1

1. Abstract

The environmental effect of rescent water purification techniques are multifaceted technology
contribute to improve water quality and public health consent exist regarding there ecological
impact energy intensive process mein escalate carbon emission and the disposal of residual
fundamental question about long term soil and water pollution.
For purification of water a man made water filtration System “ three pot system” plays a major
role .

2. Introduction

Water purification is essential to remove harmful contaminants, such as bacteria, viruses,

and parasites, preventing waterborne diseases and safeguarding public health. Purified water is
crucial for various industrial processes, agriculture, and irrigation, preventing the spread of
contaminants in soil and maintaining the quality of crops.

Approximately 71% of earth’s surface is covered with water but fresh water constitutes only
about 3% of water. India consists of 2.45% of world’s surface area,4% of world’s water and
16% of world’s population. For these much of populations India facing water crisis and such
other water related conditions recently. According to WHO around 2 billion people globally
consume water contaminated with feces,conrtributing to the spread of waterborne diseases.
UNICEF report says that 785 million people worldwide lack basic access to clean water.

(A.) According to world bank ,

-163 million Indian lacks access to safe drinking water.
-210 million Indian lacks access to improved sanitation.
-21% of communicable diseases are linked to unsafe water.
-500 children under the age of 5 die from diarrhoea each day in India.
-More than half of the rivers in India are highly polluted.

Waterborne diseases have an economic burden of approximately 600 USD per year in India.
Proper purification contributes to the protection of ecosystems by preventing the release of
pollutants into rivers and other water bodies, preserving aquatic life and biodiversity. Access
to clean water enhances productivity, reduces healthcare costs, and fosters economic
development, making water purification a key factor in sustainable growth.
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Fig.1 Polluted water

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Fig. 2 contaminents in water

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3. Recent techniques of water purification:

• Recent water purification techniques employ a variety of advanced methods to ensure the
delivery of clean and safe drinking water. These methods involve physical, chemical, and
biological processes to remove contaminants and impurities. In this comprehensive
overview, we'll delve into key purification technologies, their applications, and the
challenges associated with ensuring access to clean water in the 21st century.

A. Physical Water Purification Techniques

1.Filtration: Filtration is a fundamental physical purification method that involves passing

water through a porous medium to trap particles. Advances in filtration technologies
include membrane filtration, microfiltration, ultrafiltration, and Nano filtration, each with
specific applications based on pore size and efficiency.

2.Reverse Osmosis (RO): RO is a membrane-based water purification process that uses

pressure to force water through a semi-permeable membrane, effectively removing ions,
molecules, and particles. It is widely used for desalination and purifying brackish water

3. Distillation: Distillation involves heating water to create steam, which is then condensed
back into liquid form. This process eliminates contaminants that do not vaporize, providing
a pure water source. While energy-intensive, advancements in distillation technology have
improved efficiency.

B. Chemical Water Purification Techniques

1.Chlorination: Chlorination remains a widely used method for disinfecting water by

adding chlorine compounds. However, concerns about disinfection by-products and
environmental impacts have led to alternative disinfection methods such as chloramine and
ozone.

2.Ozonation: Ozonation employs ozone, a powerful oxidizing agent, to disinfect and

remove organic and inorganic contaminants from water. Ozone breaks down pollutants and
pathogens, leaving no harmful residues. This method is gaining popularity due to its
effectiveness and minimal environmental impact.

3.UV-C Radiation: Ultraviolet (UV) radiation disrupts the DNA of microorganisms,

rendering them unable to reproduce. UV-C radiation, specifically at 254 nm, is commonly
used in water treatment. UV-C technology is efficient, environmentally friendly, and leaves
no chemical residuals.
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C. Biological Water Purification Techniques

1.Bioremediation: Bioremediation utilizes microorganisms to break down or neutralize

contaminants in water. Engineered biological systems, such as constructed wetlands and
bio filters, leverage natural processes to treat water contaminated with organic pollutants.

2.Activated Carbon Adsorption: Activated carbon has a high surface area and adsorptive
properties, making it effective in removing organic contaminants, taste, and odor from
water. This method is commonly used in conjunction with other purification processes.

D. Advanced Water Purification Technologies

1.Advanced Oxidation Processes (AOPs) :AOPs involve generating highly reactive

hydroxyl radicals to oxidize and decompose pollutants in water. Techniques like photo
catalysis, sonolysis, and electrochemical oxidation are promising for the removal of
persistent organic pollutants.

2.Nanotechnology: Nanotechnology plays a crucial role in water purification, with

nanomaterials enhancing filtration efficiency and catalyzing chemical reactions for
contaminant removal. Nano membranes, Nano composites, and nanoparticles offer novel
approaches to water treatment.

E. Smart Water Purification Systems

Integration of sensors, data analytics, and automation has led to the development of smart
water purification systems. These systems monitor water quality in real-time, allowing for
proactive adjustments and efficient resource utilization.
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Fig - 3
Fig - 4

Fig - 5 Fig - 6
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Fig - 7

Fig – 8

Fig. 3 – 8 – Jamnagar water filtration plant

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Fig – 9 – reverse osmosis

Fig - 10
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Fig - 11
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Table 1. – standard of pure water

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4. Environmental effect of using recent water purification

techniques

Common water purification methods include chemical disinfection, filtration, reverse osmosis,
and ultraviolet (UV) irradiation. Each of these methods has distinct environmental implications
that need to be carefully considered.

A. Chemical disinfection, often achieved through the use of chlorine or ozone, is effective in
killing harmful microorganisms in water. However, the use of these chemicals raises concerns
about their environmental impact. Chlorine, for example, can react with organic matter in water
to form disinfection byproducts (DBPs) such as trihalomethanes, which have been linked to
health issues. Additionally, the release of chlorine into water bodies can harm aquatic
ecosystems, affecting fish and other aquatic organisms.

B. Filtration methods, including activated carbon and sand filters, physically remove particles
and impurities from water. While these processes are generally considered environmentally
friendly, the production and disposal of filter materials can have environmental consequences.
The mining and extraction of raw materials for filters, such as activated carbon, may contribute
to habitat destruction and deforestation
.
C. Reverse osmosis is a water purification technique that uses a semi-permeable membrane to
remove ions, molecules, and larger particles from water. While highly effective, this method
requires significant energy input, often in the form of electricity. The environmental impact of
energy consumption for reverse osmosis includes carbon emissions and the depletion of natural
resources for energy production.

D. Ultraviolet (UV) irradiation is a non-chemical method of disinfection that uses UV light to

inactivate microorganisms. While this approach is considered environmentally friendly in
terms of not introducing additional chemicals into water, the production and disposal of UV
lamps involve the use of materials and energy. Furthermore, the potential release of mercury
from UV lamps raises concerns about its impact on ecosystems.
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5. General effects on environment

A. Energy Consumption: One of the primary environmental concerns associated with modern
water purification techniques is the substantial energy consumption. Processes like reverse
osmosis and advanced filtration systems require significant amounts of electricity, contributing
to carbon emissions and environmental impact. The reliance on fossil fuels for energy
exacerbates the carbon footprint of water treatment plants.

B. Chemical Usage: Chemical treatment is a common aspect of modern water purification,

involving the use of disinfectants, coagulants, and other chemicals to eliminate contaminants.
However, the discharge of residual chemicals into water bodies can have detrimental effects on
aquatic ecosystems. The long-term consequences of chemical exposure on aquatic flora and
fauna raise concerns about biodiversity and ecosystem health.

C. Generation of Waste and By-products: Water treatment processes generate waste and by-
products that pose disposal challenges. Sludge, brine, and other residues from purification
processes may contain pollutants and require careful management to prevent soil and water
contamination. Inadequate disposal practices can lead to the leaching of harmful substances
into the environment, further impacting ecosystems.

D. Impact on Aquatic Ecosystems: The discharge of treated water into natural water bodies
may alter their chemical composition and temperature, affecting aquatic ecosystems. Changes
in water quality, such as altered pH levels or the introduction of residual chemicals, can have
adverse effects on aquatic life, including fish and other organisms. The potential disruption of
food chains and habitats underscores the need for sustainable water management practices.

E. Depletion of Water Resources: Certain water purification methods, like desalination,

involve the extraction of large volumes of water from oceans or brackish sources. This process
can contribute to the depletion of marine resources and disrupt coastal ecosystems. Balancing
the need for freshwater with the preservation of natural water sources is crucial for sustainable
water management.

F. Infrastructure Development and Land Use: The construction and maintenance of water
treatment plants often require significant land use and infrastructure development. This can
lead to habitat destruction, deforestation, and alterations to natural landscapes. Striking a
balance between infrastructure needs and environmental conservation is essential for
minimizing the impact on ecosystems.

G. Climate Change Implications: The energy-intensive nature of modern water purification

contributes to greenhouse gas emissions, thereby influencing climate change. Additionally,
changes in water availability and quality, driven by climate change, pose challenges for water
treatment infrastructure. Adapting purification processes to address evolving climate
conditions is crucial for ensuring long-term environmental sustainability.
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H. Microplastic Contamination: Micro plastics, resulting from the breakdown of plastic

materials used in water treatment processes or entering treatment plants from external sources,
pose a growing concern. The presence of Microplastic in treated water can have detrimental
effects on both terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems, impacting wildlife and potentially entering
the food chain.

6. Water purification system in Nature

Natural water purification systems play a crucial role in maintaining the balance of
ecosystems and providing clean, safe water for various life forms. These systems encompass a
range of processes that occur in nature, contributing to the removal of impurities and
contaminants from water sources. Understanding and appreciating these mechanisms is
essential for sustainable water management.

A.Natural process:
One fundamental natural water purification process is sedimentation. As water flows through
rivers, lakes, and streams, suspended particles gradually settle to the bottom due to gravity.
This sedimentation process helps remove larger debris and particulate matter, acting as a
primary filtration step in the natural purification system. Aquatic vegetation also plays a pivotal
role in water purification. Plants such as water lilies and cattails have the ability to absorb
nutrients and contaminants from the water. Through a process called phytoremediation, these
plants help filter out pollutants like heavy metals and excess nutrients, enhancing water quality.
Another critical component of natural water purification is the soil. As water percolates through
the ground, soil particles act as a natural filter, trapping contaminants and impurities.
Additionally, the soil hosts a diverse community of microorganisms that contribute to the
decomposition of organic matter and the breakdown of harmful substances. Natural water
purification systems are intricate and multifaceted, involving a combination of physical,
chemical, and biological processes. These systems exemplify the intricate balance of nature,
showcasing how ecosystems work together to ensure the availability of clean water.
Recognizing the significance of these natural purification mechanisms is paramount for
preserving water quality, sustaining biodiversity, and safeguarding the health of both
ecosystems and human communities.
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Fig – 12 – spring season water

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7. Household techniques of water purification

We show that nature has unique system for water purification. We have to create this type of
system at household level. For this we can create Three Pot System which is likely similar to
the system of nature.

➢ Three Pot System

We can create a Household spring like structure which Can make water purified & enhance the
quality of Water. Water purified from this techique is known as Live water.

1.Ingredients : 3 earthen pots, Mineral stones, Fine grained stones, Pabbels, Small
marbles, sand, wood charcoal, Fine powder of Drumstick stick / Moringa seeds, Copper plate,
Silver plate, Rudraksha (Elaeocarpus ganitrus ), Flowers such as Naga Champak, Utpala, Patala
etc.

2. Structure : Arrange 3 pots as shown in the figure. One of the pot should have a tap
fitted in it. At the base of pot- 1 which is placed on the top, make a few small holes to create
sieve- like effect. The same will be repeated for pot-2 which is placed in the middle. In pot- 1
put mineral stone, fine grained stones, small marbles, Pabbels, sand, wood charcoal flowers
such as Naga Champak, Utpala, Patala etc layer by layer by 75% of it’s capacity. Then cover
the mouth of pot-1 with clean cotton cloth. In pot-2 is arranged same as pot-1 but ingredients
are fill only with 50% of its capacity. Both pot-1 and pot-2 filled this way, Put small stone,
mineral stone, fined grained stones, small marbles, Pabbels in layer one by one. Then add sand
and on the topmost layer add the wood charcoal. Before filling wash all the above mentioned
ingredients one by one separately in bucket thoroughly 4-5 times. In pot-3 put copper vessels,
silver plate, Rudraksha and Drumstick/ Moringa seed powder.
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Fig – 14
Fig – 13

Fig – 13 – 14 – three Pot water filtration system

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Fig - 16

Fig - 15 Fig - 17
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Fig - 18

Fig - 19

Fig 15 – 19 – ingredients of three Pot water filtration system

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3. Procedure to prepare 3 pot system: Now add fresh tap water in pot-1 which
is on the top. Fill it upto brim. From pot-1 water filter down to the second pot through
filtration layers which is written as above. Through this layers water is filtered and react
with charcoal and finally reached in pot -2 through sieve like structure. In pot-2 the same
mechanism happened and then reached in pot -3. Pot-3 which is contained copper vessels,
silver plate ,Rudraksha and Drumstick or Moringa seed powder. Water reached in pot-3 and
remain steady in it which gives proper time to react with ingredients which is in pot-3. This
whole system take 8-9 hours for filtered and purification of water. The water which is
obtained through the tap is clean, safe, pleasant and enrich with minerals which is known
as Live water. This type of water is not only purified but also enrich with minerals and it is
beneficial for our health because it gives required minerals and various elements to the
body.

4. Reason for using these ingredients:

(A)Using of Small stone, marble stone, mineral stone, small

marbles, Pabbels, fine grained stones and sand:
Small stone , marble stone, Pabbels, Mineral stones, fine-grained stones, and sand are
commonly used in water purification processes. Mineral stones, such as zeolite, can help
remove heavy metals from water. Fine-grained stones, like sand, aid in filtration by trapping
particles and impurities. Sand filtration is effective for removing suspended solids. Together,
these components contribute to the physical and chemical processes involved in purifying
water, enhancing its quality for consumption. When water passes through these layers they help
in traps large particles, sediments and impurities and allowing cleaner water to pass through.
Apart from this, this structure gives time to react water with charcoal and flowers.

(B).Using of flowers such as Naga Champak, Utpala, Patala etc.:

व्यापन्नस्य चाग्ननक्वथनं सय
ू ाातप प्रतापनं तप्तायः पपण्ड ससकतालोष्ट्राणांवापववाापणं
प्रसादनम्चकताव्यं, नाग चम्पकोत्पल पाटलापुष्ट्पप्रभतृ तसभश्चाधिवासनसितत ।। (सु.सू. 45/12)

Boiling over fire, heating by exposing to sunrays, immersing heated iron balls, sand or stone
into water are the method to purify contaminated water. Putting flower such as Naga
Champaka, Utapala, Patala etc. Into water and allowing these for some time to stay in it
removes bad smell and imparts good smell.
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सौवर्णेरजतेताम्रेकाांस्येमणर्णमयेऽपिवा । िुष्पावतांसांभौमेवणसगन्धिसणििांपिबेत ॥ (सु.सू. 45/13

Water kept stored in vessels made of gold, silver, copper, bronze, precious stones or in
earthen pots and made fragrant by putting flower into it should be used for drinking.

(C).Using of wood charcoal:

Wood charcoal is commonly used in water purification due to its porous structure. When water
passes through charcoal, impurities and contaminants adhere to its surface, effectively filtering
out pollutants. This process, known as adsorption, helps remove organic compounds, odors,
and some chemicals, making the water cleaner and safer for consumption. It may seem counter
intuitive to purify your drinking water with a stick of charcoal, but the Japanese have been
doing it for centuries. Our Binchotan uses a traditional Japanese manufacturing method. It is
an active carbon made from sustainably coppiced tree branches and is renowned for its ability
to soften water, add good minerals and absorb unwanted tastes and odours, such as
chlorine.Binchotan charcoal has an incredibly porous surface with tiny cavities oriented in
many directions. Just 1 gram has a surface area in excess of 500 m2 (about one tenth the size
of a football field).It is also known as active carbon as the ions of contaminants are attracted to
the surface of the carbon, where they will be held. It is also able to release minerals such as
calcium, iron and magnesium back into the water which enhances its taste and health benefits.

There are research conducted named as Evaluation of potential use of charcoal as a filter
material in water treatment. This research shows that water which is filtered by charcoal is
safe to drink and it is high quality water.
The result obtained from this research work are presented below;

pH: The pH of the water sample before filtration was found to be 5.67 which is unsuitable for
drinking water The filtered water sample was found to have a ph. Of 7.7 Which is well within
the (WHO 1996) limits 6.5 – 8.5. This has indicated that the charcoal filter has the potentiality
for changing the pH of the unfiltered water sample from slightly acidic to alkaline after
filtration.

Turbidity: The sample was fund to have a turbidity of 353.7NTU and after passing it through
the charcoal filter for about six times it decreases drastically to 6.21 NTU Which is also not
within the (WHO 1996) acceptable limits of 5 NTU for drinking water. The charcoal filter
shows high turbidity removal efficiency (98.2%).
Temperature: There was a slight change in the temperature of the sample before and after
filtration. The temperature of the sample before filtration was 24.5 while after filtration was 24
which are with the (WHO 1996) limits for domestic supply water.
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Conductivity: The conductivity of the sample before and after filtration was found to be 29
μS/cm and 633 μS/cm Respectively. Hence, they all fall within the acceptable (NIS 2005) limit
of 1000 μS/cm.

Odor: The odor of the sample before filtration was highly objectionable this may be due to
the presence of decomposing organic matter or excessive concentration of chemical
compounds. After filtration the filtered water sample was found to be unobjectionable
(odorless).
Hardness: Although the total hardness of the sample before filtration (303 mg/L) and that of
the filtered sample (130 mg/L) fall within the acceptable (WHO 1996) limits of 500mg/L, the
charcoal filter has shown a about 57.1% removal efficiency of total hardness.
Iron: The iron concentration of the sample before filtration was 0.028 mg/L. this has indicated
that the sample has a low iron concentration. After filtration, the iron content was reduced to
0.016 mg/L. Both concentrations are within the (BIS 1991) limit of 0.3 mg/L.
Chloride: The chloride content of the sample before and after filtration were respectively 114
mg/L and 76 mg/L all falls within the required limits 200 mg/L thus, showing about
33%removal efficiency of the chloride content by the charcoal filter.
Dissolved Oxygen: The result obtained shows a slight increase of dissolved oxygen in the
filtered sample which is an indication of a healthier water body since higher dissolved oxygen
concentration is correlated with high productivity and little or no pollution.

Table 2 – result for water quality parameters analysis

Table 3 – efficiency of the charcoal filter used
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Table 4 – assessment of the result

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(D).Using of Copper:
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Copper (Cu) plays a crucial role in water purification due to its unique properties that contribute
to the removal of contaminants and the improvement of water quality. This metal has been
employed in various water treatment methods, demonstrating its effectiveness and versatility
in addressing different waterborne challenges. One prominent application of copper in water
purification is through antimicrobial action. Copper ions exhibit potent antibacterial, antiviral,
and antifungal properties, making them effective agents for disinfection. When copper is
introduced into water systems, it interferes with the cellular structure and metabolic processes
of microorganisms, leading to their deactivation.

Table 5 - Fecal Coliform count by Membrane Filtration Technique for water samples. Stored in Copper
and Brass vessels on M-FC Agar plates.
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This antimicrobial effect helps prevent the spread of waterborne diseases and ensures the safety
of drinking water.In addition to its antimicrobial properties, copper is widely used in water
filtration systems. Copper-based filters and membranes effectively trap impurities, sediments,
and even certain heavy metals from water sources. This physical filtration mechanism, coupled
with the chemical reactivity of copper, ensures the removal of a broad spectrum of
contaminants, contributing to the production of cleaner and safer water.In conclusion, the
versatile applications of copper in water purification underscore its significance in ensuring
access to clean and safe water. From antimicrobial action to filtration, coagulation, catalysis,
and electrocoagulation, copper’s multifaceted contributions make it a valuable asset in
addressing the diverse challenges associated with water quality management. As technology
advances, ongoing research continues to explore innovative ways to harness the potential of
copper for sustainable and effective water purification solutions.There are research conducted
named as Comparative study on purification of drinking water stored in copper vessels to
prevent water born diseases.This research was undertaken to evaluate ancient method of storing
of drinking water in copper vessels for their effectiveness to removing coliform bacteria.The
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evaluation of this research suggest that storage of water in copper vessels was found to be
effective to reduce coliform bacteria to undetectable levels within a short span of time.

Table 6 - Effect of overnight storage of tap-water inoculated with

diarrhoeagenic bacteria in copper pots and glass bottles

Another research which is published in Journal of health, population and nutrition named

as storing of drinking water in copper pots killes contaminating Diaarrhoeagenic Bacteria

.the objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of copper pot on microbially-contaminated
drinking-water. The antibacterial effect of copper pot against important diarrhoeagenic
bacteria, including Vibrio cholerae O1, Shigella flexneri 2a, enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli,
enteropathogenic E. coli, Salmonella enterica Typhi, and Salmonella Paratyphi is reported.
When drinking-water (pH 7.83±0.4; source: ground) was contaminated with 500 CFU/mL of
the above bacteria and stored in copper pots for 16 hours at room temperature, no bacteria could
be recovered on the culture medium. Recovery failed even after resuscitation in enrichment
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broth, followed by plating on selective media, indicating loss of culturability. This is the first
report on the effect of copper on S. flexneri 2a, enteropathogenic E. coli, and Salmonella
Paratyphi.After 16 hours, there was a slight increase in the pH of water from 7.83 to 7.93 in
the copper pots while the other physicochemical parameters remained unchanged. Copper
content (177±16 ppb) in water stored in copper pots was well within the permissible limits of
the World Health Organization. Copper holds promise as a point-of-use solution for microbial
purification of drinking-water, especially in developing countries.

Table 7 - Physicochemical quality of tap-water before and after incubation in

copper pot and in glass bottles.

(E).Using of silver :
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Silver has been employed for centuries as a powerful agent in water purification due to its
remarkable antimicrobial properties. This precious metal, known for its lustrous
appearance, has proven to be an effective tool in combating various microorganisms,
making it a valuable asset in ensuring clean and safe drinking water. Silver exhibit potent
antibacterial and antifungal properties, disrupting the cell membranes and metabolic
processes of microorganisms. This mode of action makes silver a broad-spectrum
antimicrobial agent, capable of targeting a wide range of pathogens, including bacteria,
viruses, and fungi. Silver is particularly effective against bacteria, such as Escherichia coli
(E. coli) and Legionella, as well as certain viruses, including the norovirus. Its ability to
target a wide spectrum of microorganisms makes it a versatile solution in diverse water
sources, from drinking water treatment plants to smaller-scale point-of-use devices.
Moreover, silver’s role in water purification extends beyond disinfection. It also aids in
preventing biofilm formation on surfaces within water distribution systems. Biofilms,
composed of bacteria and other microorganisms, can lead to the deterioration of pipes and
equipment, compromising the integrity of the water infrastructure. Silver’s antimicrobial
properties inhibit biofilm formation, thereby enhancing the longevity and efficiency of
water treatment systems. In conclusion, the use of silver in water purification has a rich
history and continues to be a critical component in modern water treatment strategies. Its
ability to combat a broad spectrum of microorganisms, prevent biofilm formation, and
contribute to the overall safety of drinking water makes silver a valuable ally in ensuring
access to clean and potable water worldwide. WHO research showing capacity of silver as

bacterial disinfection.
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(F).Using of Rudraksha:

Rudraksha is a powerful bead that can improve your health. Today, we will explain the benefits
of using 5 Mukhi Rudraksha in water therapy. Drinking rudraksha water daily has many
physical and mental benefits, making it an excellent choice for those seeking physical fitness.

Drinking water infused with rudraksha seeds:

Reduce stress, boost immunity, Anxiety, Fear of death, Low Focus, Depression, and Lack of
sleep.Rudraksha-infused water for 90 days can alleviate various health concerns, such as:
Acidity, Bloating, Joint pain, Cholesterol, blood pressure, and Heart issues.

(G).Using of Moringa seed powder :

Moringa oleifera is an exceptional source of nutritional components and an excellent source

of nutritional and natural energy boosters and bioactive compounds (Leone et al., 2015).
Furthermore, the major variations in Moringa oleifera’s polyphenol content from different
regions suggest that Moringa oleifera’s genetic diversity was relatively high, likely due to
differences in cultivation conditions, climate, or soil environment resulting in the
accumulation of various polyphenols and also resistance to drought (Rani et al., 2018).
During experimentation optimization of the parameter very essential, because it saves
experiment time and chemical cost. Response surface methodology (RSM) is can do such
things. RSM is a mixture of mathematical and statistical techniques for experiment design,
model construction, achieving ideal conditions for good reactions with a small number of
planned tests, and the effects of various factors and their interactions (Srinu Naik and Pydi
Setty, 2014; Subramonian et al., 2015; Wang et al., 2014). Indeed, a variety of specialized
techniques are used to eliminate turbidity, color, and chemical oxygen demand, pollutants
that may pose health risks, from wastewater (Abiyu et al., 2018). An experimental
investigation of wastewater using Moringa Oleifera Seeds was conducted using test jar
apparatus, where Powder of Moringa Oleifera was added to the prepared beaker by
adjusting the quantity of dosage, pH, stirring time, and rotating speed of the test jar as
shown in Figure 3, Figure 2. The removal percentage of color, COD, and turbidity were
determined based on the operating parameters.

The color removal percentage of wastewater was determined using a UV/Vis

spectrophotometer (Jasco, V-570) at a wavelength of 450 nm maximum absorbance, and
turbidity was determined by pH meter [Model: HANNA]. On the other hand, COD was
determined using a closed reflux method based on the APHA guidelines where closed
reflux methods use modest amounts of reagents and produce small amounts of hazardous
waste. Closed reflux methods also use beakers and culture tubes with premeasured
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reagents, after which samples are inserted in the tube, and COD is evaluated through
titration.

8. Discussion

Water purification at the household level is essential for ensuring safe and clean drinking
water. Various contaminants, including bacteria, viruses, chemicals, and sediments, can be
present in water sources, posing health risks. To address this, households can employ
different purification methods:
Boiling: Effective for killing pathogens but may not remove chemical contaminants.
Filtration: Uses physical barriers like activated carbon or ceramic filters to remove
impurities.
Chemical Treatment: Utilizes chemicals like chlorine or iodine to disinfect water.
UV Sterilization: Kills microorganisms using ultraviolet light.
When choosing a purification system, factors such as water quality, budget, and
maintenance requirements should be considered. Proper installation and regular
maintenance are crucial for system effectiveness. It's also important to be aware of
environmental impacts and adhere to regulations and standards for drinking water quality.
Education and awareness about water purification help empower households to make
informed decisions about their drinking water, ensuring the health and well-being of
residents.
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9. CONCLUSION

The environmental effects of modern water purification techniques are multifaceted. While
these methods contribute to improved water quality and public health, their energy
consumption, chemical usage, and waste generation present significant challenges .And it
is costly and required more technologies and some of them require large surface area and
it is not available for all people. While use of natural water purification system such as 3
pot system is enviornment friendly. In this no electricity needed, no need of harmful
chemical usage no waste products generated. This is cheaper and no large area needed.
Water purified from this is enriched with minerals which is known as Live water and it is
healthy for our body which gives minerals to the body.

10. Reference

Cure of blood disorder by Dr. Biswaroop Roy Chowdhury.

Sushrut samhita Sutra sthana ch.45

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Water contamination in urban south India: household storage practices And their
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Microbiol 55: 201-202)

5. http://www.int/household_water/en/

6. Raffi M (2009) Investigations into the antibacterial behavior of copper Nanoparticles

against Escherichia coli. Annals of Microbiology 60(1): 75-80

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Particles On Water Borne Bacterial Pathogens. Int J Scientific Technology Research 2(1).
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