or cloud server. Wi-Fi offers high bandwidth and
extended range, making it suitable for indoor applications, while Bluetooth is ideal for short-
range communication between nearby devices.
Data Transmission Protocols:
Data transmission protocols such as MQTT (Message Queuing Telemetry Transport) or
HTTP (Hypertext Transfer Protocol) can be used to format and transmit sensor data over the
network. MQTT is lightweight and efficient, making it suitable for IoT applications, while
HTTP provides compatibility with web-based services and APIs.
Encryption and Security:
To protect against unauthorized access and data breaches, sensor data should be encrypted
using secure communication protocols such as TLS (Transport Layer Security) or DTLS
(Datagram Transport Layer Security). Access controls and authentication mechanisms
should be implemented to restrict access to sensitive information and ensure data integrity
and confidentiality.
Power Management and Energy Efficiency:
Effective power management is essential for ensuring the reliable operation of the anti-theft
floor mat system. Power sources should be selected based on the specific requirements of the
application, and energy-efficient design practices should be employed to conserve power and
extend battery life.

29
 Battery Power:
Battery-powered solutions offer flexibility and mobility, making them ideal for portable or
temporary installations. However, batteries require careful power management to conserve
energy and avoid premature depletion. Low-power components, sleep modes, and power-
saving algorithms can help extend battery life and minimize energy consumption.
Solar Power:
Solar panels can be used to harvest energy from sunlight and provide continuous power to
the system. Solar-powered solutions are environmentally friendly and cost-effective in
locations with ample sunlight. However, solar panels require proper orientation, positioning,
and sizing to optimize energy capture and ensure consistent power output.
Wired Power:
In some cases, wired power sources such as AC mains or DC power supplies may be used to
provide continuous power to the system. Wired solutions offer reliability and stability but
may require additional infrastructure and installation costs. Power over Ethernet (PoE) is a
convenient option for providing power and data connectivity over a single Ethernet cable.

Figure 3.2.1: Hardware Implementation [7]

3.2.1.1 Raspberry Pi:

Raspberry Pi is a series of small single-board computers (SBCs) developed by the Raspberry

30
Pi Foundation, a UK-based charity organization. Launched in 2012, the Raspberry Pi was
initially designed to promote computer science education and programming skills among
students and hobbyists. However, its low cost, versatility, and compact size have made it
immensely popular across various sectors, including education, hobbyist projects,
prototyping, and even commercial applications. Here's a comprehensive overview of
Raspberry Pi, covering its features, capabilities, applications, and impact:
Raspberry Pi boards are equipped with a Broadcom system-on-chip (SoC) which includes a
CPU, GPU, and RAM. The specifications vary across different models, but commonly
include features such as USB ports, HDMI output, Ethernet connectivity, GPIO pins for
interfacing with external devices, and a microSD card slot for storage. The latest models also
feature built-in Wi-Fi and Bluetooth connectivity.
Raspberry Pi supports a variety of operating systems, including Raspbian (a Linux
distribution based on Debian), Ubuntu, Windows 10 IoT Core, and various other Linux
distributions. Raspbian is the official operating system recommended by the Raspberry Pi
Foundation and comes pre-installed with essential software tools and programming
environments.
One of the key purposes of Raspberry Pi is to encourage programming and development
skills. It supports multiple programming languages, including Python, C/C++, Java, and
Scratch. Python, in particular, is widely favored for its simplicity and versatility, making it
an ideal choice for beginners and experienced developers alike[12,13]. Raspberry Pi can be
used for a wide range of projects, including web servers, media centers, retro gaming
consoles, home automation systems, robotics, and more.
Raspberry Pi is widely used in IoT projects due to its small size, low power consumption,
and connectivity options. It can be deployed as a central hub for collecting sensor data,
controlling actuators, and communicating with other IoT devices over the internet. Raspberry
Pi is used in applications such as smart home automation, environmental monitoring,
industrial automation, agriculture, and healthcare.
Raspberry Pi has become a favorite platform for makers, hobbyists, and DIY enthusiasts due
to its affordability, flexibility, and community support. It has sparked a multitude of creative
projects ranging from retro gaming consoles and media centers to home security systems and
weather stations. The Raspberry Pi community is vibrant and active, with enthusiasts sharing
project ideas, tutorials, and troubleshooting tips online.
In addition to its educational and hobbyist appeal, Raspberry Pi is increasingly being adopted
for commercial and industrial applications. Its low cost and versatility make it an attractive

31
option for prototyping, proof-of-concept development, and even production deployments in
certain cases. Raspberry Pi-based solutions are used in industries such as retail, hospitality,
transportation, manufacturing, and more.
At its core, the Raspberry Pi 3B+ maintains the same credit card-sized form factor as its
predecessors, making it compatible with existing accessories and enclosures. However, under
the hood, it boasts significant upgrades, most notably in terms of processing power,
connectivity, and thermal management.
One of the key enhancements of the Raspberry Pi 3B+ is its improved processing
capabilities. It is powered by a 64-bit quad-core ARM Cortex-A53 CPU running at 1.4 GHz,
offering a notable performance boost compared to previous models. This increase in
processing power enables smoother multitasking and better performance for computationally
intensive tasks.
Connectivity is another area where the Raspberry Pi 3B+ excels. It features built-in dual-
band Wi-Fi (2.4GHz and 5GHz) and Bluetooth 4.2/BLE, providing faster wireless
networking and improved compatibility with a wide range of peripherals and devices. This
enhanced connectivity makes the Raspberry Pi 3B+ well-suited for IoT (Internet of Things)
applications and projects requiring wireless communication.
Furthermore, the Raspberry Pi 3B+ includes Gigabit Ethernet support, offering faster wired
networking speeds compared to previous models. This makes it ideal for applications that
demand high-speed data transfer or require a reliable wired network connection. Thermal
management improvements are also a highlight of the Raspberry Pi 3B+. It features a
redesigned heat spreader and power management system, resulting in better thermal
performance and reduced throttling under heavy workloads. This ensures more consistent
and reliable performance over extended periods of use.
In terms of compatibility and software support, the Raspberry Pi 3B+ is fully compatible
with the extensive ecosystem of Raspberry Pi accessories, peripherals, and software. It can
run a variety of operating systems, including the official Raspberry Pi OS (formerly known
as Raspbian), as well as third-party distributions such as Ubuntu, Fedora, and others[2].
Whether it's used for education, DIY projects, prototyping, or commercial applications, the
Raspberry Pi 3B+ provides a powerful and cost-effective platform for a wide range of
computing tasks. Its combination of performance, features, and affordability continues to
make it a popular choice among hobbyists, educators, and professionals alike.

32
 Specifications:
Processor: The BCM2837BO, it is the main component of this tiny. BCM2837B0 is a
1.4GHz 64bit ARM quad-core Cortex A53 processor.
RAM: RAM used in RPi is 1GB LPDDR2 SDRAM
GPU: It is used for performing out the image calculation. The GPU uses OpenGL ES version
2.0, It can provide up to 1.5Gtexel, or 24 FLOPs of a general-purpose computer.
USB Ports: It is Similar to model B, It also consists of 4 USB ports. Thus removing the
hassle of connecting the USB hub.
Micro USB Power Source Connector: This connector is used for delivering 5V Supply to
the Raspberry pi. It was placed next to the HDMI socket.
USB Hard Drive: Raspberry pi board is capable of using an external hard drive.
Wireless Connectivity:2.4GHz and 5GHz IEEE 802.11. wireless LAN Bluetooth 4.2/BLE
Ethernet: Gigabit Ethernet over USB 2.0 (300 Mbps)
GPIO Pins: 40 pins.[6].

Figure 3.2.2: Raspberry Pi 3b+

33
Figure 3.2.3: GPIO pins of Raspberry Pi 3b+ [3]

34
 Table3.1: Table of Voltage supply in Raspberry Pi3b+

Symbol Parameter Mini. Max. Unit

VBAT Core Supply -0.5 6.0 v
3V3 3V3 Supply Voltage -0.5 4.10 v
1V8 1V8 Supply Voltage -0.5 2.10 v
VDAC TV DAC Supply -0.5 4.10 v
GPIO0- GPIO0-27 I/O Voltage -0.5 4.10 v
27_VDD supply
GPIO28- GPIO28-27 I/O Voltage -0.5 4.10 v
45_VDD supply
SDX_VDD Primary SD/eMMC Supply -0.5 4.10 v
Voltage

3.2.1.2 Piezo Sensor:

Piezoelectric sensors are ingenious devices that convert mechanical energy, such as pressure
or vibration, into electrical signals. At the core of these sensors lies the piezoelectric effect,
where certain materials generate an electric charge when subjected to mechanical stress. This
unique property makes piezoelectric sensors incredibly versatile and sensitive, suitable for a
myriad of applications across various industries.
The fundamental principle behind piezoelectric sensors is relatively simple yet highly
effective. These sensors consist of a piezoelectric material, commonly a crystal like quartz or
certain ceramics, sandwiched between electrodes. When mechanical stress is applied to the
sensor, such as pressure or vibration, it causes the piezoelectric material to deform, resulting
in the generation of an electric charge across the electrodes. This charge is directly
proportional to the magnitude of the applied force, allowing for precise measurement of
pressure, force, acceleration, or strain.
One of the key advantages of piezoelectric sensors is their exceptional sensitivity and fast
response time. They can detect even the slightest changes in mechanical stimuli, making
them ideal for applications requiring high precision and real-time monitoring. Additionally,
piezoelectric sensors exhibit a wide dynamic range, allowing them to accurately measure a
broad spectrum of forces and pressures[13,14].
Piezoelectric sensors come in various forms and configurations to suit different applications.
For instance:
Pressure Sensors: Piezoelectric pressure sensors are widely used in industries such as
automotive, aerospace, and manufacturing for measuring pressure in pneumatic and

35
hydraulic systems. They can accurately detect changes in pressure and are often employed in
applications requiring precise pressure monitoring, such as engine combustion analysis or
leak detection.
Accelerometers: Piezoelectric accelerometers are employed in a diverse range of
applications, including automotive safety systems, structural health monitoring, and vibration
analysis. These sensors can measure acceleration or vibration in multiple axes and are crucial
for tasks such as vehicle stability control, structural integrity assessment, and machinery
condition monitoring.
Force Sensors: Piezoelectric force sensors are utilized in material testing, industrial
automation, and biomechanical applications for measuring forces exerted on objects or
surfaces. They can accurately quantify both static and dynamic forces, making them
invaluable tools for tasks like load monitoring, robotic force feedback, and biomechanical
research.
Strain Sensors: Piezoelectric strain sensors are employed in structural health monitoring,
geotechnical engineering, and materials testing to measure deformation, stress, and strain in
various materials and structures. These sensors can detect minute changes in strain and are
essential for ensuring the safety and integrity of critical infrastructure.
Piezoelectric sensors are highly sensitive and versatile devices that play a vital role in a wide
range of applications, from automotive and aerospace engineering to medical diagnostics and
structural monitoring. Their ability to convert mechanical energy into electrical signals with
exceptional sensitivity and speed makes them indispensable tools for precise measurement,
monitoring, and control in numerous industries.

36
 Figure 3.2.4: Piezo Sensor
3.2.1.3 Servo Motor:
It is a rotary or linear Motor that allows for precise control of angular or linear position.
These motors are commonly used in applications, including robotics, industrial automation,
and remote control systems. The key characteristic of a servo motor is its ability to maintain
a specific position or achieve a specific motion based on control signals.
A servo motor is a rotary actuator or linear actuator that allows for precise control of angular
or linear position, velocity, and acceleration. It consists of a motor coupled with a sensor for
position feedback, usually in the form of a potentiometer or encoder. This feedback
mechanism enables the servo motor to accurately maintain its position, making it ideal for
applications requiring precise motion control.
The servo motor operates on the principle of a closed-loop control system. This means that it
continuously compares the actual position of the motor shaft with the desired position and
adjusts its output accordingly to minimize any error. This feedback loop ensures high
accuracy and repeatability in positioning tasks.
Servo motors come in various types, including DC servo motors, AC servo motors, and
brushless DC servo motors. Each type has its advantages and is suitable for different
applications.
DC servo motors are commonly used in applications requiring moderate speed and torque,
such as robotics, CNC machines, and automated manufacturing equipment. They are known
for their simplicity, reliability, and cost-effectiveness.
AC servo motors offer higher performance than DC servo motors, with faster response times
and greater torque capabilities. They are often used in high-speed and high-precision
applications, such as industrial robots, machine tools, and medical devices.
Brushless DC servo motors, also known as BLDC motors, combine the advantages of both
DC and AC servo motors[15]. They offer high efficiency, low maintenance, and precise
control, making them suitable for a wide range of applications, including drones, electric
vehicles, and aerospace systems.
One of the key components of a servo motor is its controller, which is responsible for
interpreting the desired position commands and generating the appropriate signals to drive
the motor. The controller can be implemented using analog or digital techniques, depending
on the application requirements.

37
In addition to position control, servo motors can also be used for velocity and acceleration
control. By adjusting the input signals to the motor, the speed and acceleration of the motor
shaft can be controlled precisely, allowing for smooth and accurate motion profiles.
Servo motors are often integrated into larger systems or machines, where they work in
conjunction with other components such as sensors, actuators, and controllers. This
integration allows for complex motion control tasks to be performed efficiently and reliably.
One common application of servo motors is in robotics, where they are used to drive the
joints and limbs of robotic manipulators. By precisely controlling the position of each joint,
servo motors enable robots to perform tasks with dexterity and accuracy, such as assembly,
pick-and-place, and inspection.
Another application of servo motors is in CNC (Computer Numerical Control) machines,
where they are used to drive the axes of the machine tool. By accurately controlling the
position of the tool relative to the workpiece, servo motors enable CNC machines to perform
machining operations with high precision and efficiency.
Servo motors are versatile and precise actuators that are used in a wide range of applications
requiring accurate motion control. It's in robotics, automation, or CNC machining, servo
motors play a crucial role in enabling machines to perform tasks with precision and
efficiency.

Figure 3.2.5: Servo Motor

3.2.1.4 Buzzer:
Buzzer is an electromechanical device that produces sound by vibrating a diaphragm or
membrane. It is commonly used as an audible indicator or alarm in various electronic devices
and systems. Buzzer operation is relatively simple yet effective, making it a versatile and

38
widely used component in applications ranging from consumer electronics to industrial
machinery.
The basic construction of a buzzer consists of a coil of wire, a magnet, and a diaphragm or
membrane. When an electrical current is passed through the coil, it generates a magnetic
field that interacts with the magnet, causing the diaphragm to vibrate. These vibrations
produce sound waves, creating the audible output characteristic of a buzzer.
Buzzer types can vary based on their design, operating principle, and intended application.
Some common types of buzzers include[16,18]:
Piezoelectric Buzzers: Piezoelectric buzzers generate sound using the piezoelectric effect,
where an electric charge is produced in response to mechanical stress. These buzzers
typically consist of a piezoelectric ceramic element attached to a diaphragm. When an
alternating voltage is applied to the piezoelectric element, it deforms and generates
vibrations, producing sound. Piezoelectric buzzers are known for their compact size, low
power consumption, and high reliability, making them suitable for applications where space
and energy efficiency are important.
Electromagnetic Buzzers: Electromagnetic buzzers use electromagnetic induction to
produce sound. They typically consist of a coil of wire attached to a diaphragm and a
permanent magnet. When an alternating current is passed through the coil, it generates a
magnetic field that interacts with the magnet, causing the diaphragm to vibrate and produce
sound. Electromagnetic buzzers are commonly used in applications where a loud and distinct
sound output is required, such as alarms, doorbells, and electronic devices.
Mechanical Buzzers: Mechanical buzzers use mechanical oscillation to produce sound.
They typically consist of a motor-driven rotor or a vibrating reed attached to a diaphragm.
When the motor or reed oscillates at a specific frequency, it causes the diaphragm to vibrate
and produce sound.
Transducer Buzzers: Transducer buzzers are versatile devices that can operate as both
speakers and buzzers. They typically consist of a piezoelectric element or an electromagnetic
coil attached to a diaphragm. By varying the frequency and amplitude of the input signal,
transducer buzzers can produce a wide range of sound frequencies and intensities, making
them suitable for applications such as audio playback, tone generation, and alarm systems.
Applications:

 Alarms and sirens

39
  Electronic devices (e.g., kitchen appliances, toys)

 Warning signals in industrial settings

When a current is applied to the coil, it generates a magnetic field. This field attracts the
vibrating element, causing it to move toward the coil. As the diaphragm moves, it makes and
breaks contact with the coil, producing a buzzing sound.

Figure 3.2.6: Buzzer

3.2.1.5 Pi Camera:
The Raspberry Pi Camera is a versatile and compact camera module specifically designed for
use with Raspberry Pi single-board computers. It offers high-quality imaging capabilities in a
small form factor, making it an ideal choice for a wide range of projects, from simple
photography to advanced computer vision applications.
At the heart of the Raspberry Pi Camera is a high-quality sensor capable of capturing still
images and video footage. The camera module connects to the Raspberry Pi board via the
CSI (Camera Serial Interface) connector, providing a convenient and straightforward way to
integrate imaging capabilities into Raspberry Pi projects. This plug-and-play functionality
ensures seamless compatibility and easy setup for users of all levels of experience.
One of the key features of the Raspberry Pi Camera is its flexibility in terms of resolution
and image quality. Depending on the specific model, the camera module supports a range of
resolutions, from standard definition to high definition. This versatility allows users to
choose the appropriate resolution for their project requirements, whether it's capturing
detailed still images or recording high-quality video footage[7,17].

40
In addition to resolution options, the Raspberry Pi Camera offers a variety of features and
settings to customize the imaging experience. Users can adjust parameters such as focus,
exposure, white balance, and image effects to achieve the desired look and feel for their
photos and videos. This level of control enables users to tailor their imaging setup to suit
different lighting conditions and subject matter, enhancing the overall quality of their
captured media.
The Raspberry Pi Camera supports both manual and automatic control modes, giving users
the flexibility to choose between precise manual adjustments and convenient automatic
settings. This versatility makes the camera module suitable for a wide range of applications,
from amateur photography to professional-grade imaging tasks.

Figure 3.2.7: Pi Camera

The compact size and low power consumption of the Raspberry Pi Camera make it well-
suited for embedded and mobile applications. Whether it's capturing images in remote
locations, monitoring wildlife in the field, or integrating imaging capabilities into portable
devices, the camera module offers a lightweight and energy-efficient solution for a variety of
scenarios.
The Raspberry Pi Camera is widely used in various fields and industries, including home
automation, security systems, robotics, scientific research, and education. Hobbyists and
enthusiasts use the camera module to explore the world of digital imaging and computer
vision, experimenting with different imaging techniques and applications. Educators leverage
the Raspberry Pi Camera as a teaching tool to introduce students to concepts such as

41
photography, image processing, and computer vision in a hands-on and engaging manner.
Professional users incorporate the Raspberry Pi Camera into commercial products and
projects, taking advantage of its affordability, versatility, and compatibility with the
Raspberry Pi ecosystem. From surveillance cameras and remote monitoring systems to
imaging solutions for industrial automation and machine vision, the camera module finds
widespread use in a variety of professional applications.

3.2.1.6 Node MCU:

The NodeMCU is a popular development board based on the ESP8266 microcontroller,
designed for Internet of Things (IoT) projects. It offers a combination of features, including
built-in Wi-Fi connectivity, compatibility with the Arduino IDE, GPIO pins for interfacing
with external components, and support for programming in Lua. Let's delve into these
features and explore the NodeMCU's capabilities in more detail.
At the heart of the NodeMCU board lies the ESP8266 microcontroller, developed by
Espressif Systems. Despite its compact size and low cost, the ESP8266 packs a punch with
its powerful processing capabilities and integrated Wi-Fi connectivity. This makes it an ideal
choice for IoT applications where wireless communication is essential.
One of the standout features of the NodeMCU is its built-in Wi-Fi capability. This allows the
board to connect to wireless networks and the internet, enabling IoT devices to communicate
with each other, cloud services, or remote servers. With Wi-Fi connectivity, developers can
create smart devices that can be remotely monitored, controlled, and updated.
The NodeMCU is fully compatible with the Arduino ecosystem, including the Arduino
Integrated Development Environment (IDE) and libraries. This compatibility simplifies the
development process for those already familiar with Arduino programming. Developers can
leverage their existing knowledge and skills to quickly prototype and develop IoT
applications for the NodeMCU.
The NodeMCU features a series of General Purpose Input/output (GPIO) pins, which can be
used to interface with external components such as sensors, actuators, displays, and
communication modules. These pins provide flexibility and versatility, allowing developers
to create custom IoT solutions tailored to their specific requirements and use cases.
In addition to Arduino, the NodeMCU also supports programming in Lua, a lightweight
scripting language commonly used in embedded systems and IoT applications. Lua
programming offers simplicity and ease of use, making it well-suited for rapid prototyping
and development. Developers can choose between Arduino and Lua based on their

42
preferences and project requirements.
The NodeMCU board features a USB interface for programming and power supply. This
allows developers to upload firmware and code directly from their computer, eliminating the
need for additional hardware or external programmers. The USB connectivity simplifies the
development process and makes it easier to iterate on and debug code.
The NodeMCU platform benefits from a thriving open-source community, which contributes
to its continuous development, documentation, and support. Developers can access a wealth
of resources, tutorials, and examples online, making it easier to get started with NodeMCU
development and troubleshoot issues. The open-source nature of the NodeMCU fosters
collaboration and innovation within the IoT community.
The NodeMCU is a versatile and powerful development board for IoT projects. With its
built-in Wi-Fi, Arduino compatibility, GPIO pins, Lua programming support, USB
connectivity, and strong community support, the NodeMCU offers developers the tools they
need to create innovative and connected IoT solutions. Whether you're a hobbyist, student, or
professional developer, the NodeMCU provides a flexible platform for turning your IoT
ideas into reality.

Figure 3.2.8: Node MCU

3.2.1.7 ADC(MCP3008):
The MCP3008 is a popular 10-bit Analog-to-Digital Converter (ADC) chip manufactured by

43
Microchip Technology. It is widely used in electronics projects to interface analog sensors or
signals with digital microcontrollers, such as Arduino, Raspberry Pi, and other embedded
systems. Here's a detailed overview of the MCP3008 ADC, covering its features,
specifications, applications, and usage:
The primary function of the MCP3008 is to convert analog signals into digital data. It
features eight input channels, allowing it to simultaneously sample up to eight analog inputs.
Each channel can convert analog signals with a resolution of 10 bits, providing 1024 discrete
levels of output.
The MCP3008 communicates with the microcontroller using the Serial Peripheral Interface
(SPI) protocol. This high-speed serial communication interface enables fast and reliable data
transfer between the ADC and the microcontroller. It requires only four wires (clock, data in,
data out, and chip select) to establish communication between the MCP3008 and the
microcontroller.
The MCP3008 is designed to operate with low power consumption, making it suitable for
battery-powered or energy-efficient applications. It typically consumes less than 0.5 mA of
current during operation, minimizing power usage and extending battery life in portable
devices or remote monitoring systems.
The MCP3008 supports a wide input voltage range of 0 to Vref, where Vref is the reference
voltage provided to the chip. It can accommodate analog input signals within this voltage
range, allowing it to interface with various sensors, transducers, or analog circuits without
requiring additional signal conditioning.
The MCP3008 features a programmable reference voltage (Vref) input, allowing users to
select the desired reference voltage for analog-to-digital conversion. This flexibility enables
precise measurement and conversion of analog signals across different voltage ranges,
enhancing the versatility of the ADC in different applications.
The MCP3008 supports both differential and single-ended input modes, providing flexibility
in signal acquisition and measurement. In differential mode, the ADC can measure the
voltage difference between two input channels, while in single-ended mode, each input
channel is measured with respect to the common ground reference.
The SPI pins (clock, MOSI, MISO, and chip select) of the microcontroller must normally be
connected to the matching pins on the MCP3008 in order to use the MCP3008 ADC with a
microcontroller like the Arduino or Raspberry Pi. Additionally, you must connect the
analogue input signals you need to measure to the MCP3008's input channels. After that, you

44
can utilise software libraries or short code segments in your project to interact with the
MCP3008, read analogue values, and carry out analog-to-digital conversion[16,18]. The
MCP3008 is a versatile and cost-effective ADC chip widely used in electronics projects for
analog signal acquisition and conversion. Its features, including SPI communication,
consumption, wide input voltage range, and programmable reference voltage, make it suitable
for a wide range of applications in sensor interfacing, data acquisition, IoT, and control
systems.

Figure 3.2.9: ADC[3]

3.2.1.8 Ultrasonic Sensor:

Ultrasonic sensors are devices that use sound waves with frequencies higher than the audible
range of human hearing to detect the distance of objects or obstacles in their vicinity. They
are commonly used in various applications, ranging from industrial automation and robotics
to automotive safety systems and home appliances.
At the heart of an ultrasonic sensor is a transducer, which converts electrical energy into
sound waves and vice versa. The sensor emits a burst of ultrasonic sound waves, typically in
the frequency range of 20 kHz to 200 kHz, and then listens for the echoes reflected back
from nearby objects. By measuring the time it takes for the sound waves to travel to the
object and back, the sensor can calculate the distance to the object based on the speed of
sound in the medium[5].
Ultrasonic sensors can be classified into two main types: time-of-flight sensors and

45
Doppler effect sensors.
Time-of-flight sensors, also known as pulse-echo sensors, measure the time it takes for
sound waves to travel to the object and back. They emit a short burst of ultrasonic waves and
then wait for the echo to return. By measuring the time delay between the transmitted and
received signals, the sensor can determine the distance to the object using the formula:
Distance = (Speed of Sound × Time Delay) / 2
Doppler effect sensors, on the other hand, detect changes in the frequency of the reflected
sound waves caused by the motion of an object. When an object moves towards or away
from the sensor, the frequency of the reflected waves changes due to the Doppler effect. By
analyzing these frequency shifts, the sensor can determine the velocity of the moving object.
Ultrasonic sensors are widely used in industrial automation for various applications such as
object detection, distance measurement, level sensing, and presence detection. In
manufacturing environments, they are often used to detect the presence of objects on
conveyor belts, monitor liquid levels in tanks, or measure the distance between objects on
assembly lines. In robotics, ultrasonic sensors are used for obstacle avoidance and
navigation. By mounting multiple sensors on a robot, it can detect obstacles in its path and
adjust its trajectory accordingly to avoid collisions[17]. This makes ultrasonic sensors
invaluable for autonomous robots operating in dynamic environments.
In automotive applications, ultrasonic sensors are commonly used in parking assistance
systems and collision avoidance systems. Parking sensors mounted on the bumper of a
vehicle emit ultrasonic waves to detect nearby obstacles while parking. The distance to the
obstacle is then displayed to the driver, helping them maneuver the vehicle safely into
parking spaces. In collision avoidance systems, ultrasonic sensors are used to detect vehicles
or pedestrians in the vehicle's blind spots and alert the driver to potential hazards.

46
 Figure 3.2.10: Ultrasonic Sensor[6]

Ultrasonic sensors are also used in home automation and security systems for applications
such as motion detection, occupancy sensing, and intruder detection. Motion-activated lights,
for example, use ultrasonic sensors to detect movement in a room and turn on the lights
automatically. Similarly, ultrasonic motion detectors can be used to trigger alarms or alert
homeowners to the presence of intruders. In summary, ultrasonic sensors are versatile
devices that use sound waves to detect the distance of objects or obstacles in their vicinity.
From industrial automation and robotics to automotive safety systems and home appliances,
ultrasonic sensors play a crucial role in enabling machines and devices to perceive and
interact with their environment accurately and efficiently.

3.3 Software Implementation:

3.3.1 Raspbian OS`
Raspbian OS, a Linux-based operating system optimized for Raspberry Pi devices, serves as
the foundation for the IoT-based anti-theft floor mat system, providing a stable and flexible
platform for development and deployment. Here's a summary of its key features and
functionalities relevant to the system:
It is designed to be lightweight and resource-efficient, making it well-suited for IoT
applications running on Raspberry Pi, which typically have limited hardware capabilities. Its
minimal footprint ensures optimal performance even on low-powered devices, ensuring

47
smooth operation of the anti-theft floor mat system without excessive resource consumption.
Raspbian is built on the Linux kernel, offering robust security features, multitasking
capabilities, and hardware support. The Linux kernel provides essential functionalities such
as device drivers, memory management, and process scheduling, enabling seamless
integration with the Raspberry Pi's hardware components and peripherals, including sensors
and communication interfaces[6,9].
Raspbian includes the apt package management system, allowing developers to easily
install, update, and manage software packages and dependencies. This simplifies the
installation of libraries, tools, and frameworks required for developing the anti-theft floor
mat system, streamlining the development process and ensuring compatibility with
Raspberry Pi's architecture.
Raspbian provides access to the General-Purpose Input/Output (GPIO) pins of the
Raspberry Pi, allowing developers to interface with external hardware components such as
sensors, actuators, and displays. This enables the integration of sensor modules into the anti-
theft floor mat system, facilitating real-time data acquisition and monitoring of
environmental parameters.
Raspbian includes built-in support for Python, a popular programming language widely used
in IoT development. Python's simplicity, versatility, and extensive ecosystem of libraries
make it ideal for prototyping, scripting, and application development on Raspberry Pi.
Developers can leverage Python's rich set of libraries for sensor integration, data processing,
communication, and system automation within the anti-theft floor mat system.
Raspbian supports various network connectivity options, including Ethernet, Wi-Fi, and
Bluetooth, enabling seamless communication and connectivity in IoT applications. This
allows the anti-theft floor mat system to communicate with other devices, cloud services, or
central servers for data transmission, remote monitoring, and management. secure, scalable,
and responsive IoT solutions on Raspberry Pi devices.

48
 Figure 3.3.1: Installed of Raspbian OS

3.3.2 Python
It is an easy-to-learn and easy-to-understand programming language. It has high-level data
structures and a simple but effective approach to object-oriented programming. It’s elegant
syntax and dynamic typing, together with its interpreted nature, make it a language for
scripting and rapid application development in many areas on most platforms.
Python plays a pivotal role in the development and implementation of an IoT-based anti-theft
floor mat system, contributing to various aspects such as sensor integration, data processing,
communication protocols, and system automation. Here's a summary highlighting its key
uses:
Sensor Integration: Python facilitates the integration of sensors into the anti-theft floor mat
system. Sensors embedded within the mat, such as pressure sensors or motion detectors,
collect data on foot traffic or unauthorized access attempts. Python libraries like GPIO Zero
or Adafruit Circuit Python provide interfaces for interacting with sensors, enabling
developers to read sensor data and trigger actions based on detected events.
Data Processing: Python serves as the primary language for processing sensor data collected
by the anti-theft floor mat system. Using libraries such as NumPy and Pandas, developers
can perform data analysis, filtering, and aggregation to extract valuable insights. For
example, Python scripts can analyze patterns in foot traffic data to identify suspicious
behavior indicative of theft attempts[3,4].

49
It facilitates communication between the anti-theft floor mat system's components, including
sensors, microcontrollers, and central processing units. Libraries like PySerial or PyBluez
enable developers to establish communication over serial, Bluetooth, or wireless protocols.
Python's versatility allows for seamless integration with IoT protocols like MQTT or CoAP,
enabling data transmission to cloud servers or other connected devices.
It enables the automation of various system tasks and workflows within the anti-theft floor
mat system. Using frameworks like Flask or Django, developers can build web-based
interfaces for monitoring system status, configuring settings, and receiving alerts. Python
scripts can automate routine tasks such as data logging, event handling, or triggering alarms
in response to security breaches detected by the system.
Python's extensive ecosystem of machine learning libraries, including TensorFlow and
scikit-learn, facilitates the integration of advanced analytics and anomaly detection
capabilities into the anti-theft floor mat system[20]. Machine learning algorithms can
analyze historical sensor data to detect patterns indicative of theft or unauthorized access,
enhancing the system's security and predictive capabilities.
In summary, Python serves as a versatile and powerful tool for developing and deploying an
IoT-based anti-theft floor mat system. Its capabilities in sensor integration, data processing,
communication, system automation, and machine learning enable developers to create
robust, intelligent, and responsive security solutions tailored to the specific needs of the
environment in which they operate.

3.3.3 Open CV
It is an open-source computer vision and machine learning library. This was built to provide
a common infrastructure for computer applications and to accelerate the use of machine
perception in commercial products. Being a BSD-licensed product, it makes it easy for
businesses to utilize and modify the code.
OpenCV, an open-source computer vision library, plays a crucial role in the development of

the IoT-based anti-theft floor mat system, enabling advanced image processing and analysis
functionalities. OpenCV provides robust algorithms and tools for object detection, allowing
the anti-theft floor mat system to identify and recognize various objects or entities within the
surveillance area. By leveraging techniques such as Haar cascades, feature detection, and
deep learning-based models like Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs), the system can
detect unauthorized access attempts or suspicious behavior captured by surveillance cameras.

50
OpenCV facilitates motion detection capabilities within the anti-theft floor mat system,
enabling it to detect changes in the surveillance environment caused by moving objects or
individuals. Using background subtraction, optical flow, or frame differencing techniques,
the system can identify motion patterns indicative of potential security threats, such as
intruders entering restricted areas.
OpenCV offers a wide range of image processing functions and algorithms, empowering the
anti-theft floor mat system to preprocess captured images or video frames for enhanced
analysis and interpretation. This includes operations such as image filtering, thresholding,
edge detection, and contour detection, which help improve the quality of input data and
extract relevant features for subsequent analysis.
OpenCV facilitates feature extraction from images or video frames, allowing the anti-theft
floor mat system to identify and analyze key characteristics or attributes of interest. This
includes extracting visual features such as shapes, textures, colors, or patterns, which can be
used to differentiate between different objects, detect anomalies, or classify objects based on
predefined criteria. OpenCV can be seamlessly integrated with IoT devices and platforms,
enabling the anti-theft floor mat system to leverage computer vision capabilities in
distributed IoT environments. By deploying OpenCV on edge devices or IoT gateways, the
system can perform real-time image processing and analysis locally, reducing latency and
bandwidth requirements for remote communication with centralized servers or cloud
platforms.
OpenCV is highly scalable and optimized for performance, making it suitable for
deployment in resource-constrained IoT environments. Its efficient algorithms and parallel

processing capabilities enable the anti-theft floor mat system to process large volumes of
image data in real-time, ensuring timely detection and response to security threats or
incidents.
OpenCV serves as a powerful and versatile tool for enabling computer vision capabilities
within the IoT-based anti-theft floor mat system. Its object detection, motion detection,

image processing, feature extraction, integration with IoT devices, scalability, and
performance optimization features empower the system to enhance security, detect
anomalies, and respond effectively to potential threats or security breaches in real-time.

3.4 Working
The IoT-based antitheft floor mat system operates through a sequence of meticulous steps:

51
upon activation, Piezo sensors embedded in the floor monitor movement. Upon detecting
movement, signals are relayed to the Raspberry Pi controller, prompting the system's camera
to capture images of the area. If an intruder triggers the sensors, it initiates an alert,
activating a buzzer and transmitting an alert over IoT to the homeowner.
There are a few steps the floor mat system is implemented:
Step 1: The floor mat system is installed in the desired location, such as near entry points or
sensitive areas.
Step 2: When someone steps on the floor mat, pressure sensors embedded within the mat
detect the change in pressure.
Step 3: The pressure sensors send signals to a microcontroller unit (MCU), such as an
Arduino or Raspberry Pi, which is connected to the sensors. The MCU reads the sensor data
and processes it.
Step 4: The MCU analyzes the sensor data to determine if the pressure detected is within
normal parameters or if it indicates potential unauthorized access.
Step 5: The MCU compares the sensor readings with predefined thresholds or patterns to
differentiate between normal foot traffic and unauthorized access attempts.
Step 6: Based on the analysis, the MCU decides whether the detected pressure indicates
potential theft or unauthorized access.
Step 7: If unauthorized access is detected, the MCU triggers an alert mechanism. This could
involve activating an alarm, sending notifications via email, SMS, or push notifications to a
mobile app, or triggering an alert on a centralized monitoring system.
Step 8: The MCU, equipped with a communication module (such as Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, or
GSM), sends the alert message or notification to the designated recipient(s). This
communication can occur via wireless networks or cellular networks, depending on the
system configuration.
Step 9: Upon receiving the alert, the user can take appropriate action, such as contacting
authorities, remotely monitoring the situation through connected cameras or sensors, or
activating additional security measures.
Step 10: The system logs events and stores data related to unauthorized access attempts for
future reference or analysis. This helps in identifying patterns of suspicious behavior and
improving the system's effectiveness over time.
Step 11: Regular maintenance and monitoring of the system ensure its continued reliability
and effectiveness. This may involve periodic sensor calibration, software updates, and
performance checks to ensure all components are functioning properly.

52
 Figure 3.4.1: Working

3.4.1 Code
The code for this is given as :
import cv2
import numpy as np
import RPi.GPIO as GPIO
import time
GPIO.setmode(GPIO.BCM)

piezo_pin = 18
buzzer_pin = 23
GPIO.setup(piezo_pin, GPIO.IN)
GPIO.setup(buzzer_pin, GPIO.OUT)
try:
while True:
piezo_value = GPIO.input(piezo_pin)
if piezo_value == 1:
GPIO.output(buzzer_pin, GPIO.HIGH)
print("Vibration detected! Buzzer activated.")
time.sleep(1) # Buzzer activated for 1 second
GPIO.output(buzzer_pin, GPIO.LOW)
else:
GPIO.output(buzzer_pin, GPIO.LOW)
time.sleep(0.1)

53
except KeyboardInterrupt:
servo_pin = 18
GPIO.setmode(GPIO.BOARD)
GPIO.setup(servo_pin, GPIO.OUT)
pwm = GPIO.PWM(servo_pin, 50)
pwm.start(0)
def move_servo(angle):
duty = angle / 18 + 2
GPIO.output(servo_pin, True)
pwm.ChangeDutyCycle(duty)
time.sleep(1)
GPIO.output(servo_pin, False)
pwm.ChangeDutyCycle(0)
net = cv2.dnn.readNet("yolov3.weights", "yolov3.cfg")
classes = [ ]
with open("coco.names", "r") as f:
classes = f.read().splitlines()
cap = cv2.VideoCapture(0)
cap.set(3, 640) # Set camera width
cap.set(4, 480) # Set camera height
while True:
frame = cap.read()
height, width, _ = frame.shape
blob = cv2.dnn.blobFromImage(frame, 1/255, (416, 416), (0, 0, 0), swapRB=True,
crop=False)
net.setInput(blob)
output_layers_names = net.getUnconnectedOutLayersNames()
layer_outputs = net.forward(output_layers_names)
boxes = [ ]
confidences = [ ]
class_ids = [ ]
for output in layer_outputs:
for detection in output:
scores = detection[5:]
class_id = np.argmax(scores)
confidence = scores[class_id]
if confidence > 0.5:
center_x = int(detection[0] * width)
center_y = int(detection[1] * height)
w = int(detection[2] * width)
h = int(detection[3] * height)
x = int(center_x - w / 2)
y = int(center_y - h / 2)
boxes.append([x, y, w, h])
confidences.append(float(confidence))
class_ids.append(class_id)
indexes = cv2.dnn.NMSBoxes(boxes, confidences, 0.5, 0.4)
font = cv2.FONT_HERSHEY_PLAIN
colors = np.random.uniform(0, 255, size=(len(boxes), 3))
if len(indexes) > 0:

54
 for i in indexes.flatten():
x, y, w, h = boxes[i]
label = str(classes[class_ids[i]])
confidence = str(round(confidences[i], 2))
color = colors[i]
cv2.rectangle(frame, (x, y), (x + w, y + h), color, 2)
cv2.putText(frame, label + " " + confidence, (x, y + 20), font, 2, (255, 255, 255), 2)
if label == 'person':
move_servo((x + w//2) * 180 // width) object position
cv2.imshow("Object Tracking", frame)
key = cv2.waitKey(1)
if key == 27:
break
cap.release()
cv2.destroyAllWindows()
GPIO.cleanup()

55
3.5 Scalability
In the rapidly evolving landscape of security systems, IoT-based anti-theft flooring system
have emerged as a promising solution to safeguard properties against unauthorized access
and intrusions. These innovative systems utilize a combination of intelligent sensors,
connectivity technologies, and data analytics to detect and deter potential threats
effectively. However, as security needs continue to evolve and expand, the scalability of
these systems becomes increasingly crucial. Scalability refers to the system's ability to
adapt, grow, and evolve in response to changing demands and requirements. In this
comprehensive analysis, we will delve into the intricacies of scalability within the context
of IoT-based anti-theft flooring systems, exploring its significance, components,
implications, and future prospects.

3.5.1Understanding of Scalability
Adaptive System Expansion
At the heart of scalability lies the concept of adaptive system expansion. In the context of
anti-theft flooring systems, this entails the system's capability to grow or adjust across
various dimensions to meet shifting demands effectively. This adaptability encompasses
accommodating additional hardware components, enhancing software functionalities, or
expanding coverage areas without compromising essential aspects like efficiency,
reliability, or security. For instance, the system should readily integrate new sensors,
actuators, or improved algorithms to fortify security measures as threats evolve and
diversify.
Modular Architecture
A fundamental aspect of scalability is the adoption of a modular architecture. In a scalable
system design, components are structured as independent modules with well-defined
interfaces. This modular approach facilitates seamless integration of new functionalities or
devices without disrupting the existing system architecture. For example, incorporating new
sensors to monitor different types of intrusions, such as temperature sensors for detecting
fires or gas leaks, should be a straightforward process without necessitating substantial
modifications to the system's core operations[18,19]. By adhering to modular principles,
the anti-theft flooring system can maintain agility and flexibility in responding to emerging
security challenges.
Flexibility in Configuration

56
Scalability also entails providing flexibility in system configuration to adapt to diverse
environments or evolving security needs. The system should allow for parameter
adjustments, threshold settings, or monitoring strategies based on specific requirements.
This adaptability ensures that the system remains relevant and effective across various
scenarios, ranging from residential settings to commercial or industrial spaces, by tailoring
its responses to different threat profiles. For instance, the ability to fine-tune sensor
sensitivity or adjust alarm triggers enables customization to suit the unique characteristics
of each deployment environment, thereby enhancing overall security effectiveness.
Extensible Data Handling and Processing
Efficient data handling and processing capabilities are crucial components of scalability. As
the system expands to cover larger areas or incorporates more sensors, it must maintain the
capacity to process, analyze, and respond to augmented data streams without experiencing
degradation in performance. Implementing optimized data handling techniques, such as
distributed processing or parallel computing, ensures scalability without compromising
real-time threat detection and response. Additionally, advancements in data analytics and
machine learning can further enhance the system's scalability by enabling more
sophisticated analysis of sensor data to detect anomalous behavior and identify potential
security threats.
Seamless Integration of Upgrades
Future-proofing the system involves its readiness to seamlessly integrate upgrades or
advancements in technology. A scalable system design anticipates technological
advancements and regulatory changes, allowing for the incorporation of newer, more
advanced security features, protocols, or communication standards. This readiness ensures
that the system remains effective over the long term, staying ahead of emerging threats and
adapting to evolving security requirements. For example, the system should be capable of
integrating emerging sensor technologies, such as LiDAR or radar, to enhance detection
capabilities and improve overall security posture.

3.5.2 Case Studies and Real-World Applications

Case Study 1: Retail Store Security Enhancement
In a retail store setting, scalability plays a crucial role in adapting the anti-theft flooring
system to different store layouts, merchandise configurations, and security requirements.
By leveraging adaptive system expansion capabilities, the system can accommodate
additional sensors, adjust monitoring parameters, and integrate with existing security

57
 infrastructure seamlessly. For instance, the system can be scaled to cover larger floor areas
during peak shopping hours or integrate with video surveillance systems for enhanced
threat detection and response. Additionally, modular architecture allows for the integration
of new features, such as customer traffic analytics or inventory management, to optimize
store operations and improve overall security effectiveness.
Case Study 2: Industrial Facility Protection
In an industrial facility, scalability is essential for addressing complex security challenges,
such as protecting critical infrastructure, monitoring hazardous environments, and
ensuring regulatory compliance. By adopting a modular architecture, the anti-theft flooring
system can be customized to meet specific industry requirements, such as integrating with
access control systems, integrating with environmental sensors for detecting leaks or spills,
and integrating with emergency response protocols for rapid threat mitigation. Flexibility in
configuration enables the system to adapt to dynamic production processes, changing
security regulations, and evolving threat landscapes, ensuring continuous protection and
resilience against potential security breaches[18].
Case Study 3: Residential Security Solutions
In a residential setting, scalability is critical for providing comprehensive security coverage
while accommodating diverse living arrangements and lifestyle preferences. The anti-theft
flooring system can be scaled to fit various floor plans, from single-family homes to multi-
unit apartment complexes, and tailored to meet the unique security needs of each
household. For example, modular architecture allows for the integration of smart home
automation features, such as remote monitoring, mobile alerts, and integrated lighting or
HVAC controls, to enhance security and convenience for residents. Extensible data
handling and processing capabilities enable the system to analyze sensor data in real-time,
detect suspicious activities, and trigger timely alerts or responses to prevent potential
intrusions.

3.6 Flowcharts Of the System

Flow diagrams visualize the movement of data and the sequence of operations within the
anti-theft flooring system. These diagrams illustrate how information flows from sensors,
such as the piezo sensor detecting motion, to the Raspberry Pi for processing, triggering the
servo motor for camera movement, and finally transmitting images over the internet. They
clarify the sequence of actions and decision-making processes undertaken upon intrusion

58
detection.

M Motor
Alarm

PIEZO Raspberry pi 3b+ board Internet

sensor

Power Owner
supply

Figure 3.8: Flowchart

59
 Wiring Diagrams for Hardware Connections:
Wiring diagrams detail the physical connections between various hardware components
within the system. They illustrate how sensors, actuators, and the Raspberry Pi are
interconnected, indicating pin configurations, power supplies, and data paths. These
diagrams serve as a guide for proper assembly and connection of components, ensuring
accurate and reliable hardware setup

Schematics for Interface and Communication:

Schematics provide an overview of the interfaces and communication protocols between
different system elements. For instance, they elucidate the GPIO pin allocations on the
Raspberry Pi used for interfacing with sensors and actuators. These schematics specify the
communication protocols employed (e.g., GPIO for hardware communication, libraries for
software integration), ensuring clear communication pathways between components.

Logical Flowcharts for Decision Making:

It depicts the logical decision-making process of the system when an theft or unknown
person is detected. They outline the conditional paths taken based on sensor inputs, such as
the piezo sensor detecting unauthorized movement. These flowcharts detail the steps
involved in activating alarms, triggering camera movements, and transmitting data,
providing a visual representation of the system's decision logic.

Deployment Diagrams for Operational Deployment:

Deployment diagrams illustrate the physical deployment of the anti-theft flooring system in
real-world scenarios. They showcase how the sensors, Raspberry Pi, and associated devices
are positioned within a space, demonstrating their placement and coverage areas. These
diagrams aid in planning the system's deployment for optimal coverage and effective
security measures.

Functional Block Diagrams for Component Interactions:

Functional block diagrams present a high-level abstraction of the system's functional
modules and their interactions. They depict the major functional blocks, such as sensors,
Raspberry Pi, actuators, and cloud services, showcasing their interconnections and data
exchanges. These diagrams offer a simplified view of the system's overall architecture and
interactions.

60
3.7 Architectural Flow diagram of System

Start
Start

PIZO Sensor
Partition the SD card

GPIO pin assignment according to task

Install Boot Loader

Insert card into board

card
MONITRING
MOVEMENT

Dump code into SD

card

Compile code

Stop
Run application

Figure 3.9: Architectural Flow

Chapter 4
Conclusion

61
In today's rapidly evolving world, security concerns have become increasingly prevalent,
prompting the development of innovative solutions to address them. One such solution is the
IoT-based anti-theft floor mat system, which represents a significant advancement in security
technology. By integrating Internet of Things (IoT) technology into a conventional floor mat,
this system offers a proactive approach to theft prevention, providing real-time monitoring
and immediate alerts in various environments, including homes, offices, and retail spaces.
The core functionality of the IoT-based anti-theft floor mat system lies in its ability to detect
unauthorized access or movement through strategically embedded sensors within the mat.
These sensors are designed to detect weight or pressure changes, and when triggered, they
activate a response such as activating alarms or directly alerting security systems. The
system's connectivity to the IoT infrastructure enables remote monitoring and accessibility
from anywhere with an internet connection, enhancing its effectiveness and usability.
One of the key advantages of the IoT-based anti-theft floor mat system is its proactive
approach to security. Unlike traditional security measures that rely on reactive responses to
incidents, this system is designed to detect potential threats in real-time, allowing for
immediate action to be taken. By remaining constantly vigilant, the system can swiftly detect
suspicious activity and trigger appropriate responses, potentially serving as a deterrent to
would-be intruders.
Moreover, the system's connectivity to the IoT infrastructure enables seamless integration
with other security systems and devices, further enhancing its effectiveness. For example, it
can be integrated with video surveillance systems to provide visual verification of detected
threats, or with access control systems to restrict unauthorized entry into secured
areas[19,20]. This level of integration not only enhances the system's capabilities but also
provides users with a comprehensive security solution that addresses multiple aspects of
security.
Implementing the IoT-based anti-theft floor mat system involves several technical
considerations. Proper sensor calibration and positioning within the mat are crucial to ensure
accurate detection without triggering false alarms. Additionally, the connectivity and
compatibility of IoT components must be robust and secure to prevent hacking or tampering
attempts. Successful implementation of the system requires meticulous planning, calibration,
and consideration of potential limitations for optimal efficacy.

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Despite its numerous advantages, the IoT-based anti-theft floor mat system may face
challenges and limitations. Factors such as the mat's placement and the sophistication of
intruders can influence its effectiveness[4]. Moreover, user adherence to monitoring alerts
and taking necessary actions upon receiving notifications is crucial for the system's success.
Addressing these challenges requires ongoing refinement and adaptation of the system's
design and functionality.
Real-world applications of the IoT-based anti-theft floor mat system demonstrate its
versatility and effectiveness in various environments. For example, in a retail store setting,
the system can enhance security measures by adapting to different store layouts and
merchandise configurations. In an industrial facility, it can address complex security
challenges such as protecting critical infrastructure and monitoring hazardous environments.
In a residential setting, it can provide comprehensive security coverage while accommodating
diverse living arrangements and lifestyle preferences.
Looking ahead, the future prospects for the IoT-based anti-theft floor mat system are
promising. As technology continues to evolve, further advancements in IoT-based security
solutions are expected. These advancements may include the integration of advanced sensor
technologies, enhanced data analytics capabilities, and improved user interfaces.
Additionally, the adoption of artificial intelligence and machine learning algorithms could
further enhance the system's effectiveness in detecting and preventing unauthorized
access[14,20].
In conclusion, the IoT-based anti-theft floor mat system represents a significant advancement
in security technology. Its proactive approach to theft prevention, real-time monitoring
capabilities, and remote accessibility offer valuable benefits for individuals and organizations
alike. However, successful implementation requires careful consideration of technical
considerations, challenges, and limitations. By addressing these factors and embracing
emerging trends, the system has the potential to revolutionize security measures and
safeguard various environments against theft and unauthorized access.

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 Chapter 5
Environmental Effect
An IoT-based anti-theft floor mat system is designed to prevent theft by utilizing pressure sensors and IoT
technology. These mats are embedded with sensors that detect weight changes, distinguishing between
expected and unexpected alterations in pressure. When an item is placed on the mat or removed without
authorization, the sensors detect these variations and trigger an alert through a connected network, typically a
smartphone app or centralized security system. This immediate notification enables timely action to prevent
theft or unauthorized access to secured areas.
Implementing an IoT-based anti-theft floor mat system offers a promising solution to safeguarding property
while also potentially reducing environmental impacts. Let's delve into the environmental effects of such a
system.
Firstly, the IoT technology utilized in the anti-theft floor mat system enables efficient monitoring and
detection of unauthorized access. By promptly identifying intrusions, it minimizes the risk of theft or damage,
consequently reducing the need for resource-intensive replacements or repairs. This translates to lower
consumption of materials and energy, thereby curbing the environmental footprint associated with
manufacturing and disposal processes.
Moreover, the prevention of theft through IoT-based monitoring contributes to the conservation of resources.
Stolen items often necessitate replacements, leading to increased production demands and the associated
environmental costs. By deterring theft, the system helps maintain the longevity of possessions, reducing the
overall demand for raw materials and energy-intensive manufacturing processes.
Additionally, the remote monitoring capabilities inherent in IoT systems enable proactive maintenance and
management. By detecting issues such as tampering or wear in real-time, the system facilitates timely
interventions, optimizing resource utilization and minimizing waste. For instance, if irregularities are detected
in the floor mat indicating potential theft attempts or damage, alerts can be sent to relevant personnel for
immediate action, preventing further deterioration and the need for extensive repairs or replacements.
Furthermore, the efficiency gains achieved through IoT-based systems extend to operational processes[11].
By streamlining monitoring and response mechanisms, these systems enhance overall organizational
efficiency, thereby reducing energy consumption and carbon emissions associated with unnecessary resource
utilization. For instance, by automating processes such as inventory management and security monitoring,
businesses can optimize their operations, minimize waste, and lower their environmental impact.
Moreover, the scalability and adaptability of IoT technology allow for the integration of additional
sustainability features. For example, sensors embedded within the floor mat system could measure
environmental parameters such as temperature and humidity, enabling businesses to optimize their energy
usage and minimize their carbon footprint. By leveraging these insights, organizations can implement
targeted strategies to reduce energy consumption, enhance resource efficiency, and mitigate environmental
impacts.
The environmental effects of implementing an IoT-based anti-theft floor mat system are multifaceted and
64
predominantly positive. By deterring theft, optimizing resource utilization, enhancing operational efficiency,
and facilitating sustainability initiatives, these systems contribute to a more environmentally responsible
approach to security and asset management. As organizations continue to prioritize sustainability and
innovation, IoT technologies offer a compelling avenue for mitigating environmental impacts while
simultaneously enhancing security and operational efficiency.
The implementation of an IoT-based anti-theft floor mat system can significantly influence the environment,
presenting both positive and negative effects.
On the bright side, the system has the potential to contribute positively to environmental sustainability
through several avenues. Firstly, by incorporating energy-efficient components and implementing smart
power management strategies, such as low-power sensors and optimized sleep modes, the system can
effectively minimize energy consumption. This reduction not only lessens its environmental impact but also
contributes to cost savings and promotes energy conservation on a broader scale.
Moreover, careful consideration of materials during the construction of the floor mat can extend its lifespan
and reduce the need for frequent replacements. Selecting durable and recyclable materials aligns with
sustainable design principles, lessening material usage and waste generation. This not only reduces
environmental harm but also supports a circular economy by promoting the reuse and recycling of materials,
thus minimizing resource depletion and landfill accumulation.
However, alongside these positive aspects, the implementation of the system may also introduce negative
environmental implications. One significant concern is the potential generation of electronic waste (e-waste)
during the production and disposal phases of electronic components. If not managed responsibly, the disposal
of e-waste can lead to hazardous material leakage, soil and water pollution, and adverse health effects on both
humans and wildlife. To address this, implementing proper end-of-life management strategies, including take-
back programs and responsible recycling initiatives, is crucial to mitigate the environmental impact of
electronic waste.
Furthermore, the operational phase of the system may contribute to carbon emissions and other greenhouse
gas emissions. This is primarily driven by energy consumption during the production, transportation, and
ongoing operation of the system. To counteract these emissions, it's imperative to explore and adopt
renewable energy sources, such as solar power or wind power, to power the system[2,15]. Utilizing
renewable energy not only reduces carbon emissions associated with the system's operation but also aligns
with global efforts to transition towards a low-carbon economy and mitigate climate change impacts.
In the broader context of environmental stewardship, the environmental effects of the IoT-based anti-theft
floor mat system underscore the importance of adopting sustainable practices and embracing innovation to
minimize negative impacts. By integrating energy-efficient technologies, responsible materials usage, and
renewable energy sources into the design and operation of the system, it's possible to achieve a harmonious
balance between security needs and environmental sustainability.
Moreover, as advancements in technology continue to evolve, opportunities arise to further enhance the
environmental performance of the system. For instance,
65ongoing research and development efforts can focus
on improving the efficiency of energy harvesting technologies, enhancing the recyclability of electronic
components, and developing innovative materials with minimal environmental footprint.
Additionally, the adoption of a life cycle assessment (LCA) approach can provide valuable insights into the
environmental impacts of the system across its entire life cycle, from raw material extraction and
manufacturing to use and disposal. By conducting LCAs, stakeholders can identify hotspots of environmental
impact and implement targeted mitigation measures to minimize environmental harm effectively.
In conclusion, while the implementation of an IoT-based anti-theft floor mat system offers promising benefits
in terms of security and efficiency, it's essential to consider its environmental implications. By embracing
sustainable design principles, responsible materials usage, and renewable energy sources, the system can
minimize its environmental footprint and contribute to broader efforts towards environmental sustainability.
However, proactive measures, ongoing monitoring, and continuous improvement are necessary to address
potential negative effects and ensure that the system aligns with environmental best practices. Through

collaborative efforts and innovation, it's possible to harness the potential of technology to create a safer and
more sustainable world for future generations.

66
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[19]. Yassein, M.B. et al. "The Internet of Things (IoT) in agriculture: A
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 Appendix 1
Plagiarism Report For The Final Report

69
 Appendix 2
Research Paper

IoT Based Anti-Theft Floor Mat System

Nitish Kumar Jha
Rohit Singh Nagendra Kumar
Department of Electrical and
Department of Electrical and
Electronics Department of Electrical and
Electronics
G.L. Bajaj Institute of Technology and Electronics G.L. Bajaj Institute
G.L. Bajaj Institute of Technology and
Management of Technology and Management
Management
Greater Noida, UP, Greater Noida, UP, India
Greater Noida, UP,
India Nagendra.Kumar@glbitm.ac.in
India
nkjha255@gmail.com
rs1313510@gmail.com

Abstract— The surge in urbanization has heightened the approaches to home security system. At the heart of the IoT-
need for security measures, yet conventional anti-theft systems based Anti-Theft Floor Mat System lies the assimilation of
using wall sensors or motion detectors face evasion tactics. To various technological components, each playing a vital role
counter this, we propose an innovative IoT-based anti-theft in detecting suspicious activity, bolstering surveillance and
floor Mat System driven by Raspberry Pi to fortify homes response capabilities. This innovative system relies on smart
during the absence. This system's unique approach involves floor mats equipped with advanced sensors and connectivity
monitoring floor movements and ensuring comprehensive features to detect and prevent theft or unauthorized access.
surveillance. Comprising secure floor tiles interconnected via
These mats are strategically placed in key locations where
IoT, the system activates upon leaving the house. It allows for
remote vigilance by tracking each step a person takes across
security is a concern, such as entry points, display areas, or
the floor and instantly notifying them via IoT. Its technological restricted zones. By continuously monitoring changes in
core is demonstrated by its Raspberry Pi powered setup, which pressure, weight, or motion, the sensors embedded within
includes demonstration tiles, a camera, a Piezo sensor, and a the mats can detect any suspicious activity[4-5].
Wi-Fi modem. The sensor alerts to the Raspberry Pi controller
when someone walks on the floor. This causes the camera to The Raspberry Pi, versatile single- board computer, assumes
quickly focus on the area of movement and uploads the picture the mantle of the system's central controller, facilitating
it took online. With this real-time gearbox, homeowners may seamless communication among components and enabling
evaluate the condition from a distance. But resolving false remote monitoring via Wi-Fi connectivity. It enables
alerts, guaranteeing data encryption for privacy during picture seamless data transmission between the mats and Raspberry
transfer, maximising reaction time and scalability for a variety pi . Through this connectivity, the mats can transmit data in
of residences, and putting strong maintenance procedures in real-time, providing instant updates and alerts to authorized
place are all critical to the system's dependability. users. This real-time communication capability ensures that
Keywords——. Internet of Things, Raspberry Pi, Security, security incidents can be detected and addressed promptly,
Data Encryption, Intrusion Detection Authentication Cloud minimizing the risk of loss or damage to valuable assets [6].
Storage
The Pi Camera serves to capture real-time images for remote
assessment, empowering users to respond quickly to security
breaches, this system represents a revolution in home
I. INTRODUCTION security and offers new solutions to the weak points of
In today’s tech driven world, safeguarding your home or traditional systems. The central monitoring system serves as
Personal office has evolved. In the era of rapid growth and the nerve center of the system. This is centralized approach
advancement in technology, secure mountain landscape has to monitoring allows for efficient management of security
undergone major changes, bringing opportunities and problems operations, enabling security personnel to monitor multiple
to owner of the homes. Conventional home security system have locations simultaneously from a single interface. The
long included doorbells, monitors, and sound sensor as key monitoring system can be deployed as a cloud-based
component [1-2]. platform, a deployed as a cloud-based platform, a dedicated
server, or a local computer equipped with IoT software,
The increase in urbanization has brought unprecedented depending on the specific requirements and preferences of
challenges to security, Residential buildings have become the organization [7-8].
vulnerable to intruder and break-ins. While traditional security
measures are effective to some extent, they often fail to protect Raspberry Pi, the brains of the system, manages the
against today's threats or suspicious activity. integration of various components and facilitates
communication with external devices. Piezoelectric sensors
The IoT-based anti-theft floor mat represents a pioneering embedded in the floor mat are the principle of monitoring
approach in this context, providing a decentralized way to unauthorized access. These sensors produce electrical
proactively and detect intruders. At the core of the systems signals in response to mechanical pressure (like footsteps)
advanced technology, all of which supports the overall that stimulates the body. By utilizing the piezoelectric effect,
functionality and efficiency of the system [3]. At the heart of the the sensors provide a sensitive and reliable intrusion
system is the Raspberry Pi, a type of single-board computer detection method by Piezo Sensor while reducing false
known for its compact size and computing power. alarms. It also controls the movement of objects [9-10].

But the emergence of common-sense strategies and the When an object is detected, the system activates the motor
limitations of existing systems are highlighting the need for new 70 to adjust the camera position to track the intruder in real
time. This dynamic response mechanism increases situational
awareness, allowing homeowners to assess the severity of
threats. In addition to the monitoring functionality, the system
also sounds an alarm in the form of a buzzer. These audible
alerts emit a beep sound when intruder is detected, deterring
potential intruders and alerting authorized user to spot
unauthorized persons. Providing multiple layers of protection,
including detection, monitoring and prevention, these systems
offer an effective way to keep your Personal office or home safe
[11].
I. LITERATURE REVIEW
Increasing urbanization and the development of technology
bring to the fore the need to maintain security, especially in the
area. Security systems always rely on motion sensors or wall-
mounted detectors, which demonstrate flexibility for evasion
strategies used by intruder. In response to these challenges,
researchers and developers have turned their focus towards IoT-
based Anti- Theft Floor Mat Systems as a promising solution.
This study of the literature digs into the work that has already
been done in this area, highlighting the technological aspects,
methods of implementation, efficiency, and difficulties that
these systems provide
The integration of multiple technical components, each of which
is essential in enhancing monitoring and response capabilities, is
the core of the System. As the core controller of the system, the
multipurpose Raspberry Pi single-board computer allows for
easy communication between its parts and allows for remote
monitoring through Wi-Fi connectivity. When pressure changes,
which indicate attempts at unauthorized person entry, are
detected by piezo sensors placed in the floor mat, the system is
activated. Movement of the pi camera is controlled by servo
motor (SG90), and owner of the house’s situation awareness is
enhanced by buzzers and pi camera, which sound notifications.
The methods for implementing of the Systems are methodical
and include processing of data, software configuration, hardware
installation, and thorough testing. The process of attaching parts
to the Raspberry Pi, like piezo sensors, servo motors, and
Ultrasonic Sensor to guarantee smooth operation is known as
hardware integration of the system. Software setup involves
configuring the Raspberry Pi to manage the operations of its
various components and expedite data transfer via the IoT
network, thus enhancing system efficiency. In order to detect
suspicious activity and set off the proper reactions, data
processing includes the collecting the data from sensor and pi
camera images.
IoT based Anti-Theft Floor Mat Systems, according to research,
offer positive results in enhancing home security, personal cabin
or office by permitting remote access and real-time monitoring
to maximize performance of the system and dependability, a
few barrier must be overcome. These problems include
environmental factors setting off false alarms, data privacy
issues with picture communication, speeding up response times
to security breaches. In order for IoT-based Anti-Theft Floor
Mat Systems to become a widely used and effective personal
office, cabin, or home security system.
Ultimately, the examined literature highlights the potential of
IoT based Anti-Theft Floor Mat Systems as cutting-edge
security options for modern residential conditions. By
incorporating cutting-edge technologies and putting sensible
plans in place, these systems can greatly improve monitoring of
the system and prevent unwanted access and stop from the
intruders. It is necessary to conduct further research in order to
solve current issues and improve system performance, which
will ultimately guide to the creation of extra robust, automated
and complete home and personal office or cabin security
systems.

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 II. HARDWARE DESCRIPTION

A. Raspberry pi:

It’s family of small, powerful, and reasonably priced

Microprocessor or single-board computers is known for its
adaptability. These credit card-sized, ARM-powered gadgets
include numerous connectivity choices, such as Four USB
port , HDMI port, Ethernet port, and General purpose input
output interfaces[1]. This wide selection of connectors makes
it easier to interface with a variety of components, displays,
and electronic parts. Primarily intended for ed educational
initiatives, hobbyist endeavours, and professional
applications, This boards accommodate various OS like
Raspbian OS, fostering a flexible environment for
programming, electronics, and multifaceted projects.
Figure1. Raspberry pi

B. Piezoelectric sensor

A piezoelectric sensor, also known as a piezoelectric

transducer, is a device that uses the piezoelectric effect to
measure changes in pressure, acceleration, temperature,
strain, or force by converting these into an electrical charge.
The prefix piezo is Greek for press or squeeze. The ability of
piezoelectric material to convert mechanical stress into
electrical charge is called a piezoelectric effect.

Figure2.Piezoelectric sensor
C. Servo Motor
The servo to a Raspberry Pi GPIO pins and use pulse-width
modulation to control the servo's rotation. Six volts are used
to supply the servo motor. The Servo Motor (SG90) is a
compact servo motor that operates and functions are very
complexive in nature. This SG90 can rotate in both directions
by 90 degrees. This motor is very easy to control; it doesn't
require a motor controller and can be used with any servo
code or library, making it ideal for novices.

Figure3. servo motor

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