THE ADITYA BIRLA PUBLIC SCHOOL, RENUSAGAR

Class: VIII
Subject: Science (Physics)
Chapter 8: Force and Pressure

Note: Dear children prepare the Notes of Ch. 8: Force and Pressure in your Physics
Notebook. Make the diagrams on the left hand side i.e. on the blank page.

NOTES

In science, a push or pull of an object is known as force. The interaction between two objects arises force.
Force has both magnitude and direction. Force brings about a change in the direction or state of motion of a
body and can also changes the shape and size of different objects.
Push :A push is a force exerted away from the body, for example, hitting a snooker ball, or kicking a
football.

Pull :A pull is a force exerted towards the body , for example lifting a bucket from well.

The unit of Force is Newton(N)

Vector – Vector quantities are expressed in magnitude as well as the direction of the object. For example,
velocity, displacement, weight, momentum, force, acceleration etc.
– Vectors are used to find the resultant component acting on a body.
– When multiple forces act on a body, they can be resolved into one component known as the net force
acting on the object.
Example:

Vectors are also useful when the force acts at an angle to the horizontal.
Application of Force
– A force is an effort that changes the state of an object at rest or in motion.
– It can change an object’s direction and speed or both.
– Force can also change the shape of an object.

Types of Forces

Contact forces
Forces that require a touch or contact to be applied are known as contact forces. For example, muscular
forces and frictional forces

(i) Muscular force: The force applied by the effort of our muscles, for example, lifting a heavy
box, pulling a bucket of water or pedalling a cycle.
(ii) Frictional Force : The force acting between the surfaces in contact is called Frictional force.
Non-contact forces
 Forces that do not need contact or that have their influence without a touch. For example, magnetic
force, electrostatic force, and gravitational force.

Gravitational force
 The attractive force that a body experiences towards the centre of the earth is called the force of
gravity due to earth.
 Property of the universe, every object attracts or exerts a force on every other object.

Electrostatic force
The force of attraction or repulsion experienced by a charged body from another charged body in the same
vicinity is known as Electrostatic Force.
Nuclear forces
 The nuclear force acts between all the particles in the nucleus. i.e., between two neutrons, between
two protons and between a neutron and a proton.
 It is an attractive force in all cases.
 It is the force that keeps the nucleus intact by overcoming the enormous repulsive force between
positive protons.

Thrust and Pressure

Thrust : A force that acts normal to the surface is called Thrust.

Pressure
 Force acting per unit area is known as pressure.
 𝑃ressure =𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒 / 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 ,
P =F /A
 SI unit is Pascal(Pa)
 Force acting on a smaller area applies more pressure than the same force acting on a larger area.
 Examples: Porters place a round cloth on their heads to increase surface area and reduce pressure.
 A sharp knife cuts better as more pressure is exerted over a smaller area.

Pressure in fluids: The pressure exerted by a fluid (gases or liquids) in a container is transmitted
undiminished in all direction on the walls of the container.
The pressure in liquids is measured as, P = h d g
Where h =height of the liquid column from the free surface
d= density of liquid
g =acceleration due to gravity
Upthrust
The upward force exerted by a fluid on an object is known as upthrust or buoyant force.

Atmospheric Pressure
Gaseous pressure
Gases exert the same pressure on the walls of the container in all directions.

Atmospheric pressure
The pressure exerted by the atmosphere is called Atmospheric Pressure.
Our atmosphere extends to several kilometres above sea level. The weight of the air acts as pressure known
as atmospheric pressure.
 The pressure in our body balances the atmospheric pressure and that is why we do not feel it.

THE ADITYA BIRLA PUBLIC SCHOOL, RENUSAGAR

Class: VIII
Subject: Science (Physics)
Chapter 9: Friction

Note: Dear children prepare the Notes of Ch.9: Friction in your Physics Notebook. Make the
diagrams on the left hand side i.e. on the blank page .
NOTES
Friction is a force that opposes the relative motion between two surfaces in contact. It acts on both the
surfaces.
Cause of Friction: Friction is caused due to the irregularities on the two surfaces in contact. Even the
smoothest surfaces have minute irregularities in them and these irregularities of the two surfaces interlock
into each other and create friction. Larger the irregularities more is the friction.

Factors Affecting Friction:-

 Friction depends on the nature of surfaces in contact.
 For a given pair of surfaces, friction depends upon the state of smoothness or roughness of those
surfaces. It is less for smooth surfaces.
 Friction is independent of the area of contact.
 Friction depends on how hard the two surfaces pressed together.
Types of Friction

1. Static Friction: The Frictional force that comes into play until an object starts moving is
called static Friction. An object has to overcome the static Friction force in order to start its
movement.
The minimum Applies force required to make the object to just start to move is called Limiting
Friction or The maximum value static friction for which the object just start to move over the
surface in contact is called Limiting Friction.
2. Sliding Friction: Sliding Friction comes into play whenever an object moves along the surface
of another object. Such a movement is called ‘slide’. Hence, sliding Friction is the force that
opposes the movement or slide of an object.
3. Rolling Friction: When an object is rolling on a surface the force of Friction which acts upon
it is called rolling Friction.
4. Fluid Friction: When an object moves in a fluid, the fluid exerts a fluid Friction upon the
object. It is also called air Friction (when the medium of travel is air) and viscous Friction (when
the medium of travel is water).
  Rolling Friction < Sliding Friction < Limiting Friction
Advantages of Frictional Force
Frictional force is necessary for various purposes in our daily lives such as:
 It allows us to walk on the earth surface.
 It allows us to write with a pen on a surface or a paper.
 It allows us to fix a nail in the wall.
 A moving object would never be able to come to the state of rest without the Frictional force.
 It would not be possible to drive any automobiles on the road without the Friction force.
 It would not be possible to construct any buildings without the Frictional force.
Disadvantages of Frictional Force
 Frictional force results in wear and tear of objects such as the moving parts of a machine, the
tyres of a vehicle, sole of the shoes etc.
 It also results in the production of heat. In the case of machines, the production of heat leads to
wastage of energy.
 The Frictional force also leads to a decrease in the speed of a moving object or some time stops
it.
 It can lead to noise pollution in certain cases. For instance, aircrafts produce loud sound due to
the resistance of the air.
How can we reduce or increase Friction?
Increasing Friction: Sometimes we need to increase Friction so as to avoid slipping of objects,
for example:
 The sole of the shoes is grooved so that the Friction between our feet and ground increases
and we can walk safely
 The tyres are treaded so that they can have a better grip over the ground and allow the
smooth movement of the vehicles.
 Brake pads are used in bikes to stop them suddenly from moving by increasing the amount
of Friction.
 Kabaddi players rub their hands with soil which helps in increasing the Friction between
the hands and allows them to have an easy grip of the opponent.
 Gymnasts also apply a coarse substance so that they can have a better grip due to increased
Friction in their hands.
 Figure : Increasing Friction
Reducing Friction: Sometimes in order to have a smooth movement of an object we need to
reduce Friction. For example,
 The powder is sprinkled over the carrom board to decrease the Friction between the board’s
surface and the striker. In this way, the surface of the carrom board becomes smooth.
 Grease is used in bicycles and other motors or different parts of a machine to reduce Friction
and increase their efficiency.
 Oil is applied on the hinges of the door so that they can move easily.

Figure : Decreasing Friction

Applying substances like oil, grease or powder allows in smooth movement as they block the
irregularities of a surface. The substances that can reduce the amount of Friction between different
objects are called lubricants. However, we can never reduce Friction to a level of zero. There are
always some irregularities present on the surface.

Fluid Friction

Air, water and other liquids collectively are called fluids. They also exert a Frictional force on the
object that travels through them. Such a Friction is called fluid friction or drag. The amount of
Frictional force by a fluid on an object depends upon the following:
1. The speed of the object with respect to the fluid.
2. The nature of the fluid, its viscosity or its tendency to resist the flow.
 3. The shape of the object.
Fluid Friction comprises Internal and External Friction:
 Fluids comprise of internal Friction that occurs between the molecules of a liquid as they are
also in motion. The viscosity of a liquid, therefore, depends upon the internal Friction.
 An external Friction in fluids is the force exerted by the fluid on the object that flows through
it.
As an object travels in a fluid it loses its energy in order to overcome the fluid Friction.
Hence, things that can easily flow in fluids have special shapes.
 For instance, ships and boats have a particular shape that allows them to resist fluid Friction.
 Birds and aeroplanes have a specific shape that allows them to fly in the air.
 Fishes also have a specific shape such as a tail and fins that allow them to swim continuously
in water and even prevent the loss of energy due to fluid Friction.
 Not only this, all the vehicles are designed in a way that they can resist the fluid Friction
because air is present everywhere.

Figure: Objects can resist Fluid Friction because of their special Shape