Gender and Education

Leonora Maie M De Jesus

Gender inequality hurts all members
of society, not just girls and women

― World Bank
Category Gender Sex
Definition Social and Biological
cultural identity characteristic
Expression Fluid and diverse Typically male
and female
Identity Self identified Assigned at birth
Roles Socially Biologically
constructed determined
Diversity cisgender, Male and female
transgender, etc.
General Concepts about Gender

Gender is
Gender is Learned
Collaborative

Gender is not
something that
Gender is
individuals have,
Asymmetrical
but something
they do
Gender Identity
o person's internal and individual experience
of gender
 Gender Expression
o how a person publicly expresses or presents
their gender
 Biological Sex
o biological classification of a person as
female, male or intersex
 Sexual Orientation
o refers to who we are physically, spiritually,
and emotionally attracted to
Theories on Gender Development

Cultural
Freudian
Transmission
Theory
Theory

Cognitive
Self-Construal
Development
Theory
Theory
 Freudian Theory
● Sigmund Freud
● Austrian neurologist
● Theory of Psychosexual Development
● Biology is destiny
● Oedipal conflict (3-6 years old)
● Process of Identification
 Oedipal Conflict
● Describes a child's feelings of
desire for their opposite-sex
parent and jealousy and anger
toward their same-sex parent
● Oedipus Rex by Sophocles
STAGES AGE DESCRIPTION PROBLEMS/
FIXATIONS
Oral 0-1 Focus on oral activities Oral fixation (smoking,
eating)
Anal 1-3 Focus on controlling Anal retentive or anal
bowels/bladder (toilet expulsive
training)
Phallic 3-6 Focus on genitals and Vanity, envy, confused
differences between identity
sexes
Genital 6 to puberty Peer/Social Critical stage to
relationships and develop social skills
gender roles and confidence
Latent Puberty to Sexual desires and Transfer of fixations
adult urges directed toward from earlier stages
others
Cultural Transmission Theory
● Social Learning Theory

Gender
Parents Teachers Adult
Identity
Cognitive Development Theory
● Children actively seek to acquire
gender identities and roles
● Lawrence Kohlberg (Theory of
Gender Development)

Gender
Gender Gender
Consistency
Labelling Stability
/Constancy
Gender Labelling Gender Stability Gender
Consistency/
Constancy
o 2-3 years old o 3-5 years old o 6-7 years old
o Able to label o Gender is stable o Gender is
their sex o Do not realize constant
o Judge other sex that gender is o Learn gender-
using external consistent across appropriate
features situations behavior
o Changes label
when external
features change
Self-Construal Theory
● Gender difference is based
primarily on relationships and
group membership

Social
Cognition Motivation Emotion
Behavior
 It’s a girl thing or a boy
thing?
Activity Instructions: Read out the following list and ask
for hands up if you think it’s a girl thing and no hand
up if you think it’s a boy thing or vice versa.
o Burping and Farting o Scientist
o Rescuing o Blue
o Dancing o Cleaning
o Teacher o Lawyer
o Cooking o Engineer
o Pink o Red
o Doctor o Glitter
o Nurse o Mathematician
o Cars o Flight Attendant
o A six-pack o President
o Diet drinks o Chef
 Mass
Family
Media

Sources of Gender
School Workplace
Stereotyping

Peer
Religion
Group
 Gender Socialization
● the process through which
children learn about the social
expectations, attitudes, and
behaviors typically associated
with boys and girls
 What is Gender Stereotyping?
● to believe unfairly that all people or things with a
particular characteristic are the same.
Activity
• What are society’s expectations of males and females
in the following context: family, school, religion,
workplace, peer, and mass media?
• Discuss your answer using pictures
Family
● Initial social world of a child
Mass Media
● In media, men play more interesting characters than
women
● Women = domestic roles ; Men = occupational roles
School
● It reinforces and continues the stereotyping of roles
that is started at home.
Workplace
● Feminization and Masculinization of the workplace
Peer Group
● It greatly influences adolescent life
● Teenagers often learn the gender rules of society
through their peer groups
Religion
● The vicious violence and oppression against women
has its religious roots.
● Sameness of men and women
in terms of prevailing norms,
equal access to opportunities,
and appreciation of their
gender activities
Gender Inequality
● the social phenomenon in
which people are not
treated equally based on
gender

Gender Gender
Stratification Stereotyping

Sexism or
Sex Bias
 Gender Stratification
● Process of separating men and
women based on what they enjoy,
acquire, or exercise
● Create unequal distribution of
rewards (power, status, and
freedom)
● Based on their gender role and
position in the social hierarchy
Gender Role
● how we're expected to
act, speak, dress, groom,
and conduct ourselves
based on our assigned
sex
 Gender Stereotyping
● Overgeneralization of
characteristics, differences, and
attributes of a certain group based
on their gender
● Prejudices, biases, and labels
attached to males and females
 Sexism or Sex Bias
● The belief in the biological grounding
of social and behavioral differences
between men and women
● Anchored in the view that the male sex
is superior to the female sex
● Express through language (linguistic
sexism)
Legal treaty that safeguards women’s rights
Convention on the
RA No. 9262 (Anti-
Elimination of All
violence against
Forms of
Women and their
Discrimination against
Children – VAWC)
Women (CEDAW)

RA No. 9710(Magna
Carta of Women)
Advocacy Campaign Video
● The class will be divided into ____ groups
● Each group will prepare an original video with a length of not
more than 5 minutes
● The video must focus on an advocacy campaign promoting
gender equality
● The video must be in a format that is easily accessible and playable
on different devices
● You may use a smartphone video camera or any device/s capable
of taking motion picture
Advocacy Campaign Video
● You may opt to use English or Taglish
● The video shall begin with a 5-second full-screen “title screen” that
includes the following information:
-Title of Video
- Group Members’ Name (alphabetical order)
● One member for each group will upload in the google drive using
this file name format:
Group#_Title of Video_Course-Year
 Thank you!

Do you have any questions?

Leonora Maie M De Jesus

leonoramaiedejesus@gmail.com
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