DAYANANDA SAGAR COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING

(An Autonomous Institute affiliated to VTU, Belagavi - 590018)

Accredited by NBA& National Assessment & Accreditation Council (NAAC) with ‘A’ grade

Internship Report on

IOT integration in agriculture

Submitted in partial fulfillment for the award of degree of
Bachelor of Engineering
in
Electrical and Electronics Engineering
Submitted by
Moulya M
1DS21EE060
Under the Guidance of
Dr P B Savitha
Assoc. Professor
Dept. of E&E Engg.
DSCE, Bengaluru

VISVESVARAYA TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITYJNANASANGAMA,

BELAGAVI-590018
2023-2024

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 DAYANANDA SAGAR COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
(An Autonomous Institute affiliated to VTU, Belagavi – 590018, Approved by AICTE & ISO 9001:2008 Certified) Accredited byNAAC & NBA
Shavige Malleshwara Hills, Kumaraswamy Layout Bengaluru- 560078

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING

CERTIFICATE OF INTERNSHIP

Certified that the Internship entitled “IOT integration in agriculture” carried out by
MOULYA M (1DS21EE060) a bonafide student of DAYANANDA SAGAR COLLEGE
OF ENGINEERING, an autonomous institution affiliated to VTU, Belagavi in partial
fulfillment for the award of Electrical and Electronics Engineeringduring the year 2023-2024. It
is certified that all corrections/suggestions indicated for Internal Assessment have been
incorporated in the report deposited in the departmental library. The Internship report has been
approved as it satisfies the academic requirements in respect of work prescribed for the Bachelor
of EngineeringDegree.

Signature of the Guide Signature of the HOD

Dr P B Savitha Dr. Premkumar M
Assoc.Professor Professor & HOD
Department of EEE Department of EEE

Name of the Examiners Signature with date

1........................................... ......................................

2........................................... ..................................….

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3
 ABSTRACT

Good way, a pioneering company in the field of agriculture, is dedicated to assisting students in establishing
innovative agri-tech projects, Good Way Organic is dedicated to innovation in research and development in the
Field of agriculture.
In this internship, we developed an advanced IoT-based irrigation system, The ESP32, known for its built-in Wi-
Fi and Bluetooth capabilities, serves as the central controller in this system. It collects real-time data from soil
moisture sensors, which are placed in the fields to monitor soil conditions. When the moisture levels fall below a
predefined threshold, the ESP32 automatically triggers the irrigation system to water the plants.
The system can be programmed to adjust watering schedules based on various factors such as weather forecasts,
time of day, and specific crop requirements. The use of IoT (Internet of Things) technology enables remote
monitoring and control via smartphones or computers, providing farmers with the convenience to manage their
irrigation systems from anywhere. By automating the irrigation process, this system not only ensures that crops
receive the optimal amount of water but also significantly reduces water wastage, contributing to more sustainable
and efficient agricultural practices.

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 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

The Satisfaction and Euphoria that Accompanies the successful completion of seminar would be incomplete without the
mention of the people who made it possible with their guidance and blessings, whose constant encouragement crowned
my effort with success.

I consider my privilege to have studied in Dayananda Sagar College of Engineering. I express my gratitude to us
Principal, Dr. B.G.Prasad for permitting us to utilize all the necessary facilities of the institution.

I owe a great sense of gratitude to our beloved Head of the Department, Dr. Prem Kumar M, Professor and HOD,
Department of Electrical and Electronics, DSCE for providing excellent academic environment.

I would also like to convey my sincere gratitude towards Mr. Mahendran Kumar, Guide Good way Organic for bridging
the gap between academic skills and industry skills which gave an amazing experience.

I feel to express my indebtedness and deep sense of gratitude to my guide Dr P B Savitha, Associate Professor,
Department of Electrical and Electronics, DSCE whose valuable guidance and motivation given to me throughout.

I express my sincere thanks to all the Teaching and Non-teaching staff of Department of Electrical and Electronics
Engineering, for their kind and constant support throughout the academic Journey.

Lastly, we would like to express our deep appreciation towards our friends and our family for providing us with constant
moral support and encouragement.

MOULYA M
1DS21EE060

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 CO-PO MAPPING

DAYANANDA SAGAR COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING

(An Autonomous Institute affiliated to VTU, Approved by AICTE & ISO 9001:2008 Certified)
Accredited by NBA & National Assessment & Accreditation Council (NAAC) with ‘A’ grade

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING

COURSE OUTCOMES OF INTERNSHIP

CO1 Ability to demonstrate the application of knowledge and skill sets acquired from the training /
industry.
CO2 To develop perseverance, planning, adaptability and technical/managerial skills
CO3 Communicate and collaborate effectively with different professionals in the training environment
through written and oral means.
CO4 Ability to recognize the need and engage in life-long learning for professional growth.

CO-PO / PSO Mapping

CO’S\PO’S\
P SO PO PO PO PO PO PO PO PO PO PO1 PO1 PO1 PS PS PS
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 O O O
1 2 3
CO1
CO2

CO3

CO4

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 TABLE OF CONTENTS

ABSTRACT 03

ACKNOWLEGEMENT 04

CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION 07

CHAPTER 2: ORGANIC FARMING 08

CHAPTER 3: TYPES OF IRRIGATION 09

3.1 Well Irrigation 09

3.2 Drip Irrigation 11

3.3 Canal Irrigation 13

3.4 Sprinkler Irrigation 14

CHAPTER 4: AUTOMATIC IRRIGATION SYSTEM 15

CHAPTER 5: CONCLUSION 20

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 TABLE OF FIGURES

ORGANIC FARM Fig 1.1

VERMI COMPOST Fig 2.1

WELL IRRIGATION Fig 3.1

FIELD WORK Fig 3.2

DRIP IRRIGATION Fig 3.3

DRIP IRRIGATION Fig 3.4

CANNAL IRRIGATION Fig 3.5

SPRINKLER IRRIGATION Fig 3.6

WORKING PROTOTYPE Fig 4.1

ON FIELD WORKING Fig 4.2

BLOCK DIAGRAM OF PROTOTYPE Fig 4.3

PCB DESIGN LAYOUT Fig 4.4

TEST PATCH Fig 4.5

ESP-32 Fig 4.6

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CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

Fig 1.1 Organic farm

Organic farming is a type of agricultural system that emphasizes the use of natural inputs and
practices to produce crops and livestock. It focuses on preserving and improving soil health,
minimizing environmental impact, and promoting biodiversity. Organic farmers avoid using
synthetic fertilizers, pesticides, and genetically modified organisms (GMOs) in their
operations. Instead, they rely on practices such as crop rotation, composting, and cover
cropping to maintain soil fertility and prevent pests and diseases.
Organic livestock farmers follow strict animal welfare standards, such as providing access to
pasture and avoiding the use of antibiotics and growth hormones. They also prioritize the use
of local feed sources and reduce transportation emissions.
Organic farming promotes a more sustainable food system by reducing chemical
contamination in the environment and reducing greenhouse gas emissions. However, it
typically produces lower yields than conventional farming, which can result in higher prices
for consumers.
Despite this, the demand for organic food has been steadily increasing, as consumers become
more aware of the environmental and health benefits of this type of agriculture.
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CHAPTER 2
ORGANIC FARMING

Organic farming is a type of agricultural system that emphasizes the use of natural inputs and
practices to produce crops and livestock. It focuses on preserving and improving soil health,
minimizing environmental impact, and promoting biodiversity. Organic farmers avoid using
synthetic fertilizers, pesticides, and genetically modified organisms (GMOs) in their
operations. Instead, they rely on practices such as crop rotation, composting, and cover
cropping to maintain soil fertility and prevent pests and diseases.
Organic livestock farmers follow strict animal welfare standards, such as providing access to
pasture and avoiding the use of antibiotics and growth hormones. They also prioritize the use
of local feed sources and reduce transportation emissions.
Organic farming promotes a more sustainable food system by reducing chemical
contamination in the environment and reducing greenhouse gas emissions. However, it
typically produces lower yields than conventional farming, which can result in higher prices
for consumers.
Despite this, the demand for organic food has been steadily increasing, as consumers become
more aware of the environmental and health benefits of this type of agriculture.

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Fig 2. Vermi-Compost
CHAPTER 3

TYPES OF IRRIGATION

➢ Well irrigation

➢ Drip irrigation

➢ Canal irrigation

➢ Sprinkler irrigation

3.1 Well irrigation:

An irrigation system is a
vital tool in agriculture,
enabling farmers to provide
their crops with the necessary
amount of water required for
growth. One type of irrigation
system that has gained
popularity over the years is the
well irrigation system. A well
Fig 3.1 Well Irrigation irrigation system is a method of
watering crops using underground water sources. It involves drilling a borehole into the ground
and installing a pump to extract the water. The pump is then connected to an irrigation system
that delivers the water to the crops through pipes or hoses. The advantages of a well irrigation
system are numerous. Firstly, it provides a reliable source of water, especially in areas where
rainfall is unpredictable. This means that farmers can plan their planting and harvesting
schedules without
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worrying about the availability of water. Additionally, well water is usually free from
contaminants such as pesticides and fertilizers, making it safe for irrigation purposes.

Secondly, a well irrigation system is cost-effective in the long run. Although the initial
installation costs may be high, the system requires minimal maintenance, and the only
ongoing expense is the cost of electricity to run the pump. This makes it a cost-effective
option for farmers, especially those who own large farms.
Thirdly, well irrigation systems are environmentally friendly. Unlike other irrigation systems
that rely on surface water sources, well water is not affected by the weather, making it a
sustainable option for irrigation. Additionally, using well water can reduce the amount of
water taken from surface sources, thereby reducing the risk of water scarcity and promoting
sustainable water management. How ever, there are also some disadvantages of well
irrigation systems. One of the main disadvantages is the risk of over-pumping, which can
cause the water table to drop and lead to the depletion of the underground water source.
Additionally, the water quality of well water can be affected by natural minerals and salts
present in the soil, which can reduce the effectiveness of the irrigation system.
In conclusion, a well irrigation system is a reliable, cost-effective, and environmentally
friendly method of providing crops with water. Despite some of its disadvantages, the
benefits of a well irrigation system far outweigh the drawbacks. As such, it is an ideal choice
for farmers who want to increase their crop yields while minimizing their water usage and
expenses.

Fig 3.2 Field work 12

 3.2 Drip Irrigation:

Drip irrigation is a modern method of watering

plants that is becoming increasingly popular among
farmers and gardeners alike. It involves using a
network of tubes and emitters to deliver water
directly to the roots of plants, rather than spraying
water over a large area. This method of irrigation is
highly efficient and cost-effective, and it offers
many benefits over traditional watering systems.
One of the main advantages of drip irrigation is that
it conserves water. Traditional watering systems can
result in a lot of water wastage, as water is often

Fig 3.3 Drip Irrigation

sprayed over a large area, including non-plant areas
such as walkways and driveways. In contrast, drip
irrigation systems deliver water directly to the roots of plants, where it is needed most. This
reduces water wastage, and can result in water savings of up to 50% compared to traditional
watering methods.
Another benefit of drip irrigation is that it can help to improve plant growth and health. By
delivering water directly to the roots of plants, drip irrigation ensures that plants receive a
consistent supply of moisture, which
can help to prevent stress and dehydration.

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 Additionally, because the water is delivered
at a slow and steady rate, the soil is able to
absorb the moisture more effectively, which
can improve soil structure and reduce
erosion. Drip irrigation is also highly
adaptable, and can be used in a variety of
settings, from large-scale agricultural
operations to small backyard gardens. The
Fig 3.4 Drip Irrigation
system can be customized to suit the needs of
different plants, and can be adjusted to deliver different amounts of water depending on factors
such as soil type, plant type, and weather conditions.
In addition to its many benefits, drip irrigation is also relatively easy to install and maintain.
The system consists of a series of tubes, emitters, and connectors, which can be easily
assembled and configured to suit the needs of the user. Once installed, the system requires
minimal maintenance, and can be easily adjusted or repaired if necessary.
Overall, drip irrigation is a highly efficient and effective method of watering plants. It
conserves water, improves plant growth and health, and is adaptable to a variety of settings.
As such, it is becoming an increasingly popular choice for farmers and gardeners alike who
are looking for a more sustainable and cost-effective way to water their plants.

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 3.3 Canal Irrigation:

Canal irrigation is a system of water management that has

been used for centuries to provide water to crops and
farmland. It involves the construction of canals, which are
artificial channels dug into the ground, to transport water
from a source such as a river or lake to the fields where it is
needed. This system of irrigation has been an important part
of agriculture throughout history, and continues to be used
today in many parts of the world.
The benefits of canal irrigation are numerous. Firstly, it
helps to increase crop yields by providing a reliable source
of water for the plants. This is especially important in areas
Fig 3.5 Canal Irrigation
where rainfall is irregular or insufficient. Secondly, canal
irrigation can help to reduce soil erosion, as the water is delivered directly to the plants and
not allowed to run off the fields. Finally, canal irrigation can also be used to generate
electricity, as the water can be used to power hydroelectric turbines.
However, canal irrigation also has its drawbacks. Firstly, it can be expensive to construct and
maintain the canal networks, especially in areas with rugged terrain or difficult soil
conditions. Secondly, the canals can be vulnerable to damage from floods, droughts, and other
natural disasters, which can disrupt the water supply to the fields. Finally, the use of canal
irrigation can also lead to waterlogging and salinization of the soil, which can reduce crop
yields and damage the environment.
In conclusion, canal irrigation is a time-tested method of water management that has been
used for thousands of years. It offers numerous benefits to farmers, including increased crop
yields and reduced soil erosion. However, it also has its drawbacks, including high
construction and maintenance costs and vulnerability to natural disasters. Despite these
challenges, canal irrigation remains an important part of agriculture in many parts of the
world, and will likely continue to be so for many years to come.
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 3.4 Sprinkler Irrigation:

Sprinkler irrigation is a popular method of irrigating crops

that involves spraying water over crops using sprinklers.
This method of irrigation can be used in a variety of crops,
including vegetables, fruits, and field crops. Sprinkler
irrigation is particularly useful for crops that require
frequent watering or are sensitive to water stress.
The system typically consists of a network of pipes and
sprinklers that are strategically placed to ensure even
water distribution. sprinkler irrigation can also be used for
cooling crops during hot weather conditions. One of the
Fig 3.6 Sprinkler Irrigation
advantages of sprinkler irrigation is its ability to conserve
water by minimizing water loss due to evaporation and runoff. In addition, it can also help to
reduce soil erosion and weed growth.
Sprinkler irrigation can be expensive to install, but it can help to increase crop yields and
improve crop quality. Effective management and maintenance of the system are essential to
ensure optimal water and energy use. Sprinkler irrigation can be powered by different sources
such as electricity, diesel or gasoline engines.
Overall, sprinkler irrigation is a versatile and efficient method of irrigating crops, particularly
in areas with limited water resources.

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CHAPTER 4

AUTOMATIC IRRIGATION SYSTEM

An automatic irrigation system is a

sophisticated solution designed to
optimize water usage in agriculture,
significantly enhancing productivity and
sustainability. This system utilizes
technology to monitor soil moisture levels
and control irrigation processes
automatically. A critical component of
such systems is the ESP32
microcontroller, which is known for its
versatility and built-in Wi-Fi and
Bluetooth capabilities, this system can be
programmed to adjust watering schedules
based on various factors such as weather
Fig 4.1 Prototype forecasts, time of day, and specific crop

requirements. The use of IoT (Internet of Things) technology enables remote monitoring and
control via smartphones or computers, providing farmers with the convenience to manage their
irrigation systems from anywhere. By automating the irrigation process, this system not only
ensures that crops receive the optimal amount of water but also significantly reduces water
wastage, contributing to more sustainable and efficient agricultural practices.

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 An automatic irrigation system is a sophisticated
solution designed to optimize water usage in
agriculture, significantly enhancing productivity
and sustainability. This system utilizes technology
to monitor soil moisture levels and control irrigation
processes automatically. A critical component of
such systems is the ESP32 microcontroller, which
is known for its versatility and built-in Wi-Fi and
Bluetooth capabilities.

Fig 4.2 On field working

Fig 4.3 Block Diagram of Prototype

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Block Diagram:

PCB Design:

Fig 4.4 PCB Design layout

al Irrigation

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How It Works

➢ Sensors: Soil moisture sensors are deployed in the fields to continuously monitor the soil's
moisture levels.
➢ Data Collection: These sensors send real-time data to the ESP32 microcontroller.
➢ Processing: The ESP32 processes the data and determines if the soil moisture is below the
required threshold.
➢ Automation: If the soil moisture is too low, the ESP32 activates the irrigation system, which
can include pumps, valves, and sprinklers.
➢ Remote Control: Thanks to its connectivity features, the ESP32 allows farmers to monitor
and control the system remotely via smartphones or computers.

Fig 4.5 Test patch

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Benefits for Agriculture

➢ Water Conservation: By delivering water only when needed and in the right amounts,
automatic irrigation systems drastically reduce water wastage.
➢ Increased Efficiency: These systems ensure that crops receive consistent and adequate water
supply, which can lead to better yields and healthier plants.
➢ Labor Savings: Automation reduces the need for manual intervention, allowing farmers to
focus on other important tasks.
➢ Scalability: Such systems can be scaled to fit small gardens to large agricultural fields,
making them versatile for different types of farming operations.
➢ Data-Driven Decisions: Continuous data collection allows for more informed decision-
making, enabling adjustments based on real-time environmental conditions.

ESP32-Based System

An automatic irrigation system using the ESP32 microcontroller

exemplifies the integration of modern technology into agriculture.
The ESP32 is a powerful, low-cost microcontroller with built-in Wi-
Fi and Bluetooth, making it ideal for IoT applications. It receives data
from soil moisture sensors and other environmental sensors (such as
temperature and humidity), processes this data, and controls the
irrigation hardware accordingly.Farmers can set specific thresholds
and schedules via an app or web interface, allowing for precise control
over irrigation. Additionally, weather forecasts can be integrated into
the system, ensuring that irrigation is adjusted based on expected
Fig 4.6 ESP32 rainfall, further enhancing water efficiency.

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CHAPTER 5

CONCLUSION
In conclusion, automatic irrigation systems, particularly those utilizing the ESP32
microcontroller, offer a transformative approach to modern agriculture. These systems
significantly optimize water usage by ensuring that plants receive the precise amount of water
they need based on real-time soil moisture data. This not only conserves water but also
enhances crop health and yields by providing consistent and appropriate hydration.
The ESP32’s built-in Wi-Fi and Bluetooth capabilities enable seamless remote monitoring
and control, allowing farmers to manage their irrigation systems from anywhere using
smartphones or computers. This remote functionality is crucial for timely interventions and
adjustments, further improving water efficiency and crop management. Additionally, the
integration of weather forecasts and environmental sensors into the system allows for even
more precise irrigation scheduling, reducing the risk of overwatering or underwatering.
By automating the irrigation process, these systems reduce the need for manual labor,
allowing farmers to focus on other critical aspects of farm management. This is especially
beneficial in large-scale operations where manual irrigation would be time-consuming and
labor-intensive.
Furthermore, the continuous data collection and analysis provided by the system enable
farmers to make informed, data-driven decisions, leading to better overall farm management
and productivity. The scalability of automatic irrigation systems means they can be adapted
for various types and sizes of agricultural operations, from small gardens to extensive fields.

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