EThekwini Municipality Water and Sanitation - MainDoc

DRAFT WATER SERVICES DEVELOPMENT
PLAN
VOLUME 2
for the
ETHEKWINI MUNICIPALITY
prepared by the
ETHEKWINI WATER
AND SANITATION UNIT
July 2004
Contents
SECTION 1 : FOREWORD AND WSDP RESPONSIBILITIES........ 5
1.1 Foreword 5
1.2 Responsibilities and contact details 6
1.3 IDP Drafting team 8
1.4 Public Participation Process 8
1.5 Approval by Council 8
SECTION 2 : INTRODUCTION TO THE WATER SERVICES
DEVELOPMENT PLAN ..................................................................... 9
2.1 What is a Water Services Development Plan (WSDP) 9
2.2 What is the current situation? 9
2.3 What do we want the future situation to be? 10
2.4 Why is water and sanitation so important? 10
SECTION 3 : THE FRAMEWORK WITHIN WHICH THIS WSDP
HAS BEEN PREPARED .................................................................. 13
3.1 The “new” eThekwini Municipal Area 13
3.2 Population 14
3.3 Demographic trends and migration patterns 15
3.4 The Economy 19
3.5 National legislative and strategic policy formulation framework against
which the WSDP has been compiled 19
3.6 Positioning the WSDP within the context of the City’s Long Term
Development Framework (LTDF) 20
3.7 Key Actions 21
SECTION 4 : KEY POLICIES......................................................... 22
4.1 Water 22
4.2 Sanitation 23
4.3 Guidelines11 25
4.4 Free basic services 25
4.5 Key Actions 26
SECTION 5 : BACKLOGS ............................................................. 27
5.1 Backlog definitions 27
5.2 Required databases 28
5.3 Backlog in Provision of Water Services 30
5.4 Progress in meeting the backlog 37
5.5 Key actions 37
SECTION 6 : PLANNING AND DELIVERY ................................... 38
6.1 Introduction 38
9
6.2 Basic services to rural areas – Water and Sanitation Programme 38
6.3 Water and sewer trunk mains to new housing developments 40
6.4 Water Services Development Planning 40
6.5 Maintenance of existing water and sanitation infrastructure 43
6.6 Key actions 44
SECTION 7 : RESEARCH PROJECTS AND SUPPORTING
PLANS ................................................................................. 45
7.1 Tariff structures and user charges 45
7.2 Sludge management 45
7.3 Water loss – Non Revenue Water 46
7.4 Recycling of water 50
7.5 Pit emptying 51
7.6 Public education programmes 52
7.7 Environmental Monitoring 53
7.8 Key Actions 54
SECTION 8 : INSTITUTIONAL AND MANAGEMENT
STRUCTURES ................................................................................. 55
8.1 Management Structure – Water and Sanitation Organogram 55
8.2 Customer Focus – Batho Pele 56
8.3 Institutional arrangements for the provision of water services in the
greater eThekwini Area 57
SECTION 9 : TARGETS AND PERFORMANCE INDICATORS ... 58
9.1 Comparison of Targets and Performance Indicators 58
SECTION 10 : FINANCIAL PLAN.................................................... 61
10.1 Introduction 61
10.2 Water and Sanitation Capital Budget 61
10.3 Provision of basic water and sanitation services 65
SECTION 11 : WSDP Auditing and Monitoring............................. 67
11.1 Annual Report Format 67
11.2 Report for Year Ending 30 June 2004. 67
SECTION 12 : SUMMARY OF KEY ACTIONS................................ 78
SECTION 13 : ABBREVIATIONS AND REFERENCE
DOCUMENTS 81
13.1 Abbreviations 81
13.2 References 81
SECTION 1 : FOREWORD AND WSDP RESPONSIBILITIES
1.1 Foreword
In 1999 the erstwhile Durban Transitional Metropolitan Council recorded the water and
sanitation status quo in a report entitled “Water Services Development Plan – Report on
Status Quo Investigations”. While the boundary of the previous Durban Metropolitan
Area has since then increased by 68%, the population has only increased by 9% with
the newly incorporated areas being mainly unserviced rural areas. A review of the 1999
WSDP undertaken in 2003, found that it was still largely relevant in respect of the status
quo of water service infrastructure in the expanded eThekwini Municipality Metropolitan
Area. Since 1999 the relevance and format of the water services sector planning has
evolved and a more integrated approach adopted.
In December 2002 the Integrated Development Plan (IDP), which deals with all aspects
of the City’s life, was publicly launched as part of the process to listen to the comments
from stakeholders on the City’s strategic intent and plan of action. Comments obtained
from this action were then incorporated into a revised IDP, which was published on the
25 June 2003.
The revised IDP (June 2003) sets out the City’s strategic intent and plan of action to get
down and make holistic and sustainable development happen on the ground. It
incorporated the comments and views of stakeholders who expressed willingness to
work to transform the built environment and improve the quality of life of all citizens.
This document, which is volume 2 of the City’s Water Services Development Plan
(WSDP), is due to be publicly launched in conjunction with the August 2004 review of
the IDP and has been developed taking into account the strategic intent, plan of action
and directives set out in the IDP and the requirements of the Water Services Act. The
WSDP Volume 2 deals specifically with the provision of services related to water and
sanitation and the associated plans and strategies that will “make it happen”.
While the WSDP will become a legal Council adopted plan, it is a living document. It is
the intention of the document’s custodian, the eThekwini Water and Sanitation Unit
(EWS), to adjust and improve the roll out plan based on progress audits, updates to the
IDP and the changing needs of all citizens.
The WSDP is conceptual and strategic in nature. It should be read in conjunction with a
number of additional documents published by the Council and the EWS. These
documents have been published and can be viewed on the City’s web site and at the
offices of the Water and Sanitation Unit.
eThekwini Municipality – Water Services Development Plan 5

C:\Council_Web\WServ_Deve_Plan\136776_2.DOC 09/20/2004
1.2 Responsibilities and contact details
TEL.
FAX EMAIL POSTAL
DESIGNATION NAME No.
No. ADDRESS ADDRESS
Executive Clr Obed P.O Box 1014

3048141 MlabaO@durban.gov.za
Mayor Mlaba Durban 4000
Municipal P.O Box 1014

Mike Sutcliffe 3112130 3112170 Sutcliffem@durban.gov.za
Manager Durban 4000
P.O Box 1038

WSA manager Neil Macleod 3024600 3024646 NAM@dmws.durban.gov.za
Durban 4000
Technical P.O Box 1038

Frank Stevens 3024602 3024549 FrankSt@dmws.durban.gov.za
Director Durban 4000
P.O Box 1038

WSDP Contact Bill Pfaff 3024783 3024549 BillPf@dmws.durban.gov.za
Durban 4000
Sogen P.O Box 1014

IDP Manager 3074920 3074933 Moodley@durban.gov.za
Moodley Durban 4000

1.3 IDP Drafting team
The City’s IDP was drafted by the Corporate Policy Unit and the contact persons are as
follows:-
• Sogen Moodley or Bruce Butelezi at telephone number 0313074920 and Fax No.
0313074933
1.4 Public Participation Process
The process of compiling the IDP involved understanding the city’s stakeholders needs and
vision for the city. The directives formulated by the public were then translated into strategy
and written into the IDP and in turn transformed into plans and associated actions for the
WSDP. The WSDP thus forms one of a series of public information documents which supports
the city’s IDP e.g Transport Plan, Housing Plan, Environment Plan, Disaster Management
plan, Gender Equity Plan.
A summarized version of the WSDP has been compiled, as the complete WSDP comprises a
number of documents of significant size and content. Rather than studying the complete
WSDP and its associated documents, key stakeholders and other interested members of the
public are able to assess the key issues of the WSDP by reading the summary. The summary
also forms part of the information pack for the “Big Mama” public workshops to be held in
August 2004 where the IDP updates will be presented and discussed.
The WSDP and the supporting documentation have been made available on the Units internet
web site. In addition copies are available for inspection at the Water and Sanitation Unit's
offices.
1.5 Approval by Council
The WSDP in its present form has not been approved by Council and will not be approved until
the public participation process has been completed.

SECTION 2 : INTRODUCTION TO THE WATER SERVICES
DEVELOPMENT PLAN
2.1 What is a Water Services Development Plan (WSDP)
A Water Services Development Plan is a plan to progressively ensure efficient, affordable,
economical, and sustainable provision of water services (i.e. Water and Sanitation services). It
deals with socio economic, technical, financial, institutional and environmental issues as they
pertain to water services.
Current Future
Situation Situation
WSDP – transforms
water services delivery
2.2 What is the current situation?

The current situation was documented in a report entitled “Water Services Development Plan-
Report on Status Quo Investigations”8, dated April 1999, commissioned by the Durban Metro
Water Services of the then Durban Transitional Metropolitan Council, and was submitted to
DWAF.
Since the Report on Status Quo Investigations was completed, the boundary of the previous
Durban Metropolitan Area has been increased by 68%, which now constitutes the EMMA.
Whilst the area has increased by 68% the majority of the newly incorporated area is rural in
nature with the population only increasing by 9%. The primary findings of the Status Quo in
respect of service infrastructure thus remain largely relevant to the EMMA.
The Council adopted its first IDP document in December 20021, subsequently revised in June
2003². This WSDP is prepared in direct response to this strategic level policy document.

2.3 What do we want the future situation to be?
The IDP is the Council’s principle strategic planning instrument, which establishes what the
future situation should be and how it should be achieved. Thus, the IDP has been used to
direct the formulation of strategies pertaining to water services contained within this WSDP.
The principle themes of the IDP that have shaped strategies contained within the WSDP are
as follows: -
1. Maximize use of existing facilities and infrastructure.

2. Develop a financial strategy such that a balance between the need to “develop and
extend new infrastructure” and “regenerate and maintain” existing infrastructure is
obtained.
3. Regenerate existing residential and core business areas to grow the economy and (in
so doing) contribute to the improvement of life of citizens.
4. Formulate service delivery strategies that will maximize the impact on job creation and
poverty alleviation.
5. Extend basic services to all.
2.4 Why is water and sanitation so important?
Water and Sanitation services are provided to domestic consumers, institutions, businesses,
and industries. The capacity to provide services effectively and efficiently is a critical
component in the delivery of sustainable basic services, in the improvement of a healthy living
environment, and in the support of economic development.
Policies to achieve the above are prescribed in the National Water Act, The Water Services
Act and, more recently, the Strategic Framework for Water Services adopted by Cabinet in
September 2003.

2.4.1 The National Water Act
The National Water Act (36 of 1998)3 legislates the way in which the Nation’s water resources
are to be protected, used, developed, conserved, managed, and controlled.
It is in terms of the National Water Act (NWA) that municipalities obtain the water that they
then use in providing services to their customers. In addition, the NWA also governs how a
municipality may return effluent and other wastewater back to the Nation’s water resources.
2.4.2 The Water Services Act

The Water Services Act 108 of 19974, in addition to setting out the rights and duties of those
responsible for providing water services, gives substance to the constitutional right of access
to the basic water supply and basic sanitation. It requires that Water Service Authority (WSA)
must take reasonable measures to realize these rights.
In the case of the ETM, the municipality is the designated Water Services Authority with the
Water and Sanitation Unit being the internal Water Services Provider.
The ETM is thus obligated by the WSA to take reasonable measures to plan for and
progressively implement water services, which will result in the realization of the
aforementioned basic rights. The planning is required be documented in the form of a Water
Service Development Plan and the implementation of these plans must be reported on
annually to both provincial and national government.
2.4.3 Strategic Framework for Water Services (adopted by Cabinet in September 2003)5
The Strategic Framework provides a comprehensive summary of policy for water services and
sets out a strategic framework for its implementation over the next ten years.
The following goals are set for the water services sector:
1. All people have access to an appropriate, acceptable, safe and affordable basic water
supply and sanitation service.
2. All people are educated in healthy living practices (specifically with respect to the use of
water and sanitation services) and the wise use of water.
3. Water and sanitation services are provided:
Equitably (adequate services are provided fairly to all people);

Affordably (no one is excluded from access to basic services because of their cost);

Effectively (the job is done well);
Efficiently (resources are not wasted);
Sustainably (services are financially, environmentally, institutionally and socially
sustainable); and
Gender sensitive (taking into account the different needs and responsibilities of
women and men with regard to water services and sanitation).
4. The prices of water and sanitation services reflect the fact that they are both social and
economic goods (that is, pricing promotes access to a basic safe service, encourages
the wise and sustainable use of resources and ensures financial sustainability).
5. Water and sanitation services are effectively regulated with a view to ensuring the
ongoing achievement of these goals.

SECTION 3 : THE FRAMEWORK WITHIN WHICH THIS WSDP HAS
BEEN PREPARED
3.1 The “new” eThekwini Municipal Area
The newly demarcated boundary of the EMMA increased the area of the previous Durban
Metropolitan area by 68% although increasing the population by only 9%. The EMMA now
covers an area of 2297 square kilometers. The new demarcated EMMA is shown below: -
Figure 1 - eThekwini Municipality Metropolitan Area

The spatial configuration of the EMMA forms a T shape with the areas closer to the two major
national freeways tending to be well provided with water services infrastructure. Areas on the
periphery are generally poorly resourced with the diverse topography (steep escarpments to
relatively flat coastal plains) contributing to the challenge of providing cost effective water
service related infrastructure.
3.2 Population
The EMMA currently has an estimated population of just over 3 million people.
In May 2000 the City’s Traffic and Transportation Department commissioned a study entitled
"Demography and Demographic Projections to 2020”. In this study, demographic projections
followed three scenarios viz. low, middle and high AIDS scenarios. The middle AIDS scenario
was adopted for planning by all service sectors. This scenario predicts that the population is
expected to grow by 0.67% to 3.125 million people over the period to 2005 and then decline at
an average rate of 0,07% p.a. such that in year 2020 the population will be around 3 million.
Subsequent to this study the City’s Corporate Policy Unit produced annual population
predictions based on the middle AIDS scenario population growth rates. This allowed for a
comparison of the Census 96 population, projected to 2001 using the middle AIDS growth rate,
with the population enumerated during the 2001 Census. A comparison between the projected
and the census figures showed a relatively small difference of 45000 - which falls within the
Census 2001 sample error range of 4.19% (for KZN) at the 95% confidence level.
Future population estimates contained with in the WSDP are thus based on the Middle Aids
scenario as shown in figure 2.

MIDDLE AIDS SCENARIO
3 150 000
-0.07%
3 125 000
3 100 000
0.67%
Population
3 075 000
3 050 000
3 025 000
3 000 000
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
Year
Figure 2 - Projected population growth based on the Middle AIDS scenario
3.3 Demographic trends and migration patterns
A preliminary analysis of data relating to the 2001 census, provides an indication of the key
influences in the existing and future demographic realities of the metropolitan area. The
preliminary key findings are as follows:-
• There is a clear net outward migration (possibly as high as 25%), at ages 20-30, of
White residents. To a lesser extent, Coloured and Asian residents also migrate
outwards. At the same time a net inward migration of Black people, probably from rural
parts of KwaZulu Natal is occurring. The overall effect is a gain of people at ages 20-30.
• The HIV epidemic has had a small but clear effect on the ages 30-34, and is clearly
going to impact heavily on the size of future age groups between 30 and 55.
• Fertility is clearly in decline, causing a slower growth in the number of young people,
and resulting in an ageing of the population. The White population is already heavily
“skewed” towards the higher ages, and will age further. The Asian and Coloured
populations are beginning to age, although slowly, while the Black African population
remains quite young, at least for the near future.

Key factors are shown below, overall, and by race group.
Population by Age
450,000 net inward
400,000 migration 2004
2012
350,000
decreasing 2020
300,000 fertility Aids related mortality
number
250,000
200,000
150,000
100,000
50,000
-
age
0-4
5-9
10-14
15-19
20-24
25-29
30-34
35-39
40-44
45-49
50-54
55-59
60-64
65-69
70-74
75-79
80-84
85-89
Ethekwini Black Population
net inward
350000
migration
300000
2001
250000 Aids related mortality
decreasing 2007
number
200000
fertility 2010
150000
2013
100000
2019
50000
0
0-4 5-9 10- 15- 20- 25- 30- 35- 40- 45- 50- 55- 60- 65- 70- 75- 80- 85-
14 19 24 29 34 39 44 49 54 59 64 69 74 79 84 89
age

Ethekwini Asian
net outward
70000
migration
60000
2001
50000
2007
numbers
40000
ageing 2010
30000
2013
20000
2019
10000
0
0-4 5-9 10- 15- 20- 25- 30- 35- 40- 45- 50- 55- 60- 65- 70- 75- 80- 85-
14 19 24 29 34 39 44 49 54 59 64 69 74 79 84 89
age
Ethekwini White Population
25000 net outward

migration
20000 2001
ageing 2007
15000
number
2010
10000 2013
5000 2019
0
0-4 5-9 10- 15- 20- 25- 30- 35- 40- 45- 50- 55- 60- 65- 70- 75- 80- 85-
14 19 24 29 34 39 44 49 54 59 64 69 74 79 84 89
age

Ethekwini Coloured Population
12000 net outward

migration
10000
2001
8000 2007
number
6000 2010
ageing
4000 2013
2019
2000
0
0-4 5-9 10- 15- 20- 25- 30- 35- 40- 45- 50- 55- 60- 65- 70- 75- 80- 85-
14 19 24 29 34 39 44 49 54 59 64 69 74 79 84 89
age
The possible total population is expected to be as follows at selected years:
Total Population By Age

Ages 2004 2012 2020
0-4 350,854 325,928 322,296
5-9 350,922 356,877 335,717
10-14 301,378 328,083 315,787
15-19 327,699 345,290 362,465
20-24 342,105 358,418 393,456
25-29 320,658 333,990 352,804
30-34 273,424 258,322 280,399
35-39 234,601 218,969 227,246
40-44 191,775 162,991 166,390
45-49 159,687 132,305 143,420
50-54 132,421 122,065 117,604
55-59 102,499 103,309 99,059
60-64 77,794 93,008 92,595
65-69 56,708 70,214 78,244
70-74 39,214 51,428 65,177
75-79 24,265 30,440 39,069
80-84 14,365 18,750 24,593
85-89 7,976 10,914 13,948
TOTAL 3,310,348 3,323,316 3,432,290

3.4 The Economy
As noted in the IDP (June 2003), the EMMA’s Gross Geographic Product (GGP) per person
per year is R25 529. The EMMA economy is growing at a slow 1.8% per annum and the area
faces a severe unemployment situation.
Due to the relatively slow growth and unemployment situation, there is a significant percentage
of the customer base that falls in the category of less than R1000 income per month. The
income per dwelling unit (per month) as derived by the Census 1996 by Urban Strategy
Department is as follows: -
Income <R1000 R1000 – R1500- R3500 – >R6000

Category R1500 R3500 R6000
% of EMMA 32 11 21 15 21
Dwellings
Whilst supporting the need for a free basic water services policy the above income figures
indicate that payment for water services will be problematic once the basic level is exceeded.
3.5 National legislative and strategic policy formulation framework against which the
WSDP has been compiled
The National Water Act of 1998 and the Water Services Act 1997 have spawned a number of
policy framework documents as follows: -
• White paper on Water Supply and Sanitation Policy of 1994

• Draft National Sanitation White Paper of 1996
• White paper on a National Water Policy for South Africa, 1997
• White Paper on Basic Household Sanitation 2001 and
• Draft White Paper on Water Services, 2002
The above documents have led to the formulation of the following national strategies: -
• Free Basic Water Strategy

• Free Basic Sanitation Strategy (under development)
As the context in which some of the above policy and strategy documents has changed, the
Strategic Framework for Water Services (section 2.4.3) provides a current summary of the
policies for the water services sector.
The above documents and particularly the strategies for the delivery of free basic services
have been taken into account in developing the WSDP.

3.6 Positioning the WSDP within the context of the City’s Long Term Development
Framework (LTDF)
In order to address the critical challenges facing the ETM, the Council has chosen to adopt a
twenty year period during which time the City’s Vision will be achieved. This plan, or LTDF,
provides the framework within which the current and future IDPs and associated Spatial
Development Framework Plans will be compiled.
Components of the WSDP

- Strategy Planning and Financial
- Policy delivery
plans
Regional Spatial
Development Plans
IDPs
Local Spatial
Spatial Development Plans
Development
Framework
Spatial
Development Plan
Completed work Currently being developed
The WSDP must then fit into the LTDF and IDP in terms of its strategies and current planning.
Future revisions to the WSDP must necessarily take into account Regional and Local Spatial
Development Plans that in turn are based on Spatial Development Frameworks that are still
being formulated. This is illustrated diagrammatically above.

3.7 Key Actions
• Update Population projections based on 2001 census, latest AIDS scenario
projections, and other relevant current data sets.
• Update information about the economy using data supplied by the City’s
Corporate Policy Unit.
• Review the WSDP against an updated record of any changes to relevant National
Legislation and associated strategies for the water services sector.
• Develop the detailed Planning and Delivery components of the WSDP, and
associated Financial Plans, as Regional and Local Spatial Development plans are
developed.

SECTION 4 : KEY POLICIES
4.1 Water
4.1.1 Service levels
In order to make water available to customers at an affordable cost, three levels of service are
offered to domestic customers as follows: -
• Full pressure water supply fed directly to the household from the City’s supply
network.
• Semi pressure supply received by the household via a roof-tank.
• 200 litre of water per day available via a ground tank which is filled daily –
equivalent to free 6000litres of water per month.
The above levels of service are generally restricted to “formal” areas where the layout of roads
and residences are unlikely to change in the medium term.
In order to supply informal communities, often residing on private land, pending some kind of
relief via an “insitu” or “Greenfields” housing project, standpipes are provided no more than
200 meters away from the informal dwellings. Water supplied via the standpipes is free of
charge.
In providing an agreed level of water service, it is very important that a matching level of
sewerage service is provided, so as not to cause public health problems. For example, a full
pressure supply is not appropriate where a pit toilet is used and equally a ground tank water
supply is not appropriate where a full water borne sewerage system is used.
4.1.2 Tariffs6
Different tariffs are charged for domestic customers based on the type of water
service they receive and the amount of water they use in a 30-day period.
Customers with a full pressure water connection also pay a fixed charge based on the size of
the water meter.
4.1.3 Water Policies12

A policy document has been prepared which sets out the current policies relating to the water
service as directed by Council Committees over the past five years and refers to information
from existing policy, practice and bylaws.
Following the presentation of this document in a workshop held in August 2004, it was
resolved that a team of Councilors undertakes a critical assessment of its contents.
4.2 Sanitation
4.2.1 Sanitation Service Levels
The following sanitation service levels are accepted across the Unicity: -
Waterborne Dry
Conventional waterborne – connection to Urine Diversion toilet with double vaults.
sewerage infrastructure
Waterborne with on site disposal – septic
tank and associated soak-away
Waterborne with on site collection and off
site disposal e.g. conservancy tanks and
emptying and disposal by tanker.
Waterborne and on site treatment e.g a
package treatment plant
4.2.2 Tariffs7
4.2.2.1 Sewerage Rates
The sewerage function is currently funded via sewerage rates calculated by a “randage”
applied to both land and building values. The charge is applied to all properties which are
deemed to be “reasonably able” to connect to the Council’s sewer reticulation. The only
exception is where properties are deemed in terms of the Local Authorities Ordinance to be
non “rateable”. These properties are charged for the sewerage service by means of a volume
based user charge. It is the intention to move to such a volume based user charge for all
properties within the next five years1.
4.2.2.2 Uniform Tariffs for other Services
Different tariffs and tariff policies for services offered by EWS were inherited from the previous
structures. The policy adopted has been to phase out the differences such that a uniform tariff
1
See Section 6 – Research Projects and Supporting Plans - for details of the research on tariff structures.

of charges reflecting the full cost of providing any particular service across the Unicity is now in
place.
4.2.3 Waterborne sanitation to boundary of lots
Unlike water, which is supplied to the boundary of any property, it is the policy of the Council to
provide waterborne sanitation to the boundary of lots registered within the Metro areas as at
26 June 1996 and the balance of the Unicity areas as at 6 December 2000.
The development within one of these particular lots may be a single residential (or commercial
or industrial) unit or a large housing scheme (or commercial/industrial node). It is Council
policy to provide waterborne sanitation to the boundary of the registered lot and the provision
of the necessary reticulation within the lot is the responsibility of the developer/property
owner/householder and not the Council.
4.2.4 Role of the developer
The policy outlined above results in the developer of any private or public township scheme
being required to construct the complete sewerage reticulation within such a property.
In addition, should the developer require a sewer connection immediately (where one currently
is not available), then the developer may either: -
• fund the necessary extension (and be refunded the net expenditure by the
Council at a date which is in accordance with an approved sewering programme)
or,
• fund an alternative approved scheme (provided that the Council does not incur
operating expenses which are greater than twice the average).
4.2.5 Wetcores, drainage reticulation and connections

If a waterborne sanitation system is provided the individual householder wishing to make use
of the sanitation system is required to provide for a wetcore within the house, the required
drainage reticulation to the point of connection and the connection to the waterborne sewerage
system.
Should the householders not have the means to provide the necessary funding for the
wetcore, drainage reticulation and connection fees or appropriate grant funding cannot be
accessed then the Council may not approve the particular waterborne sewerage project.
4.2.6 Dense informal settlements – interim solution
Current policy is as follows:-

• If a settlement is to be formalised within one year, then no ablution facilities are
provided.
• If the settlement falls within a 1 to 5 year upgrade/relocation to formal housing

then a communal toilet facility is provided but to a less expensive design.
• If the settlement falls within a 5 to 15 year period prior to upgrade / relocation to

formal housing then a more substantial communal toilet facility is provided.
All toilets are on water borne sanitation with potable water for washing clothes, showers and a
kitchen utensil washing area.
The settlements are also benefiting from the prevention of run away fires by installing fire
hydrants, and access roads.
4.3 Guidelines11
In order to provide and understanding of the various policies and procedures adopted by the
Unit in the provision of water services guideline documents have been compiled to assist
developers, industrialists and members of the public. The guidelines are available to the public
on the eThekwini Municipality web site.
4.4 Free basic services
4.4.1 Water
All water customers, irrespective of the level of service, receive the first 6kℓ of water per month
at no cost. Thus, any customer who limits their monthly usage to below this figure receives a
free water supply.
Customers who do not have the financial means to purchase a higher level of service or
additional quantities of water, are supplied with ground tank that holds 200 litres of water and
is filled daily. In this way, a customer is assured of a regular daily supply of water at no cost.
4.4.2 Sanitation
No sewerage rates charge is levied where the valuation of the property (land and buildings) is
less than R30 000 as such properties are most probably owned and occupied by the poorest
category of persons.
In addition a system of rising block rebates is granted in respect of properties valued between
R 30 000 and R 100 000 as such properties are probably owned and occupied by relatively
poor categories of persons.

In areas where it is not viable for waterborne sewerage reticulation to be provided the basic
level of sanitation is the urine diversion double vault toilet. This construction provides a facility,
which can be emptied by the householder at no monetary cost, and is in line with the DWAF
evolving “free basic sanitation” policy whereby municipalities are required to develop local
strategies.
4.5 Key Actions
• Review, update and align the policies for the supply of water services and
charging / tariff mechanisms with any changes in National and Provincial
legislation and strategies.
• Carry out a review of Sanitation Guidelines, update, and amend as necessary.

SECTION 5 : BACKLOGS
5.1 Backlog definitions
Water
Rural
number of households without a water supply via a ground tank, yard tap or
direct supply to the house (whether the supply is by means of a connection to the
Municipality’s water reticulation system or a borehole or a water harvesting
scheme);
OR
number of households greater than 200 metres from an outlet device (an EBU or
water dispenser).
Non Rural Formal
number of households on properties greater than 200 meters from water
reticulation infrastructure.
Non Rural Informal
number of households without a (minimum of) standpipe supply within 200
metres.
Sanitation
Rural
number of households without a toilet belonging to that household which is at
least VIP (including UD) standard.
Non Rural Formal
number of households (measured as units within any property which currently
receives a water supply or is due to receive a water supply as part of the water
backlog) without either:-
- sewage reticulation within 100 metres of the property boundary; or
- adequate sanitation in the form of a septic tank, conservancy tank, package
plant or similar.
Non Rural Informal
number of households which cannot easily access a communal toilet block.

5.2 Required databases
Potential
Feature File Name Format Source Inaccuracy
in Data
Water Backlog
Specific
Infrastructure
Water Meters gpsmeters shapefile GIS
not captured
Infrastructure
Outlet Devices outlet_devices shapefile GIS
not captured
subset of Infrastructure
Water Dispensors water_dispensors shapefile
outlet_devices not captured
Subset of Infrastructure
Stand pipes stand_pipes Shapefile
outlet devices not captured
Infrastructure
Water Pipes watermains shapefile GIS
not captured
subset of water Infrastructure
Reticulation reticulation shapefile
mains not captured
subset of water
Infrastructure
EBU Spines spines shapefile mains /
not captured
reticulation
Sanitation Backlog
Specific
Infrastructure
Sewer Pipes sewer_pipes shapefile GIS
not captured
RWS Delivery Construction
hardcopy
Reports Branch - RWS
Common
shapefile
Requirement
Incomplete as
Construction
Pockets pockets shapefile always under
Branch - RWS
development
(re)defined
using
Rural Area rural_area shapefile waterborne
edge, sdf and
rws pockets
(re)defined as
remainder of
Non Rural Area non_rural_area shapefile Municipality
once rural
removed
Incorrect
Informal Metro Housing
informal_settlements shapefile boundary
Settlements Department
demarcations

Potential
Feature File Name Format Source Inaccuracy
in Data
MetGIS
database as
Refer to Note
Informal Dwellings dwellings shapefile updated by
(A) below.
Water's GPS
Teams
Property key
integrity may
Cadastral metroatt shapefile GIS
compromise
link to billing
Property key
integrity may
Billing billing dbf table GIS compromise
link to
cadastral
Notes:
(A) A number of inaccuracies may arise in the MetGIS dwellings database,
including:
• the exclusion from the backlog processes of structures not
identified and GPS’ed in the initial MetGIS project;
• the presence on the ground of new structures that have
not yet been GPS’ed for inclusion in MetGIS;
• the re-GPS’ing and re-numbering of structures originally
included in MetGIS resulting in duplication of records; and
• the assumption that the number of structures in MetGIS
equates to the number of households.

5.3 Backlog in Provision of Water Services
Based on the above data sets the backlog calculation is as follows:-
5.3.1 Water
Determination of the Water Services Backlog July 2004
Note: text in red refers to database names
Quantity Reference Source
(g) + (r)
WATER BACKLOG (HOUSEHOLDS) 74 680 (a)
+ (y)
Comprising of:
Rural
Definition number of households without a water supply via a ground tank, yard tap or
of direct supply to the house, or, number of households greater than 200 metres
Backlog: from an outlet device (an EBU or water dispenser).
Manual
Determine number of Dwellings in Rural Area 114 832 (b)
Entry
Select by
enter in rural_area
Theme
Save
Selection rural_dwellings
as
Determine number of Dwellings in Rural Area Manual
65 253 (c)
greater than 200m from Outlet Devices Entry
Select by rural_dwellings within
Theme 200m of outlet_devices
Switch
Selection
Save
rural_dwellings_greater_
Selection
200m_outlet_devices
as
Determine number of Dwellings of Type (c) Manual
65 253 (d)
greater than 200m EBU Spines Entry
Select by rural_dwellings_greater_200m_outlet_devices within 200m of
Theme ebu_spines
Switch
Selection
Save rural_dwellings_greater_
Selection 200m_outlet_devices_e
as bu_spines
Manual
Determine number of Water Meters in Rural Area 40 127 (e)
Entry
meters with
Select by
center in
Theme
rural_area

Save
rural_meter
Selection
s
as
Determine number of Water Meters in Rural Area Manual
34 167 (f)
rural_meter
s within
Select by
200m of
Theme
outlet_devic
es
Switch
Selection
rural_meter
Save
s_greater_2
Selection
00m_outlet
as
_devices
Rural Water Backlog (Households) 31 086 (g) (d) - (f)
Non Rural Formal

number of households on properties greater than 200
Definition of Backlog:
meters from water reticulation infrastructure.
Determine number of Properties in Non Rural Manual
466 989 (h)
Area Entry
metroatt
with center
Select by
in
Theme
non_rural_a
rea
Save
non_rural_p
Selection
roperties
as
138 134 (j)
Area without link to Billing Entry
billing to
non_rural_p
Join
roperties
non_rural_p
roperties
Select
with no join
records
to billing
non_rural_p
roperties_n
Save o_billing
Selection
as

Determine number of
Properties of Type (j) Manual
4 436 (k)
greater than 200m Entry
from Reticulation
non_rural_p
roperties_n
Select by o_billing
Theme within 200m
of
reticulation
Switch
Selection
non_rural_p
Save roperties_n
Selection o_billing_gr
as eater_200m
_reticulation
Reduce (k) by Removing Properties that are:
(query
included in location of
informal property 479 (l) Estimated
settlements polygon
centroid)
(query
vacant valuation 479 (m) Estimated
role)
(query
road reserves metroatt and 479 (n) Estimated
aerial photo)
(k) - (l) -
Non Rural Urban Water Backlog (Properties) 3 000 (p)
(m) - (n)
Manual
Households Per Property 1,0 (q)
Entry
Non Rural Formal Water Backlog (Households) 3 000 (r) (p) x (q)
Non Rural Informal

number of households without a (minimum of)
standpipe supply within 200 metres.
Manual
Determine number of Dwellings in Non Rural Area 135 560 (s)
Entry
dwellings
with center
Select by
in
Theme
non_rural_a
rea
non_rural_d
Save
wellings
Selection
as

Determine number of Dwellings in Non Rural Area Manual
49 579 (t)
non_rural_d
wellings
Select by within 200m
Theme of
outlet_devic
es
Switch
Selection
rural_dwelli
Save
ngs_greater
Selection
_200m_outl
as
et_devices
Determine number of Dwellings of Type (t) greater Manual
49 579 (u)
than 200m from EBU Spines Entry
Select by non_rural_dwellings_greater_200m_outlet_devices
Theme within 200m of ebu_spines
Switch
Selection
Save
non_rural_dwellings_greater_200m_outlet_devices_eb
Selection
u_spines
as
Determine number of Dwellings of Type (u) falling Manual
39 495 (v)
within designated Informal Settlements Entry
Select by non_rural_dwellings_greater_200m_outlet_devices_eb
Theme u_spines with center in informal_settlements
Save
Selection
u_spines_informal_settlements
as
Determine number of Dwellings of Type (u) falling Manual
10 084 (w)
outside designated Informal Settlements Entry
Select by non_rural_dwellings_greater_200m_outlet_devices_eb
Theme u_spines with center in informal_settlements
Switch
Selection
Save
Selection
u_spines_informal_settlements_not
as
Determine number of Dwellings of Type (z) Manual
1 099 (x)
greater than 200m from Reticulation Entry
Select by
u_spines_informal_settlements_not within 200m of
Theme
reticulation
Switch
Selection
Save non_rural_dwellings_greater_200m_outlet_devices_eb
Selection u_spines_informal_settlements_not_greater_200m_reti
as culation
Non Rural Informal Water Backlog
40 594 (y) (v) + (x)
(Households)

5.3.2 Sanitation
Determination of the Sanitation Services Backlog July 2004

Note: text in red refers to database names
Source /
Quantity Reference
Notes
(e) + (r) +
SANITATION BACKLOG (HOUSEHOLDS) 187 419 (a) (s) + (w) -
(z)
Comprising of:
Rural
nnumber of households without a toilet belonging to that household which is
at least VIP (including UD) standard.
Manual
Determine number of Dwellings in Rural Area 114 832 (b)
Entry
Select by dwellings with center
Theme in rural_area
Save Selection
rural_dwellings
as
Reported Delivery of UD's via Rural Water & Manual
17 500 (c)
Sanitation Programme to June 2004 Entry
Manual
Determine number of VIPs in Rural Areas 13 159 (d)
Entry
Select by sub_places with center
Theme in rural_area
Save Selection
rural_sub_places
as
(b) - (c) -
Rural Sanitation Backlog (Households) 84 173 (e)
(d)
Non Rural Formal
number of households (measured as units within any property which
currently receives a water supply or is due to receive a water supply as part
of the water backlog) without:
- sewage reticulation within 100 metres of the property boundary; or
- adequate sanitation in the form of a septic tank, conservancy tank,
package plant or similar.
466 989 (f)
Area Entry
Select by metroatt with center in
Theme non_rural_area
Save Selection
non_rural_properties
as
Determine number of Properties of Type (f) Manual
70 597 (g)
greater than 100m from Sewer Reticulation Entry

non_rural_properties
Select by
within 100m of
Theme
reticulation
Switch
Selection
Save Selection non_rural_properties_
as greater_100m_sewers
Manual
Determine number of Properties of Type (g) Entry
40 996 (h)
with no Water according to Billing Check = (g)
- (j)
billing to
Join non_rural_properties_greater
_100m_sewers
non_rural_properties_greater
Select
_100m_sewers that have 29 601 (j)
Records
joined to billing
Switch
Selection
Save
Selection
_100m_sewers_no_billing
as
Determine number of Properties of Type (h) Manual
35 039 (k)
with no MetGIS dwellings thereon Entry
Query
_100m_sewers_no_billing
Theme
contain centers of dwellings
Switch
Selection
Save non_rural_properties_greater
Selection _100m_sewers_no_sanitatio
as n_in_billing_no_dwellings
Reduce (k) by Removing Properties that are:
vacant (query valuation role) 10 020 (l) Estimated

(query metroatt and
road reserves 10 020 (m) Estimated
aerial photo)
Non Rural Urban Sanitation Backlog (k) - (l) -
15 000 (n)
(Properties) (m)
Manual
Households Per Property 1,0 (p)
Entry
Non Rural Formal Sanitation Backlog 15 000 (q) (n) x (r)
Non Rural Formal Sanitation Backlog (Households)
Parcel, No Water 15 000 (r) (r) - (s)
MetGIS outside Informal Settlements 14 000 (s) (u) - (v)
Non Rural Informal

Definition of
number of households which cannot easily access a toilet block.
Backlog:

Determine number of Dwellings in Non Rural Manual
135 560 (t)
Area Entry
Select by dwellings with center in
Theme non_rural_area
Save
Selection non_rural_dwellings
as
Determine number of Dwellings in Non Rural
130 000 (u) Estimated
Area further than "very close" to Sewer
Determine number of Dwellings of Type (t) Manual
115 996 (v)
falling within designated Informal Settlements Entry
non_rural_dwellings with
Select by
center in
Theme
informal_settlements
Save
non_rural_dwellings_informal
Selection
_settlements
as
Non Rural Informal Sanitation Backlog
115 996 (w) (x)
(Households)
VIPs in Non Rural Areas 41 750 (x) (d1) - (d2)
5.3.2.1 Explanation on the distribution of the sanitation backlog into categories
In order to put the sanitation backlog into categories that reflect the EWS’s delivery process it
has been necessary to distribute the sanitation backlog as follows:-
Less an estimated 18000 household

Households in informal settlements 116000
served by VIPs = 98000
Lots, assumed to be occupied, but without
15000
water supply.
Less and estimated 24000
households served by VIPs = 5000
METGIS units that are not part of the Housing
14000
programme
Sub-total 145000 103000
Distribution of VIPs as shown above

Deduct existing VIPs according to census 42000
Sub-total 103000 103000
Add: Rural Sanitation Backlog (Households) 84 000 84000

5.4 Progress in meeting the backlog
As of June 2004 water and sanitation services have been delivered to: -
• 17500 existing rural households without access to water and sanitation.

• Approximately 10000 household units built as part of housing projects
5.5 Key actions
• Update backlog projections on an annual basis.

SECTION 6 : PLANNING AND DELIVERY
6.1 Introduction
As itemized in Section 2.3 of this document the principle themes contained in the IDP are as
follows: -
1. Maximize use of existing facilities and infrastructure.

2. Develop a financial strategy such that a balance between the need to “develop
and extend” new infrastructure and “regenerate and maintain” existing
infrastructure is obtained
3. Regenerate existing residential and core business area to grow the economy and
(in so doing) contribute to the improvement of life of citizens.
4. Formulate service delivery strategies, which will maximize the impact on job
creation and poverty alleviation.
5. Extend basic services to all.
The above principle themes have further been translated into the following actions pertaining
to water and sanitation planning and delivery:-
• Provision of a minimum of a basic level of water services to each household.

• Focus planning on strategic platform infrastructure (i.e. trunk mains / sewers and
sewage treatment works serving existing residential and core business areas and
areas where the sustainable development of the City is planned.
• Increase utilization of existing infrastructure by adopting structured rehabilitation
and maintenance programmes.
• Promote job creation opportunities and affirmative procurement
With the above in mind the following service development plans have been put in place.
6.2 Basic services to rural areas – Water and Sanitation Programme9
The ETM has already embarked on a programme which will see basic water and sanitation
being provided to approximately 75 000 householders situated mainly in the rural areas over
the next 4 - 6 years.
The adopted approach is as follows:-
• Each household will be provided with 200 litres of water per day made available
via a ground tank, which is filled daily.
• Each household without adequate sanitation will be provided with a toilet as well
as information on health and hygiene practices via an education programme.

The target area for the implementation of the Basic Water and Sanitation programme is that
area outside the imaginary line drawn where it is difficult to provide water borne sewerage and
the outside limits of the EMMA. It approximates the “Urban Edge” as denoted in the SDF as
the boundary between the “Urban Periphery” and “Rural / Peri Urban” area.
It is estimated that the programme will take 4 - 6 years to complete. Prioritization of

communities within the target area is based both on community needs and on health surveys
conducted by the Health Department.
All construction work is done using local labour managed by the labour-based section of the
EWS. Water is supplied by automatic water bailiffs to a 200-litre ground tank on a daily basis.
Toilets are based on Urine diversion technology and drying or desiccating of faecal matter in
vaults below the toilet superstructure.

Health and education programmes are in place and a uniform training manual used to train
community facilitators (who in turn train the householders) has been developed. Monitoring of
the success of the education procedures is done by an external organization.
6.3 Water and sewer trunk mains to new housing developments
The vision of eThekwini Housing is the creation of sustainable human settlements with a view
to ensuring that all citizens have access to housing opportunities with secure tenure, have
access to appropriate services and allow for incremental housing improvement.
eThekwini Housing envisages providing in the order of 10 000 to 16000 new housing
opportunities per annum. EWS will be required to provide services to these new housing
developments, which will be a combination of service levels ranging from full waterborne to on
site dry sanitation systems.
The housing delivery programme will, feed into the development of Regional and Local Spatial
Development Plans (refer Section 3.6) which, when developed, will facilitate the detailed
planning of water services infrastructure and provide a measure of prioritization of the
proposed housing projects.
6.4 Water Services Development Planning
6.4.1 Sanitation
The diagram in Section 3.6 depicts that certain macro level planning for Water Services
delivery has taken place in advance of the preparation of both Regional and Local Spatial
Development Plans.
For this purpose, two models have been created. The Population / Commercial Development
Model (PDM) calculates area-specific population and commercial / industrial development on a
year-by-year basis given the following inputs:-
• Global (i.e. municipality-wide) population and economic development growth rates (%

per annum and ha / annum respectively;
• Localized growth rates for known residential and economic developments;
• Precedence of development timing; and
• Time horizons for development.
The Flow Generation Model (FGM) calculates wastewater volumes per day per wastewater
treatment works on a year-by-year basis given the following inputs:
• Population and economic development per year (outputs from the PDM);

• A sanitation level of service development programme accounting for the backlog of
unsewered, developed and developing areas and the implementation of appropriate
technology where necessary;
• Suitable unit flow / mobilization rates (per capita per day or per area per day); and
• Calibration of status quo data.
The application is designed to enable due cognizance of treatment works closures, cross
catchment transfers, etc. to be taken.
The models were developed in the period 1996 to 1998, following the advent of the Durban
Transitional Council, and, using data available at that time (which included an average
population growth rate across the then Durban Metropolitan area of 2,7% p.a.). The models
were used to develop a comprehensive medium to long-term strategic plan for the delivery of a
sewage disposal service and for optimizing and rationalising the existing systems inherited
from 45 different authorities.
The models were further refined and developed in 2001 to 2010 and used again to review the
findings of the previous study in the light of: -
• A new forecast population development rate that was substantially different to the rate
used in the 1998 study (refer to section 3.2);
• The new Unicity (and now Municipality) replacing the previous Durban Metropolitan
Council, with consequent increase in area and population and
• The application of appropriate on-site sanitation technology to currently unserviced rural
and peri-urban areas where it had been previously assumed that waterborne sanitation
would ultimately be provided.
When the predicted sewage flows generated by the 1998 study are compared with the
significantly reduced flow (predicted from the 2002 study) and then compared with the total
installed capacity at the sewage treatment works the need for a policy of consolidation as
opposed to one of ongoing expansion is evident.
This reinforces the IDP policy whereby, in giving priority to rehabilitating existing infrastructure,
rather than constantly extending platform infrastructure to new areas, all new developments
which require the extension of platform infrastructure to new areas be carefully assessed as to
whether they are sustainable and in the best interests of the City.

RATIONALE BEHIND
CONSOLIDATION STRATEGY
1200
1000
Ml/day
800
600
400
1996 2000 2004 2008 2012 2016 2020
YEAR
Projected average daily flows, 2001 study Projected average daily flows, 1998 study
Installed treatment capacity
Figure 3 - Rationale behind the consolidation strategy
The existing treatment works have each been evaluated against the background of the
envisaged development scenario. Based on this assessment preferred consolidation options
for the treatment plants have been developed as follows:-

Node Preferred Option
Amanzimtoti Retain :Partial flow transfer to Southern for Medium to
Long term
Kingsburgh Retain: Upgrade as and when required
Hillcrest Retain: Upgrade as and when required with access
road re-alignment and rehabilitation
Dassenhoek Retain: Upgrade as and when required until Umlass
trunk reached works in due course
KwaNdengezi Retain: Upgrade as and when required until Umlass
trunk reached works in due course
New Germany Decommission: Full transfer to Northern works as and
when capital funds available.
Cato Ridge Retain; Upgrade as and when required
Umdloti Regional Abandon plans for new regional works
Works
Phoenix Works Retain : Upgrade as and when required
Whereas the development of Regional and Local Spatial Development Plans will provide
greater detail for the models to be re-run, they are unlikely to alter the above preferred options
unless the population predictions are substantially altered. They will, however, allow both a
more accurate view of the respective timing of the upgrades and the development of a trunk
infrastructure programme.
6.5 Maintenance of existing water and sanitation infrastructure
The IDP makes specific reference to the requirement to “implement a programme to maintain
existing infrastructure networks” and to “implement a loss reduction programme”. Further it
(The IDP) requires the following key actions: -
• Develop rehabilitation and maintenance programmes for reticulation networks.

• Set up task teams to address system failure and other significant causes of loss
Figure 4 - Summary of consolidation strategy options
The IDP recognises that unless the existing infrastructure is consistently maintained and
replaced as the network exceeds its serviceable life, the rapidly deteriorating infrastructure will
become a huge financial burden on the ETM.
Current international trends indicate that between 60 – 70% of funds spent on infrastructure
maintenance should be on scheduled maintenance and the remainder on breakdowns. It is

estimated that the EWS currently spends 80% of the budget on breakdowns and the remainder
on scheduled maintenance.
In order to avoid collapse of the network and to adhere to requirements of the IDP the following
will be undertaken: -
• Investigate international trends on maintenance budgets as a percentage of asset

value, the ratio between proactive versus reactive maintenance and the possible
savings that this results in (if any).
• Based on the findings of the investigation referred to above, develop rehabilitation

and maintenance programmes for the ETM infrastructure based on current
resources for the next five years.
• Develop a budget based on the rehabilitation and maintenance programmes,

which takes into account the need to change from reactive maintenance (repairing
breakdowns) to a scheduled maintenance programme systematically over the
next 5 years.
• Review the budget annually so as to take into account new developments or

services (which need to be maintained).
• Set up task teams to investigate consistent system failures, other significant

causes of loss and storm water ingress into the wastewater system and its
contribution to increased treatment costs.
• Set up a capital replacement program to address ageing systems
• Set up a monitoring protocol that will allow the value of the ETM infrastructure to
be evaluated and reported on.
6.6 Key actions
• Evaluate progress on the provision of basic water and sanitation by means of

monthly and annual report,
• Revise and extend planning as Regional and Local Spatial Development Plans
become available.
• Develop a procedure and practice to assess and prioritize replacement,
rehabilitation and maintenance needs
• Develop a replacement, rehabilitation and maintenance works programme and
budget for priority areas

SECTION 7 : RESEARCH PROJECTS AND SUPPORTING PLANS
7.1 Tariff structures and user charges
The water supply function is funded through water tariffs. The water tariff will continue to
balance the economic and social requirements of the function through rising block structures
which incorporate a provision for free basic water
The sewerage function is currently funded by means of the sewerage rates, which are applied
to all properties that have access to connect to the Councils sewer reticulation. The only
exception at present are those properties that are deemed to be non “rateable” who are
charged for the sewerage service by means of a volume based user charge.
In terms of the Water Services Act of 1997, the Minister has issued GN R of 2001-06-11 which
details ' Norms and Standards in respect of tariffs for water services ...." .
In addition to these Regulations a set of Guidelines to "assist people to understand and

implement the regulations" has also been published. In respect of tariffs for sanitation services
the guideline states, inter alia,”...., the sanitation tariff for waterborne sanitation systems should
be based on the volume of water supplied". "Practices that base sanitation charges on factors
that are not directly related to usage, such as number of toilets, the property value or plot size
are discouraged."
It is therefore the intention to move to a volume based user charge for all properties within the
next five years. A volume based user charge will include a lifeline policy. With this in mind a
project will be initiated which will evaluate the feasibility of raising sanitation charges based on
water consumption with a view to reporting to Council on the potential impact and associated
risks.
7.2 Sludge management
7.2.1 The Present situation
The wastewater treatment works (WTW) located within the ETM produces approximately 95
tons (dry) of sludge per day. Based on the projected expansion of the waterborne sewerage
system, this quantity is expected to increase to approximately 120 tons (dry) over the next 20
years.

The sludge currently produced, is disposed as follows: -
• 50% of the sludge is disposed together with pretreated wastewater through the
two sea outfalls.
• 20% of the sludge is incinerated
• 30% is stockpiled at the various WTW
7.2.2 Future plans
During 2000 to 2003 the EWS undertook an investigation into sludge disposal. A number of
options were identified and investigated. As a result of the investigation a number of practical
disposal options were identified as being suitable as follows: -
• Disposal to sea
• Land beneficiation
• Incineration /industrial use
• Disposal to landfill
Considerable work is being done on sludge disposal within South Africa. The work primarily
involves developing land beneficiation products derived from sludge and aimed at servicing the
agricultural industry. It was recognized that this research is more advanced than that carried
out by the EWS. Hence, the adopted short-term strategy is to: -
• Monitor and keep abreast of developments in South Africa and elsewhere

regarding sludge derived products, to test, and implement once the technology is
proven and a market established.
• Modify and optimize the existing disposal methods e.g. the dryer system currently
in use is being modified such that a further 5 % of the sludge produced can be
incinerated.
• Investigate short-term site-specific disposal options at each Works including

transport to landfill.
• Establish monitoring protocols at each works where sludge is stored to measure

whether there is any impact on the surrounding environment.
7.3 Water loss – Non Revenue Water

7.3.1 Introduction
At present approximately 30% of the 280 000 mega liters of water that is purchased annually is
unaccounted for within the ETM (see table below). Because of this relatively high loss of water,
the EWS has established a Non Revenue Water (NRW) Branch whose focus is to reduce the
amount of unaccounted for water within the ETM.
The ultimate goal of the NRW Branch is to have all 11000km of water mains zoned, metered
and monitored such that water balances can be carried out and key indicators determined. The
EWS have adopted the standards and best practices as advocated by the International Water
Association (IWA). It is the intention of the NRW Branch to develop specific interventions to
consistently reduce the amount of unaccounted for water to reach the goals set by the ETM
and DWAF.
Description July 2002 to

June 2003 % of total
Amount of bulk water purchased (kl) 274901152
Treated water supplied to:-
Residential - full pressure water 104479534 54.99%
Residential - semi pressure 3497936 1.84%
Residential - groundtank / standpipe 4008635 2.11%
Non Domestic 77998590 41.06%
Others
Subtotal treated water supplied 189984695 100.00%
Untreated water supplied
Total water supplied 189984695
Difference -> Purchase - Sales 84916457 31%
Reticulation leaks, Reservoir Overflows, Service connection leaks 62413596 74%
Illegal Connections 22502861 26%
Total water loss 84916457
7.3.2 Targets
At the commencement of the non-revenue water reduction programme, the Inefficiency of Use
(IOU) percentage was 34% and the Infrastructure Leakage Index (ILI) was 102. For the
financial year ending June 2003, the ILI was 8.1 and the IOU was 30.4%.
2
an ILI of 1 is equivalent to achieving the least possible water with regard to pressure, length of mains and
number of connections

The IOU figures have been derived using the bulk purchase and sales figures only. No
deductions or allowances have been made for any unmeasured but authorised consumption.
Plans are currently in place to lower the ILI to 5 in the medium term (IOU 25%) and in the long
term (5 years) an ILI of 3 (IOU 20%) should be achievable.
It is estimated that at least 26% of the calculated water loss is as a result of illegal connections.
The remaining 74% is due to a combination of causes such as background reticulation leaks,
bursts, meter inaccuracies, fire fighting, unmetered connections, fire flow, main flushing,
reservoir cleaning and overflows.
The IDP has set a 5-year goal of reducing the amount of illegal connections by 60%
7.3.3 Methodology
7.3.3.1 Phase 1 intervention
Phase 1 intervention commenced in August 2002 in 9 areas of the ETM. The areas were
selected as they consume 40% of the water distributed within the ETM.
The following interventions were implemented in the selected areas: -
• Creation and verification of discrete monitoring zones

• Installation of bulk & district meters
• Consistently update GIS records
• Carry out water balances and report on key indicators
• Optimise PRV settings
• Rectify Billing data
7.3.3.2 Phase 2 interventions
Based on the lessons learnt from the phase 1 interventions the following phase 2 interventions
were implemented: -
• Drop tests were conducted to estimate MNF in new reservoir zones so as to

prioritise zones
• Bulk reservoir meters were installed on problematic reservoirs
• Utilisation of insertion meters on water mains > 300mm.
It has been shown that the reduction in pressure is the single most effective and cheapest
intervention strategy thus the optimisation of the PRV settings have been prioritised and is
currently being done throughout the ETM.
7.3.3.3 Additional interventions

Once the cause of high water loss is identified, the following interventions are envisaged: -
• Active Leakage Control -Leak detection is to be typically done in discrete areas

where a base line has been obtained.
• Water Wizard - a GIS based utility, which enables monthly water balances to be
carried out in areas where the bulk meters exist.
• Standpipe replacement programme - data at hand shows that there are in excess
of 2000 non-metered standpipes in the ETM. As part of the Basic Water and
Sanitation Programme these standpipes will consistently be replaced with ground
tank supply systems
7.3.3.4 Related activities
The following proactive NRW activities are also being carried out by the EWS: -
• High consumption customers are short-listed and contracted plumbers are

instructed to investigate and leave an “offer to repair” letter. If consumption does
not drop, the property is visited again after 3 months. If consumption does not
drop and arrears are in excess of 60 days, a forced repair is done and charged to
the consumer.
• Installation of flow limiting devices - these are installed where account arrears are
in excess of 60 days.
• Ground Tanks are being installed to provide a lifeline supply to all which also
reduces the need for a community to install illegal connections or to vandalise
water installations.
• Updating of the consumer data base
• Coordinating of meters by GPS
7.3.4 Compliance with National strategies
The EWS considers the reduction in NRW to be of prime importance and hence monthly
progress reports are submitted to the Head EWS.
The 5-year goal is to have 80% of all water purchased metered and accounted for. This
complies with the suggested benchmark set out in the Strategic Framework for Water Services
dated September 2003.

7.4 Recycling of water
7.4.1 South Durban Service Water
In the early 1990’s it was considered necessary to commence planning to augment the
capacity of the City’s southern marine outfall sewer pipeline. As the capital costs associated
with augmenting the outfall pipeline were very high, alternative solutions were investigated.
The adopted alternative consisted of the following:
1. The construction of a secondary treatment works which would treat the

wastewater to a quality, which would allow the final effluent to be discharged at
the mouth of the Umlaas Canal.
2. The construction of a tertiary wastewater treatment works, which would treat the
“secondary wastewater” such that the final quality of the effluent would allow the
water to be sold as treated water to industrial consumers.
The complete plant was constructed in two phases as a public / private partnership both of
which are now operational. The combined treatment facility has the capacity to treat up to 49Ml
(megalitres) per day. The treated water is sold to SAPREF, who use the water for cooling in
their oil refining process, and Mondi Paper, who use the water in their papermaking process.
The current output of industrial quality water is currently limited to 25Ml/d by the volume of
domestic raw sewage received at the plant. Potential customers are available and the
feasibility of increasing flows to the Works is to be pursued.
7.4.2 Magabheni Water Reuse Agricultural Project
The project is a pilot project that aims to re-use the nutrient rich outflow water from the
Magabheni Maturation Ponds for alternative livelihood development including: -
• Commercial cultivation and harvesting of a variety of crops by the local

community,
• The re-vegetation of the riparian zone with indigenous plant varieties that can be
harvested for use in the production of local craftwork.
The project planning was started in 2001 and is being funded by the Department of
Environmental Affairs and Tourism and the ETM. The project is supported by the community,
the local Inkosi and the ward Councilor.
The success of the project is still to be evaluated but if successful has the potential to be
replicated at other sites.

7.5 Pit emptying
It is estimated that there are 150 000 pit latrines within the ETM boundaries. The majority of
these toilets are situated in the rural/peri urban areas incorporated into the ETM at the time
that the Unicity was formed. The informal pits will be replaced as part of the Water and
Sanitation programme but many of these pits, and all the VIPs, will continue to be used for the
foreseeable future.
The current Unicity tariff includes a rate for the emptying of a VIP at a nominal charge of
R85,00 (including VAT) (2004/2005). The service was introduced for public health reasons
and is heavily subsidized by other users of the sewerage system. The emptying of VIPs is
currently carried out in response to a request from the householder. Experience of the last
three years has been that the average cost of emptying a VIP as an ad-hoc demand
responsive service is in excess of R700.00 primarily because of the distances that have to be
traveled in reaching the full VIPs that are spread over a wide area. This cost can be
considerably higher if the VIPs are constructed in locations that are more difficult to access.
In order to address these problems it was proposed and accepted by Council that the current
cost of emptying VIP toilets could be significantly reduced if accessible VIPs and pit latrines in
complete areas were serviced in a relatively short period. In this manner, it is envisaged that a
free service could be a viable alternative.
Based on this analysis, the Council approved a policy to provide free basic sanitation services
by providing a pit emptying service once every five years to all families whose sole sanitation
system is currently an unimproved pit or VIP type pit latrine.
The above Council policy was adopted subject to the cost assumptions underlying this policy
being tested.
In view of the variables involved such as accessibility, size of pit terrain etc, a pilot study has
been commissioned such that the most cost efficient method can be evaluated as well as the
type of plant and machinery to be used.
Three areas uMnini, Umlazi and Besters Camp have been targeted and pit emptying has
commenced in these areas.
The pit emptying techniques entails the hire of teams of plant and labour, who under the
control of an Engineer appointed by the ETM employ various methodologies to empty pits and
dispose of the contents.
Various methods are being tested as well as the complexities associated with the disposal of
the contents. Equipment is being sourced or fabricated specially to determine the most efficient
yet pragmatic way of being able to empty pits on an ongoing basis within the ETM.

Once completed the Council will be in a position to decide on a “free basic sanitation” service
for those households who currently have an unimproved pit or VIP type pit latrine.
7.6 Public education programmes3
7.6.1 Sanitation
In 1995 an education campaign was launched. The purpose of the campaign was to educate
the public on the city's wastewater systems with a view to reducing the amount of blockages
and the consequent environmental pollution.
The campaign was adjusted in 1996/7 to cater for the creation of the Durban Metropolitan area
and since then has been rolled out by way of six programmes that range from poster
presentations to innovative street theatre productions and publications for use by industry.
The campaign has thus far been successful in that blockages have been reduced by a third
throughout the ETM.
The programme has been rolled out to an estimated 350 000 adults and approximately 250
000 school children. The programme has been expanded to cater for the basic water and
sanitation roll out in the rural / peri urban areas and includes a health / hygiene and a operation
and maintenance component.
7.6.2 Water
Ethekwini Water Services is committed to enhancing school children’s knowledge about water
(and sanitation) through a structured and sustainable education programme. Besides visibility
in national conservation efforts such as National Water Conservation Program and National
Water Week, Ethekwini Water Services is also deeply involved in a wide range of educational
programmes which focus on promoting water conservation, water demand management,
sanitation and health and hygiene awareness among learners and adult members of the
community. These programmes take the form of organised site visits, water testing, visits to
schools, hands on workshops, a mobile education unit, community theatre and tours of the
water/wastewater treatment works.
7.6.3 Strategy regarding ongoing education
The strategy for the next 5 years is as follows:-
• Develop and introduce innovative approaches/ methodologies to sustain existing

education initiatives.
3
Further information can be obtained from the Education and Public Liaison Division

• Ensure that all education initiatives and resources for schools are in line with
curriculum 2005 and National Environmental Education Programme.
• Build capacity within communities to manage their own water and sanitation
facilities (basic water and sanitation).
• Improve customer service relation by setting up satellite consumer offices within

the community to attend to queries and complaints
7.7 Environmental Monitoring
7.7.1 Introduction
The Department has currently a small team of officials whose primary role is to carry out on-
site investigations at business premises to prevent the discharge of dangerous or illegal
substances into the Council’s sewerage reticulation system and to control trade effluent.
In addition some 10 000 “water” samples are taken each month at rivers, streams, storm water
outlets, the harbour and the beaches to check for sewage pollution. Each and every result
which indicates significant pollution is followed up by a dedicated team. The cause of the
pollution is identified and remedial measures determined. Monthly incident reports are kept to
track the progress and reoccurrence of such incidences. Sewer Problem Status Reports are
distributed to the DWAF regional office for information.
While the present team is highly effective, in recognition that a “clean” environment will
contribute significantly in achieving the City’s vision i.e. a high quality of life for all its citizens,
and to ensure compliance with NEMMA and associated legislation, a new Pollution and
Environmental Branch is in the process of being created.
As part of the creation of the new Branch ongoing discussions are being held between the
ETM Environmental Branch, DWAF and/or DAEA to determine responsibilities for the
following: -
• The responsibility for environmental monitoring in general.
• The responsibility of monitoring (and the extent to which it is monitored) of

groundwater usage and quality.
• The establishment of responsibilities and the involvement in terms of Catchment

Management.
• The clear definition of and the coordinated responsibilities for the exertion and
enforcement of the relevant environmental laws

The primary role of this new Branch will be to ensure that the 425 million litres of sewage
treated daily is discharged with little or no impact on the environment and that pollution of the
City’s environment is prevented.
7.7.2 Scope of Responsibilities of the Pollution and Environment Branch
The envisaged scope of responsibilities is as follows: -
• Setting ambient quality standards, anticipating threats to the receiving environment and
developing source base controls to regulate the quality and discharge of wastewater.
• Checking that the sourced based controls are in place.
• Monitoring the receiving environment.
• Initiating preventative measures and facilitating the use of alternative technologies to
improve the quality of discharge.
• Pollution Prevention, Waste Minimisation, Impact Management and Remediation.
It should be noted that the above tasks are already operational. The task of coordination and
management will be formalized under the auspices of the ETM Environmental Branch. The
Unit’s new branch will be established as part of a Citywide re-organisation (refer Section 8)
during the next 12 months.
7.8 Key Actions
• Evaluate feasibility of raising sanitation charges based on water consumption.

• On-going evaluations of short and medium term sludge disposal solutions and current
disposal / storage practices.
• Water loss. – 80% of all water purchased monitored and accounted for.
• Evaluate feasibility of increasing flows for treatment at the industrial water plant.
• Monitor success of Water Re-use agricultural project and evaluate feasibility of
replicating at other sites.
• Complete pilot study on pit emptying techniques and cost and finalise free basic
sanitation policy.
• Establish a dedicated pollution and environment function and conclude agreement on
responsibilities with relevant authorities.

SECTION 8 : INSTITUTIONAL AND MANAGEMENT STRUCTURES
8.1 Management Structure – Water and Sanitation Organogram
WATER AND SANITATION UNIT
HEAD: WATER AND SANITATION
DEPUTY HEAD: CUSTOMER SERVICES
MANAGER:CONTACT CENTRE
MANAGER: COUNCILLOR LIAISON
MANAGER: URBAN CUSTOMER SERVICES
MANAGER:REGIONAL CUSTOMER CENTRES
DEPUTY HEAD: OPERATIONS
MANAGER:TREATMENT WORKS
MANAGER: WATER NETWORK
MANAGER:WASTE WATER NETWORK
MANAGER: RURAL SYSTEMS
MANAGER:MECHANICAL AND ELECTRICAL

MANAGER: CONSTRUCTION
DEPUTY HEAD: TECHNICAL SUPPORT
MANAGER: PLANNING
MANAGER:DESIGN
MANAGER: ENGINEERING RECORDS
MANAGER LABORATORY
MANAGER: POLLUTION AND THE ENVIRONMENT

MANAGER: NON REVENUE WATER
MANAGER: PLANT AND LOGISTICS
DEPUTY HEAD: ADMINISTRATION
MANAGER: WORKS ACCOUNTS

MANAGER: CONTRACTS AND MATERIALS
MANAGER: IT
MANAGER:ADMINISTRATION
SENIOR MANAGER: HUMAN RESOURCES
MANAGER: HUMAN RESOURCES

MANAGER: HUMAN RESOURCES ADMINISTRATION
MANAGER: TRAINING
The City has embarked on the restructuring of the entire organization in order to align the
organogram with the IDP. The newly created Water and Sanitation Unit forms part of one of six

“Clusters” formed by the City to reflect the priority action areas. The organogram of the Water
and Sanitation Unit is shown above.
As of June 2004, the posts of Head of the Unit and the Deputy Heads of Customer Services
and Technical Support have been filled. The filling of the remaining posts will be by
advertisement or by the “placement” of existing staff. It is anticipated that this will be completed
by end 2004.
As a carry over from the previous status quo report, the filling of technical posts remains
problematic. It is envisaged that this problem will be further exacerbated in the years to come
and thus attention needs to be given to the appointment of suitably qualified technical
personnel.
8.2 Customer Focus – Batho Pele
The EWS has responded to the Governments Initiative of Batho Pele by launching an internal
project focused on transforming service delivery.
The Batho Pele process within the EWS is based on a charter that outlines the rights that its
customers have when dealing with the EWS. The Charter is based on 8 principles as follows: -
1. Consultation – ask customers what they need EWS to provide.

2. Service Standards – inform the customer what they can expect and then ensure
that the service standards are met at all times.
3. Access – ensure that the services offered by the EWS are accessible to all.
4. Courtesy- ensure that all customers are treated with the same respect and
consideration.
5. Information – always provide useful information about the services on offer.
6. Openness and transparency – ensure that the EWS is open and honest about all
that the EWS does.
7. Redress – ensure that the EWS respond to complaints and inculcate a culture
that apologizes to the customer if a mistake is made.
8. Value for money – eliminate wastage and always strive for perfection.
The Batho Pele campaign was successfully launched during October 2003 with members of
the public being invited to attend presentations whereby the concept of Batho Pele was
introduced.

The campaign is on-going and is supported / reinforced by various initiatives.
8.3 Institutional arrangements for the provision of water services in the greater
eThekwini Area
The National Strategic Framework for Water Services proposes a process to restructure the
water services sector in South Africa. The purpose of the restructuring would be to create
viable water service providers that will be accountable to the existing water service authorities.
Umgeni Water is a supplier of water to Ugu, Sisonke, Ilembe, Umgungunlovu, eThekwini and
Msunduzi. Since eThekwini purchases 85% of the total water supplied by Umgeni Water,
studies have shown that should eThekwini Water Services and Umgeni Water combine, then
the price of water could be reduced as a result of overall operating efficiencies.
In terms of the Municipal Systems Act any proposal to review the manner in which services are
provided has to be undertaken in terms of section 78 of that Act. This means that a review of
service delivery mechanisms has to be undertaken in conjunction with Umgeni Water,
neighboring water service authorities, affected labour and public sector stakeholders.
EWS has budgeted for the appointment of external consultants to facilitate the review of the
institutional arrangements for the provision of water services during the 2004/2005 financial
year. Should the outcome of the review be that a combined water service provider is viable,
then the necessary restructuring of EWS and Umgeni Water would need to be included in the
2005/2006 financial year budgets.
8.3 Key Action
• Placement of all staff to new organogram.
• Identification, funding, advertising, and filling of subsequent “key” vacancies especially

technical positions.
• Review institutional arrangements for the provision of water services in the greater
eThekwini areas.

SECTION 9 : TARGETS AND PERFORMANCE
INDICATORS
9.1 Comparison of Targets and Performance Indicators
The Table below presents performance indicators (KPI’s) and targets

(Outputs) that have been set to measure the delivery of water services in
meeting the desired outcomes of the IDP and this WSDP.
KPI Baseline WSDP target Comments

Output 1 – Extend access to water and sanitation services all households in rural areas.
Programme in place
Number of households provided since 2002 currently
Backlog of 100% of backlog by
with access to basic water and delivering basic
Water 31 000 Water 2008
sanitation via 200 litre water water and sanitation
Sanitation 84 000 Sanitation 2010
tanks and urine diversion toilets to approximately
8000 households per
year.
Output 2 – Extend access to water and sanitation services to all households in Informal
Settlements
Programme in
place since 2003
to provide
existing informal
settlements with
Number of households in
standpipe water
informal settlements provided Backlog of 100% of backlog by
and communal
with access to an interim level of Water 39 500 Water 2008
toilet blocks
service via a water standpipe Sanitation 98 000 Sanitation 2010
pending their
and communal toilet block
upgrading or
relocation to
formal housing.
Output 3 – extend access to water and sanitation services to unserviced households in urban /
periurban areas
Number of projects identified to

Ongoing
extend water and sewerage
programme of
infrastructure to existing
Backlog of 100% of backlog by extending
households / developed lots
Water 3000 Water 2008 existing water
currently without adequate levels
Sanitation 5 000 Sanitation 2010 and sewerage
of service which are funded and
reticulation
commissioned timeously.
systems.

C:\Council_Web\WServ_Deve_Plan\136776_2.DOC
Output 4 -Extend water and sanitation to areas where on-site sewerage disposal is failing.

Ongoing
extend sewerage infrastructure
programme of
to households / developed lots
extending
where existing sewerage 100% backlog achieved
To be determined existing
systems are failing - resulting in by 2010
sewerage
pollution / health hazards which
reticulation
are funded and commissioned
systems.
timeously.
Output 5 – Extend water and sanitation services to support growth and development.
support approved growth and
development plans which are 100%
fundedand commissioned
timeously.
Output 6 – Extend water and sanitation lifeline tariffs to all
Number of households paying for Free basic water

basic water services. Zero Zero policy already in
place
Provision of
sanitation as a
basic service is
Number of households paying for already in place.
basic sanitation services Zero Policy regarding
emptying of VIP
still to be
determined.
Output 7 – A financially viable and accountable water and sanitation service with improved
revenue
Water debt expressed as debtor

185 Less than 90 days
days
Debtor days
applies only to
Sanitation debt expressed as tariff charges,
47 Less than 90 days
debtor days only (not
payment of
sewerage rates)
The proportion of total water
purchased which is supplied and
metered.
67% 80%

Output 8 – The provision of a water and sanitation service which is environmentally sustainable
Volume of treated wastewater

discharged to the environment Discharge
which complies with the standards for
discharge standards 91% 100% each treatment
works are set by
the DWAF.
Output 9 – A water and sanitation unit which provides a quality service
The number of households who

do not receive water of an
3% Zero
adequate drinking quality
(expressed as a percentage of
the total number of households
who receive water)
Interruptions in
supply to be less
The number of households (as a
than 48 hours
proportion of the total number of
duration with a
households supplied by formal
0.05% Zero cumulative
piped systems) which experience
interruption time
inadequate continuity of the
during the year
water supply service
of less than 15
days.

SECTION 10 : FINANCIAL PLAN
10.1 Introduction
Over the past five years, the City has massively extended its services to
meet the needs of the previously disadvantaged communities. This shift has
resulted in under spending on the maintenance of existing infrastructure and
an increase in amounts owing by debtors. To deal with this pull on its
resources, tariffs, service charges, and property rates have been raised to
levels that are being seen as unaffordable.
Although it is the intention of the City to develop a medium term expenditure

framework that balances developmental and maintenance expenditure
within a set of guidelines for the allocation of resources, decisions taken
around the 2004/2005 budget reflect a situation of severe financial stress.
10.2 Water and Sanitation Capital Budget
For Water Services some 70 projects amounting to R60 million many

regarded as key to meeting the targets for delivery and maintenance set in
this WSDP, have been delayed for consideration as part of the 2005/2006
budget.
The Water Services 3 year budget for 2004/2005 to 2006/2007 is provided

below (all budgets are in R x 1 000 000).
Balance to
WASTE WATER MANAGEMENT 2004/2005 2005/2006 2006/2007
Complete
Shalimar Pump Station - Rebuild 0.5 0.0 0.0 0.0
Casino / Sibaya Outfall Sewer 0.6 0.0 0.0 0.0
Matebula Road Umlaas Trunk sewer Augmentation 4.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
Kennedy Road P/S Pumpset 1.5 0.0 0.0 0.0
Kennedy Road Raising Main river Crossing 4.5 0.0 0.0 0.0
Point Rd Pump Station 1.5 0.0 0.0 0.0
Amanzimtoti WTW 25 Ml/d transfer to SWTW 5.0 15.0 0.0 0.0
Block Sum Pipe Replacement 1.0 1.0 1.0 0.0
Block Sum Pump Stations 2.0 2.0 2.0 0.0
Block Sum WTW 2.0 2.0 2.0 0.0
Sludge Study 0.3 0.0 0.0 0.0
Sub-Aqueous Tunnel 40.0 61.5 20.0 0.0
Verulam WTW - Upgrade & Ext of Works 10.0 20.0 0.0 0.0
Upgrading of FBR 0.3 0.0 0.0 0.0
Phoenix WTW Effluent Transfer 10.0 10.0 0.0 0.0
Brickhill Road sewer replacement 0.0 5.0 10.0 0.0
Replacemnt of Blower Equipment 0.0 4.0 3.0 0.0
Richmond Farm Collector Sewer 0.0 1.2 0.0 0.0
Phoenix WTW - Nutrient removal 0.0 0.8 0.0 0.0

Balance to
Complete
Sludge handling & storage facility @ Northern WTW 0.0 1.0 0.0 0.0
Umhlatuzana Tunnel Rehabilitation 0.0 2.0 2.0 0.0
Effingham Steel Trunk 0.0 2.0 4.0 0.0
Phoenix WTW extension EIA 0.0 0.5 0.0 0.0
Hillcrest WTW Sludge handling 0.0 0.2 0.0 0.0
Hammersdale Trunk Relay 0.0 1.5 0.0 0.0
Umhlatuzana WTW Drainage 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0
Canelands 1 Pump Station pump casings 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
Lakeview Road Pump Station Overflow 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
Far North Pump Station Security gate & wall 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
Warner Doone Pump Station Roof Enclosure 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
Mech/Elec upgrade at Pump Station B 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0
Mech/Elec upgrade at Pump Station C 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0
Mech/Elec upgrade at Pump Station D 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0
Phoenix WTW - HOW Mech screen 0.0 0.4 1.2 0.0
Woodlands Tunnel Rehabilitation 0.0 0.2 0.8 0.0
Marigold Pump Station Capacity Upgrade 0.0 0.1 0.4 0.0
NWTW - Road works 0.0 0.1 0.4 0.0
NWTW - Refurbish archimedian screw pumps 0.0 0.1 0.2 0.0
Vitner pump station crawl beam 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
Lovu pump station crawl beam 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
Mshayasafe Collector Sewers 0.0 0.5 2.0 0.0
Hammarsdale WTW secondary set tank ring beam 0.0 0.1 0.5 0.0
Installation of Handrails @ Armstrong Av,Shellborne
0.0 0.0 0.0
Av, Portland Cres & Eastmore Cres Pump Stations 0.0
Naidoville sewer reticulation 13.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
St Wendolins sewer reticulation 8.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
Sanctuary Place sewer reticulation 7.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
O'Connor Road sewer reticulation 2.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
Winkelspruit Sewer Reticulation 2.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
Umdloti South 2.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
Block Sum 6.0 5.0 7.0 0.0
Ipahala Road Sewer Upsizing 0.3 0.0 0.0 0.0
Shallcross Primary School Sewer Extension 0.0 0.3 0.8 0.0
Clermont Sewer Rehabilitation 0.0 4.0 7.0 0.0
Shallcross Sewer Rehabilitation 0.0 2.0 8.0 0.0
Langalibalele Sewer Reticulation 0.0 0.0 5.0 0.0
White City Reticulation 0.0 0.0 3.0 0.0
Sunset Walk Sewer Reticulation 0.0 0.2 1.0 0.0
Newtown A Reticulation 0.0 2.5 3.0 0.0
Westville Sewer Reticulation Phase 4 Stage 3 0.0 0.2 1.6 0.0
Madiba Valley sewer reticulation 0.0 3.0 8.0 2.0
Savannah Park sewer reticulation 0.0 3.0 8.5 3.0
Newtown C Reticulation 0.0 2.0 6.0 0.0
Worldsview Sewer Reticulation 0.0 1.0 2.0 0.0
Amanzimtoti Old Main Road Sewer reticulation 0.0 1.0 3.5 0.0
Thokoza and Mfongozi sanitation 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
Burlington Drive Sewer Extension 0.0 0.1 1.0 0.0
Juba Place sewer relay - Elevated/ crossing 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0
100 Loon Rd sewer relay - Elevated/crossing 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0

Balance to
Complete
Village Road sewer reticulation 0.0 0.5 3.5 0.0
Motala Road Sewer Augmentation 0.0 0.5 1.0 2.5
88 Nizam Rd sewer realignment 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0
139 Road 734 sewer realignment 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0
88 Collier Rd sewer realignment 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
Combi Courts Rd 505 sewer realignment 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0
129 Cato Rd sewer connection - realignment and
0.1
raising of St Augustines sewers 0.0 0.0 0.0
45 Kapota Street sewer realignment 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0
14 Poppy Place sewer realignment 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0
137/157 Cato Rd sewer relay 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0
93 Ribbon Rd sewer relay and protection works 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0
85 Loon Rd sewer realignment 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0
100 Loon Rd sewer relay 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0
71 Greendale Rd, Silverglen sewer relay 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
Bellamont Road Umhloti 0.0 0.5 0.0 0.0
TOTAL WASTE WATER MANAGEMENT 123.4 158.4 119.3 7.5
Balance to
WATER 2004/2005 2005/2006 2006/2007
Complete
Rural Water & Sanitation Health & Hygiene Education
Programme 1.1 1.1 1.2 0.0
Water Education in Urban areas 1.0 1.1 1.1 0.0
Waterloss 20.0 20.0 20.0 0.0
Domestic Meters 7.0 10.5 11.0 0.0
Telemetry 1.0 1.1 1.1 0.0
Motor Control Centre 2.5 2.6 2.8 0.0
Pumps 2.0 2.1 2.2 0.0
Post Chlorination 1.0 1.1 1.1 0.0
Reservoir Improvements 2.0 2.1 2.2 0.0
Pump Station Upgrading 2.0 2.1 2.2 0.0
B/Fly valves 2.0 2.1 2.2 0.0
Upgrade Large Chambers 1.0 1.1 1.1 0.0
Capital Improvement of water Works 1.5 1.6 1.7 0.0
Replacement of Bulk Mains 3.0 3.2 3.3 0.0
Bridge Refurbishment 1.0 1.1 1.1 0.0
Bulk Sales Meters 2.0 2.1 2.2 0.0
Automation of Bulk supply 1.0 1.1 1.1 0.0
Capital Works Tunnels 1.0 1.1 1.1 0.0
Borehole Improvements 1.0 1.1 1.1 0.0
Bulk water supply Mkhizwana & Maphephetani &
Ekukanyani ( DWAAF) 20.0 7.0 0.0 0.0
Magabeni Bulks 1.5 0.0 0.0 0.0
Zwelimbovu T/Main 5.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
Inlet to Mamba Ridge 3.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
Welbedacht T/Main 1.5 0.0 0.0 0.0
Western Aquaduct 0.0 0.0 60.0 0.0
Cato Ridge Inlet 20.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
SCA Line 8.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
Steel Relocations 3.0 10.5 11.0 0.0
Nwabi bulks 3.5 0.0 0.0 0.0

Balance to
WATER 2004/2005 2005/2006 2006/2007
Complete
Umbumbulu Bulks 5.0 10.0 0.0 0.0
Adams Mission Bulks 0.0 0.0 2.0 0.0
Mamba to Lma 0.0 0.0 2.0 0.0
Ogujiji Bulks 0.0 0.0 1.0 0.0
Nyaninga Reservoir 0.0 0.0 10.0 0.0
Nyaninga Inlet 0.0 0.0 2.5 0.0
Frasers Res 3mg 0.0 3.0 0.0 0.0
Inlet to Frasers 0.0 1.0 0.0 0.0
Emona res 3mg 0.0 0.0 3.0 0.0
Belvedere Tower - 100kl & P/sta 0.0 0.5 0.0 0.0
Etafuleni res 9.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
Inlet to Etafuleni 6.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
Inlet to Lma & P/sta 0.0 0.0 2.5 0.0
P4 Outlet 0.0 1.6 0.0 0.0
Hafajee Outlet 4.0 4.0 0.0 0.0
Grange Pump upgrade 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0
Waterloo Outlet to Umdloti 0.0 2.5 0.0 0.0
Umdloti Res 0.0 7.0 0.0 0.0
Umdloti Res to La Mercy Res Pipeline 0.0 0.0 1.0 0.0
Outlet from P6 0.3 0.9 0.0 0.0
Outlet to Buffelsdraai 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.0
Mount View Outlet 0.0 0.3 0.0 0.0
Oginjini Res 0.0 0.0 2.0 0.0
Oginjini Res Outlet 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.0
Outlet from Lma 0.0 0.3 0.0 0.0
Inlet to Panorama Park 1.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
Sherwood Supply 0.0 0.4 0.0 0.0
Westville Triangle 0.0 0.3 0.0 0.0
Cresthome Res. 0.0 3.0 5.0 0.0
Inlet to Cresthome Res. 0.0 0.0 4.0 0.0
Westriding Inlet 2.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
Inlet to res. Alverstan Nek 0.0 1.2 0.0 0.0
Psta supply to Botha's Hill 0.0 0.3 0.0 0.0
Shongweni Water Supply 0.0 3.0 0.0 0.0
Cathodic Protection - New Works 0.8 0.8 0.9 0.0
Cathodic Protection - Investigations 0.8 0.8 0.9 0.0
Mvini Water & Sanitation 2.5 0.3 0.0 0.0
Mtatha Water & Sanitation 0.5 0.0 0.0 0.0
Nonoti Water & Sanitation 0.4 0.2 0.0 0.0
Shiyabazali Water & Sanitation 0.0 1.2 1.9 0.0
Mhali Water & Sanitation 0.0 0.9 0.0 0.0
Phindela Water & Sanitation 3.6 0.0 0.0 0.0
Zwelisha Water & Sanitation 0.4 4.0 0.0 0.0
Mkhazini Water & Sanitation 0.2 1.9 1.9 0.0
Ekukanyeni Water & Sanitation 2.8 2.3 0.0 0.0
Mjondolo Water & Sanitation 1.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
Upper Maphepheteni Water & Sanitation 3.2 0.3 0.0 0.0
Lower Maphepheteni Water & Sanitation 7.1 0.6 0.0 0.0
Nwabi Water & Sanitation 9.0 0.8 0.0 0.0
Emasomini Water & Sanitation 0.8 1.2 0.0 0.0

Balance to
WATER 2004/2005 2005/2006 2006/2007
Complete
Lower Molweni Water & Sanitation 0.0 4.2 0.0 0.0
Umbumbulu Water & Sanitation 8.3 12.5 5.1 0.0
Mkizwana Water & Sanitation 1.1 3.7 0.0 0.0
Odidini Water & Sanitation 1.7 9.0 1.5 0.0
Amagcino Water & Sanitation 3.9 0.0 0.0 0.0
Mophela Water & Sanitation 2.6 0.0 0.0 0.0
Rain Water Harvesting - Mkhizwana 4.9 0.0 0.0 0.0
Crowder Rural Water & Sanitation 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.0
Bhekulwandle Rural Water & Sanitation 0.0 2.0 10.0 0.0
Mabedlane Water & Sanitation 0.0 2.0 6.0 0.0
Inthuthuko Water & Sanitation 0.0 0.0 3.6 0.0
KwaSondela Water & Sanitation 0.0 0.0 2.0 0.0
Siweni Rural Water & Sanitation 0.0 0.0 3.5 0.0
Adams Misssion Rural Water & Sanitation 0.0 0.0 3.0 0.0
Empushini /Sawpits 5.1 0.0 0.0 0.0
Unicity Water Dispensers installation (Blocksum) 10.0 10.0 10.0 0.0
Zwelimbovu Water & Sanitation 1.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
Embo Water & Sanitation 4.0 5.0 0.0 0.0
Emalangeni Sanitation project 1.5 0.5 0.0 0.0
Ntshongweni Sanitation Porject 0.6 0.0 0.0 0.0
Ngcolosi R (W&S) 8.0 8.1 0.0 0.0
Mophela (W&S) 0.0 2.8 0.0 0.0
Mnanontengayo (W&S) 1.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
Magabeni (W&S) 2.5 0.0 0.0 0.0
Mbovu (W&S) 0.3 0.0 0.0 0.0
Maqadini Sanitation 0.8 0.0 0.0 0.0
Mtamafana - Ntuzuma 0.5 0.0 0.0 0.0
Kwamgaga - Umlazi 0.9 0.0 0.0 0.0
Parkgate 0.6 0.0 0.0 0.0
Mount Royal 3.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
Labour Based Construction - Housing 31.9 52.5 55.1 0.0
Rezoning 8.0 8.4 8.8 0.0
Private Development 8.0 8.4 8.8 0.0
Relays & Extension 22.0 23.1 24.3 0.0
WATER - Plant & Equipment Block Sum 17.3 30.6 32.5 0.0
TOTAL WATER 328.3 312.8 345.9 0.0
Balance to
2004/2005 2005/2006 2006/2007 Complete
TOTAL WATER AND SANITATION 451.7 471.2 465.1 7.5
10.3 Provision of basic water and sanitation services
The following estimates apply to the provision of basic services:-
Description Calculation Total
Basic water to rural 31000 @ R 2500 per unit R 77 500 000

Description Calculation Total
households
Basic sanitation to rural 84000 @ R4500 per unit R 378 000 000
households
Toilets blocks to serve 980 @ R 300 000 per R 294 000 000
household in informal toilet block
settlements
Extension of water and 5000 @ R 20 000 per R 100 000 000

sanitation infrastructure to house
developed lots
Add contingency to provide basic services to new R 50 500 000

households moving into the area
Total budget estimate R 900 000 000

SECTION 11 : WSDP Auditing and Monitoring
11.1 Annual Report Format
The Municipal Systems Act 2000 makes it obligatory for municipalities to

render services in an effective, efficient, and economical manner.
In order to provide a benchmark for the delivery of water services, the

Strategic Framework (September 2003) provides a list of Key Performance
Indicators which all water services authorities are required to report on
annually, which focuses on “access to services”, “quality of services
provided”, “free basic services provided:, “affordability”, “metering efficiency”
and “quality of water discharged”.
The City Water Managers Forum has further developed this benchmarking
exercise for the purpose of:
• Learning about comparative performance of water services in the

major urban areas
• Identifying best practices for emulation by other cities
• Identifying areas for improvement and
• Producing a document that integrates the Strategic Framework
Indicators with Water, Wastewater, Financial and Business indicators.
Reporting will be done annually for the financial year (July to June) using
these spreadsheets.
11.2 Report for Year Ending 30 June 2004.
The format of the report is being developed and will be refined over time at
the City Water Managers Forum.
The report for year ending 30 June 2004 is submitted below. Some of the
data is acknowledged as being estimates only and included as sample data
to test the reporting style and spreadsheet calculations.
It is the intention to improve the accuracy of the data as improved key

statistics become available.

v2.1a KEY STATISTICS - WATER SERVICES
A Status
1 Status of data
2 last edited by: MPS and GR on 16-Sep-04
3 for: eThekwini for FYend: 30-Jun-04
4 Contact: Neil Macleod

5 Position: Head: Water and Sanitation
6 E-mail: NAM@dwms.durban.gov.za
7 Tel: 031-302-4600
B Activities C Support services Comments:
1 TRUE 1 metering: 4 in-house and contractors

2 TRUE 2 billing: 1 municipal treasury (corporate)
3 TRUE 3 Finance, HR, IT 3
4 TRUE 4 Call centre 3
D Staffing (as at FYend) Comments

1 head-office staff (Finance, HR, IT etc) n 302
2 customer services & revenue collection n
3 bulk water staff n -
4 water distribution staff (incl reservoir and pump st) n 535
5 wastewater collection staff (including pump st) n 465
6 bulk wastewater staff n 378
7 other (for example, tanker services) n 24
total staff complement n 1,704 all permanent staff and excluding vacancies, contractors and students
8 staff exits during year n 85 resignations, retirements, deaths
E Connections & pipe length
1 Domestic piped water connections: n 536,623 registered or formalised connections to consumers only
2 Total piped water connections: n 568,122 registered or formalised connections to consumers only
3 Domestic water meters n 373,168 registered or formalised connections to consumers only
4 Total water meters (retail only) n 392,184 registered or formalised connections to consumers only
5 Domestic sewer connections 381,093 registered or formalised connections to consumers only
6 Total sewer connections n 407,483 registered or formalised connections to consumers only
7 Length of water distribution network km 12,575 length of total water piped network -- from distribution reservoirs to consumers
8 Length of wastewater collection network km 8,785 length of wastewater collection network -- from consumer to WWTW/Outfall
F Volumes
1Volume of water treated (in-house) Ml/d 16.0 water treated in own treatment works, annual average
2Volume of treated water purchased Ml/d 782.1 treated water purchased from another institution, annual average
3Volume of wastewater produced Ml/d 500.0 total wastewater flowing into treatment work and outfalls
4Volume of wastewater treated (in-house) Ml/d 465.0
5Wastewater treatment capacity (in-house) Ml/d 720.0

6Volume of wastewater exported/treated (external) Ml/d - exported or treated in terms of a contract with an external party
7Volume of wastewater recycled/reclaimed Ml/d 35.0 comment: one contract - Durban Water Recycling Pty Ltd D7b
8Volume of water metered and distributed million kl pa 194.3 to end consumer; sum of billed volumes, excludes unmetered, deemed consumptions
Deemed consumption million kl pa - comment: all low-pressure ground tanks are metered
9Volume of water distributed million kl pa 285.5 estimate of total volume distributed, including unmetered, deemed consumptions
10Tons sludge produced tons pa 37,906 on dry ton basis
G Operations and quality
1Bursts and leaks (water network) n pa 54,286 occurrences of pipe bursts / leaks incl valves & hydrants (excl connections & meters)
2Blockages (wastewater network) n pa 48,489 occurrences of spills
3Length of wastewater network cleaned km 65.0 as part of planned maintenance and NOT emergencies
4water samples tested n pa 3,600 total
5Drinking water SABS 241 compliance % samples 98.6%% samples meeting e-coli standard.
6Effluent samples tested n pa 1,098 total
7Standard to meet type Standard 2
8Final effluent quality compliance % samples 94%% samples meeting all standards (flow weighted).
9Tons sludge not meeting standard tons pa 2,000 on dry ton basis.
H Management
1Number of personal computers & laptops n 900
2Overtime worked person-days 59,000 (one person day = 8 hours)
3Number of disabling injuries n 61
v2.1a FINANCIAL DATA - from financial statements, in R million and exclusive of VAT status:5 - submitted to CWMF
eThekwini Fyend: 30-Jun-04 last edited: 16-Sep-04
IN INCOME R million
(from Income Statement, accrued) Water Sanitation Total
1 Income from tariffs and charges 1,087.00 96.00 1,183.00
2 Rates income allocated to service 62.00 225.00 287.00
3 Revenue from by-products 3.00 - 3.00 (revenue from sale of wastewater, sludge etc.)
4 Other water related income 125.90 - 125.90 (includes operating grants but not capital grants)
TOTAL INCOME 1,277.90 321.00 1,598.90
EX EXPENSES Breakdown of pure operating costs (Rm) check=0

(from Income Statement, accrued) R million bulk water wastewater bulk overheads billing/ TOTAL
Water Sanitation Total water reticulation collection wastewater customer
1 TOTAL EXPENDITURE 1,277.90 321.34 1,599.24 (incl reservoirs (incl pump stns) (incl treatment) managemnt
& pumpstations) (excl tankers)
2 Salaries, wages and related 132.10 113.63 245.73 42.90 49.00 31.40 110.63 11.80 245.73 -
3 Maintenance 79.50 19.04 98.54 29.30 10.04 9.00 50.20 98.54 -

4 General expenses (total) 811.20 93.68 904.88
of which
5 -- chemicals 0.30 4.01 4.31 0.30 4.01 4.31 -
6 -- energy 8.40 12.16 20.56 8.40 4.41 7.75 20.56 -
7 -- raw water purchases - - Note: raw water purchases are excluded from pure operating cost
8 -- treated water purchases 690.80 690.80 Note: bulk water purchases are excluded from pure operating cost
9 -- wastewater treatment (external) - - Note: external wastewater export / treament costs are excluded from pure operating cost
-- other general expenses 111.70 77.51 189.21 111.70 10.50 31.75 35.26 189.21 -
- 192.60 73.95 83.91 196.09 11.80 558.35
10 Interest expenses 120.90 58.68 179.58
11 Depreciation expenses 77.70 36.31 114.01
12 Contributions/provisions 56.50 56.50 Note: these include provisions for bad debt
Other expenses 0.00 - 0.00 0.00 Note: These should equal zero
OFD OTHER FINANCIAL DATA

CAPITAL BUDGET AND SPENDING
1 Capital budget requested 379.70
2 Capital budget received 379.70
3 Capital spending (actual spent) 363.30 - 235.50 115.53 12.27 - -
of which system expansion 53.70 113.10 6.00
of which system rehabilitation and replacement 181.80 2.43 6.27
bulk w w reticulation ww collection ww treatment overheads billing/cust
FINANCING
4 Internal loans 52.50
External loans 258.30
Direct from contributions (operating account) -
5 Grants received for capital items 52.50
DETAILED EXPENDITURE ITEMS

6 Meter reading cost R million 10.00 total cost of meter reading (extracted as a detailed item from within above expenditure)
7 Billing cost R million 25.10 total cost of preparing and sending bills (excluding metering cost) (extracted as a detailed item from within above expenditure)
8 Training expenditure R million 3.00 includes internal training costs (trainer salaries, but not trainee salaries)
CASH COLLECTION - exclusive of VAT comments on allocations of moneys received:

9 Cash collected (water tariffs and charges) 1,179.3
10 Cash collected (sanitation tariffs and charges) 52.2
CUSTOMER DEBT Comments:
11 Total outstanding customer debt (water) - before provisions 551.1
12 Net customer debt (water) - after provisions 394.8
13 Total outstanding customer debt (sanitation) - before prov 12.3
Total outstanding customer debt (sanitation) - after prov 12.0
FINANCIAL AUDIT Are WS accounts audited separately?
14 Data comes from audited financial statements? Yes yes, audited separately.
15 Date audited statements received 01/01/2004

v2.1a KEY INDICATORS - WATER for eThekwini
edited 16-Sep-04 FYend 30-Jun-04
BW BULK WATER TRUE Comments

1 Treated water produced Ml/d 16
2 Employees per 100 Ml/day capacity no per 100Ml/day -
3 Drinking water SABS 241 E-coli standard % 99%
4 Operating cost (excl raw&bulk pur, I, D, contri) c/kl -
5 salaries and wages c/kl -
6 maintenance c/kl -
7 chemicals c/kl -
8 energy c/kl -
9 general c/kl -
Operating cost (% breakdown)
10 salaries and wages %
11 maintenance %
12 chemicals %
13 energy %
14 general %
WD WATER DISTRIBUTION TRUE

1 Number of water connections n 568,122
2 Length of water network km 12,575
3 Length of network per employee km / employee 23.5
4 Staff (distribution) per 1000 connections n / 1000 connections 0.9
5 Network density (inverse) m / connection 22.1
6 Meter coverage connection 69%
7 Metering efficiency metered / supplied (%) 67%
8 Bursts /leaks frequency n/100 km of pipe pa 432
9 Operating cost (excl raw&bulk pur, I, D, contri) R/connection pm 28.25
10 salaries and wages R/connection pm 6.29
11 maintenance R/connection pm 4.30
12 energy R/connection pm 1.23
13 general R/connection pm 16.38
14 Operating cost R/km pa 15,316
15 Operating cost c/kl 67
16 salaries and wages % 22%
17 maintenance % 15%
18 energy % 4%
19 general % 58%

v2.1a WASTEWATER INDICATORS for eThekwini
edited 16-Sep-04 FYend 30-Jun-04 Comments
BWW BULK WASTEWATER TRUE

1 Volume of wastewater treated (in-house) Ml/day 465
2 Required effluent standard Standard
3 Employees per 100 Ml/day capacity n per 100Ml / day 53
4 Capacity utilisation % treatment capacity 65%
5 Final effluent quality compliance % samples (flow weighted) 94%
6 Wastewater discharge not treated % ww produced 7%
7 Sludge produced not meeting standard % of dry tons produced 5%
8 Operating cost (excl Int, Dep, contrib, other) c/kl 49.4
9 salaries and wages c/kl 18.5
10 maintenance c/kl 5.3
11 chemicals c/kl 2.4
12 energy c/kl 4.6
13 general c/kl 18.7
16 chemicals % 5%
17 energy % 9%
18 general % 38%
19 wastewater recycling/reclamation % ww produced 7%
20 value of sale of by-products % income 0.00%
WWC WASTEWATER COLLECTION TRUE

1 Number of sewer connections n 407,483
2 Length of sewer network km 8,785
3 Length of network per employee km / employee 18.89
4 Staff (collection) per 1000 connections n / 1000 connections 1.1
5 Network density (inverse) m / connection 21.6
6 Blockages frequency per 100 km pipe per year 552
7 Network cleaning (planned) % of total network 1%
8 Operating cost (excl Int, Dep, contrib, other) R per connection pm 15.12
9 salaries and wages R/connection pm 10.02
10 maintenance R/connection pm 2.05
11 energy R/connection pm 0.90
12 general R/connection pm 2.15
13 Operating cost (excl Int, Dep, contrib, other) R per km pa 8,418
14 Operating cost (excl Int, Dep, contrib, other) c/kl 44
17 energy % 6%
18 general % 14%

v2.1a FINANCIAL INDICATORS for: eThekwini
AUDIT
1 Data from audited financial statements? Yes
REVENUES
2 Total revenue R million pa 1,599
3 Average water revenue R/kl water distributed 4.48
4 Average wastewater revenue R/kl wastewater produced 1.76
5 Average water revenue R / connection pm 159
EXPENSES
Breakdown of total expenditure
6 Salaries expenses % ttl expenditure 15%
7 Maintenance expenses % ttl expenditure 6%
8 Interest expenses % ttl expenditure 11%
Breakdown of water expenditure
9 Salaries expenses % water exp 10%
10 Maintenance expenses % water exp 6%
11 Interest expenses % water exp 9%
Breakdown of sanitation expenditure
12 Salaries expenses % sanitation exp 35%
13 Maintenance expenses % sanitation exp 6%
14 Interest expenses % sanitation exp 18%
DEBTORS & CASH COLLECTION

15 Debtor days - water (total debt; before provisions) days 185
Debtor days - water (net debt; after provisions) days 133
16 Debtor days - sanitation days 47
17 Collection efficiency (water) cash collection / billed charges 108%
18 Collection efficiency (sanitation) cash collection / billed charges 54%
CAPITAL
19 Total capital spending for year R million 363
20 Capital expenditure % annual revenue 23%
21 Capital spending from internal resources % total capital spend 71%
22 Bulk water capital expenditure Rm per Ml/d -
23 Bulk wastewater capital expenditure Rm / Ml/d 0.03
24 Retail water capital expenditure R / connection 415
25 Wastewater collection capital expenditure R / connection 284

v2.1a BUSINESS INDICATORS for: eThekwini
ADDITION INPUT DATA COMMENTS

Metering and billing
1 Number of water meters read in the year n pa 4,085,000
2 Number of water bills sent in the year n pa 4,512,000
3 Number of estimated water bills sent in year n pa 350,000
Complaints and queries

4 Written queries/complaints received (all types) n pa 2,300
5 Telephonic queries/complaints received (all types) n pa 720,000
MANAGEMENT
6 Audit completed within 6 months? Yes
7 % capital budget spent % of budget 105%
8 PCs per 100 employees n / 100 staff 52.8
9 Staff turnover % 5.0%
10 Overtime worked % std time 13%
11 Disabling Injury Incidence Rate DIIR 3.3
SUPPORT SERVICES AND TRAINING

12 Finance, HR, IT done by … in-house
13 Overhead costs as % "pure" opex 35%
14 Meter reading done by … mixed
15 Meter reading cost R / meter read 2.45
16 Billing done by… treasury
17 Billing cost R / bill sent 5.56
18 Training expenses % of salary exp 1%
CUSTOMER SERVICES - ACCOUNTS

19 Total customers (water) n 568,122
20 Billing frequency (water) days 51
21 Proportion bills estimated (water) % of bills sent 8%
CUSTOMER INTERACTION
22 Consumer queries and complaints - written n / 1000 water consumers 4
23 Consumer queries and complaints - telephonic n / 1000 water consumers 1,267
CUSTOMER SERVICES - RESPONSE TIMES

Enter compliance performance where possible …
TARGET
24 From metering to billing 15 days % compliance 99
25 to answer calls 30 seconds % compliance 95
26 to reply to written account queries 72 hours % compliance 90
27 to water bursts/leaks (mains) 48 hours % compliance 100
28 to water bursts/leaks (connections) 4 days % compliance 100

29 to sewer blockages 24 hours % compliance 90
30 to water connection request 15 days % compliance 65
31 to sewer connection request 15 days % compliance 99
Confidence in compliance data

TARGET SEE TABLE BELOW
32 From metering to billing very reliable % confidencereliable
33 to answer calls very reliable % confidencereliable
34 to reply to written account queries very reliable % confidencereliable
35 to water bursts/leaks (mains) very reliable % confidencereliable
36 to water bursts/leaks (connections) very reliable % confidencereliable
37 to sewer blockages very reliable % confidencereliable
38 to water connection request very reliable % confidencereliable
39 to sewer connection request very reliable % confidencereliable
Confidence in data - REFERENCE TABLE
system in place to measure and report, highly reliable very reliable

system in place to measure and report, fairly reliable reliable
system in place to measure and report, not yet reliable not reliable
no system in place to routinely measure and report no system
v2.1a STRATEGIC FRAMEWORK KPIs for: eThekwini

edited 16-Sep-04 FYend 30-Jun-04 Comments
Total households in area (at year end) n 780,500
1 access to water
Households without basic water services - year start n 83,500
Households without basic water services - year end n 73,500
1a % reduction in households without basic water in year 12%
1b remaining backlog - water 9%
2 access to sanitation
Households without basic water services - year beginning n 195,500
Households without basic water services - year end n 187,500
2a % reduction in households without basic sanitation in year 4%
2b remaining backlog - sanitation 24%
3 water quality
total households receiving piped water n 536,623
3a households receiving piped water not meeting standards n 7,512
3b and as % receiving piped water % 1.40%
4 continuity of water supply

number of households experiencing inadequate continuity
of supply (interruptions > 48h per incident or > 15days in
4a total) n 274

4b and as % receiving piped water % 0.05%
5 free basic water provided

5a number of domestic households who pay for a basic service n 0
5b and as % total households % 0.00%
6 free sanitation provided

6a number of domestic households who pay for a basic service n 0
6b and as % total households % 0.00%
7 affordability
7a water debt, expressed as debtor days n 185
7b sanitation debt, expressed as debtor days n 47
8 metering efficiency
proportion of total water (abstracted and/or purchases)
8 which is supplied and metered % 67%
9 quality of treated wastewater discharged

9a volume treated not meeting treatment standard Ml/d 27.9
9b and as % total treated % 6%

SECTION 12 : SUMMARY OF KEY ACTIONS
No. Key Actions By When

3.0 Section 3 – The framework within which
the WSDP has been prepared
3.1 Update Population projections based on December 2004

2001 census, latest AIDS scenario
projections, and other relevant current data
sets.
December 2004
3.2 Update information about the economy using
data supplied by the City’s Corporate Policy
Unit. Ongoing
3.3 Review the WSDP against an updated

record of any changes to relevant National
Legislation and associated strategies for the Outer West -March 2005
water services sector. Northern area -April 2005
3.4 Develop the detailed Planning and Delivery

components of the WSDP, and associated
Financial Plans, as Regional and Local Ongoing
Spatial Development plans are developed
4.0 Section 4 – Key Policies
4.1 Review, Update and align the policies for the December 2004
supply of water services and charging / tariff
mechanisms with any changes in National
and Provincial legislation and strategies.
4.2 Carry out a review of Sanitation Guidelines, March 2005

update, and amend as necessary
5.0 Section 5 – Backlogs

Ongoing
5.1 Update backlog projections on an annual
basis.
6.0 Section 6- Planning and Delivery On going
6.1 Evaluate progress on the provision of basic

water and sanitation by means of monthly Outer West
and annual report, March 2005

Northern Area
6.2 Revise and extend planning as Regional and April 2005
Local Spatial Development Plans become
available. June 2005
6.3 Develop a procedure and practice to assess

and prioritize replacement, rehabilitation and First area by June 2006
maintenance needs
6.4 Develop a replacement, rehabilitation and

maintenance works programme and budget
for priority areas
7.0 Section 7 –Research projects and January 2006

supporting plans
7.1 Evaluate feasibility of raising sanitation Ongoing/urgent

charges based on water consumption.
7.2 On-going evaluations of short and medium

term sludge disposal solutions and current March 2008
disposal / storage practices.
7.3 Water loss – 80% of all water purchased June 2005

monitored and accounted for.
7.4 Evaluate feasibility of increasing flows for June 2006

treatment at the industrial water plant.
7.5 Monitor success of Water Re-use agricultural March 2005

project and evaluate feasibility of replicating
at other sites.
December 2004
7.6 Complete pilot study on pit emptying
techniques and cost and finalise free basic
sanitation policy.
7.7 Establish a dedicated pollution and

environment function and conclude September 2004
agreement on responsibilities with relevant
authorities. March 2005
8.0 Section 8 – Institutional and management

plans June 2005
8.1 Placement of all staff to new organogram.

8.2 Identification, funding, advertising, and filling

of subsequent “key” vacancies especially
technical positions.
8.3 Review institutional arrangements for the
provision of water in the greater eThekwini
areas

SECTION 13 : ABBREVIATIONS AND REFERENCE
DOCUMENTS
13.1 Abbreviations
DWAF – Department of Water Affairs and Forestry
EBU – Electronic Bailiff Unit
ETM – eThekwini Municipality
EMMA – eThekwini Municipality Metropolitan Area
EWS – eThekwini Water and Sanitation Unit
GIS – Geographical Information System
IDP – Integrated Development Plan
LTDF – Long Term Development Framework
NRW – Non Revenue Water
PRV – Pressure Reducing valve
RWS – Rural Water Services
SDF – Spacial Development Framework
UD – Urine Diversion Toilet
VIP – Ventilated Improved Pit
WSA – Water Services Authority
WSDP – Water Services Development Plan
WSP – Water Services Provider
WTW – Wastewater Treatment Works
13.2 References
1. eThekweni Municpality Integrated Development Plan 2002 - 2006 ,

dated Dec 2002

2. eThekweni Municpality Integrated Development Plan 2003 -
2007,dated June 2003.
3. National Water Act (Act No. 36 of 1998)
4. Water Services Act (Act No. 108 of 1997)
5. Strategic Framework for Water Services - September 2003
6. Water Tariffs 2004 / 2005
7. Sewage Disposal tariffs 2004 / 2005
8. Water Services Development Plan , Volume 1 , Report on Status Quo

Investigations, dated April 1999
9. Area Business Plan for the Provision of Basic Water and Sanitation in
the eThekweni Municipality, June 2003 submitted to DWAF under
cover of letter dated 27 August 2003
10. 1998 Wastewater Disposal Study Review and Wastewater Strategic

Plan 2002. Volumes 1 and 2 dated January 2004
11. Unit Guidelines
12. Water Policy dated June 2004


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DRAFT WATER SERVICES DEVELOPMENT

eThekwini Municipality – Water Services Development Plan 5

Executive Clr Obed P.O Box 1014

Municipal P.O Box 1014

P.O Box 1038

Technical P.O Box 1038

P.O Box 1038

Sogen P.O Box 1014

eThekwini Municipality – Water Services Development Plan 6

1.4 Public Participation Process

1.5 Approval by Council

eThekwini Municipality – Water Services Development Plan 8

2.2 What is the current situation?

eThekwini Municipality – Water Services Development Plan 9

1. Maximize use of existing facilities and infrastructure.

2.4 Why is water and sanitation so important?

eThekwini Municipality – Water Services Development Plan 10

2.4.2 The Water Services Act

3. Water and sanitation services are provided:

Equitably (adequate services are provided fairly to all people);

eThekwini Municipality – Water Services Development Plan 11

eThekwini Municipality – Water Services Development Plan 12

Figure 1 - eThekwini Municipality Metropolitan Area

eThekwini Municipality – Water Services Development Plan 13

eThekwini Municipality – Water Services Development Plan 14

Figure 2 - Projected population growth based on the Middle AIDS scenario

3.3 Demographic trends and migration patterns

eThekwini Municipality – Water Services Development Plan 15

eThekwini Municipality – Water Services Development Plan 16

Ethekwini White Population

25000 net outward

eThekwini Municipality – Water Services Development Plan 17

12000 net outward

The possible total population is expected to be as follows at selected years:

Total Population By Age

eThekwini Municipality – Water Services Development Plan 18

Income <R1000 R1000 – R1500- R3500 – >R6000

• White paper on Water Supply and Sanitation Policy of 1994

• Free Basic Water Strategy

eThekwini Municipality – Water Services Development Plan 19

Components of the WSDP

Completed work Currently being developed

eThekwini Municipality – Water Services Development Plan 20

eThekwini Municipality – Water Services Development Plan 21

4.1.1 Service levels

4.1.3 Water Policies12

eThekwini Municipality – Water Services Development Plan 22

4.2.1 Sanitation Service Levels

4.2.2.1 Sewerage Rates

4.2.2.2 Uniform Tariffs for other Services

eThekwini Municipality – Water Services Development Plan 23

4.2.3 Waterborne sanitation to boundary of lots

4.2.4 Role of the developer

4.2.5 Wetcores, drainage reticulation and connections

4.2.6 Dense informal settlements – interim solution

Current policy is as follows:-

eThekwini Municipality – Water Services Development Plan 24

• If the settlement falls within a 1 to 5 year upgrade/relocation to formal housing

• If the settlement falls within a 5 to 15 year period prior to upgrade / relocation to

4.4 Free basic services