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    Transaction 2

    Uploaded by

    sumrun sahab
    database

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd

    Transaction 2

    Uploaded by

    sumrun sahab
    14 views16 pages
    database

    Original Title

    Transaction2

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    © © All Rights Reserved

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    PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd

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    database

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    14 views16 pages

    Transaction 2

    Uploaded by

    sumrun sahab
    database

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    You are on page 1of 16

    Database

    System
    Uncommitted Update Problem
    TIME TA TB BAL

    t1 Read (BAL) ……. 1000

    t2 BAL=BAL+100 …….. 1000

    t3 Write (BAL) …….. 1100

    t4 ……. Read (BAL) 1100

    t5 ……. BAL=BAL*1.5 1100

    t6 ……. Write (BAL) 2650

    t7 ROLLBACK …….. ?
    Inconsistent Analysis
    ➢One transaction operates many records,
    meanwhile another modifies some of them
    effecting result of first
    ➢Suppose Tr-A computes interest on all
    accounts balances and other moves balance
    from one account to another
    TIME TA TB
    t1 Read (BAL_A) (5000) …….
    t2 INT = BAS_A * .05 ……..
    t3 TOT = TOT + INT ……..
    t4 ……. …….
    t5 ……. Read (BAL_A)
    t6 ……. BAL_A=BAL_A – 1000
    t7 ……. Write (BAL_A)
    t8 ……. Read (BAL_E) (5000)
    t9 ……. BAL_E = BAL_E + 1000
    t10 ……. Write (BAL_E)
    t11 Read (BAL_E) (6000) ……..
    t12 INT = BAS_E * .05 ……..
    t13 TOT = TOT + INT ……..
    Serial Execution
    ➢An execution where transaction are
    executed in a serial
    ➢Schedule or History
    ➢For two transactions two serial
    executions or schedules are possible
    Serial Execution
    TA, TB BAL TB, TA BAL
    Read (BAL)A 50 Read (BAL)B 50
    (BAL = BAL – 10)A 50 (BAL=BAL * 2)B 50
    Write (BAL)A 40 Write (BAL)B 100
    Read (BAL)B 40 Read (BAL)A 100
    (BAL=BAL * 2)B 80 (BAL = BAL – 10)A 100
    Write (BAL)B 80 Write (BAL)A 90
    Serial Execution
    ➢Different serial schedules may result
    in a different final DB state, BUT
    ➢Serial execution is guaranteed to
    leave DB in a consistent state
    ➢None of the three concurrent access
    problems
    Lesson?
    ➢Serial schedule is guaranteed
    correct, should we adopt it?
    ➢NNNNNNo, that will be
    inefficient, under utilization of the
    resources
    ➢Disliked by users
    Interleaved Schedule
    ➢We would prefer concurrent
    execution, multiple users accessing
    database at the same time
    ➢An interleaved schedule consists of
    operations from different transactions
    Schedule
    TA = {Read(X), Write(X), commit}
    TB = {Read(Y), Read(X), Write(Y), commit}
    S1 = {RA(X), WA(X), CA, RB(Y), RB(X), WB(Y), CB}
    S2 = {RB(Y), RB(X), WB(Y), CB, RA(X), WA(X), CA}
    S3 = {RB(Y), RB(X), RA(X), WB(Y), CB, WA(X), CA}
    S4 = {RA(X), RB(Y), RB(X), WA(X), CA, WB(Y), CB}
    Interleaved Schedule
    ➢Interleaved schedule provides
    concurrent execution BUT
    ➢Three problems of concurrent
    access may be encountered
    Real Problem
    ➢Two transactions
    ▪ Writing different variables
    ▪ Reading same variable
    ▪ Accessing same variable and one of
    them writing
    ➢Conflicting operations
    ➢Conflicting transactions
    Serializability
    ➢An interleaved schedule is
    serializable if the final state of
    the schedule is equivalent to a
    serial schedule OR
    ➢A schedule where conflicting
    operations are in a serial order
    Serializability

    ➢Two major approaches


    ▪Locking
    ▪Timestamping
    Locking
    ➢An object is locked before it
    performs any operation
    ➢Two types of operations, two
    types of locks
    ➢Shared and esclusive
    Lock Compatibility
    TA holds TB requests
    Shared Exclusive

    YES NO
    Shared

    Exclusive NO NO

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