Level 1 "한 레벨"

Lesson 1 (안녕하세요 - 감사합니다) "Hello” / “Thank you"

안녕하세요 = Hello. / Hey, how are you? / Good morning / Good afternoon / etc.
안녕 + 하세요 = 안녕하세요. [an-nyeong] [ha-se-yo]

안녕 = well-being, peace, health

하세요 = is there, is there?, are there, are there, please be there.

(The Korean verb does not distinguish by person, be it 1st, 2nd, 3rd, singular or plural)

" 안녕하세요 ?" is the most common way to greet someone in Korean, and 안녕하세요 is in 존
댓말 [jondaenmal], formal/polite language,
like talking about 'you' in Spanish.

When someone greets you by saying 안녕하세요 ,

you can return the greeting by simply saying 안녕하세요.

Example Conversation
A: 안녕하세요. [annyeong-haseyo] = Hello.
B: 안녕하세요. [annyeong-haseyo] = Hey.

감사합니다. = Thank you.

감사 + 합니다 = 감사합니다. [kam-sa] [ham-ni-da]

감사 = appreciation, gratitude, grateful

합니다 = I am, I do 감사합니다

It's the most common polite way to say "Thank you." 감사 means "gratitude" and 합니다 means
"I do" or "I am doing in 존댓말 , formal/polite language, therefore putting both together means
"Thank you" or "I am grateful."

You can use this expression, 감사합니다 , as when you want to say "Thank you." in Spanish.

Lesson 2 (네 / 아니오) "Yes / No"

네 / 아니오

In Korean, "Yes" is 네 [ne] and "No" is 아니오 [anio]

In formal language, 존댓말 [jondaenmal].

(Please be advised that 아니오 [anio], although traditionally incorrect, has been accepted as an
alternative spelling of 아니요 [aniyo])

네 [ne]= Yes. 아니오 [anio]= No.

But in Korean saying " 네 " is not exactly the same as saying "Yes" in Spanish.
The same thing happens with 아니오 .
This is because the Korean 네 expresses "agreement" with what the other person has said.
And 아니오 expresses "disagreement" or "denial" with what the other person has said.

For example:
If someone asks you "Don't you like coffee?" 커피 안 좋아해요? [k'eo-p'i an jo-a-hae-yo?]
in Korean, and his answer is "No, I don't like coffee." then it has to say in Korean 네 . Strange?

Therefore, it is more accurate to explain it this way:

네. [ne] = Correct / I agree / It seems good to me / What he said is true.
아니오. [anio] = It is not correct / I do not agree / What he said is not true.

Therefore, when you ask "Don't you like coffee?" In Korean, the person being asked will
answer "No" in Spanish, and 네 in Korean in case they don't like coffee. And if said person
does like coffee, they will answer "Yes" in Spanish, but 아니오 in Korean.

커피 좋아해요? [k'eo-p'i jo-a-hae-yo?] = Do you like coffee?

네. 좋아해요. [ne. jo-a-hae-yo] = Yes, I like it..

커피 좋아해요? [k'eo-p'i jo-a-hae-yo?] = Do you like coffee?

아니오. 안 좋아해요. [year. an jo-a-hae-yo] = No, I don't like it.

커피 안 좋아해요? [k'eo-p'i an jo-a-hae-yo?] = Don't you like coffee?

아니오. 좋아해요. [year. jo-a-hae-yo] = No, I do like coffee.

커피 안 좋아해요? [k'eo-p'i an jo-a-hae-yo?] = Don't you like coffee?

네. 안 좋아해요. [ne. an jo-a-hae-yo] = Yes, I don't like coffee.

Although 네 [ne] is used to say "Yes" or "That's right", it is also used to fill out conversations. If
you listen to two Koreans talking, you'll hear them say 네 quite often, even when it doesn't
actually mean "Yes."
Thus, two people can have a conversation like the following. Imagine it's all in Korean:

A: You know, I bought this book yesterday.

B: 네. [ne]
A: And I like it a lot.
B: 네.
A: But it is a bit expensive.
B: 네.
A: Do you know how much it cost me?
B: How much?
A: 100,000 won!
B: 네? [ne?]
A: So I paid with credit card.
B: 네...
A: But I like it anyway because it's a book by Kyeong-eun Choi [ 최경은 ]
B: 네...

Therefore, as you can see from the dialog above, 네 is multi-function. Can be: Yes. / It's right.
But also: I see / I understand / Here! (when someone calls you) / I understand / aha / etc...

맞아요:
Since 네 [ne] and 아니오 [anio] focus more on your opinion of agreement or disagreement than
on specifying whether something is true or not, and ALSO because 네 can mean "I understand"
or "Uh-huh", Koreans frequently add this expression, 맞아요 [ma-ja-yo] (correct) after 네 [ne].
This is done to reinforce and clarify that you are saying "You're right" rather than appearing like
you are just passively listening and nodding.

Again 네 is fascinating. We already saw that it can be many things, but it can also mean "What
did he say?" Suppose someone said something, but you couldn't hear well or weren't paying
close attention. In that case, you can say " 네 ?" with the meaning of "Excuse me?" "Excuse
me?" "What did he say?" "I didn't hear it right."

You can also use " 네 ?" to show amazement.

A: I bought him a gift.
B: 네? [ne?]
A: I said I bought him a gift.
B: 네?
A: Forget it.
B: 네
 Lesson 3 (안녕히 계세요 / 안녕히 가세요) "Goodbye"

Do you remember how to say "Hello" in Korean?

안녕하세요. [an-nyeong-ha-se-yo]
If you remember 안녕하세요 , that's fantastic.

And if you also remember that " 안녕 " in 안녕하세요 means "peace" and "well-being", it's even
more fantastic.

안녕 [an-nyeong] = well-being, peace, health.

And in Korean, there are two types of expressions for saying "goodbye" in formal/polite
language, 존댓말 [jondaetmal], and both have the word 안녕 [an-nyeong].

1. One is when you are the one who leaves.

2. The other, when you are the one who stays.
- If you leave, and the other person (or people) stays, you can say:
안녕히 계세요. [an-nyeong-hi gye-se-yo]
- If you stay and it is the other(s) who leave, you can say:
안녕히 가세요. [an-nyeong-hi ga-se-yo]

For now don't worry about the literal meaning of the expressions and just learn them as they
are, but if you are really curious and if we were forced to translate these goodbyes, they would
be translated as: 안녕히 계세요 . = Stay in peace.
안녕히 가세요. =Go in peace.
Lesson 4 (죄송합니다 / 저기요 ) "I'm Sorry / Excuse me"

죄송합니다. [joe-song-hap-ni-da]
Do you remember how to say "thank you" in Korean?
It is said 감사합니다 . [gam-sa-ham-ni-da]
If you also remember that 감사합니다 is basically 감사 ("gratitude" or "recognition") +
plus 합니다 ("I do"), then you can deduce that 죄송합니다 is also 죄송 +plus 합니다.

죄송 [joe-song] means "sorry", "sorry", "feel embarrassed" and

합니다 [hap-ni-da] means "I do" so 죄송합니다 means "I'm sorry" or "sorry."
죄송합니다 is NOT always "I'm sorry."

Although 죄송합니다 [joe-song-hap-ni-da] is basically "I'm sorry," you can't use 죄송합니다 to
say "I'm sorry to hear that."
Many Koreans are taken aback when they tell bad news to their English-speaking friends and
hear "I'm sorry" in response.
If you say "I'm sorry" after hearing bad news from a Korean friend, he or she might say, "Why
are you saying sorry for that?" This is because 죄송합니다 ONLY means "I apologize.", "It was
my fault.", "Forgive me." or "I shouldn't have done that." It never has the sense of "I'm sorry to
hear that."

저기요. [jeo-gi-yo]

In English [Spanish], you can use "Excuse me." in all of the following situations.
1) To make your way through a crowd of people.
2) To be away for a few seconds
3) To get someone's attention and address them or let them know something.
4) To call a waiter in a restaurant or cafe to order something.

저기요 [jeo-gi-yo] is an expression that can be translated as "excuse me" but this expression,
저기요 is ONLY used in cases 3 and 4 above.
How do you say "excuse me" to make way?
You can say:
잠시만요. [jam-si-man-yo] (literal meaning: "One second")
죄송합니다. [joe-song-ham-ni-da] (literal meaning: "I'm sorry.")
잠깐만요. [jam-kkan-man-yo] (literal meaning: "One second.")
(Yes, "jamsimanyo" and "jamkkanmanyo" are the same).
Lesson 5 (이에요 / 예요 ) "Ser / Estar"

이에요 / 예요 [ie-yo / ye-yo]

이에요 and 예요 play a similar role to the English verb "to be" [to the verb "ser/estar" in
Spanish]. The fundamental difference is, however, the type of sentence structure in which it is
used.

In Spanish:
ABC + [be] + DEF
where DEF is a noun.
Ex.
ABC is DEF.
I am ABC.
You are XYZ.

Korean structure:
ABC + DEF + [be] with DEF being a noun.
Example:
이거 ABC 예요 . [i-geo ABC-ye-yo] = This is ABC.

In Spanish, the verb "ser/estar" changes to "soy", "eres" or "es" depending on the subject of
the sentence, but in Korean it is decided whether to use 이에요 [ie-yo] or 예요 [ye-yo ]
depending on whether the last letter of the previous word ends in a consonant or a vowel.

이에요 and 예요 are similar and also sound similar, so it's not a big problem if you get
confused, but it's better to know the correct form.

When you want to say that ABC "is" DEF in Korean, if the word "DEF" has a consonant as a
final letter, you add 이에요 [ie-yo], but if it does not have a final consonant and ends in a vowel,
you add 예요 [ye- I].

This is simply to make the pronunciation of the joining part easier, and it will come naturally to
you if you practice with some example sentences.
Final consonant + 이에요 [ie-yo]
Final NO consonant (vowel) + 예요 [ye-yo]

Example sentences:
물이에요. = ( 물 + 이에요 ) [mul + ie-yo]
(Is water.
가방이에요. = ( 가방 + 이에요 ) [ga-bang + ie-yo]
(It's a purse.

사무실이에요. = ( 사무실 + 이에요 ) [sa-mu-sil + ie-yo]

(It's) an office.

학교예요. = ( 학교 + 예요 ) [hak-gyo + ye-yo]

(It is a school

저예요. = ( 저 + 예요 ) [jeo + ye-yo]

(It's me.

As you can see in the examples above, in Korean, you don't have to use articles like "un/una"
or "el/la" like in Spanish. So when you find a word in a Korean dictionary, you can add 이에요
or 예요 and that will be "It's ABC", "That's DEF", "I am XYZ".
Additionally, you can turn this phrase into a question simply by raising the pitch at the end of
the phrase: 물이에요 . [mul-ie-yo] = It's water.
물이에요? [mul-ie-yo?] = Is it water? Is this water?
학교예요. [hak-gyo-ye-yo] = It's a school.
학교예요? [hak-yo-ye-yo] = Is this a school? Are you at school now?
뭐 [mwo] = What?
뭐예요? [mwo-ye-yo?] = What?, What is that?
 Lesson 6 (이거) "This, This, This"

이에요 / 예요 [ie-yo / ye-yo]

In the previous lesson you learned that 이에요 [ie-yo] and 예요 [ye-yo] can be placed after a
noun to say "It's ABC" or "I'm DEF."

Examples:
책 [chaek] + 이에요 [ie-yo] = 책이에요 . [chaek-ie-yo] It's a book.
저 [jeo] + 예요 [ye-yo] = 저예요 . [jeo-ye-yo] It's me.

이에요 and 예요 play a similar role to the English verb "to be" [to the verb "ser/estar" in
Spanish].

Final consonant + 이에요 [ie-yo]

Final NO consonant (vowel) + 예요 [ye-yo]

이거 [i-geo] = this, this, this one

이 [i] (“this”) + 것 [geot] (“thing”) = 이것 [i-geot] --> 이거 [i-geo]
이거 [i-geo] is originally 이것 [i-geot] and is a combination of 이 [i] (“this”) and
것 [geot] (“thing”), but 이거 [i-geo] is often used because it is easier to pronounce.

Example sentences:
이거 책이에요. [i-geo chaek-ie-yo] = This is a book.
이거 카메라예요. [i-geo ka-me-ra-ye-yo] = This is a camera.
이거 커피예요. [i-geo keo-pi-ye-yo] = This is (a) coffee.
이거 사전이에요. [i-geo sa-jeon-ie-yo] = This is a dictionary.
이거 뭐예요? [i-geo mwo-ye-yo?] = What is this?

In Level 1 Lesson 5, did you learn the question 뭐예요 ? [mwo-ye-yo?] meaning "What is it?"
You can add 이거 [i-geo] in front to ask "What is this?"

이거 뭐예요? [i-geo mwo-ye-yo?] = What is this?

이거 핸드폰이에요. [i-geo haen-deu-pon-ie-yo] = This is a cell phone/mobile.

이거 뭐예요? [i-geo mwo-ye-yo?] = What is this?

이거 물이에요. [i-geo mul-ie-yo] = This is water.
Do you remember how to say "no"?

이거 커피예요? [i-geo keo-pi-ye-yo?] = Is this brown?

아니요. 이거 물이에요. [a-ni-yo. i-geo mul-ie-yo] = No. This is water.

Do you remember how to say "Yes, you're right"?

이거 커피예요? [i-geo keo-pi-ye-yo?] = Is this brown?

네. 맞아요. 이거 커피예요. [ne. ma-ha-yo. i-geo keo-pi-ye-yo] = Yes, you are right. This is
coffee.

Lesson 7 (이 / 그 / 저) "This / That / That"

In this lesson, you can learn how to say "this/this/this/" "that/that/that" and "that/that/that" in
Korean.

In Spanish, the words "aquel", "este" and "ese" can be used alone or to modify words.
Example:
In Spanish you can say "This is my car." and also "This car is mine." So the word "This" here
can be used as a pronoun and also as the modifying word for "car."

In Korean, however, the word "this" as a modifier and "this" as "this object here" or "this thing
here" are strictly distinguished, the same is true for "that" or "that" as well.

이 [i] = this/this/this/ (close to you) 그 [geu] = that/that/that (close to the other person)
저 [jeo] = that/that/that (over there).
 ESTE THIS IS
YOUR
Generally, when you are referring to
FRIEND. something farther away from you and
closer to the other person you are
talking ing to, you use the word -l [geu].

that, over there

Forks. this x has
Generally, when you are referring to some the pronunciation
thing far away from both you and the other as the word for T in
formal Korean.
Generally, when you are referring person you are talking to, you use the word A
to something near yourself , you [jeo).
use the word O (i)

IMAGE TRANSLATION
1. This is you.
2. This is your friend
3. 그 [geu] That/That/That. To refer to something far from you, but close to the person you are
talking to, the word 그 [geu] is used.
4. 이 [i] This/this/this. To refer to things close to you, the word 이 [i] is generally used.
5. 저 [ jeo] That/That/That. To refer to things that are distant from both you and the person you
are talking to, the word 저 [ jeo] is generally used.
6. Yes, this 저 is pronounced like the word “I” in the formal register of Korean.

Since 이 그 and 저 in Korean can only be used as modifiers, when you want to say "this", "that"
or "that" as pronouns, you will have to add the word 거 [geo] or 것 [geot], after those words .

거 [geo] = 것 [geot] = thing, object. So...

' 이 ' [i] = this, this, this 이 + 것 = 이것 [i-geot] or 이거 [i-geo] = this object, this thing, this here.

그 [geu] = that, that, that 그 + 것 = 그것 [geu-geot] or 그거 [geu-geo] = that object, that thing,
that over there.

저 [jeo] = that one, that one, that... over there 저 + 것 = 저것 [jeo-geot] or 저거 [jeo-geo] = that
thing over there.

You can form various expressions using 이 , 그 , or 저 by combining them with other words
Example: 사람 [sa-ram] means a person
이 사람 [i sa-ram] = this person, this man here, this lady here, him, her
그 사람 [geu sa-ram] = that person, the person, he, she
저 사람 [jeo sa-ram] = that person over there, he, she

Lesson 8 (아니에요) "Not Is / Not Being"

In this lesson, you can learn how to say that something is NOT something.
Now, let's review. Do you remember how to say "this" "that" and "that" in Korean?

Review:
이 [i] = this/this/this (close to you)
이거 [i-geo] or
이것 [i-geot] = this thing, this object, these things, this data.
그 [geu] = that/that/that (close to the other person)
그거 [geu-geo] or
그것 [geu-geot] = that thing, that object, that, that.
저 [jeo] = that/that/that (over there)
저거 [jeo-geo] or
저것 [jeo-geot] = that thing over there.

사람 [sa-ram] means a person.

이 사람 [i sa-ram] = this person, this man here, this lady here, him, her
그 사람 [geu sa-ram] = that person, the person, he, she
저 사람 [jeo sa-ram] = that person over there, he, she

아니에요 [a-ni-e-yo] = not to be, is not, are not

아니에요 [a-ni-e-yo] is the present tense form in the formal language of the verb:
아니다 (not to be).

So 아니에요 [a-ni-e-yo] means “It is not.” "I am not." "You're not." “He/she is not.”, etc.
When you want to say that something is not something, you can use a noun and 아니에요 [a-
ni-e-yo].
NOUN + 아니에요 = NOT BE + NOUN
Example:
저 아니에요. [jeo a-ni-e-yo] = It's not me.
우유 아니에요. [u-yu a-ni-e-yo] = It's not milk.
물 아니에요. [mul a-ni-e-yo] = It is not water.

If you want to say "This is not milk." "I am not a student." "That's not a park.", etc., you can add
a word at the beginning of the sentence.

Milk = 우유 [u-yu]
It's not milk = 우유 아니에요 . [u-yu a-ni-e-yo]
This is not milk. = 이거 우유 아니에요. [i-geo u-yu a-ni-e-yo]

Student = 학생 [hak-saeng]
Not a student = 학생 아니에요 [hak-saeng a-ni-e-yo]
I 'm not a student. = 저 학생 아니에요. [jeo hak-saeng a-ni-e-yo]

Liquor = 술 [sul]
It's not liquor = 술 아니에요 [sul a-ni-e-yo]
That 's not liquor. = 저거 술 아니에요. [jeo-geo sul a-ni-e-yo]
Cat = 고양이 [go-yang-i]
It's not a cat = 고양이 아니에요 [go-yang-i a-ni-e-yo]
That 's not a cat. = 그거 고양이 아니에요. [geu-geo go-yang-i a-ni-e-yo]

Lesson 9 （은 /는 ） "Subject and Subject Indicator Particles"

In this lesson you will learn the subject and subject marker particles. Most languages do not
include these particles in their sentences, so this concept may seem new, but once you get
used to it, learning to use them will be very simple.

Subject indicator particles:

은 [eun] / 는 [neun]
Its main function is to indicate to other people what is being talked about or what is going to be
talked about.

These particles are placed after the name.

Words that end in a consonant + -은
Words that end in a vowel + -는
Examples:
가방 [ga-bang] + 은 [eun]
나 [na] + 는 [neun]

The subject of the sentence, denoted by 은 [eun] or 는 [neun] is usually (but not always) the
same as the subject of the sentence.
저 [jeo] = I

저 + 는 [neun] = 저 는 [jeo-neun] = In my case / Talking about me.

저는 학생이에요. [jeo-neun hak-saeng-ie-yo] = In my case, I am a student./ I am a student.

In this sentence, the word 저 (I) is both the subject of the sentence (I speak of "I" in it) and the
subject of the sentence ("I" is the subject, and "am" is the verb).
But the exceptionality of the Korean language can be evidenced in the following example
sentence. 내일은 저는 일해요. [nae-il-eun jeo-neun il-hae-yo]
= "In tomorrow's case, I work."

In this sentence, 내일 [nae-il], “tomorrow,” is followed by 은 [eun], so it is the subject of the

sentence, but not the subject of the verb 일하다 [il-ha-da], “to work.” , because it is not
"tomorrow" who works, but "I" who does it.
Subject indicator particles:
이 [i] / 가 [ga]
The function of these particles is relatively simple compared to that of the subject marker
particles.
Words that end in a consonant + -이
Words that end in a vowel + -가

Examples:
가방 [ga-bang] + 이 [i]
학교 [hak-gyo] + 가 [ga]

So basically, the subject marker particles ( 은 / 는 ) mark what the topic or subject of the
sentence is, and the subject marker particles ( 이 / 가 ) show what the subject of the sentence
is, but that's not all.

What else about 은 / 는 / 이 / 가 particles ?

(1)
In addition to stating the matter, 은 [eun] / 는 [neun] qualify "about" something, "in the case of"
something, and even "unlike other things," or "in contrast to other things."
(2)
In addition to pointing out the subject, 이 [i] / 가 [ga] carry the implicit nuance of "nothing else
but", "no other but" and also, when used in complex sentences, carry the function of pointing
out the subject without emphasize it too much.

Let's look at some examples of case (1) :

이거 [i-geo] = this
사과 [sa-gwa] = apple
예요 [ye-yo] = be/es
이거 사과예요. [i-geo sa-gwa-ye-yo] = This is an apple.

You can add 은 / 는 to this sentence.

Since in this case the subject, 이거 , ends in a vowel, -는 is added.

이거는 사과예요. [i-geo-NEUN sa-gwa-ye-yo] = (The other things are not apples, but) THIS is
an apple.

So, imagine someone speaking this way.

이거 커피예요. [i-geo keo-pi-ye-yo] = This is coffee.
이거는 물이에요. [i-geo-NEUN mul-ie-yo] = This was coffee, but THIS OTHER is water.
이거는 오렌지주스예요. [i-geo-NEUN o-ren-ji-ju-seu-ye-yo]
= and THIS, which is different again, this is orange juice.)
이거는 뭐예요? [i-geo-NEUN mwo-ye-yo?] = And what about this? What is this?

As can be deduced from the examples, 은 / 는 have the mission of emphasizing the subject of
the sentence, giving it the nuance of "that is... but/and THIS is..." so sometimes it sounds
forced to use 은 / 는 in each of the phrases that are said.

This is why in Korean, although 은 and 는 are normally subject-marking particles, they are not
usually used and are reserved to really highlight the subject over other parts of the sentence.

For example, to say "The weather is nice today" in Korean you can use many ways. (Don't
worry about the rest of the sentence, just focus on the use of 은 / 는 )
1) 오늘 날씨 좋네요. [o-neul nal-ssi jot-ne-yo]= The weather is good today.
2) 오늘은 날씨 좋네요. [o-neul- EUN nal-ssi jot-ne-yo]
= The weather hasn't been very good lately but TODAY it is good.
3) 오늘 날씨는 좋네요. [o-neul nal-ssi- NEUN jot-ne-yo]
= Today, other things may not be, but the weather is good.
So these subject marker particles are truly useful and powerful when it comes to qualifying the
sentence in Korean!

Let's look at some examples of usage in case (2) : 좋아요 [jo-a-yo] = it's good 뭐 [mwo] = what
이 / 가 [i/ga] = subject marker particles.

Imagine someone says " 좋아요 . [jo-a-yo]" and that this means "It's good" or "I like it."
However, in the event that you are not sure WHAT is good, you would ask: "What is good?" or
"What are you talking about?"
To reflect your curiosity about WHAT is good, you can ask:
뭐가 좋아요? [mwo-GA jo-a-yo?]

In this case the word 가 [ga] highlights what the subject of the verb ser/ 좋아요 is.
If someone says:
ABC 좋아요 . [ABC ho-a-yo] = ABC is good.

And if you disagree because you think that ABC is not good, but that XYZ is, you can explain
that the subject of "being good" should be XYZ, not ABC, by saying:
ABC 좋아요 ? XYZ 가 , 좋아요 ! [ABC jo-a-yo?, XYZ-GA jo-a-yo].

This way, with 이 and 가 , you can add more color and more concrete meaning to your Korean
sentences when you want to highlight WHO did something, WHICH is good, etc.

Are we done? Almost.

As you have seen, 은 / 는 and 이 / 가 have different functions, but the one that refers to an
element of "contrast" is much more powerful as it can change the subject of a sentence using
은/는.
So, when you form complex sentences (such as "I think the book you bought is more
interesting than the book I bought), 은 / 는 is not normally used in all sentences. In most cases
은 / 는 / 이 / 가 can be omitted but when particles are needed to clarify the meaning, 이 / 가 is
generally used.

Lesson 10 (있어요 / 없어요) "There is / There is no"

In this lesson we are going to see the expressions:

" 있어요 " [i-sseo-yo] and
" 없어요 " [eop-sseo-yo]

To talk about what people HAVE/NOT HAVE, and also about things that EXIST/NOT EXIST,
these expressions are used.

있어요 [i-sseo-yo] comes from 있다 [it-da] and basically means that something exists.

When we talk about something or someone existing in a certain place , it means " to be ."
Ex: I am here./ It is there. / Now I'm home.

When talking about something (or someone in certain cases) being possessed , it means " to
have ."
Ex: I have a sister. / I have eleven dogs. / Do you have a private plane?

The case of 없어요 [eop-sseo-yo] is the opposite, and comes from the verb 없다 [eop-da].
Although it would be possible to say the same thing using 있어요 in a negative, it is more
convenient to use 없어요 instead of 있지 않아요 or 안 있어요 (we will learn these forms in
future lessons) since there is this specific verb ( 없어요 ) to express non-existence.
Therefore, in conclusion:
있어요 <--> 없어요 [i-sseo-yo] [eop-sseo-yo]

Let's look at some more examples!

있어요 [i-sseo-yo]
In our examples, we will use the following words:
물 [mul] = water
친구 [chin-gu] = friend
시간 [si-gan] = time (hours)

Simply add 있어요 after the name being referred to.

1. 물 있어요. [mul i-sseo-yo] = There is water. / There is water. / I have water. / They have
water.
2. 물 있어요? [mul i-sseo-yo?] = Is there water? / Do you have water? / Do you have water?
3. 친구 있어요. [chin-gu i-sseo-yo] = I have friends. / I have a friend. / There are friends.
4. 친구 있어요? [chin-gu i-sseo-yo?] = Do you have friends? / Do you have friends?
5. 시간 있어요. [si-gan i-sseo-yo] = There is time. / I have time. / They have time.
6. 시간 있어요? [si-gan i-sseo-yo?] = Is there time? / Do you have time? / They have time?

And only by changing 있어요 [i-sseo-yo] with 없어요 [eops-eo-yo] would the sentences with the
opposite meaning be formed.

없어요 [eop-sseo-yo]:
1. 시간 없어요. [si-gan eop-sseo-yo] = There is no time. / I have no time. / We do not have
time.
2. 친구 없어요. [chin-gu eop-sseo-yo] = I have no friends.

—————————————————— Review
————————————————————— Do you remember the uses of 은 / 는 [eun
/neun], subject-indicating particles, and the subject-indicating particles, 이 / 가 [i/ga]?

은 and 는 point out the subject of the sentence while emphasizing the contrast between it and
other elements of the sentence.

So, let's take the case of 시간 없어요 . [si-gan eops-eo-yo], which means "I don't have time."
In case you want to say " I have other things, but TIME is precisely what I don't have ", this
would be achieved by simply adding 은 [eun] or 는 [neun] to the end of 시간 [si-gan], (although
in this case , since 시간 ends in a consonant, 은 would be used), leaving finally the phrase 시간
은 없어요 . ( 시간 + 은 + 없어요 ) = ([si-gan]+[eun]+[eops-eo-yo].
And if someone asked, "What do you not have? What do you say you don't have?"
You can answer "Time, time is what I don't have", which would be translated in Korean as: 시
간 이 없어요 . ( 시간 + 이 + 없어요 ) = ([si-gan]+[i]+[eops-eo-yo].

있어요 and 없어요 can be used to form many interesting expressions commonly used in
Korean.
재미 [jae-mi] = fun.
재미 + 있어요 = 재미있어요 : Literally means "There is fun", but it means "to be interesting".
([jae-mi] + [i-sseo-yo])

* The two words are written without any space in between . This is because it has already
become an expression used daily.
Example:
TTMIK 재미있어요 ! [jae-mi-i-sseo-yo] = TTMIK is fun! / TTMIK is interesting!
TTMIK: (Talk To Me In Korean)

Lesson 11 (주세요) "Give Me Please"

In this lesson we are going to study how to ask: "Do you have...? or "Is there...?"
and also how to say: "Give me... please." or "I would like to have... please."

Do you remember how to say: "I have...", "You have..." or "There is..."?
있어요. [i-sseo-yo]: “I have...”, “You have...”, “There is....”

없어요. [eop-seo-yo]: “I don't have…”, “You don't have…”, “There isn't…”

Examples:
사과 [sa-gwa] = Apple.
사과 있어요 [sa-gwa i-sseo-yo] = I have an apple. There are apples. Are there any apples.
사과 없어요 [sa-gwa eop-seo-yo] = I don't have an apple. There is no apple.

오렌지 [o-ren-ji] = Orange

오렌지 있어요 [o-ren-ji i-sseo-yo] = I have an orange. There is an orange.
오렌지 없어요 [o-ren-ji eop-seo-yo] = I don't have an orange. There is no orange.

Now, what if you want to ask if someone has something or not, or if something exists?
-Simply by raising your tone at the end of the sentence, you will be able to ask the question.
있어요? [i-sseo-yo] = Do you have...? There is ...?
없어요? [eop-seo-yo] = Don't you have...? There is no ...?

Examples:
사과 있어요 [sa-gwa i-sseo-yo] = I have an apple. Are there any apples.
사과 있어요? [sa-gwa i-sseo-yo?] = Do you have an apple? Do you have apples?
사과 없어요? [sa-gwa eop-seo-yo?] = Don't you have any apples? No apple?

Let's try other words such as:

시간 [si-gan] = Time
시간 있어요? [si-gan i-sseo-yo?] = Do you have time?
시간 없어요? [si-gan eop-seo-yo?] = Don't have time?

커피 [keo-pi] = Coffee
커피 있어요? [keo-pi i-sseo-yo?] = Do you have coffee?
커피 없어요? [keo-pi eop-seo-yo?] = Don't you have coffee?

Now, after knowing whether someone has something or not, you should also know how to ask
about it, saying, "Please give me..." or "I would like to have... please."

주세요 [ju-se-yo] = Please give me

주세요 [ju-se-yo] comes from the verb 주다 [ju-da] which literally means "give", 주세요 just
means "please give me" in formal language no matter to whom or by whom.
Examples:
A: 사과 있어요 ? [sa-gwa i-sseo-yo?] = Do you have apples?
B: 네. 사과 있어요. [ne. sa-gwa i-sseo-yo] = Yes, we have apples.
A: 사과 주세요 . [sa-gwa ju-se-yo.] = Please give me one/a few* apples.

• Note that there is no distinction between plural and singular among Korean nouns.

A: 커피 있어요 ? [keo-pi i-sseo-yo?] = Do you have coffee?

B: 아니요. 커피 없어요. [an-i-yo. keo-pi eop-seo-yo] = No, we don't have coffee.
A: 우유 있어요 ? [u-yu i-sseo-yo?] = Do you have milk?
B: 네. 우유 있어요. [ne. u-yu i-sseo-yo.] = Yes, we have milk.
A: 우유 주세요 . [u-yu ju-se-yo.] = Please give me some milk.

주세요 [ju-se-yo] can be used in many different situations: When you ask someone to give you
something, when you are ordering something in a restaurant, when you ask for something in a
store or when we attach it to a verb (we will learn how to do that in another lesson), to ask
someone to do something for you...

More examples:
아이스크림 주세요 [ai-seu-keu-rim ju-se-yo] = Please give me some ice cream.
햄버거 주세요 [haem-beo-geo ju-se-yo] = Please give me a hamburger.
김치 주세요 [gim-chi ju-se-yo] = Please give me some kimchi.
불고기 주세요 [bul-go-gi ju-se-yo] = Please give me some bulgogi.
밥 주세요 [bap ju-se-yo] = Please give me rice. Please give me food.

Lesson 12 (맛있어요) "It's Delicious"

In the previous lesson, we saw how to say: "Please give me..." or "I would like to have...
please" Do you remember the expression?

주세요 [ju-se-yo] = Please give me... / I would like to have...

And this expression ( 주세요 ) can be used to order something in a restaurant or to order more
auxiliary dishes during the meal.

김밥 주세요. [gim-bap ju-se-yo] = Kimbap, please. (Ordering in a restaurant)

불고기 주세요. [bul-go-gi ju-se-yo] = Bulgogi, please. (Ordering in a restaurant)
김치 주세요. [gim-chi ju-se-yo] = Please bring us some more kimchi. (Ordering an auxiliary dish
at the restaurant).

In this unit, we are going to see how to say: "It is delicious" or "It is delicious" and how to thank
you for the food before and after it.

맛 [mat] = taste
맛 [mat] means "flavor" in Korean. Well, do you remember how they said "there is/have"?
Correct! 있어요 [i-sseo-yo] is the expression. So, putting 맛 and 있어요 together, you get the
expression:
맛있어요 [ma-si-sseo-yo] which means “It's delicious.”
맛있어요 [ma-si-sseo-yo] = “This is delicious.” "It's delicious".

Examples :
이거 맛있어요. [i-geo ma-si-sseo-yo] = This is delicious.
저 케익 맛있어요. [jeo ke-ik ma-si-sseo-yo] = That cake is delicious.
삼겹살 맛있어요. [sam-gyeop-sal ma-si-sseo-yo] = Samgyupsal (Korean barbecue) is
delicious.
뭐가 맛있어요? [mwo-ga ma-si-sseo-yo?] = What is delicious?

Now, do you also remember how to say: “there is no” or “I don't have” in Korean?
Yes, 없어요 [eop-seo-yo] is the expression. So, putting 맛 [mat] and 없어요 together, you get
the expression 맛없어요 [ma-deop-seo-yo], which means “It doesn't taste good.”

맛없어요 [mad-eop-seo-yo] = It's not rich. It's not delicious. It tastes terrible.

Note that the pronunciation of the last letter in 맛 , which is ㅅ , changes according to the word
that follows it. When NOT followed by any word, it is pronounced as [ T ], ending the word
there. When followed by 있어요 [i-sseo-yo], it becomes the [ S ] sound, causing 맛있어요 to be
pronounced as [ ma-si -sseo-yo]. When followed by 없어요 , it is converted to a [D] sound,
causing 맛없어요 to be pronounced as [ ma-deop -seo-yo].

있어요 <--> 없어요 [i-sseo-yo] [eop-sseo-yo]

Examples:
이거 맛없어요? [i-geo ma-deop-seo-yo?] = “Do you know this is terrible?”
이 차 맛없어요. [i cha ma-deop-seo-yo] = “This tea tastes terrible.”

Now, you know how to say “It's delicious.” and “It's not delicious.” It's time to learn a phrase you
can say to thank you for the food before and after eating. This is very important especially if
someone is treating you or if you are a guest at someone's home.
잘 먹겠습니다 [jal meok-ge-sseum-ni-da]

잘 먹겠습니다 [jal meok-ge-sseum-ni-da] literally means: “I will eat well.” or “I will eat well.”
(Don't worry about the grammar being used here yet. Just learn this as a phrase for now.)

This expression is used very frequently among Koreans when they are about to start a meal,
usually without taking into account that they are paying for the food.
But in case someone in particular is paying for the food of another(s) it will say:
잘 먹겠습니다 [jal meok-ge-sseum-ni-da] to the person who is purchasing. When you eat with
your friends with whom you don't use formal language, and when you want to joke that your
friend should pay for your meal, you can also say: 잘 먹을게 ! [jal meo-geul-ge!]
Which implies that you are thanking them because they are going to invite you (pay for your
meal).

잘 먹었습니다. [jal meo-geo-sseum-ni-da]:

Once you have finished the meal, if you want to thank someone for the food, or just thank them
for the food in general, you can use this expression 잘 먹었습니다 which literally means “I ate
well” (again, don't worry about the grammar here ). But it really means “Thank you for the
food.”
Lesson 13 (-고 싶어요) "I Want"

In this lesson we will study how to say: “I want …” in Korean.

In the previous lessons, we learned how to say that something is delicious, and also how to say
thank you for the food we ordered.

맛있어요. [ma-si-sseo-yo] = It's delicious.

잘 먹겠습니다. [jal meok-gesseum-ni-da] = Thank you for the food. I will enjoy it.

But before ordering something at a restaurant or cafe, you might also ask your friends what
they want to eat and tell them what you want to eat.

In Spanish, the words "want", "want", "want" or "want" are used before the verb in these types
of expressions, but in Korean you need to change the end of the verb, which is not difficult to
do.
-고 싶어요 [-go si-peo-yo] = I want…

Now, let's practice. Here are some frequently used Korean verbs:
가다 [ga-da] = Go.
보다 [bo-da] = See.
먹다 [meok-da] = Eat.

Changing these verbs into the -고 싶어요 form is very simple; just replace 다 [da] (which is the
last letter of the verb in Korean) and add -고 싶어요 [-go sipeoyo].

Go = 가다 [ga-da] -> 가 + -고 싶어요

가고 싶어요 [ga-go si-peo-yo] = I want to go.

See = 보다 [bo-da] - -> 보 + -고 싶어요

보고 싶어요 [bo-go si-peo-yo] = I want to see / look.

Eat = 먹다 [meok-da] -----> 먹 + -고 싶어요

먹고 싶어요 [meok-go si-peo-yo] = I want to eat.
Conversation example:
A: 뭐 막고 싶어요? [mwo meok-go si-peo-yo] = What do you want to eat?
B: 햄버거 먹고 싶어요. [haem-beo-geo meok-go si-peo-yo] = I want to eat a hamburger.

Here is a useful word: 더 [deo] = more.

Now that you know how to say, “I want to eat…”, you can say, “I want to eat more,” using the
word 더 .

먹고 싶어요. [meok-go si-peo-yo] = I want to eat this.

다 먹고 싶어요. [deo meok-go si-peo-yo] = I want to eat more .

NOTE: Observe the position of the word 더 within the sentence.

Lesson 14 (고 싶어요) "I Want" Conversations

In the previous lesson we learned how to say: " I want" (verb) in Korean. In this lesson we are
going to practice the “I want” (verb) structure in example conversations.

First, let's learn 5 verbs. Don't worry if you don't know them already.
Now it is more important that you know how to use them, not memorize them all.

하다 [ha-da] = do
보다 [bo-da] = see
먹다 [meok-da] = eat

사다 [sa-da] = buy
마시다 [ma-si-da] = drink

Do you remember how to change a verb to the form "I want + verb"?

하다 - 다 + 고 싶어요 = 하고 싶어요
[ha-da] less: [da] + [-go si-peo-yo] = I want…

Yeah! You delete 다 [da] and add 고 싶어요 [go si-peo-yo] after the verb.

하다 --> 하 고 싶어요 [ha-go si-peo-yo] = I want to do...

보다 --> 보 고 싶어요 [bo-go si-peo-yo] = I want to see...
먹다 --> 먹 고 싶어요 [meok-go si-peo-yo] = I want to eat...
사다 --> 사 고 싶어요 [sa-go si-peo-yo] = I want to buy...
마시다 --> 마시 고 싶어요 [ma-si-go si-peo-yo] = I want to drink...

Do you remember how to say: "WHAT" in Korean?

뭐 [mwo] = what

Example conversations:
Remember: *In Korean, objects are put before verbs.*

A: 뭐 하고 싶어요? [mwo ha-go si-peo-yo?] = What do you want to do?

B: 텔레비전 보고 싶어요. [tel-le-bi-jeon bo-go si-peo-yo] = I want to watch TV.
A: 텔레비전 보고 싶어요? [tel-le-bi-jeon bo-go si-peo-yo?] = Do you want to watch TV?
B: 네. [ne] = Yes.
A: 뭐 보고 싶어요? [mwo bo-go si-peo-yo] = What do you want to see?
B: 뉴스 보고 싶어요. [nyu-seu bo-go si-peo-yo] = I want to watch the newscast.

A: 이거 사고 싶어요. [i-geo sa-go si-peo-yo] = I want to buy this.

B: 이거요? [i-geo-yo?] = This?
A: 네 . 이거 먹고 싶어요. [ne. i-geo meok-go si-peo-yo] = Yes, I want to eat this.
B: 이거 뭐예요 ? [i-geo mwo-ye-yo?] = What is this?
A: 이거 김밥이에요 . [i-geo gim-bap-ie-yo] = This is gimbap.

A few more useful verbs: 읽다 [ilg-da] = read / 읽고 싶어요 [il-ggo si-peo-yo] = I want to read.
자다 [ja-da] = sleep / 자고 싶어요 [ja-go si-peo-yo] = I want to sleep.
놀다 [nol-da] = play, hang out / 놀고 싶어요 [nol-go si-peo-yo] = I want to play. 쉬다 [swi-da] =
rest / 쉬고 싶어요 [swi-go si-peo-yo] = I want to rest. 일하다 [il-ha-da] = work / 일하고 싶어요
[il-ha-go si-peo-yo] = I want to work.

Lesson 15 "Sino-Korean Numbers"

In this lesson we will talk about NUMBERS.

We wish we could say there's an easy way to learn Korean numbers once and for all, but the
truth is there isn't; so they will have to practice them. So in this lesson we will see the Sino-
Korean numbers up to 1000.

Sino-Korean Numbers :
We will use the term “Sino-Korean” when a Korean word is based on the Chinese language.
Because of China's influence in Korea, many Korean words have their roots in the Chinese
language. As time passed, Koreans began to use the Sino-Korean number system and the
native Korean number system. The situations and contexts in which each of the systems are
used are different, but don't worry, you will know how to use both systems and how to
differentiate them by practicing with us.

And the rest is simple.

In Korean, if you want to say 11, you just say TEN + ONE.
If you want to say 33, just say THREE + TEN + THREE.
If you want to say 99, just say NINE + TEN + NINE.

Do you know how to say 312 in Korean? Yes, they are correct.
THREE + ONE HUNDRED + TEN + TWO （ 삼 + 백 + 십 + 이 ） = [sam-baek-sip-i]

Some more examples:

1,234 = 1,000 （천） + 2 （이） + 100 （백） + 3 （삼） + 10 （십） + 4 （사）
512 = 5 （오） + 100 （백） + 10 （십） + 2 （이）.

Note that for 1000, 100 and 10 they do not have to say “one” （ 일 ） + thousand （ 천 ）, nor
일백 （1+100） or 일십 （1+10）.

Lesson 16 "Conjugating Korean Verbs in the Present Tense"

In this lesson we are going to learn how to conjugate Korean verbs.

When looking up verbs in a Korean dictionary, they are as follows:

가 다 [ga-da] = go
먹다 [ meok -da] = eat
자 다 [ja-da] = sleep
때리 다 [ttae-ri-da] = hit
웃 다 [ut-da] = laugh

And when you change the form of these verbs to express present, future, past, etc., the first
thing you do is remove the last letter, 다 [da], and you already have the root of the verb.

The roots of these verbs are:

가 [ga]
먹 [meok]
자 [ja]
때리 [ttae-ri]
웃 [ut]

To this, the appropriate ending to complete it. And in this lesson we are going to learn how to
change that form of the dictionary, from verbs to the present tense .

The present:
To conjugate a verb in the present tense, take the root of the verb, and add one of these
endings:
아요 [a-yo]
어요 [eo-yo]
여요 [yeo-yo]

** Please note that we are introducing the endings in formal language . Don't worry about
learning how to use various levels of politeness. Once you have learned to say everything in
formal language, changing it to other levels is very simple.

So, which of these endings goes with each root?

Too easy.

If the last vowel of the verb stem is: ㅏ [a] or ㅗ [o], it will be followed by 아요 [a-yo].
If the last vowel is NOT : ㅏ[a] or ㅗ [o], it will be followed by 어요 [eo-yo].
And only one root, 하 [ha], will be followed by 여요 [yeo-yo].

Let's look at several examples.

1) 가다 [ga-da] = go:

The root of the verb is 가 [ga] and the last syllable is: ㅏ [a] so we will add: 어요 [a-yo].
So first it will be 가 + 아요 , and then it will stay at 가요 [ga-yo] to make pronunciation easier.
가다 [ga-da] = go (dictionary form)
가요 [ga-yo] = I'm going. You go. He goes. She goes. They go. (present)

2) 먹다 [meok-da] = eat:

The root of the verb is 먹 [meok] and its last vowel is ㅓ [eo] therefore it is not ㅏ or ㅗ , so we
add 어요 [eo I].

Then it forms 먹 + 어요 [meo-geo-yo]

먹다 [meok-da] = eat (dictionary form)

먹어요 [meo-geo-yo] = I eat. You eat. Etc. (present)
** Note that there is a relationship in the pronunciation 먹 + 어 [meok + eo] which sounds like
머거 [meo-geo].

3) 보다 [bo-da] = see, look:

The root of the verb? 보 [bo]

What will follow next? 아요 [a-yo]

보 + 아요 →Over time, it has begun to be written and pronounced 봐요 [bwa-yo].

(Quickly repeat 보 + 아 + 요 three times.)

보다 [bo-da] = see, look

봐요 [bwa-yo] = I see. I see. You see. Etc. (present)

4) 보이다 [bo-i-da] = to be seen, to be visible:

The root of the verb? 보이 [bo-i]

What will follow next? 어요 [eo-yo]

보이 + 어요 →보여요 [bo-yeo-yo]

보이다 [bo-i-da] = to be seen, to be visible

보여요 [bo-yeo-yo] = It is visible. I see.

5) 하다 [ha-da] = do:
The root of the verb? 하 [ha]
What will follow next? 여요 [yeo-yo]

하 + 여요 →하여요 [ha-yeo-yo]

** Here, please remember that this verb, 하다 is very versatile. You can add a noun in front and
form new verbs. We will teach you how to do this in Lesson 26. But for now, just remember that
하다 becomes 해요 in the present tense and means “I do.” "You do." "He does." or “They do.”

Are there irregularities or exceptions?

Unfortunately, there are. But do not worry. Even those irregularities are not far from the rule!
And of course, we will show them in the nicest and easiest way possible through future
lessons.

Lesson 17 "Conjugating Korean Verbs in the Past"

In the previous lesson, we learned how to conjugate verbs from the dictionary form to the
present tense . Do you remember how to do it?

For verb stems that end in vowels ㅗ [o] or ㅏ [a] add: 아요 [a-yo] at the end of the stem.
For verb stems that end in vowels other than ㅗ or ㅏ add: 어요 [eo-yo] at the end of the stem.
For the verb stem 하 add 여요 [yeo-yo] to the end of the stem.

Now let's learn the past tense.

If you understand the conjugation of the present tense, you will understand the conjugation of
the past tense, it is very easy. A similar rule applies to conjugating sentences to the past tense.

The endings:
았어요 [a-sseo-yo]
었어요 [eo-sseo-yo]
였어요 [yeo-sseo-yo]

You add these to the endings of verb stems. Another way to think about this is that you change
the “ 요 ” to
end of sentences in the present tense a -ㅆ어요 [ss-eo-yo].

Examples:
사다 [sa-da] = Buy:
verb stem = 사 [sa]
If you remove the 다 [da] from a verb, you have the verb stem
The Past Tense:
= 사 + 았어요 [sa + a-sseo-yo]
= 샀어요 [sa-sseo-yo]
= I bought, you bought, you bought, we bought, you bought, they bought.

오다 [o-da] = Come:
verb stem = 오 [o]
The Past Tense:
= 오 + 았어요 [o + a-sseo-yo]
= 왔어요 [wa-sseo-yo]
= I came, you came, you came, we came, you came, you came.

적다 [jeok-da] = Write:
the verb stem = 적 [jeok]
The Past Tense:
= 적 + 었어요 [jeok + eo-sseo-yo]
= 적었어요 [jeo-geo-sseo-yo]
= I wrote, you wrote, you wrote, we wrote, you wrote, you wrote.

하다 [ha-da] = Do:
verb stem = 하 [ha]
The Past Tense:
= 하 + 였어요 [ha + yeo-sseo+yo]
= 했어요 [hae-sseo-yo]
= I did, you did, did, we did, you did, they did.

1.
먹다 [meok-da] (verb root = 먹 [meok]) = eat
The Present Tense: 먹어요 [meo-geo-yo]
The Past Tense: 먹었어요 [meo-geo-sseo-yo]

2.
잡다 [jap-da] (verb root = 잡 [jap]) = catch
The Present Tense: 잡아요 [ja-ba-yo]
The Past Tense: 잡았어요 [ja-ba-sseo-yo]

3.
팔다 [pal-da] (verb root = 팔 [pal]) = sell
The Present Tense: 팔아요 [pa-ra-yo]
The Past Tense: 팔았어요 [pa-ra-sseo-yo]

4.
놀다 [nol-da] (verb root = 놀 [nol]) = play, spend time (with someone)
The Present Tense: 놀아요 [no-ra-yo]
The Past Tense: 놀았어요 [no-ra-sseo-yo]

5.
쓰다 [sseu-da] (verb root = 쓰 [sseu]) = write, use
The Present Tense: 써요 [sseo-yo] (NOT 쓰어요 )
The Past Tense: 썼어요 [sseo-sseo-yo]
6.
기다리다 [gi-da-ri-da] （verb root = 기다리 [gi-da-ri]） = wait （wait）
The Present Tense: 기다려요 [gi-da-ryeo-yo] （NOT 기다리어요 ）
The Past Tense: 기다렸어요 [gi-da-ryeo-sseo-yo]

7.
이상하다 [i-sang-ha-da] （verb root = 이상하 [i-sang-ha]） = to be strange, strange
The Present Tense: 이상해요 [i-sang-hae-yo） （NOT 이상하여요 ）
The Past Tense: 이상했어요 [i-sang-hae-sseo-yo]

8.
멋있다 [meo-sit-da] （verb root = 멋있 [meo-sit]） = to be cool, great, cool, father
The Present Tense: 멋있어요 [meo-si-sseo-yo]
The Past Tense: 멋있었어요 [meo-si-sseo-sseo-yo].

Lesson 18 （에 / 에서） "Place Indicator Particles"

In Korean, as you already know, there are more „particles‟ used to indicate the function of
some nouns, and so far, we have learned the subject particles （ 이 [i] and 가 [ga]） and the
particles that indicate subject （ 은 [eun] and 는 [neun]）.

In this lesson, we're going to take a look at the place particles, 에 [e] and 에서 [e-seo], and also
how to say in Korean: WHERE.

First let's learn the word “WHERE” or “WHAT PLACE”.

어디 [eo-di] = where, what place.
Now, let's look at how we ask someone “Where do you want to go?” in Korean.

go = 가다 [ga-da]
want = 고 싶어요 [go si-peo-yo]

Do you remember how to form a sentence with 고 싶어요 [go si-peo-yo]?

Yes, you remove the syllable 다 from the end of the verb and add 고 싶어요 after it.

가다 + 고 싶어요 --> 가고 싶어요 [ga-go si-peo-yo] = I want to go .

가고 싶어요 = I want to go.

가고 싶어요? = Do you want to go?

And now, you just have to add 어디 [eo-di] in front of the verb.
어디 가고 싶어요? [eo-di ga-go si-peo-yo?] = Where do you want to go?

WHY ARE PLACE INDICATORS USED?

Although it is POSSIBLE to make sentences without place particles（like the example above:
어디 가고 싶어요 ?）, if we use the correct place particle, we can make the message clearer.
There are many place particles in Korean, but let's look at the two most basic ones:
에 [e] and 에서 [e-seo].

에 [e] = in, to

Noun + 에 [e]:
에 is a particle that indicates place, but it is not only used for that. It means “at”, “at”, etc., and
can be used to indicate place, time, situation and many other things, but here, we will only
focus on the place indicator.

Let's see how we use it in a sentence in Korean by looking at some examples.

❀ Example 1: Let's say “I went to school.” in Korean.

• Go = 가다 [ga-da]
• I went = 가 + 았어요 = 갔어요 [ga-sseo-yo]
• School = 학교 [hak-gyo]
• Al = 에 [e]
• I went to school. = 학교에 갔어요. [hak-gyo-e ga-sseo-yo]
❀ Example 2: Let's say “I came to Korea.” in Korean.

• Come = 오다 [o-da]
• I came = 오 + 았어요 = 왔어요 [wa-sseo-yo]
• Korea = 한국 [han-guk]
• A = 에 [e]
• I came to Korea. = 한국에 왔어요. [han-gug-e wa-sseo-yo]

❀ Example 3: Let's say “Where do you want to go?” in Korean.

• Go = 가다 [ga-da]
• Do you want to go = 가 + 고 싶어요 = 가고 싶어요 [ga-go si-peo-yo]
• Where = 어디 [eo-di]
• A = 에 [e]
• Where do you want to go? = 어디에 가고 싶어요? [eo-di-e ga-go si-peo-yo?]

❀ Example 4: Let's say “Where are you?” in Korean.

• Estar = 있다 [it-da]
• You are = 있 + 어요 = 있어요 [i-sseo-yo]
• Where = 어디 [eo-di]
• En = 에 [e]
• Where are you? = 어디에 있어요? [eo-di-e i-sseo-yo?]
• Where are you now? = 지금 어디에 있어요? [ji-geum eo-di-e i-sseo-yo?]
어디에 있어요 지금? [eo-di-e i-sseo-yo hee-geum?]

에서 [e-seo] = in, to, since

Noun + 에서 [e-seo]
에서 [e-seo] can express many things, but here we are going to look at its two main functions.

에서 [e-seo] expresses:
1. A place where the action takes place, example:
(I studied in the library. / I met my friends in Seoul.)

2. In the sense of "from" a place, example:

(I came from Seoul. / This package came from Spain.)

The difference between 에 and 에서.

에 and 에서 can be translated as "en" in Spanish. How do we differentiate them?
에 expresses a place where something "is" or "exists" or a direction in which you are going.

Ex: 집에 있어요 . = I'm at home.

집에 가요. = I'm going home.

에서 expresses a place where the action is occurring.

Ex: 집에서 일해요. = I work at home.
집에서 뭐 해요? = What are you doing at home?

Some useful verbs and their conjugation that we should know:

가다 [ga-da] = go
가요 [ga-yo] = I go / You go / He or she goes / We go / They go 갔어요 [ga-sseo-yo] = gone /
having gone

오다 [o-da] = come
왔어요 [wa-sseo-yo] = come / have come

있다 [it-da] = to be, to have

있었어요 [i-sseo-sseo-yo] = been / have been

보다 [bo-da] = see
봤어요 [bwa-sseo-yo] = seen / to have seen

하다 [ha-da] = do
했어요 [hae-sseo-yo] = done / have done

Lesson 19 （언제） "When"

In this lesson, we are going to see how to say “WHEN” in Korean, as well as practice
answering the questions "When did you do it?", "When did you arrive?", "When did you
come?", "When did you do it?" ", "When do you get up?", etc.
언제 [eon-je] = When.
Unlike 어디 [eo-di], to which a particle must be added to mark position and specify, 언제
[eonje] can be used by itself.
Now let's try to use the word 언제 in context.

Let's say:
1) “ When did you do it? ”:
When = 언제 [eon-je]
(10) did you = 하다 + 였어요 = 했어요 [hae-sseo-yo]
(you did it? = 했어요? [hae-sseo-me?]
When did you do it? = 언제 했어요? [eon-je hae-sseo-yo?]

2) " When you came? ”:

Arrive = 도착하다 [do-cha-ka-da]you arrived = 도착했어요 [do-cha-kae-sseo-yo] did you arrive?
= 도착했어요? [do-cha-kae-sseo-yo?]
When you came? = 언제 도착했어요? [eon-je do-cha-kae-sseo-yo?]

3) " When did you come? ":

Come = 오다 [o-da]
You came = 왔어요 [wa-sseo-yo]
did you come? = 왔어요? [wa-sseo-yo?]
When did you come? = 언제 왔어요? [eon-je wa-sseo-yo?]

4) " When you wake up? ”:

Lift up = 일어나다 [i-reo-na-da]
you get up = 일어나요 [i-reo-na-yo]
you wake up? = 일어나요? [i-reo-na-yo?]
When you wake up? = 언제 일어나요? [eon-je i-reo-na-yo?]

Some more useful words to know.

오늘 [o-neul] = today
어제 [eo-je] = yesterday
내일 [nae-il] = tomorrow
지금 [ji-geum] = now
아까 [a-kka] = earlier (today), a while ago (today)
나중에 [na-jung-e] = later/then.
 Lesson 20 "Korean Native Numbers"
In Lesson 15, we looked at a little about the Sino-Korean numbers:
일 [il = one]
이 [i = two]
삼 [sam = three]
사 [sa = four]
오 [o = five]
육 [yuk = six]
칠 [chil = seven]
팔 [pal = eight]
구 [gu = nine]
십 [sip = ten]
백 [baek = one hundred]
천 [cheon = thousand]
만 [man = ten thousand], and etc.

Now let's look at native Korean numbers. There are times when we use Sino-Korean,
sometimes when we use native numbers, and there are also some cases where we use Sino-
Korean and native numbers together.

For example:

1. When you tell time, you have to use native to tell the hour and Sino-Korean to tell the
minutes.

2. When you say your age in any conversation, you use native Korean, but on very formal
occasions when we are in court or in an official report, we use Sino-Korean to express age.
3. When you're counting the years, you can use Sino-Korean or native ones interchangeably,
but the words you use change depending on which of the two types you use.

So how do we determine which number system to use in each situation?

The uses of the two number systems cannot be generalized. It is best to learn to use them in
conjunction with the appropriate context.
Now, let's move on to native numbers and practice saying our age.

Native Korean numbers:

1 하나 [ha-na]
2 둘 [dul]
3 셋 [set]
4 넷 [net]
5 다섯 [da-seot]
6 여섯 [yeo-seot]
7 일곱 [il-gop]
8 여덟 [yeo-deol]
9 아홉 [a-hop]
10 열 [yeol]

From 11 to 19 is easy. You must put the number 10 and then the other number behind it.

Ex:
열 (10) + 하나 (1) = 열하나 [yeol-ha-na] (11)
열 (10) + 아홉 (9) = 열아홉 [yeol-a-hop] (19)

The same rule that is fulfilled from 11 to 19 works for 21-29, 31-39, 41-49, etc.

20 스물 [seu-mul]
30 서른 [seo-reun]
40 마흔 [ma-heun]
50 쉰 [swin]
60 예순 [ye-sun]
70 일흔 [i-reun]
80 여든 [yeo-deun]
90 아흔 [a-heun]

Let's now look at some information that interests us regarding this topic.

For numbers from 1 to 99, we can use the native or Sino-Korean numbers interchangeably, but
for units larger than 100, 1,000, 10,000, etc., the words to designate these large numbers in
native-Korean are no longer used and so we use the Sino-Korean ones.

So, 100 in the Sino-Korean system is 백 [baek], and when you use the native the word is the
same.

And when you want to say 101, 102, etc., you need to combine both number systems.

101 = 백 [baek/100] (Sino-Korean) + 하나 [ha-na/1] (native)

205 = 이 [i/2] (Sino-Korean) + 백 [baek / 100] (Sino-Korean) + 다섯 [daseot / 5] (native)

Let's take a look at how we say age.

There are two ways to say age, but here, we are going to see the most used:
You say a native Korean number and then add 살 [salt] at the end.
But the numbers 1, 2, 3, 4 and 20 change shape before a noun.

1 하나 [ha-na] --> 한 [han] 살

2 둘 [dul] --> 두 [du] 살
3 셋 [set] --> 세 [se] 살
4 넷 [net] --> 네 [ne] 살 20 스물 [seu-mul] --> 스무 [seu-mu] 살
21 스물 [seu-mul] --> 스물한 [seu-mul-han] 살

Next are ages from 1 to 100 in native numbers, followed by the age particle: 살 [salt].

한 살 (1), 두 살, 세 살, 네 살, 다섯 살, 여섯 살, 일곱 살, 여덟 살, 아홉 살, 열 살 (10), 열한 살
(11), 열두 살, 열세 살, 열네 살, 열다섯 살, 열여섯 살, 열일곱 살, 열여덟살, 열아홉 살, 스무 살
(20), 스 물한 살 (21), 스물두 살, 스물세 살, 스물네 살, 스물다섯 살, 스물여섯 살, 스물일곱 살,
스물여덟 살, 스물아홉 살, 서른 살 (30), 서른한 살 (31), 서른두 살, 서른세 살, 서른네 살, 서른다
섯 살, 서른 여섯 살, 서른일곱 살, 서른여덟 살, 서른아홉 살, 마흔 살 (40), 마흔한 살 (41), 마흔
두 살, 마흔세 살, 마흔네 살, 마흔다섯 살, 마흔여섯 살, 마흔일곱 살, 마흔여덟 살, 마흔아홉 살,
쉰 살 (50), 쉰한 살 (51), 쉰두 살, 쉰세 살, 쉰네 살, 쉰다섯 살, 쉰여섯 살, 쉰일곱 살, 쉽여덟 살,
쉰아홉 살, 예순 살 (60), 예순한 살 (61), 예순두 살, 예순세 살, 예순네 살, 예순다섯 살, 예순여섯
살, 예순일곱 살, 예 순여덟 살, 예순아홉 살, 일흔 살 (70), 일흔한 살 (71), 일흔두 살, 일흔세 살,
일흔네 살, 일흔다섯 살, 일흔여섯 살, 일흔일곱 살, 일흔여덟 살, 일흔아홉 살, 여든 살 (80), 여든
한 살 (81), 여든두 살, 여든세 살, 여든네 살, 여든다섯 살, 여든여섯 살, 여든일곱 살, 여든여덟
살, 여든아홉 살, 아흔 살 (90), 아흔한 살 (91), 아흔두 살, 아흔세 살, 아흔네 살, 아흔다섯 살, 아
흔여섯 살, 아흔일곱 살, 아 흔여덟 살, 아흔아홉 살, 백 살 (100)

Have you found your age? ^^

Now, say your age and add 이에요 [ie-yo] at the end.

한 살이에요. I have one year.

열 살이에요. I am 10 years old.
스무 살이에요. I am 20 years.
서른 살이에요. I am 30 years old.

Lesson 21 "Negative Sentences"

In this lesson, we are going to see how to make negative statements in Korean. There are
mainly two ways to do this:
How to make negative statements in Korean:
1. Add 안 [an] before a verb.
2. Using the negative ending of the verb, 지 않다 [ji an-ta]

Method #1 is simpler and more colloquial, and method #2 is relatively formal but not
necessarily only for formal situations.

If you want to use method #1, and add 안 [an] before a verb, it is easier than method #2
because you don't need to worry about the different tenses of your sentences.
The word 안 [an] does not change tense.

Examples Method #1:

가다 [ga-da] = Go
집에 가요. [jib-e ga-yo] I'm going home.
집에 안 가요. [jib-e an ga-yo] I'm not going home.
집에 안 가요? [jib-e an ga-yo?] Are n't you going home?

버리다 [beo-ri-da] = Throw

그거 버렸어요. [geu-geo beo-ryeo-sseo-yo] I threw it away.
그거 안 버렸어요. [geu-geo an beo-ryeo-sseo-yo] I didn't throw it away.
그거 아직 안 버렸어요. [geu-geo a-jik an beo-ryeo-sseo-yo] I still don't throw it away.

Examples using Method #2 （adding 지 않다 [ji an-ta]）

지 않다 [ji anta] is the basic form and you need to conjugate it according to the tense.

Present: 지 않아요 [ji a-na-yo]

Past: 지 않았어요 [ji a-na-sseo-yo]

• You can apply the same conjugation rules for the other verbs.
가다 [ga-da] = Go
가지 않다 [ga-ji an-ta] = Don't go.
가지 않아요 [ga-ji a-na-yo] = I'm not going.
가지 않았어요 [ga-ji a-na-sseo-yo] = I didn't go.

버리다 [beo-ri-da] = Throw

버리지 않다 [beo-ri-ji an-ta] = Do not throw.
버리지 않아요 [beo-ri-ji a-na-yo] = I don't throw it.
버리지 않았어요 [beo-ri-ji a-na-sseo-yo] = I didn't throw it away.
Examples of short dialogues:

1.
A: 아파요? [a-pa-yo?] = Does it hurt?
B: 안 아파요. [an a-pa-yo] = It doesn't hurt.
A: 안 아파요? 진짜 안 아파요? [an a-pa-yo? jin-jja an a-pa-yo?] = Doesn't it hurt?
Does it really not hurt?
B: 안 아파요. [an a-pa-yo] = It doesn't hurt.

2.
A: 안 먹어요? [an meo-geo-yo?] = Aren't you going to eat?
B: 안 먹어요! [an meo-geo-yo!] = I won't eat.
A: 정말 안 먹어요? 맛있어요! [jeong-mal an meo-geo-yo? ma-si-sseo-yo]=
Are you really not going to eat? it's delicious.
B: 안 먹어요. 배 안 고파요. [an meo-geo-yo. bae an go-pa-yo]= I won't eat. I'm not hungry.
3.
A: 이거 매워요? [i-geo mae-wo-yo?] = Is this spicy?
B: 아니요. 안 매워요. [a-ni-yo. an mae-wo-yo] = No. It's not spicy.
A: 진짜 안 매워요? [jin-jja an mae-wo-yo?] = Is it really not spicy?
B: 네. 안 매워요. [ne. an mae-wo-yo] = No, it's not spicy.

Lesson 22 "Verbs"

In lesson #16 , we learned how to make a verb from its dictionary form to present tense （ 현재
시제 : hyeon-je si-je）.
And in lesson #17 , we learned how to do the past tense （ 과거 시제 : gwa-geo si-je）.
And we also learned that the verb 하다 [fairy] has a peculiar way of being conjugated.

하다 [ha-da] = Do.
Present = 하 + 여요 = 해요 [hae-yo]
Past tense = 하 + 였어요 = 했어요 [hae-sso-yo]

We also mentioned that the verb 하다 is a very used word. That's because in Korea there are
many verbs that are made by combining a noun with 하다 .
Many of the Korean nouns that indicate or describe some action or behavior can be combined
with 하다 . And they become verbs.

Examples:
• 공부 = study / 공부하다 = study
• 일 = work / 일하다 = work
• 기억 = remember / 기억하다 = remember
• 청소 = clean / 청소하다 = clean
• 요리 = kitchen, dish / 요리하다 = cook
• 이사 = movement/ 이사하다 = move, move (move to a different house)
• 노래 = song / 노래하다 = sing
• 노력 = effort / 노력하다 = strive
• 동의 = agree / 동의하다 = agree
• 인정 = recognition / 인정하다 = admit / acknowledge
• 후회 = regret, remorse / 후회하다 = repent
• 운동 = exercise / 운동하다 = exercise
• 사랑 = love / 사랑하다 = to love
• 말 = word, language / 말하다 = speak
• 생각 = thought, idea / 생각하다 = think

Making negative statements with 하다 verbs

To make negative sentences using 하다 verbs (check out Lesson #21 for information on how to
make negative sentences in Korean) you need to separate the noun part and the 하다 part and
add 안 in between.

Examples:
생각하다 --> 생각 안 하다
노력하다 --> 노력 안 하다
And if you remember from lesson #16, there are 2 ways to make negative statements in
Korean: Adding 안 before the verb and using the verb ending 지 않다 . If you want to use 지 않
다 with 하다 verbs, you simply conjugate 하다 [ha-da] to 하지 않다 [ha-ji an-ta].

Lesson 23 (누구) “Who”

누구 [nu-gu] = Who

Remember subject marker particles and subject marker particles?

• subject-marking particles: 이 [i] / 가 [ga]
• Subject indicator particles: 은 [eun] / 는 [neun]

Subject marker particles emphasize the subject and show ' who' did something, or ' what' is
being described, and subject marker particles emphasize the subject of your statement and
show ' what' or ' who you are talking about' .

When you want to ask simple questions like: "Who did it?" or "Who helped her?", you are
emphasizing the subject, which is the word "who", so you need to use the subject marker
particles either [i] or 가 [ga].

누구 ends in a vowel and has to be followed by 가 ,

but " 누구 + 가 " changes to: " 누가 " instead of: " 누구가 "

누구 [nu-gu] = Who
누구 [nu-gu] + 가 [ga] = 누구가 --> 누가 [nu-ga]

Remember that this is ONLY when you want to emphasize 'who' as the subject of an action or
state.

Compare these examples:

• When you want to ask: "Who is it?" In Korean, you literally say "It's Who?"
and become:
누구 (who) + 예요 (is) = 누구예요 ? [nu-gu-ye-yo?]

• When you want to ask "(of these people, none other than) WHO is Jane?" you can say:
누구 (who) + 가 (Subject marker) + 제인 (Jane) + 이에요 ? (es?) = 누가 제인이에요 ? [nu-ga
hee-in-ie- me?]

• And when you want to ask "Who did it?": 누구 (who) + 가 (Subject marker + 했어요 ? (did?)
= 누가 했어요 ? [nu-ga hae-sseo-yo?]
More examples:
1. 누가 전화했어요? [nu-ga jeon-hwa-hae-sseo-yo?] Who called?
2. 이거 누구예요? [i-geo nu-gu-ye-yo?] Who is it?
3. 어제 누가 왔어요? [eo-je nu-ga wa-sseo-yo?] Who came yesterday?
4. 그거 누가 만들었어요? [geu-geo nu-ga man-deu-reo-sseo-yo?] Who did that?
5. 누가 샀어요? [nu-ga sa-sseo-yo?] Who bought it?
 Lesson 24 (어떻게 / 왜 ) "How” / “Why"

Up to this point, through the previous lessons, we have learned to say “what,” “where,” “when,”
and “who.”

What = 뭐 [mwo]
Where = 어디 [eo-di]
When = 언제 [eon-je]
Who = 누구 [nu-gu]

And today, we will learn other words of this kind 의문사 (interrogatives).

How = 어떻게 [eo-tteo-ke]

Why = 왜 [wae]

How much (money) = 얼마 [eol-ma]

How + adjective/adverb = 얼마나 [eol-ma-na]

Generally, these Korean question words are used before the verb in the sentence. But the
order of the words in the sentence is made more flexible (partly thanks to the use of
subject/theme/direct object particles), these can be in different parts of the sentence,
depending on the context or nuance of the conversation.

Examples:
1. 어떻게 [eo-tteo-ke] = How:

어떻게 찾았어요? [eo-tteo-ke cha-ja-sseo-yo?] = How did you find it?

( 찾다 = find, search)
어떻게 왔어요? [eo-tteo-ke wa-sseo-yo?] = How did you come here?
（ 오다 = come）

2. 왜 [wae] = Why:

왜 전화했어요? [wae jeon-hwa-hae-sseo-yo?] = Why did you call?

（ 전화하다 = call）

왜 안 왔어요? [wae an wa-sseo-yo?] = Why didn't you come?

（ 오다 = come）

3. 얼마 [eol-ma] = How much:

얼마예요? [eol-ma-ye-yo?] = How much does it cost?
얼마 냈어요? [eol-ma nae-sseo-yo?] = How much did you pay?
（ 내다 = pay）
4. 얼마나 + adjective/adverb = How + [often/quickly/early/soon/etc...]

얼마나 자주 와요? [eol-ma-na ja-ju wa-yo?] = How often do you come?

（ 자주 = often / 오다 = come）

얼마나 커요? [eol-ma-na keo-yo?] = How big is it?

（ 크다 = to be great）

얼마나 무거워요? [eol-ma-na mu-geo-wo-yo?] = How heavy is it?

（ 무겁다 = to be heavy）

Lesson 25 （에서 / 부터 / 까지 ）

In this lesson we will teach you how to say: "from A to B" when it comes to places and "from A
to B" when it comes to time .

Basically, if you look at the whole picture, 에서 [e-seo] and 부터 [bu-teo] mean " of " or " from "
And 까지 [kka-ji] means: " to " or " until ".

First, let's see how to say: "from A" in Korean.

Basically, both 에서 [e-seo] and 부터 [bu-teo] mean "from" and are usually interchangeable, but
in cases where there are NO exchanges, 에서 is more often associated with places and 부터 is
more often associated with often over time.

Like all other particles, 부터, 에서 , and 까지 are used AFTER a noun or pronoun, NOT
BEFORE.

"From A" in Korean is "A 에서 " or "A 부터 "

Examples:
1. From Seoul:
• 서울에서 [seo-ul-e-seo]
• 서울부터 [seo-ul-bu-te] ** = “starting from Seoul”

2. From now on:

• 지금부터 [ji-geum-bu-teo]
• 지금에서 [ ji-geum-e-seo] ( x )

3. Since yesterday:
• 어제부터 [eo-je-bu-teo]

Now, "to B" or "until B" in Korean is "B 까지 [kka-ji]."

Examples:
1. (From Elsewhere) to Seoul
• 서울까지 [seo-ul-kka-ji]

2. Until now:
지금까지 [ji-geum-kka-ji]

3. See you tomorrow:

• 내일까지 [nae-il-kka-ji]

More examples:
1. From here to there:
• 여기에서 저기까지
• 여기부터 저기까지

2. From head to toe:

• 머리부터 발끝까지
• 머리에서 발끝까지

3. From Seoul to Busan:

• 서울에서 부산까지
• 서울부터 부산까지

4. From morning to evening:

• 아침부터 저녁까지
아침에서 저녁까지 ( x )