Lec 18
Lec 18
Lec 18
Communication Systems
Introduction to Error
Control Coding
Types of Error Control Codes
• Block Codes
– Linear
• Hamming, LDPC
– Non-Linear
– Cyclic
• BCH, RS
• Convolutional Codes
• Turbo Codes
Parity Bits
m c
encoder
1011 1011100
Binary addition and multiplication
0 1 1 0 1 0 0 1
G1 G2
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
m 00 0000 0000
01 1111 1111
10 0110 1001
11 1001 0110
Systematic codes
0 1 1 0
H
1 0 0 1
1 1 0 0 1 0 1
0 1 1 0 1 0 0
G
0 0 1 1 0 1 0
0 0 0 1 1 0 1
• S = rHT.
• r=c+e, therefore S = (c+e)HT = cHT + eHT = eHT.
• All vectors in the same row of the standard array
produce the same syndrome.
• Syndrome points to a memory address whcih contains
the most likely error pattern, then decoder computes c
= r+e.
Example
1 0 1 1 0
G
0 1 0 1 1
1 0 1 0 0
H 1 1 0 1 0
0 1 0 0 1
Example continued
t n i
P( E ) 1 p (1 p) n i
i 0 i
Performance: Bit Error Rate
i 0 i