What do you think the Star Cave is? What does it enable people to do?

A digital cave that allows people to see virtual reality images in 3D.
2

1. People think that Lin is unusual because of his varied interests.

Lin is thought to be unusual because of his varied interests.

2. People say that Lin was inspired by an art historian who uses digital imaging.
Lin is said to have been inspired by an art historian who uses digital imaging.

3. We know that Genghis Khan died far from his homeland.

Genghis Khan is known to have died far from his homeland.

4. People also know that he wanted to buried in some mountains in the north.
It is also known that he wanted to be buried in some mountains in the north.

5. We don't expect to find his tomb any time soon.

His tomb isn't expected to be found any time soon.

3
1. Many different social media sites are all essentially the same. F
2. Bad use of social media by a company can actually be worse than not using it at all. T
3. Social media has become an integral part of the way companies communicate with
customers. T
4. Measuring the success of social media marketing can be done cheaply. T
5. Ideally, your social media marketing will offer customers something they have not seen
elsewhere. T
6. The number of people who see your campaign is the most important thing. F
4

1. What is it?

2. Where was it found?

3. Who found it?

4. What does the discovery tell us about this part of Africa?

1. a flesh-ripping dinosaur

2. southeastern Morocco

3. a team of scientist led by Andrea Cua of the Bologna Geological Museum

4. this area of North Afrifa seems to have been particularly popular with predatory dinosaurs
5
1. Who features in the story?

2. What did the zoologists do?

3. Where did this happen?

4. How did they do it?

5. When did this happen?

6. Why is this important?

1. David Attenborough and German zoologists
2. They found an even smaller species, Brookesia micra.
3. On one of the smaller islands off the coast of Madagascar.
4. The German team used a different method: searching with flashlights at night when the tiny
chameleons climb into the trees and are said to be easier to spot.
5. In 2012
6. Because it seems to suggest that in certain circumstances, such as being confined to an island, some
animals grow smaller in order to adapt to a restricted habitat.
UNIDAD 8
When did Shimabukuro start playing?
2. Where are he and his ukulele from?
3. What kind of music did he play at first?
4. What kind of music does he play now?
5. Why does he think everyone should play the ukulele?
1. in school
2. Hawaii
3. traditional Hawaiian music
4. a variety of styles; cover songs of more popular music
5. Because playing an instrument can bring people joy; you can feel more connected to things around
you; it can be relaxing.

I remember playing "More Than Words" by Extreme, and everyone just freaked out! SIMPLY

I just remember playing "More Than Words" by Extreme, and everyone freaked out! ONLY

It's a more intimate connection than just having a conversation with someone. ONLY

It's taken just over two years to build up that more intimate connection. A LITTLE

My grandmother has just started playing it. RECENTLY

Just my grandmother started playing it. ONLY

just taking that step to give any kind of instrument a try will bring people immense joy. SIMPLY

... taking that step to give any kind of instrument a try is just the right thing to do. EXACTLY

3
Genres of music: folk,
• classical

Moods of music: upbeat,

• expressive
,
• romantic

Musicians: pianist,
• composer

Ways of singing: hum

Tastes in music: eclectic,

• conservative

Attributes of a musician: naturally-gifted,

• accomplished

What do you know about music therapy? What kinds of conditions do you think that music therapy would

be helpful in treating? Read the article and make a list of the conditions it mentions.

The article mentions Alzheimer's, dementia, multiple sclerosis, and Parkinson's.

1. What is Aleah's family background?

1. musical: father a musician, aunt a Singer

2. What do you think her profession is?

2. a Singer
3. How did her parents influence her choice of career?
3. They wanted her to be a doctor or lawyer initially, but in the end, let her find her own way.

6
1. Wherever you go in India, you are greeted with warm smiles and __________.

2. The songs are not only rich in Hindi folk tradition, but also __________.

3. Filmi songs vary in type. Some are gentle ballads, others __________.

4. Filmi represents both India's traditional side __________.

5. On a visit to the Bollywood studios, I was captivated by the performance of the actors and
actresses: singing along to the music, __________ and __________.

6. While most movie studios make a variety of movie types, Bollywood __________.

1. friendly faces

2. in modern styles or in Western styles

3. are infectious dance songs

4. and its modern side

5. performing dance routines, acting

6. focuses almost entirely on musicals

UNIDAD 9
Who wrote letters to themselves?
1. Bruce Farrer's ninth grade students.
What did the letters contain?

2. The students' thoughts about what they wanted to do in life and whether they were on the right
track.
In what way have they become "historical documents"?

3. Because the students don't see them again for another twenty years (after they'd forgotten about
them).

2
1. IN time, Farrer hopes that his students will come to appreciate what he did.

2. FROM the outset, it was always Farrer's intention to send the letters back to his students.
3. He responded to them one ATa time.

4. IN retrospect, Farrer feels that he should have told them what he was going to do.

5. BACK in the days when Farrer was a child, letter writing was a much more common thing.

6. TO date, he has sent over 1,000 letters back to former students.

4
preying on (line 5)

targeting as victims
put on trial (line 13)

prosecuted
give someone the slip (line 26-27)

escape capture
exploits (line 39)

adventures

5
1. Having gained their trust, he then persuaded his victims to lend him money. (gain)

2. Provided the con artist displays a casual, good-humored attitude, most people are usually fooled.
(provide)

3. Using bank drafts that he had forged, Natwarlal defrauded banks and jewelers of huge amounts
of money. (use)

4. Given that most bank transactions these days are done with pin numbers and passwords,
Natwarlal's methods would not be so effective now. (give)

5. Assuming that he must be dead by now, the authorities have given up looking for him. (assume)

6. Seen from his victims' point of view, Natwarlal's arrests were little comfort, as the money he
stole was never found. (see)
7. While impersonating a ship's surgeon, Demara, having read up about what he needed to do,
performed successful surgery on a wounded soldier. (read)

8. Considering he was so intelligent and also that he had a photographic memory, Demara could
easily have found a good job as himself. (consider)

People didn't wipe their hands or mouths after eating. F

People helped themselves to whatever food was on the table. T

It was normal for people to spit sometimes during a meal. T

The use of forks came after spoons and knives. T

The main speaker thinks that table manners have definitely improved since then. F

7
Describing a past event

Highlight two time phrases in the article that

a. indicate a time before the main event (para 1)
b. tell you about an event that happened after the main event (para 3)

ad some hours earlier

The following day, a French

UNIDAD 10
Look at the title and the photo. Then listen to an interview with a naturalist and highlight the adjectives that
match her description of female elephant behavior.ELEFANTES

aggressive
considerate
cooperative
efficient
intelligent
protective
solitary
wild

1
1. Elephants eat normally around 200 kilos of food a day. Elephants normally eat around 200 kilos of food a
day.
2. Although they walk faster than us (approx. seven km per h), elephants still move in a leisurely way
around. Although they walk faster than us (approx. seven km per h), elephants still move around in a
leisurely way.

3. However, they can move if they need to fast at speeds of up to forty kilometers per hour. However, they
can move fast if they need to at speeds of up to forty kilometers per hour.

4. Elephants do not "run" because they do not lift technically all feet off the ground at the same time.
Technically, elephants do not "run" because they do not lift all feet off the ground at the same time.

5. In spite of their thick skin, elephants are sensitive to touch extremely and can feel a fly if it lands on them.

In spite of their thick skin, elephants are extremely sensitive to touch and can feel a fly if it lands on
them.
6. Male elephants leave the herd when typically they become "teenagers."
Typically, male elephants leave the herd when they become "teenagers."

7. Elephants have excellent memories, undoubtedly, which they use to remember the whereabouts of food
and water.
Elephants undoubtedly have excellent memories, which they use to remember the whereabouts of food
and water.

8. Around fifty elephants are killed every day for their ivory illegally.
Around fifty elephants are killed illegally every day for their ivory.

2
Read the article about Steven Johnson's book, Wonderland: How Play Made the Modern World. Find and
highlight two sentences that sum up his main argument in the book.
Many of our most important innovations have their origins in human beings just having a little fun.
. "We find the future wherever people are having the most fun."
3
1. Only when you see it for yourself WILL you believe it.

2. I can't ask her to do that! I HARDLY know her.

3. No sooner had she accepted the job THAN she realized she had made a mistake.

4. I want you to know that in no way DOES this change my opinion of you.

5. We RARELY go to the movies anymore. It's too expensive.

6. HARDLY had I opened my mouth when he told me to stop talking.

7. Not only IS she very successful, she's ALSO very modest about it.

4
1. What are the negative adverbials in paragraphs 2, 4, and 5?
2. Why has the writer used inversion here?
3. How would you rewrite the sentences without inversion?
.
Para 2: Not only were
Para 4: Little did anyone realize
Para 5: in no way is this

2. To add emphasis or for dramatic effect.

3.
a. These engineering feats were not only ahead of their time ...
b. Nobody really realized at the time the huge implications of this ...
c. Johnson says that this phenomenon is in no way confined to the past.
5
1. What was this TED Talk about?
2. What idea did the speaker in the talk criticize?
3. What does he suggest we do instead?
1. It was about success and failure.

2. He criticized the idea of meritocracy because it suggests that those who are at the bottom deserve to
be there.

3. He suggests that we change our attitudes about people who don't succeed; that we don't make
judgments about them.

6
How do you think he was able to achieve this?
Can you think of anyone else who has done something similar?

He worked hard; he was very ambitious; he'd already had a good educational foundation; he came from
a comfortable background; he was intelligent/gifted; he had a natural business instinct; he had the skills
and knowledge required to start his own business.

Similar to Bill Gates:

Steve Jobs, Apple founder
Mark Zuckerberg, Facebook founder

UNIDAD 11
1. Where do hikikomori spend their time?
2. Who does this condition mainly affect?
3. What two things could be responsible for it?
1. shut away in their bedrooms at home

2. young males from middle-class families

3. a more insecure economy; misguided parents who overprotect them

2
1. Supposing you WERE (be) in my position, what WOULD YOU DO (you / do)?

2. If only we HAD LEFT (leave) earlier, we WOULDN'T HAVE GOTTEN (not / get) stuck in all this
3. I wish you LIVED (live) nearer. Then we WOULD BE (be) able to meet up more often.

4. It's time that we STOPPED (stop) treating these people as problems and REALIZED (realize) that
they actually need our help.

5. I wish that he WOULD JUST TALK (just / talk) to someone about what he is feeling, rather than
bottling it all up inside.

3
1. Don't worry about Marta. She's just miserable because she has to work on a public holiday.

2. We've had a great season and are feeling very optimistic about our chances of winning the
league this year.

3. It was a great opportunity to get a free vacation, so I was rather taken aback when he refused.

4. I'm not going out tonight. I've been working all day, and I'm a little down
.

5. She's livid that everyone else knew about the concert but that no one told her. She really wanted
to go.

6. I have a good job and a nice place to live. On the whole, I'm pretty content

7. I always feel nervous before I have to give a talk, but once I begin I'm fine.

8. Sorry, I can't help you. We just moved to a new house and I'm all over the place at the moment.
4
Making hard decisions

Highlight the phrase in AB's statement that means "allow something to stop being in my control."
let the decision be taken out of my hands.
gut feeling.
go around and around in circles
torturing yourself
a bit forced
is kidding themselves.

5
1. I think if I take the job, it will probably lead to other opportunities. (Were ... to)

2. If I hadn't left when I did, I think I would still be there now. (Had)

3. Life would be easier if people spent more time on simple decisions and less time on complicated
ones. (were ... to)
4. If you doubt what I say, read Jonah Lehrer's book How We Decide. (Should)

5. If my husband didn't have a well-paid job in London, we would have moved to the countryside years
ago. (if not for)

6. Things would be very different if I had known then what I know now. (had)

1. Were I to take the job, it would probably lead to other opportunities.

2. Had I not left when I did, I think I would still be there now.

3. Life would be easier if people were to spend more time on simple decisions and less time on
complicated ones.

4. Should you doubt what I say, read Jonah Lehrer's book, How we decide.

5. If not been for my husband's well-paid job in London, we would have moved to the countryside years
ago.

6. Things would be very different had I known then what I know now.

6
a. someone worried that others have the wrong impression of them

b. someone upset that they were not asked to a meeting

c. what one person thought about another's proposals

d. someone saying something too directly

e. a joke that was taken the wrong way

Conversation 1:
• c

Conversation 2:
• a

Conversation 3:
• d

7
Avoiding misunderstandings

Read the emails and highlight the phrases that help the reader avoid a misunderstanding.
I'm joking, of course! I don't want to pressure you in any way
It's the photo of the main university entrance that I need, not the one of your vacation in Mexico!
Please don't take this the wrong way. We do really appreciate your offer.
Don't worry—I'm not offended in any way. It just took me slightly by surprise.
 UNIDAD 11

Which kind of landscapes does she associate with North America and which with South America?
North America: fields of grass; photo 3
Which photo(s) match(es) her descriptions of North America and which South America?

South America: coastal desert, mountain, jungle, islands, and

prairie; photos 1, 2, and 4
2

Approximation and vague language

Add to or replace the expressions of approximation in the correct place.

1: It's been in the family for 120-odd years.

2-3: He has a herd of roughly 300 cattle which is actually kind of small for this region, but it keeps us
busy!

4: I still help out there, but in the next year or two I'm going back to college to continue my studies.

5: I think we all have some ambition to do something different from our parents—I'd like to be a car
designer.
3
Nature blog

Have you seen any of the following events in nature? What amazing natural events would you like
to see?
a double rainbow

a solar eclipse

a lunar eclipse
4
would

Read the exchanges. Rewrite the underlined sections uses phrases with would.
1. Would you do me a favor?

2. Would you take this cake ...

3. That would be really nice

4. I was, but the car wouldn't start

5. And that's the café that we would go to most evenings.

6. No, I would have gotten some, but I didn't have enough time.

7. Pretty hot, I 'd expect

8. We decided we would stayhome instead.

5
Look at the phrases for interrupting and preventing interruptions. Complete phrases 2–8 using
ONE word in each blank.
6
1. Yes, but ...
2. Sorry, can I JUST interrupt you there?
3. Can I just FINISH what I was saying?
4. No, sorry. I have to stop you THERE
5. Can I just say something IN answer to that?
6. No, hang ON a minute.
7. Just a MINUTE, please.
8. You can MAKE your point in a moment.

7
1. What was the subject of the article that prompted this letter?
2. What issue did the writer of the article ignore, according to the letter writer?
3. What recommendations does she make to remedy this situation?

1. The (cheering) fact that wildlife is thriving in our cities.

2. The (worrying) fact that so many animals are killed on the roads.

3. Drivers should be more attentive to animals on the roads and also take action if they hit an animal.